Illmau Castle

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Illmau Castle in winter

Illmau Castle , also called Ilmenau, is located in the market town of Kautzen in the Waidhofen an der Thaya district in the northern Waldviertel in Lower Austria . It was first mentioned in documents in 1337 and, as a moated castle, was part of the defensive structures on the northern border of the Duchy of Austria against Bohemia. In the 16th century the castle was rebuilt into a Renaissance chateau. The decay, which began in the 17th century as a farm building and later as a dump box, was only stopped in the last few decades. Although of little historical and architectural importance, the history of the Illmau rulership allows insights into local social conditions. The history of ownership shows unexpected points of contact with the history of the country. The castle is currently privately owned and not accessible to visitors.

location

Illmau Castle is located in the market town of Kautzen in the Waidhofen an der Thaya district in the northern Waldviertel in Lower Austria, not far from the historic triangle of Austria, Bohemia and Moravia in what is now the Republic of Austria. The place Illmau was an independent municipality that joined the market town of Kautzen in 1965.

The location near the formerly Bohemian, now Czech border was decisive for the construction of the original Illmau moated castle as part of the chain of fortresses that started from Litschau in the west via Heidenreichstein , Weissenbach, Illmau, Taxen, Gilgenberg, Peigarten, Dobersberg via Karlstein to after Raabs in the east was enough to secure the borders of the Duchy of Austria against invasions from the Kingdom of Bohemia .

Such ideas were by no means rare, they took place in the years 1230, 1233, 1236, 1328 and also 1336 - a year before Schoss Illmau was first mentioned. At that time, Johann von Luxemburg, King of Bohemia (1310–1346) devastated the northern Waldviertel and perhaps also besieged the Illmau castle. However, his vision went far beyond the Waldviertel, because he died on August 10, 1346 in a "European" war: in the battle of Crécy , in which the armies of Edward III. of England and Philip VI. faced by France .

The area in which the castle is located was originally outside of the Duchy of Austria , as it was part of the imperial county of Raab , whose area was only acquired piece by piece by the Dukes of Austria in the course of the 13th century.

Names

The name of the castle and the village of Illmau is not mentioned until 1337, although both are older. In early documents the name was often spelled differently: Ilmenau (1349), Hymlau (1351), Ylmau (1500), Vlmau (1531) and Illmenau (1586) and means Ulmenau.

The municipality of Illmau was always the largest in terms of area and for a long time also the largest in terms of population in the Kautzen parish (there were twice as many houses there as in Kautzen in 1551), but surprisingly appears in the "Prima fundatio", the oldest, at the beginning of the In the 13th century, the Herzogenburg Monastery did not compile tithing registers for the regional villages subject to tithing . This suggests that the name of the newly built castle was transferred to the considerably older community.

The presumably original name of the Illmau municipality can be deduced indirectly from the tithe register mentioned. Among the villages that were subordinate to the former tithe office of Herzogenburg in Plessberg, a few kilometers away, a larger place called Frubretz appears after Kautzen, which is no longer mentioned and is therefore considered "deserted". In fact, given the number of farms and the order in the list, it is likely to be the later Illmau. A renaming was also obvious, as there was a second place called Frubretz a few kilometers away (today Germanized "Frühwärts").

One can also speculate about the origin of the name of Illmau Castle. The name Illmau / Illmenau does not occur otherwise in Austria, in Germany among other things in Thuringia, where the place (today city) Ilmenau is mentioned in a document as early as 1273.

Despite the distance, there is a connection between the two places: The Roman-German King Rudolf I von Habsburg had 66 robber castles demolished in Thuringia in 1289/90, including the important moated castle in Illmenau, which was completely destroyed. The same King Rudolf, after defeating Ottokar II . King of Bohemia brought the Duchy of Austria under his control as early as 1278 and gave it to his sons in 1282, so he was interested in securing the border against Bohemia. It could therefore be that the melodious name of the moated castle, which had recently been destroyed by the Habsburgs in Thuringia, was transferred to the moated castle they built in Austria.

Illmau reign

Illmau Castle was the seat of the manor of the same name from the Middle Ages until 1848 . According to the regional legal situation, there were rights of rulership, such as the exercise of political administration, civil jurisdiction, the collection of taxes, the requirement of services, the implementation of recruiting, etc. also duties, such as the protection and security of subjects, advance enforcement money and seeds in times of need, poor relief, permission to use pasture and the removal of wood from the manorial forests, etc. In addition to the manorial authority, the manor also had local authority and was therefore also responsible for police matters (brawling, insults of honor), religious matters, morality, guilds, schools , Weights and Measures, Limits, Fire Fighting and Healthcare.

Scope of domination

The first information about the extent of the Illmau rule can be found in the document in 1423, with which Duke Albrecht V of Austria (later Albrecht II. Roman-German King, King of Bohemia and Hungary, † 1439) gave the Pilgrim and Hans von Puchheim brothers Ownership of their dominions Litschau and Illmau confirmed. The Illmau dominion at that time comprised the villages of Illmau, Gerhartlein ( Kleingerharts ), Kautzen , Engelbrechts , zum Otten (Klein-Motten), Nieder- and Ober-Harmans, Erkengers ( Merkengersch , a village in the municipality of Dobersberg ) and the Vogtei over Gastern and Goschenreith at the Taxenbach .

In 1468 only the villages of Illmau, Kautzen, Engelbrechts, Gerhardleins (Kleingerhards) belonged to Otten and 10 ponds belonged to the Illmau rule. The number of properties under the rule in the subordinate villages mentioned in 1551 was 59 fiefs, 10 half-fiefs and 52 farmsteads.

In 1520 the village of Kautzen, which belongs to the Illmau lordship, was first mentioned as a market.

Two hundred years later (1751) the lordship of Illmau, Kautzen, Engelbrechts, Gerharts, the two Mottenhöfe, the house of Matthias Hirsch in Tiefenbach, the local authority also includes 23 houses in Hohenau, 26 houses in Reibers, three in Lexnitz, eight in Brunn and 15 in Tiefenbach.

In 1795, Illmau, Kautzen, Engelbrechts, Gerharts, Klein-Motten and Tiefenbach belonged to the lordship of Illmau.

Income, taxes and services

Peasant taxes to the rulership

Entries in land and service registers as well as contemporary estimates give an insight into the scope of the income, taxes and services of the Illmau rule.

According to an estimate from the year 1574, the yields of the Illmau estate amounted to 112 loads of hay, 404 almonds of grain, 42 almonds of wheat, 78 almonds "half-traid" (oats), 12 almonds of barley and 4 almonds of grain.

The tithe was payable on taxes. This consisted of the "big field toe", i.e. H. from one tenth of the grain, from the "small field toe", d. H. one tenth of all other field crops, and from the "blood tenth" - one tenth of animal products such as calves, lambs, pigs, chickens, eggs, honey, wax, etc. that had to be made on certain days.

Compulsory service , also called robot, was a particularly pressing duty of the subjects. Even after the robot patent of the Empress Maria Theresa from the year 1772, every full and half-wage worker in the Illmau rule had to be “pulling robots”. H. Do 104 days of unpaid work per year with a pair of oxen, wagon and equipment (plow, harrow, etc.). Other subjects were to the "hand robot", i. This means that they are obliged to do haywork, threshing, spreading dung, forest work, legwork in building castles, clearing away, driving services, etc.: A quarter wage worker for 104 days a year, small-scale traders and farmhands for 52 days.

