Papal election 1268–1271

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Palazzo dei Papi

The election of the Pope from 1268 to 1271 took place after the death of Clement IV between November 1268 and September 1, 1271. It was the longest-running papal election in the history of the Roman Catholic Church . This was mainly due to the power struggles between the cardinals . The choice of Teobaldo Visconti as Gregor X. was the first case of a compromise election. He was elected by a committee of six cardinals, which the other ten members agreed to. The elections took place more than a year after the Magistrate of Viterbo the College of Cardinals had locked it in the Papal Palace of Viterbo, the rations were reduced to water and bread and the roof had been removed in a legendary way.

As a result of the long election period, Pope Gregory proclaimed the Apostolic Constitution Ubi periculum on July 7 or 16, 1274 during the Second Council of Lyons . In it the conclave was invented, the rules of which were based on the election process in Viterbo. This choice is often referred to as the first conclave.

Cardinal voters

The college of cardinals was divided between the Franco- Neapolitan cardinals, most of whom were created by Pope Urban IV , and the non-French, mostly Italian cardinals, whose number was sufficient to prevent a French pope. The coronation of Charles I by Pope Clement IV as King of Naples and Sicily , a former papal fiefdom, consolidated the influence of the French monarchy in Italy. This created a split in the college of cardinals between those who supported France and those who opposed it. Konradin , the last ruler of the Hohenstaufen dynasty , was beheaded only a month before the death of Clement IV in Naples .

There were twenty cardinals at the death of Clement IV. One cardinal, Rodolphe von Albano, did not take part in the election at all and died during it. Therefore, nineteen cardinals took part in the papal election. Two of them also died during the election.

cardinal nationality Cardinal title Appointed on Pope Remarks
Odo of Châteauroux France Cardinal Bishop of Frascati May 28, 1244 Innocent IV. Cardinal Dean
István Báncsa † Hungary Cardinal Bishop of Palestrina December 1251 Innocent IV. Died on July 9, 1270
John of Toledo OCist England Cardinal Bishop of Porto and Santa Rufina May 28, 1244 Innocent IV.
Henricus de Segusio Piedmont Cardinal Bishop of Ostia and Velletri May 1262 Urban IV. Left the Conclave on June 8, 1270 and returned later
Simone Paltanieri (or Paltinieri, or Paltineri) Padua Cardinal priests of Santi Silvestro and Martino ai Monti December 17, 1261 Urban IV. Committee member

Cardinal Protopriest

Simon Monpitie de Brie France Cardinal Priest of San Cecilia December 17, 1261 Urban IV. Later Pope Martin IV.
Anchero Pantaleone France Cardinal Priest of Santa Prassede May 1262 Urban IV. Cardinal deposit
Guillaume de Bray France Cardinal Priest of San Marco May 1262 Urban IV.
Guy de Bourgogne OCist Duchy of Burgundy or Castile Cardinal priest of San Lorenzo in Lucina May 1262 Urban IV. Committee member
Annibale Annibaldi OP Rome Cardinal priest of Santi XII Apostoli May 1262 Urban IV.
Riccardo Annibaldi Rome Cardinal Deacon of Sant'Angelo in Pescheria 1238 Gregory IX. Committee member

Nephew of Pope Alexander IV

Cardinal Protodeacon

Ottaviano Ubaldini Florence Cardinal Deacon of Santa Maria in Via Lata May 28, 1244 Innocent IV. Committee member
Giovanni Gaetano Orsini Rome Cardinal Deacon of San Nicola in Carcere May 28, 1244 Innocent IV. Committee member

Later Pope Nicholas III.

Ottobono Fieschi dei Conti di Lavagna Genoese Cardinal Deacon of Sant'Adriano at the Roman Forum December 1251 Innocent IV. Later Pope Adrian V

Cardinal deposit

Uberto Coconati Piedmont Cardinal Deacon of Sant'Eustachio December 17, 1261 Urban IV.
Giacomo Savelli Rome Cardinal Deacon of Santa Maria in Cosmedin December 17, 1261 Urban IV. Committee member

Later Pope Honorius IV.

Goffredo da Alatri Alatri Cardinal Deacon of San Giorgio in Velabro December 17, 1261 Urban IV.
Giordano dei Conti Pironti da Terracina † Terracina Cardinal Deacon of Santi Cosma e Damiano May 1262 Urban IV. Died in October 1269

Vice Chancellor

Matteo Rosso Orsini Rome Cardinal Deacon of Santa Maria in Portico May 1262 Urban IV. Nephew of Nicholas III.

Absent cardinal

cardinal nationality Cardinal title Appointed on Pope Remarks
Raoul Grosparmi † (Rodolphe de Chevriêres) France Cardinal Bishop of Albano December 17, 1261 Urban IV. He accompanied King Ludwig IX. from France on his crusade to Tunisia and died on August 11, 1270.