In 1574 the submissive villages Engelbrechts, Gerhards and Klein-Motten brought a lawsuit with the imperial administrator of the Illmau rule because of the measures taken by the previous owner Zacharias Wochenitzky to increase the economic yield of the rule, such as building new ponds on subordinate property, expanding the direct Fields used by the rulers, excessive robots when building a castle in Illmau etc.

Since these complaints were of little use and similar conditions often existed elsewhere, there was a regional uprising of farmers in the upper Thayatal in 1596/97 under the leadership of Andreas Schrembser from Dobersberg. The farmers marched to the assembly point in Langenlois , but were blown up there by the imperial horsemen and "escaped like rascals".

In 1716 the rulership in the village of Ilmmau owned 12 upright and 6 barren fiefs, 15 half-lives, 15 upright and 3 barren Hofstetten, 2 upright and one barren small house, 3 farms and 3 mills. The desolate houses were rebuilt in the following years. In Kautzen there were 10 fiefs, 2 half-lives, 4 small houses, 4 farmsteads, 1 dwelling and 2 apartments in the "öden Sag". In Englbrechts there were 13 fiefs, 4 half-lives, 2 small houses and 14 Hofstetten. In Gerhart (Kleingerharts): 9 fiefs, 2 half-fiefs and 2 Hofstetten, in Tiefenbach: 1 fiefdom.

Owners of a farm paid 30 kr., Those of a fief 22 ½ kr., Those of a half-living 5 kr. 2 d. and those who only owned a farm 5 Kkr. Some houses gave a carnival chicken, cheese or 10 kr. Tätz (drink tax) from the 2 buckets of beer. Basic house services paid for 85 houses and 2 mills in the villages of Tiefenbach, Brunn, Lexmnitz, Reibers and Hoheneich at Michaelmas.

According to the Dominikalfasson from 1751, the Illmau lordship owned 403 ½ yoke fields, 49 daytime meadows, 46 ½ yoke forest and 20 ponds with 119 shock fish. Income flowed from the Illmauer brewery, from the meat bank in Kautzen from the church days in Kautzen (demurrage and use of the bar). The lordship also received housekeeping, grazing allowances and land registry fees. 115 subjects performed the pulling robot, 52 subjects and 12 Batzenhäusler hand robots.

In 1840, according to Lower Austrian validity book no. 60, the Illmau estate 647 Joch Grund, a sheep farm in Illmau with 500 sheep, a sheep farm in Brunn, a brewery in the castle and several fish ponds belonged to it.

jurisdiction

The lower jurisdiction over the subordinate villages has always been associated with the rulers. The district court , d. H. the high level of jurisdiction over crimes worthy of death was originally a matter for the sovereign, but was later given to the owners of great lordships. In Illmau, the lords of Puchheim zu Litschau and Illmau exercised regional jurisdiction from the 14th century, then it passed to the lords of Khreigk zu Landstein (in Bohemia) and later to the barons of Moratschky.

In 1613 the indebted baron Andreas Moratschky zu Litschau sold the Ungeld and the district court over the villages of Illmau, Engelbrechts, Kautzen, Gerharts, Weißenbach, Gastern and Ruders to Hector Freiherrn von Sonderndorf zu Illmau, with which the high jurisdiction over the named places to the rulership Illmau got there. The court mountain next to the road between Illmau and Radschin still reminds of this high jurisdiction. As far as is known, at least one death sentence was passed and carried out: in 1741 to Florian Sidl from Hohenau.

In 1730, the district court over the rule of Taxen went temporarily to the rule of Illmau, which in 1795 had the regional court over the places Illmau, Kautzem, Engelbrechts and Tiefenbach.

The fact that the Illmau rule had high jurisdiction was a notable exception. The patrimonial jurisdiction, also called lower jurisdiction , was u. a. Responsible for questions of inheritance law, border disputes, sales contracts as well as for minor offenses in everyday life, punished with fines or lighter corporal punishments such as pillory , wearing the blasphemous stone or the violin . The village judges appointed by the rulers were in the service of this jurisdiction.

The following village judges are known for the village of Illmau: 1669 Lorenz Krenn, 1682 Hans Kienast, 1685 Thomas Schiffer, 1715 Hans Payr, 1737 Georg Reifschneider, 1742 Matthias Prock, 1749–1759, 1751 Matthias Deymel 1763 Andreas Prock 1767–1782 Andreas Pair, 1787 Johann Deymel and in 1810 Josef Katzenbeißer.

End of patrimonial rule

The function of Illmau Castle as the seat of patrimonial rule and as a regional court ended with the general abolition of the manorial rule in Austria by the law of September 7, 1848. The previous sovereign tasks were subsequently carried out by the new state administrative offices and courts, and in part also by taken over by the free municipalities created by the provisional municipal law of March 17, 1849 and the law of March 1, 1850. Then there was the basic discharge , i. H. to redeem the demands of the lords on tithe, robot and other rights. The burden on the peasants was limited to a third, since a third took over the state and the rulers renounced a third. The peasants were now free, but some - because they were unprepared for liberalism and capitalism - got into dire straits and had to sell their farms.

Building history

The fortress was first mentioned in documents in 1337, so it was built beforehand. The time of construction is unknown due to the lack of documentary information. Also, no building age study has yet been carried out. It can be assumed that the original moated castle was built towards the end of the 13th century to strengthen the border protection against Bohemia. Since the fortress was a sovereign fiefdom from the beginning, it was allowed to work on behalf of the sovereigns, i.e. H. of the Dukes of Austria from the House of Habsburg . The Wasserburg zu Gross-Taxen, also located in the municipality of Kautzen, was built around the same time and was documented in 1347.

Significant parts of the medieval building are still recognizable through the thickness of the stone walls - up to 1.80 meters. The pointed arched archway adapted for the use of a drawbridge, including the pedestrian gate in the gate tower, a late Gothic spiral staircase and individual stone window frames come from medieval fortifications.

From 1551, Zacharias Wochenitzky von Wochenitz converted the medieval moated castle into a three-winged, horseshoe-shaped Renaissance castle with three floors and a high central tower on the south front. Although this family only owned Illmau for 22 years - from 1551 to 1573 - they owe the castle its current appearance. A description from 1574 shows that the castle was "zimblich wol erpauth" and equipped with "Umbfang" (enclosing walls), moats, gardens, village authorities, fish brooks and reissue gejaid.

The barrel vault in the driveway comes from a later time and is equipped with lancet caps and mirrors, the ridges of which are trimmed with cords, and the vaulted room on the first floor and the lavishly vaulted room in the eastern part of the south wing with a central pillar.

The Josephine military map mentions a surrounding wall, the swampy location and a pond that protected the castle in a natural way around 1770. Of this surrounding wall, which was completely preserved with two small corner towers after the copper engraving by Vischer in 1672, there is still a remnant with a large square arched gate.

By amalgamating the Illmau rulership with an extensive large estate, the building lost its importance as an aristocratic country estate in the 17th century and was subsequently used as the official residence of the "Castle Prefect", but above all as a farm building (brewery, distillery, weaving mill, etc.) . After a fire in the 19th century, the top floor was removed, so that the castle is now two-story.

After 1914 the structurally adapted castle served as an internment camp and children's home. The Soviet administration was quartered here between 1945 and 1955. Finally, the use as a bulk box led to a massive deterioration in the building fabric.

The current owner has put a stop to decay since the last third of the 20th century. The tower roof and larger missing or damaged roof parts were rebuilt, collapsed ceilings were renewed and stone door frames, floors, windows, doors etc. were added in part of the castle. At least parts of the house are reminiscent of its original function as a castle.

Ownership history

The remote Illmau Castle was neither the site of significant historical events nor was it relevant to art history. However, there were unexpected points of contact with the history of Austria through the families of the owners.

The Counts of Raabs

Former castle of the Counts of Raabs in Raabs an der Thaya

In the High Middle Ages, the Illmau dominion was under the control of the Counts of Raabs with the castle of the same name on the Thaya (in Lower Austria ). These come from the families of the Diepoldinger Rapotonen , from whom Diepold I. Graf in Augstgau (in the Duchy of Swabia ) fell on August 10, 955 in the battle of the Lechfeld against the Hungarians . In the male line, however, the Counts of Raabs are of Austrian origin. They are derived from Rapoto I. (also called Ratpoto) from the count in the upper Traungau was and in 977 in a deed of Emperor Otto II. († 983) to the Bishopric of Salzburg with possession in Bad Ischl it transpired to him by King Otto III. was confirmed in 984.

The closer progenitor of the lords and since 1147 Count von Raabs, Ulrich I von Gosham, accompanied the Roman-German King Henry IV on his way to Canossa in 1077 and died in Rome in 1083.

The Counts of Raabs also had an important function in the Holy Roman Empire from 1105 to 1191 as burgraves of Nuremberg . Their importance is underlined by the fact that the Czech name for Austria: "Rakousko" is derived from the name of the county of Raabs.

After the extinction of the Counts of Raabs in male line with Count Konrad II around 1191 , the inheritance was divided between the two daughters, from whose heirs the Dukes of Austria acquired the county in the 13th century.

Noteworthy is the older daughter Sophia von Raabs, who inherited the eastern part of the county and the burgraviate of Nuremberg and in 1191/92 Friedrich III. Count von Zollern married. Through this marriage, this "Waldviertlerin" became the ancestral mother of the counts and later princes of Hohenzollern as well as the later electors of Brandenburg and the German emperors .

The western half of the County of Raabs, which was also called County Litschau after the main town - and thus also the area of ​​the later Illmau rule - fell to the younger daughter Agnes von Raabs, who lived with Count Gebhard IV von Hirschberg (in the Upper Palatinate ) was married. This half - after an interim period under the rule of King Ottokar II. Přemysl of Bohemia, in which Otto II. Count von Plain and Hardegg († 1260) from 1254 to 1260 and then Wok von Rosenberg († 1262) and Heinrich I . von Rosenberg († 1310) exercised county rights from the house of the Witigonen from 1260 to 1283 - finally from the Count von Hirschberg reinstated in 1283 on February 17, 1297 to Albrecht I, Duke of Austria , Roman-German King (1298–1308 ) sold.

The Habsburgs

Albrecht I Duke of Austria, presumed client of Illmau Castle

The Habsburgs had been dukes of Austria since 1282 and thus also sovereigns in the northern Waldviertel, whose defense seemed necessary due to frequent border raids from Bohemia. Since Illmau was always a princely fiefdom , it can be assumed that it was built on behalf of the Habsburgs and named by them.

As a sovereign fiefdom, Illmau was not subordinate to one, but usually three lords until modern times: the respective sovereign from the House of Austria as the supreme feudal lord, a member of the lordship as a direct fiefdom and a person of the knightly class to the castle and estate as subfiefs were passed on. Occasionally Illmau - due to lack of lending - was also directly subordinate to the sovereign. For example, before 1492, Emperor Maximilian I was briefly the sole lord of Illmau, since the lords of Puchheim, as opponents of Emperor Friedrich III. after 1477 disgrace fell, the Illmau fiefdom was withdrawn and was only given directly to a person of knightly class in 1493. Emperor Maximilian II was also the sole lord of Illmau in 1574/75, who had the rule administered by an administrator.

The houses (1337 to 1406)

The first owner of Illmau Castle known by name was the knightly Hauser family in 1337. The Hauser family could be counted among the “Viennese Uradel”, as they first appeared in a document in 1243 with “Waltherus Hauser miles de Vienna” (Walther Hauser Ritter from Vienna). The family remained connected to Vienna until they died out in the 16th century through their hereditary burial in the Vienna Minorite Church .

In the Lower Austrian Waldviertel the family acquired property in 1267, which later included Illmau and the neighboring castles Gilgenberg and Karlstein an der Thaya .

In the years 1348, 1349 and 1351 Eberhard and Johannes Hauser von Illmau can be verified as tenants of the Herzogenburg Abbey .

On September 21, 1360 the abbot Otto II. Grillo (1334-1362) and the convent of Zwettl monastery certified that the honorable people Ulrich, Eberhard and Jans Hauser von Illmau for themselves and their wives Klara and Yrngart an amount of money for one Anniversary to commemorate them on the Wednesday after Holy Cross Day (Feast of Exaltation of the Cross on September 14th) in the Quatember in the monastery chapter. On this day, every gentleman and brother should get a good meal with a good bowl of green fish, a penny worth of rolls and a large measure of better wine from the abbot's cellar.

The branch of the Hauser zu Illmau later got into financial difficulties because on May 1, 1369, Hans der Hauser von Illmau and Hertel von Weissenbach (now the abandoned castle in the municipality of Gastern) pledged with the permission of their liege lord Albero III. von Puchheim to David, a Jew from Eggenburg, to whom they owed a considerable amount until the next St. Martin's Day, half of the Illmau fortress.

Around the same time, part of the Illmau fortress came to the Pillunger of St. Gilgenberg through the marriage of a daughter of the Hauser, which led to a feud with Albero V. von Puchheim, with Niklas the Pllunger, who was court master or court marshal of Duke Albrecht III. called, captured a Puchheim knight in the course of a misconduct. This led to the intervention of the Duke of Austria, who mediated in this matter and appointed arbiter because of the subject of the dispute, a quarter of the Illmau rule. This decided in favor of Alberos von Puchheim, but on December 19, 1373 he was obliged to pay 170 pounds to the Pillunger and his wife. The Pillunger is likely to have sold his stake in Feste Illmau to Albero in the same year and two years later renounced the entire Feste Illmau, which his wife - undoubtedly one of Hauser's - had had as a fief from Albero. A rare example that at that time women could also be enfeoffed.

The Hauser family last appeared in Illmau in 1406, when Hans Hauser and his mother Anna renounced half of the Illmau festivals in favor of Heinrich, Pilgram and Hans von Puchheim.

The Puchheim (1351 to 1586)

The Lords of Puchheim (documented since 1133 with "Pilgrinum nobilem hominem de Pucheiman") were originally a noble family with the headquarters of the same name in Upper Austria (today part of the Attnang-Puchheim municipality ). On October 15, 1348, Albero V. Lord of Puchheim exchanged his free rulership of Puchheim by contract with Albrecht II the Wise (1298–1358) Duke of Austria for the lordship of Litschau and Heidenreichstein in the Waldviertel.