† denotes the cardinals who died during the election.

Cardinal factions

Nationality of the cardinals
country Cardinals
Rome 5
France † 5
Piedmont 2
England , Florence , Genoa , Hungary †, Alatri , Padua , Terracina †, Duchy of Burgundy or Castile 1

According to contemporary reports in the Annales Piacentines , the college was divided into the supporters of Charles of Naples and the imperial party. The exact division is unclear today.

According to Sternfeld, it is even possible to identify four parties. The two additional groups were supporters of different parties of the Roman nobility. In the election, Annibaldi's supporters joined the imperial party and Orsini joined the supporters of the King of Naples.

procedure

The Cathedral of Viterbo , where the election began.

The election began with the cardinals meeting in the bishop's palace, voting and returning to their respective residences. According to tradition, the election should take place in the city where the previous pope died. Little is known about the candidates in the nearly three-year election. It is certain that the cardinals Odo von Châteauroux, Johannes von Toledo, Giovanni Gaetano Orsini, Ottaviano Ubaldini, Riccardo Annibadi and Ottobono Fieschi were considered papabile . According to later reports, which are not covered by contemporary sources, after two months Philipp Benizi , Prior General of the Servite Order , who came to Viterbo to admonish the cardinals, was proposed. Saint Bonaventure was also allegedly proposed for election. Scholars of today treat the accounts with skepticism and regard them as the inventions of the two saints' hagiographers. Charles of Naples stayed in Viterbo throughout the election. Philip III of France visited the city in March 1271.

Saint Philip Benizi , who was almost elected after two months.

At the end of 1269, after several months with no result, during which the cardinals met temporarily, Ranieri Gatti, the Prefect of Viterbo, and Albertus de Montebono, the Podestà , ordered the cardinals to be locked up in the Papal Palace of Viterbo until a Pope was elected. On June 8, 1270, the cardinals wrote to both magistrates asking that Henricus de Segusio , Cardinal Bishop of Ostia , be dismissed from the “Palatio discooperto” because of his poor health, and wrote that he would renounce his right to vote.

Following the report of Onofrio Panvinio , Cardinal John of Toledo proposed that the roof be removed in order to open the way for the Holy Spirit . The two magistrates implemented this. This is the first written evidence of the idea that the Holy Spirit should guide the cardinals. Other sources say that Charles I of Naples ordered the feeding of the cardinals with water and bread and the covering of the roof. Some sources report that the roof was restored after the cardinals threatened an interdict for the city of Viterbo.

The committee

On pressure from Philip III. of France and other rulers, the cardinals decided on September 1, 1271 to transfer their authority to a six-member committee. This included Giovanni Gaetano Orsini, Giacomo Savelli (both Orsini faction), Simone Paltinieri, Ottaviano Ubaldini, Guy de Castella (all three imperial faction) and Riccardo Annibaldi (Annibaldi faction). The supporters of the King of Naples were not represented on the committee.

The committee elected an Italian from Piacenza, Teobaldo Visconti, who was not a cardinal and was in the wake of Edward I , the eldest son of Henry III. As Pontifical Legate at the Ninth Crusade participated. After being informed of his choice, he left Acre on November 19, 1271 and reached Viterbo on February 12, 1272. He took the name of Gregory X on. He reached Rome on March 13, 1272 and was crowned a fortnight later .

aftermath

This election of the Pope formed the basis for canon law over the conclaves in the later apostolic constitution Ubi periculum , which Pope Gregory X proclaimed during the Second Council of Lyon on July 7 or 16, 1274. In the well-known reports of the French historian Georges Goyau , the political intrigues of Charles I and his nephew Philip III. which influenced the inhabitants of Viterbo is not mentioned.

Ubi periculum tried to speed up the choice and prevent outside influence. It stipulated that the cardinals should be screened during the conclave and that after certain times the rations should be reduced. Nor did they receive any more payments from the Apostolic Chamber .

The rules of Ubi periculum were applied in the conclave of January 1276 ( Innocent V ) and July 1276 ( Hadrian V ), which lasted one and nine days, respectively. At the urging of the cardinals, Hadrian V. overruled the Ubi periculum to revise it. But he died 37 days later.

After his election in the conclave August – September 1276 , Pope John XXI revoked . (August – September 1276) with the papal bull Licet felicis recordationis Ubi periculum . The next five papal elections, 1277 ( Nicholas III. ), 1280-1281 ( Martin IV. ), 1285 ( Honorius IV. ), 1287-1288 ( Nicholas IV. ), And 1292-1294 ( Celestine V ) did not take place as Conclave took place and lasted longer. Celestine V, whose election lasted 27 months, put Ubi periculum back into force and his successor Boniface VIII put it into effect permanently with Regulae Iuris .