Shortly afterwards, Albero V. von Puchheim acquired the princely fief of Illmau in 1351. Since he also acquired Raabs and Dobersberg , he controlled much of the territory of the historic county of Raabs. As a close confidante of the Dukes of Austria, he served them as governor and captain in the Austrian foothills and governor in Styria , as well as his brother as captain in Salzburg.

It is noteworthy that this Herr von Illmau was one of the leading witnesses to the founding document of the University of Vienna , the oldest existing German-speaking university, on March 12, 1365 .

Even more remarkable was his brother Pilgrim IV von Puchheim (* around 1330, † 1396), who must have visited the newly acquired Illmau rule in his youth. He studied at the papal court in Avignon in France and ruled from 1365 to 1396 under the name of Pilgrim II von Puchheim as Archbishop of Salzburg , imperial prince , permanent papal legate and "Primate Germaniae". He was one of the politically most important archbishops of Salzburg, since under his government a. a. through the incorporation of the prince-provost of Berchtesgaden the archbishopric reached its greatest extent. At the same time he promoted art and music and was probably himself one of the most important German-speaking song poets and composers of the late Middle Ages, because in a "Minnebrief" from 1392 he identifies himself as the author of the work, which is often ascribed to an anonymous " Monk of Salzburg " becomes.

In addition to Albero III. The following gentlemen from Puchheim are also mentioned in connection with Illmau Castle:

1390 enfeoffed Duke Albrecht III. from Austria the brothers Georg and Albrecht von Puchheim.

In 1403 Pilgram von Puchheim was enfeoffed with Litschau and Illmau.

In 1406 Heinrich, Pilgrim and Hans von Puchheim received one half of Illmau by renouncing Hans dem Hauser and his mother Anna. In 1423 Albrecht V Duke of Austria confirmed the ownership of their goods in Litschau and Illmau to the brothers Pilgrim and Hans von Puchheim. In 1437 Pilgrim von Puchheim was enfeoffed with the rule of Illmau. In 1455 Siegmund von Puchheim was enfeoffed with Illmau. On August 14, 1468, Hartneid von Puchheim sold with the approval of Emperor Friedrich III. Castle and Gut Illmau to Andre Gockendorfer. In 1477 the Lords of Puchheim bid against Emperor Friedrich III. from the rule Illmau 3 servants and a sum of money, because they are in the fight between Emperor Friedrich III. and Matthias Corvinus , King of Hungary - who ruled his hereditary lands from Vienna from 1485 to 1490 - joined King Matthias. On April 12, 1500, Wolfgang von Puchheim sold Illmau to Veit Gockendorf as feudal lord, with the permission of the Roman-German King Maximilian I.

On June 1, 1575, Emperor Maximilian II awarded the Illmau fiefdom "with all inclusion and belonging" to Ott Heinrich von Puchheim, who had been Imperial War Councilor, "for the sake of his sincere and faithful service, who were honest and loyal to us for many years", after he had done it bought the heir of Zacharias Wochenitzky. In the same year the estate was inherited by his son Pilgram von Puchheim auf Heidenreichstein , to which Emperor Rudolf II gave his consent on October 13, 1586.

The lords of Puchheim dominated the Illmau rule at the level of direct feudal bearers in the lordship - with major interruptions - from 1351 to 1586, when Pilgrim VIII. Mr. von Puchheim sold the Illmau rule to the brothers Paris, Hannibal and Hektor von Sonderndorf. The family died out in 1718 with Franz Anton Graf von Puchheim, Bishop of Wiener Neustadt from 1695 to 1718.

The Gockendorfer (1406 to 1550)

Coat of arms of the von Trennbach

The knightly family of the Gockendorfer (Goggendorfer) appeared as early as 1266 with Otto von Gockendorf in a document from Zwettl Monastery and therefore belonged to the nobility of Lower Austria. In 1406 the "noble Otto Gogghendorfer zu Illmau" appears in a document. He therefore succeeded the Hauser as a knightly feudal man of the Lords of Puchheim.

After several changes of ownership, Andreas Gockendorfer acquired the Illmau lordship on August 14, 1468 from Hartneid to Mr. von Puchheim. Veit Goggendorfer was enfeoffed directly by Emperor Maximilian I with Illmau on December 17, 1493 - without the interposition of a fiefdom holder from the gentry . This is probably because the Lords of Puchheim had fallen out of favor because of the military support of the Hungarian King Matthias Corvinus against the emperor. He also owned Gilgenberg Castle and took part in the Vienna State Parliament in 1524. Wolfgang Gockendorfer zu Illmau, knight, died in 1544 as the last of his house.

His sisters were heirs. Margarete von Gockendorf († 1553) was married to Siegmund von Trennbach, who is documented on April 28, 1549 when he was at Illmau. She was therefore a sister-in-law of Urban von Trennbach who ruled the diocese of Passau as prince-bishop from 1561 to 1598 . She acquired the shares of her sister Anna, married von Woytich, but sold the Illmau estate to Zacharias Wochenitzky in 1551.

The Wochenitzky (1551 to 1573)

Zacharias Wochenitzky (actually: Boheinitzky von Boheinitz), who came from the Bohemian aristocracy, was the imperial captain of the Hungarian-Altenburg ( Mosonmagyaróvár ) county in Hungary and on April 24, 1551 he acquired the Illmau fort and the Illmau land from Margarete von Trennbach. In the same year he had the "Urbar Puch over Illmau" laid out and began to convert the medieval moated castle into a Renaissance castle. It is to him that the building owes its current appearance. In 1561 he tried to acquire the Illmau fiefdom as property, but was turned away. He had numerous fish ponds set up - including the Engelbrecht ponds and the Kautzen ponds - so that he finally owned 21 ponds. At the same time he expanded the uses of the rule to the detriment of the peasants by making robotic duty, i.e. h., the forced labor of the humble farmer, expanded through the purchase of land by the Robot in Illmauer palace and many hunting robots so that every subject every week for 2 to 3 days for the rule had to work without given that as before Robot money or Robot bread.

He was followed by his son Johann Wochenitzky von Wochenitz, who was enfeoffed with Illmau in 1569, but died on September 19, 1573 without any descendants. The nephews he intended to be heirs did not get a chance, since Illmau was not a free fiefdom, so it was drafted on March 5, 1574 by imperial order, whereupon Ott Heinrich von Puchheim zu Heidenreichstein was drafted by Emperor Maximilian II on June 1, 1575 (1527– 1576) was enfeoffed with the rule Illmau.

The Sonderndorfer (1586 to 1633)

The von Sonderndorf come from Bavaria , appear in a document with Oswald Sonderndorfer "the rich" as early as 1102 and therefore belong to the Bavarian nobility.

On May 31, 1586, the brothers Paris, Hannibal and Hektor von Sonderndorf zu Kirchberg am Walde bought Illmau Castle and Gut Illmau from Pilgrim VIII. Herr von Puchheim. At that time, 128 subjects belonged to the estate, of which 45 lived in Illmau, 20 in Kautzen, 13 in Gerharts, 33 in Englbrechts, 17 in Motten, and 30 in Weissenbach, 24 in Naglitz, 12 in Lembach and 1 in Tiefenbach.

Paris von Sonderndorf (* 1555, † 1636) is of historical interest; Lord of Illmau, Reitzenschlag, Kainpach, Kirchberg am Wald and Allentsteig , since August 16, 1612 Baron von Sonderndorf and since November 27, 1612 member of the Lower Austrian gentry who was married to Maria, a daughter of Erasmus Praun von Bielahag and Anna Geyer . This is because he is in the pedigree of Emperor Karl I of Austria-Ugarn with the Kekule number 23358 as a direct ancestor in XV. Generation of the last - and since 2004 beatified Emperor of Austria appears.

From 1586 to 1590 Illmau remained the joint property of the brothers, from then on Hekor von Sonderndorf († 1616) was sole owner of Illmau, Naglitz and Weissenbach. He was married to Benigna von Eggenberg († 1617), a sister of Hans Ulrich von Eggenberg , who, under Emperor Ferdinand II († 1637), was Chief Chamberlain, President of the Court Chamber and Director of the Privy Council as well as one of the richest and most politically influential men of his time, In 1620 he was made Knight of the Knight of the Order of the Golden Fleece and in 1623 Prince of Eggenberg and Duke of Krumau in South Bohemia.

At that time he owned 198 subordinate houses in 11 localities, in addition he had over 182 houses in 7 localities and over 162 houses in 6 localities the land and local authority. In the autumn of 1596 - since the increased compulsory labor introduced by the Wochenitzkys was retained by the successors - there was an uprising of the farmers in the upper valley of the Thaya under Andreas Schrembser from neighboring Dobersberg , who followed with a group of regional farmers via Schwarzenau to the assembly point Langenlois marched. There it came to a skirmish with the imperial cavalry, which disrupted the peasant army. Schrembser was captured and quartered alive in front of the town gate of Waidhofen an der Taya in May 1597. Hector von Sonderndorf soon got into financial difficulties because in 1598 Johann Freiherr von Herberstein paid the state taxes for the Illmau rule for him. In the years 1602 to 1618 he acquired or exchanged various tithes in Stegersbach, Reibers, Lexnitz and Hoheneich.

Hekor von Sonderndorf was an active Protestant and on October 3, 1608 one of the signatories of the Horner Bund , to which the mostly Protestant estates of Lower Austria and Upper Austria - 166 aristocrats including 73 members of the gentry from 34 families and 93 knights from 68 families - joined Defense of their interests and rights against the sovereign Matthias Archduke of Austria in Horn , who belonged to the Protestant family von Puchheim .

However, Hector von Sonderndorf should have converted to Catholicism soon afterwards, because he was promoted to the rank of baron by the Emperor in 1612. In 1613 he acquired from the indebted Mr. zu Litschau (in the Gmünd district ) Andreas Moratschky von Noskau the right to Ungeld - a consumption tax levied since the 13th century - and the district court over the villages of Illmau , Engelbrechts , Kautzen , Weißenbach Gastern and Ruders ( cadastral parish of Gastern).

This was a significant upgrade for the Illmau rulership, as it brought high jurisdiction over the named places to the Illmau rulership. Namely the right to impose judgments on serious crimes such as robbery , murder , theft , sexual harassment , rape , homosexual intercourse , witchcraft or sorcery and infanticide , which were punishable by life and limb.

The Thirty Years' War has already led 1,619 marauding incursions Bohemian rebels under the command of Count Heinrich Matthias von Thurn and Joachim Andreas von Schlick through taxes and Peigarten through the forest area in the direction of Vienna, but spared it the rule Illmau, as the Baron of coupon village Protestants . From 1619 to 1621 imperial troops from Hungary and the Netherlands camped in the area , who lived worse than the Bohemians, since the local nobility was Protestant and therefore allied with the Bohemians. Illmau Castle and the neighboring Taxen Castle as well as Dobersberg Castle and the towns of Thaya and Dobersberg were therefore plundered by imperial troops in 1619, and the population hidden in the woods was found, killed or abducted. A company of imperial troops had been in Waidhofen since July, whereby the Illmau rulership had to raise 31 deliveries of provisions worth 532 guilders for the 300-man garrison and from December 30, 1620 to August 16, five deliveries of 179 guilders.

In addition, there was a bad harvest in 1622, so that many people starved to death while the soldiers lived in luxury and let their horses graze in the fields. As a late consequence of this there were 10 desolate houses in Illmau in 1716.

At a time not known in detail, Hector was followed by his nephew, Johann Friedrich Freiherr von Sonderndorf (1603–1667), Mr. Atzelsdorf , Harras and Mittergrabern , who owned the later Starhemberg Palace on Minoritenplatz (now the Ministry of Education) in Vienna . In 1628 he transferred the rule of Illmau to Jonas von Heissberg for 80,000 guilders for seven years - with withdrawal at any time upon payment of this amount.

The Hot Mountain (1633 - 1675)

Jonas von Heissberg is likely to have acquired the Illmau rule around 1633, as the submissive villages issued a confirmation to Herr von Heissberg on September 10, 1633 that they owed him 22 guilders for a pair of oxen, which he delivered for them to feed the soldiers quartered in would have. In 1642, he paid 70 guilders in cash instead of a horse he had asked for. Jonas von Heißberg died around 1651. He was followed by his son Raimund von Heißberg auf Mörkenstein, who in 1651 inherited the Illmau and Reinpolz rulership, which was registered with 191 houses, with 25 houses. However, 77 of the 192 houses on the Illmau estate were deserted in 1656. Raimund von Heßberg died childless in 1662, after which his widow Anna Isabella von Heißberg took over the rule.

The Illmau rule was also - at least indirectly - affected by the great external threat to the Austrian hereditary lands from the Second Turkish Siege of Vienna , as the Ottoman army of Grand Vizier Kara Mustafa Pascha besieged Vienna from July 14 to September 12, 1683 and Turkish troops through Lower Austria pulled. When this danger appeared particularly great, Illmau Castle was declared a place of refuge for the population to protect against the Turkish threat, fortified and provided with weapons and ammunition to ward off a possible attack.

On April 4, 1672, an agreement was reached between Isabella von Heißberg, the widow of Raimund von Heißberg and his sisters, Maria Maximiliana, married von Kirchberg, and Maria Regina, married Freiin von Welz, on the question of the succession in possession of the Illmau lordship. This community of heirs sold the rule to Ferdinand Ernst Graf von Herberstein on June 26, 1675.

The Herberstein (1675 to 1792)

Herberstein-Count's coat of arms

The Counts of Herberstein belong to the ancient nobility of Styria , where Otto von Herberstein appears in 1290 in the ownership of the eponymous parent company, Schloss Herberstein , which is still owned by the family today.

The Herberstein zu Illmau come from the so-called "Austrian line" of the house, which is derived from Wilhelm von Herberstein, baron von Herberstein, Neuberg and Gutenhag since 1537 (* 1469; † March 9, 1560). He was lord of the Matzen lordship (located between the Weinviertel hill country and Marchfeld in Lower Austria , approx. 35 km northeast of Vienna and Greißenegg ) in the municipality of Voitsberg in Styria . He was chief Erbkämmerer and Erbtruchsess in Carinthia .