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Wright, David. April 18, 2005. Inside Longest Papal Conclave in History . ABC News .
  2. ↑ McWhirter, Norris. 1983. Guinness Book of World Records . Bantam Books. P. 464.
  3. ↑ Trollope, Thomas Adolphus. 1876. The Papal Conclaves, as They Were and as They Are . Chapman and Hall. P. 54.
  4. ^ Bower, Archibald. 1766. The History of the Popes: From the Foundation of the See of Rome to the Present Time . Pp. 283-284.
  5. ^ A b Levillain, Philippe, The Papacy: An Encyclopedia . Routledge. ISBN 0-415-92228-3 . P. 392.
  6. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j Miranda, Salvator. 1998. Papal elections and conclaves of the 13th Century (1216-1294) .
  7. ↑ Baumgartner, Frederic J. 2003. Behind Locked Doors: A History of the Papal Elections . Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 0-312-29463-8 . P. 41.
  8. ↑ Trollope, 1876, p. 59.
  9. ↑ Trollope, 1876, p. 60.
  10. ^ R. Sternfeld, Der Kardinal Johann Gaetan Orsini (Pope Nicholas III.) 1244–1277 (Berlin 1905), p. 156; John Paul Adams Sede Vacante 1268-71 ; K. Eubel, Hierarchia Catholica Medii Aevi (1913) p. 8; cfr. Miranda, Salvator. 1998. Papal elections and conclaves of the 13th Century (1216-1294) . Bernard Ayglerius, OSB, Abbot of Montecassino, allegedly the only cardinal created by Pope Clement IV, was excluded from the election as there was no evidence of his appointment. See Eubel, p. 8 and John Paul Adams Sede Vacante 1268-71 ; Sternfeld does not mention him and says on page 200 that no cardinals were appointed between 1262 and 1273.
  11. ^ R. Sternfeld, Der Kardinal Johann Gaetan Orsini (Pope Nicholas III.) 1244–1277 (Berlin 1905), p. 156; John Paul Adams Sede Vacante 1268-71 .
  12. ^ R. Sternfeld, Der Kardinal Johann Gaetan Orsini (Pope Nicholas III.) 1244–1277 (Berlin 1905), p. 156.
  13. ^ R. Sternfeld, Der Kardinal Johann Gaetan Orsini (Pope Nicholas III.) 1244-1277 (Berlin 1905), pp. 156-171.
  14. ↑ Konrad Eubel, Hierarchia Catholica Medii Aevi , (1913), I, pp. 7–8.
  15. ↑ John Paul Adams Sede Vacante 1268-71 .
  16. ↑ Cardinali di curia e "familiae" cardinalizie dall 1227 al 1254. 2 vols. Padova: Antenore, 1972. (Italia sacra, 18-19), I, p. 128.
  17. ^ The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church: Raoul Grosparmi .
  18. ↑ Sternfeld, p. 156 ff. And p. 317–321.
  19. ↑ Sternfeld, p. 317.
  20. ↑ Sternfeld, pp. 317-318.
  21. ↑ Sternfeld, p. 318.
  22. ↑ pp. 156-181, 317-321.
  23. ↑ Cfr. Sternfeld, pp. 164, 169-170.
  24. ↑ Sternfeld, pp. 157-160, 170-171.
  25. ↑ John Paul Adams Sede Vacante 1268-71 and Ambrogio Piazzoni: histora wyboru papieży. Kraków 2003, p. 194.
  26. ^ The Quarterly Review . 1896. pp. 511-512.
  27. ↑ Christopher M. Bellitto: The General Councils: A History of the Twenty-one Church Councils from Nicaea to Vatican II . Paulist Press, 2002, ISBN 0-8091-4019-5 , p. 61.
  28. ↑ Trollope, 1876, p. 61.
  29. ^ Walter Hilliard Bidwell and John Holmes Agnew. Eds. 1876. Eclectic Magazine . P. 476.
  30. ^ A b Sladen, Douglas Brooke Wheelton, and Bourne, Francis. 1907. The Secrets of the Vatican . Hurst and Blackett Limited. Pp. 48-50.
  31. ↑ Sternfeld, pp. 180-181.

literature

  • Francesco Cristofori: Il conclave del MCCLXX in Viterbo (Rome-Siena-Viterbo 1888).
  • Antonio Franchi: Il conclave di Viterbo (1268-1271) e le sue origini: saggio con documenti inediti (Assisi: Porziuncola, 1993).
  • Andreas Fischer: Cardinals in the Conclave: the long Sedisvakantz from 1268 to 1271 (Berlin: Walter de Gruyter 2008),