Wilhelm's fourth generation descendant, Ferdinand Ernst Freiherr - and since 1656 Count - von Herberstein († March 1691) on Neuberg and Gutenhag was Imperial Privy Councilor , Chamberlain , Court War Councilor and Sergeant General and quickly acquired a number of lords. Including, as mentioned, the Illmau lordship from the heirs of the Heissberg family, after he had inherited the Ottenschlag and Grafenschlag lords from Maximilian Gundaccar von Pohlheim in 1667 , the Triesch lordship in 1669, today the town of Třešť in the Kraj Vysočina, in the Czech Republic from the Geyer von Edelbach, 1673 from Adam Maximilian Graf von Trauttmansdorff the goods Brunn ob der Krems, Lichtenau and Altengschwendt had acquired. In 1676 he acquired the Dobersberg dominion from Baron Peter von Ugarte and in 1681 the Landstein dominion in Bohemia from the Count Czernin . He was concerned about the economic progress of the area and was the founder of the local paper and glass production.

In his will of February 13, 1691 he decreed that all his property should be a majorate and entails for his male descendants and died in March 1691.

For Illmau Castle, this merger meant the merging of a large complex of goods and the loss of its traditional role as a local center of defense and administration as well as its function as a noble residence. As a result, the castle was in the service of an estate administration concentrated elsewhere for over two hundred years and served economic purposes, which of course was considerably detrimental to the preservation of the castle's character and interior fittings.

However, the problem of amalgamating numerous dominions was also evident for the Herberstein family. Because Ferdinand Ernst Graf von Herberstein had both from his first marriage to Katharina Elisabeth Countess von Saurau († 1668), a daughter of Karl Freiherr (since 1628) Graf von Saurau auf Ligist, Labegg etc., Obersterblandmarschall in Stiermark, Imperial Privy Councilor and Governor († 1646) as well as with his second wife, Juliane Elisabeth Countess of Starhemberg (* January 1627, † 19 December 1699), a daughter of Gundacker Freiherr - since 1643 imperial count - von Starhemberg auf Wildberg and Riedegg († March 1652) and of Anna Sabina Reichsfreiin von Dietrichstein , sons, which led to a dispute about the inheritance after his death, since his son's first marriage, Karl Sigismund Adam Graf von Herberstein, was already 1687 - d. H. before his father's will - died. The dispute was finally settled by an imperial decision of May 12, 1700 to the effect that the majorate was limited to the dominions of Triesch and Illmau, while the other possessions were separated from them.

Wenzel Eberhard Graf von Herberstein (born January 17, 1671, + October 29, 1729), Ferdinand Ernst's youngest son, succeeded in regaining the dominions of Triesch, Landstein, Illmau, Dobersberg, Ottenschlag and others, partly through inheritance and partly through replacement to bring, whereupon he renewed the majorat established by his father. From 1700 he promoted the expansion of the local glass industry and initiated the creation of the land and service book of the Illmau rule.

In 1729 his son Leopold Graf von Herberstein took over the property, and in 1730 he moved the regional court over the rule of Taxen from Dobersberg to Illmau.

After 1780 this branch of the Counts of Herberstein got into financial difficulties, as a result of which the lordships of Illmau and Dobersberg in Krida fell in 1791. Illmau was therefore sold by the creditors of Count Joseph von Herberstein in 1792 and Dobersberg in 1794 to Sebastian Edlen Guldenmüller von Guldenstein. Since 1779 he was with Katharina Edler von Schickh (* 1765, † 1824), a daughter of Johann Leopold Ritter and Noble Herr von Schickh, kk Truchsess , councilor and regent of the Regiment of the Lower Austrian Lands († 1766) and Maria Anna Reichsfreiin Moser von Ebreichsdorf (* 1721, † 1805), a daughter of Johann Ferdinand Moser von Ebreichsdorf, and was accepted into the Lower Austrian knighthood in 1792 .

The Greens (1802 to 1923)

Karl Ludwig Count von Grünne

The Counts of Grünne, whose family name is actually d´Hemricourt, belong to the ancient nobility of the historic county of Hainaut . Philipp Ferdinand Graf von Grünne (* 1762, † 1854) acquired the lords of Illmau and Dobersberg from Sebastian Guldenmüller von Guldenstein on August 16, 1802, and in 1808 also the lords of Taxen and Peigarten . He was Austrian general of the cavalry, later chief steward of Archduke Karl of Austria, Duke of Teschen - the victor over Napoleon in the Battle of Aspern in 1809,

He was followed by his son Karl Ludwig Graf von Grünne (* 1808, † 1884), general of the cavalry who, as adjutant general to Emperor Franz Joseph I and later as head of the imperial military chancellery, had a decisive influence on Austrian military policy from 1848 to 1859. After Austria's defeat in the Sardinian War in 1859, the displeasure of the population and the army was directed specifically against Grünne, whose conservative attitude prevented innovations, which is why he was blamed for the defeat. In a handwriting dated October 20, 1859, the emperor relieved him of his post as first adjutant general in grace, but at the same time appointed him to the chief equestrian and awarded him the Grand Cross of the Order of St. Stephen. In 1865 he became a Knight of the Order of the Golden Fleece .

He was followed by his son Philipp Graf von Grünne (* 1833 † 1902), Feldzeugmeister and knight of the Order of the Golden Fleece. However, the family went out in the male line with his son Philipp Oswald Graf von Grünne, who crashed on June 22, 1917 as an officer near Trento with an airplane. His mother, Mathilde Countess von Grünne (née Countess von Thun-Hohenstein ) owned Illmau and Dobersberg until 1923.

Illmau Castle was requested in 1914 in the First World War under the War Services Act, served as an internment station for 150 Russians and Serbs from 1914 to 1916 , Ukrainian refugees were housed there from 1916 to 1918 and the People's Army was quartered there after the end of the war. From 1921 to 1930, the Illmau state youth recreation home for children from Vienna and Lower Austria in need of relaxation existed in the castle .

The Szapáry (1923–1936)

Friedrich Graf von Szapáry in the embassy in Saint Petersburg

The Szapáry were a Hungarian magnate family , from which Baron Peter († 1753) was raised to the Hungarian count status as Count Szapáry de Muraszombat, Széchysziget et Szapár in 1722. In Austria, there was a closer relationship with Countess Johanna von Gatterburg (* 1779, † 1812) since the marriage of Count Joseph Szapáry († 1822), who was the Obergespan of Fejér, Moson and Szerém counties in Hungary, in 1799 . This was strengthened in 1862 by the marriage of Count László Szapáry (* 1831, † 1883) with Countess Marianne von Grünne (* 1835, † 1906), a daughter of Count Karl Ludwig von Grünne, and thus at the same time the prerequisite for settlement in the Waldviertel created.

After the Count Grünne died out, the widowed Countess Mathilde von Grünne (née Thun) († 1923) transferred the Dobersberg , Illmau, Taxen and Peigarten estates to her nephew Friedrich Count Szapáry von Muraszombat (* 1869; † 1935), who took care of them Took possession - and with it Illmau Castle - in 1923, but died in 1935.

Through him there is a reference to European history, since in 1914 he played an important role as ambassador of the Austro-Hungarian monarchy in Saint Petersburg in the last negotiations before the outbreak of the First World War and on August 6, he presented the imperial declaration of war to the Russian Empire . His father-in-law, Alfred III. Prince zu Windisch-Graetz (1851–1927), was Prime Minister of the Austrian half of the Danube Monarchy from 1893 to 1895 .

His son László Graf Szapáry followed in possession of the goods in 1935, but he sold Illmau Castle with 30 hectares of land in 1936.

It also makes a reference to European history. His sister, Countess Maria Anna Szapáry († 1988), married Baron Günther Hubert von Reibnitz († 1983) in 1941. Their daughter Marie Christine Baroness von Reibnitz (* 1945) married their part in 1978 in the Vienna City Hall Prince Michael of Kent (born 1942), a member of the British royal family, a younger brother of Prince Edward the 2nd Duke of Kent and a Is the first cousin of Queen Elizabeth II . She therefore bears the title "Her Royal Highness Princess Michael of Kent".

Later owners

They were less glamorous: Illmau Castle was acquired by the Waidhofen an der Thaya pasture cooperative in 1936 , and taken over in 1938 by the German settlement company, which housed French prisoners of war there from 1940 . In 1942 it was at the from Slovenia originating ethnic Germans sold Anton Ulm. Towards the end of the Second World War , Illmau Castle and Gut was occupied by Russian troops on May 10, 1945, was under Soviet administration as " German property " from 1945 to 1955 , was partly rented to a commercial enterprise, partly to refugee families and available to the Russian administration Event used by balls. In 1955, the castle and estate were returned to the Ulm family, but sold in 1957, whereupon the castle was structurally "adapted" as a grain bin and largely fell into disrepair.

The castle has been owned by Ambassador i. Since the beginning of the 1970s. R. Dr. Werner Ehrlich von Ehrnfeldt, who comes from the Bohemian family of Gideon Ehrlich von Ehrnfeldt († 1670) and is a descendant of the first and later owners of Illmau, tried to restore and maintain the building and laid out the park.

In April 1996 he was the initiator and author of the basic draft of the so-called Ottawa Convention, i. that is, the Convention on the Prohibition of the Use, Storage, Manufacture and Transfer of Anti-Personnel Mines and their Destruction , which was opened for signature on December 3, 1997 in Ottawa , Canada . This international agreement was signed by 133 states and now has 162 states as contracting parties that have signed, ratified or acceded to the agreement.

This international agreement has contributed significantly to the fact that since then the number of victims who have been killed or injured by anti-personnel mines has been reduced significantly.

Illustrations

The oldest surviving illustration of Illmau Castle is dated 1672 and is in the work of the important Austrian topographer Georg Matthäus Vischer (1628–1696). A representation of the engraving can be found at Burgen-austria.com.

literature

  • Georg Binder: The Lower Austrian castles and palaces. Volume 2, Vienna / Leipzig 1925, p. 91.
  • Pastor Leopold Bittermann: Contributions to the history of the parish Kautzen. In: Historical supplements to St. Pöltner Diözesanblatt. Volume IX (printed separately in 1909).
  • Georg Clam Martinic : Austrian Castle Lexicon. Linz 1992, p. 139 f.
  • Christopher Clark : The Sleepwalkers. How Europe went to War in 1914. Penguin Books, 2013, ISBN 978-0-14-102782-1 , pp. 444, 445, 483.
  • Dehio Lower Austria north of the Danube 1990 , Dehio-Handbuch, Die Kunstdenkmäler Österreichs. Vienna 1990, p. 466.
  • Falko Daim , Karin Kühtreiber, Thomas Kühtreiber (Eds.): Castles Waldviertel - Wachau - Moravian Thayatal. Vienna 2009, p. 238 f.
  • Franz Eppel: The Waldviertel. 1966.
  • Franz Fraissl: The development of the Kautzen community 1938–1988. Kautzen market town, 1988.
  • Johann Lanz, The ancestors of the last Austrian imperial couple 2nd part (XII. –XV. Generation); Heraldic-genealogical society "Adler", Vienna 1996.
  • Stuart Maslen: The Convention on the Prohibition of the Use, Stockpiling, Production and Transfer of Anti-Personnel Mines and on their Destruction. In: Oxford Commentaries on International Law, Commentaries on Arms Control Treaties , Volume I. Oxford University Press, 2004, ISBN 0-19-926977-7 .
  • Gerhard Reichhalter, Karin and Thomas Kühtreiber: Castles Waldviertel Wachau. St. Pölten 2001, p. 178 f.
  • Heinrich Rauscher : Home book of the parish Kautzen. Editor and publisher Pfarrgemeinde Kautzen, 1954, pp. 39–49.
  • J. Siebmacher's Great Book of Arms. Volume 26: The coats of arms of the nobility in Lower Austria. Part 2: S – Z. (Reprint) Verlag Bauer and Raspe, Neustadt ad Aisch 1983, ISBN 3-87947-036-7 .
  • Christiane Singer , Arnulf Neuwirth : Castles and palaces of the Waldviertel. Radschin-Verlag, 1985, ISBN 3-900512-03-5 .
  • Gerhard Stenzel: From castle to castle in Austria. 1976.
  • Stepan Eduard: The Waldviertel. 7 volumes, Vienna, 1925 f.
  • Hans Tietze: The monuments of the political district Waidhofen an der Thaya (= Austrian art topography. VI). Vienna 1911, p. 24 f.
  • Georg Matthäus Vischer : Topographia Archiducatus Austriae Inferioris Modernae. 1672 (Reprint: Graz 1976 VOMB, No. 54).
  • Franz Karl Wißgrill: scene of the rural Lower Austrian nobility from the lords and knights of the XI. Century up to the present day. Volume 3, 1797.

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Pastor Leopold Bittermann: Contributions to the history of the Kautzen parish. P. 4.
  2. ↑ Franz Fraissl: The Evolution of the greater community Kautzen 1938-1988. Marktgemeinde Kautzen, 1988, p. 43.
  3. ↑ William Bielsky: The oldest documents of Kanonikatsstiftes St. Georgen 1112-1244. Vienna 1853, p. 254. (Reprint Prima fundatio)
  4. ^ Heinrich Rauscher: Home book of the parish Kautzen. Parish of Kautzen, 1954, p. 40.
  5. ^ Karl Lechner: The Waldviertel. Volume VII, 1937, pp. 57/61 and 98-103.
  6. ↑ Historical supplements to the St. Pöltner Diözesanblatt. Volume IX, St. Pölten 1878 ff, p. 148.
  7. ^ A b Heinrich Rauscher: Home book of the parish Kautzen. 1954, p. 204.
  8. ^ Heinrich Rauscher: Home book of the parish Kautzen. 1954, p. 193, or 204
  9. ^ Heinrich Rauscher: Home book of the parish Kautzen. 1954, p. 208.
  10. ^ Alois Niederstätter: The rule of Austria, prince and country in the late Middle Ages. In: Herwig Wolfram (Ed.): Austrian History 1278–1411. Verlag Ueberreuter, 2001, ISBN 3-8000-3526-X , p. 93.
  11. ^ A b Heinrich Rauscher: Home book of the parish Kautzen. 1954, p. 35.
  12. ^ A b c Heinrich Rauscher: Home book of the parish Kautzen. 1954, p. 40.
  13. ↑ Memory of the Province of Lower Austria [1]
  14. ^ A b c Heinrich Rauscher: Home book of the parish Kautzen. 1954, p. 34.
  15. ↑ H. Burger: Historical account of the founding and fate of the Benedictine monastery Altenburg. P. 70.
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  17. ^ Heinrich Rauscher: Home book of the parish Kautzen. 1954, p. 46.
  18. ^ Schweickhart: Representation of the Archduchy of Austria under the Enns. Volume 4: District above the Manhartsberg. 1840.
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  21. ^ Heinrich Rauscher: Home book of the parish Kautzen. 1954, p. 51.
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  23. ^ Wilhelm Wegener , Genealogical tables for Central European history, table 13; C. Heinz Reise-Verlag, Göttingen 1963–1969
  24. ↑ Manfred Hiebl Genealogy Middle Ages
  25. ↑ Detlev Schwennicke: European family tables . New series, Volume XVI, Vittorio Klostermann, Frankfurt am Main 1995, ISBN 3-465-02741-8 , plate 24.
  26. ^ Karl Lechner: The Babenberger. Margraves and Dukes of Austria 976–1246 .
  27. ^ Wilhelm Wegener, Genealogical tables for medieval history, tables 23 (Raabs) and 16 (Hirschberg, Dollnstein), Verlag Heinz Reise, Göttingen (Reise), 1962–1969
  28. ^ Manfred Hiebl, Genealogy Middle Ages; The Counts of Plain and Hardegg
  29. ↑ Miroslav Marek, genealogy euweb cz Genealogie Rosenberg
  30. ↑ Detlev Schwennike: European Family Tables, New Series Volume I.1 Plate 41, Verlag Vittorio Klostermann, Frankfurt am Main, 1998 ISBN 3-465-02743-4
  31. ↑ Florian Schweitzer and others, "800 Years Thaya 1175–1975", publisher: Marktgemeinde Thaya, Lower Austria, 1975
  32. ↑ Historical supplements to the St. Pöltner Diözesanblatt. Volume 9, 1911, p. 148. [2]
  33. ^ Eduard Stepan: The Waldviertel. Volume VII, p. 208.
  34. ↑ historical supplements to the St. Pölten Diocesan Journal, Volume XII, page 465 et seq .; St. Pölten 1939
  35. ^ Heinrich Rauscher, home book of the Kautzen parish, pages 39, 40; Publisher Parish Kautzen 1954
  36. ↑ historical supplements to the St. Pölten Diocesan Journal, Volume XII, page 466; St. Pölten 1939
  37. ^ Karl Lechner, Settlement and Rulership History of the Waldviertel, in: "Das Waldviertel"; ed. E. Stephan, Vol. 7/2 (1937) p. 208
  38. ↑ Christoph Tepperberg, The Lords of Puchheim in the Middle Ages, dissertation, University of Vienna, autumn 1978
  39. ↑ J. Siebmacher's large book of arms. Volume 27: The coats of arms of the nobility in Upper Austria. Verlag Bauer & Raspe, Neustadt ad Aisch 1984, p. 278.
  40. ↑ J. Siebmacher's large book of arms. Volume 27: Upper Austria. P. 281.
  41. ↑ J. Siebmacher's large book of arms. Volume 77, p. 280.
  42. ↑ Stepan Eduard, Das Waldviertel, Volume VII / 2 p. 208
  43. ↑ historical supplements to the St. Pölten Diocesan Journal, Volume X. Page 352
  44. ↑ Adler, Zeitschrift für Genealogie und Heraldik 1887, page 152
  45. ^ Index of the Puchheim writings in the regional archive for Upper Austria in Linz
  46. ↑ a b Finance and Court Chamber Archive, Vienna, Rule Files, Fascicle I. 1
  47. ↑ Historical supplements to the St. Pöltener Diözesanblatt, Volume XII, page 415
  48. ↑ Hofkammerarchiv in Vienna, rule files, fascicle I. 1
  49. ↑ FK Wissgrill: scene of the scene of the rural Lower Austrian nobility from the lordship and knighthood of the XI. Century up to the present day. Volume 3, p. 348.
  50. ↑ Historical supplements to the St. Pöltner Diözesanblatt. Volume IX, p. 352.
  51. ^ A b Heinrich Rauscher: Home book of the parish Kautzen. 1954, p. 41
  52. ^ Siebmacher's Great Book of Arms of Lower Austria. P. 403
  53. ^ Heinrich Rauscher: Home book of the parish Kautzen. 1954, p. 23
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  55. ↑ Historical supplements to the St. Pöltner Diözesanblatt. Volume VI, p. 633 and Volume XI, p. 263.
  56. ↑ Siebmacher's Grosses Wappenbuch, Volume 26, The arms of the nobility in Lower Austria, Part 2, page 161; Verlag Bauer and Raspe 1983, ISBN 3-87947-036-7
  57. ^ Johann Lanz, The ancestors of the last Austrian imperial couple, 2nd part (XII. –XV. Generation); Pages 297 and 299, Heraldic-Genealogical Society "Adler", Vienna 1996
  58. ↑ Walther Ernst Heydendorff: The princes and barons of Eggenberg and their ancestors. Styria Publishing House 1965.
  59. ↑ H. Burger, historical account of the founding and fate of the Benedictine monastery Altenburg; P. 70
  60. ^ Heinrich Rauscher: Home book of the parish Kautzen. 1954, p. 24.
  61. ↑ Franz Karl Wißgrill scene of the rural Lower Austrian nobility from the lords and knights of the XI. Century on, up to the present time Volume IV p. 276
  62. ^ Heinrich Rauscher: Home book of the parish Kautzen. 1954, p. 35.
  63. ^ Heinrich Rauscher: Home book of the parish Kautzen. 1954, p. 24.
  64. ^ Heinrich Rauscher: Home book of the parish Kautzen. 1954, p. 25.
  65. ↑ Siebmacher's Great Book of Arms of Lower Austria, Volume 2, p. 161.
  66. ^ Heinrich Rauscher: Home book of the parish Kautzen. 1954, p. 44
  67. ^ Sheets of the Association for Regional Studies for Vienna and Lower Austria, Vienna, 1883 p. 263
  68. ↑ a b c Franz Karl Wißgrill: scene of the rural Lower Austrian nobility from the lords and knights of the XI. Century up to the present day. Fourth volume. Vienna 1800, p. 290, online in the Internet Archive .
  69. ↑ Siebmacher's Grosses Wappenbuch, Volume 26 The arms of the nobility in Lower Austria; Part 2 S - Z., Bauer & Raspe, 1983, p. 25.
  70. ↑ Siebmacher's Grosses Wappenbuch, Volume 26 The arms of the nobility in Lower Austria; Part 2 S - Z., Bauer & Raspe, 1983, p. 210.
  71. ↑ Siebmacher's large Wappenbuch, Volume 27. The arms of the nobility in Upper Austria,, Herberstein, p. 119, Bauer and raspe 1984 ISBN 3-87947-027-8
  72. ^ Franz Karl Wißgrill , scene of the rural Lower Austrian nobility. Volume 4, page 449 [3]
  73. ^ Heinrich Rauscher: Home book of the parish Kautzen. 1954, p. 47.
  74. ^ Wilhelm Edler von Janko :  Grünne, Philipp . In: Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (ADB). Volume 10, Duncker & Humblot, Leipzig 1879, p. 55 f.
  75. ↑ † Count Karl Ludwig Grünne. In:  Neue Freie Presse , Morgenblatt, June 16, 1884, p. 2, top left. (Online at ANNO ).Template: ANNO / Maintenance / nfp
  76. ↑ Oscar Criste:  Grünne, Karl Ludwig Graf von . In: Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (ADB). Volume 49, Duncker & Humblot, Leipzig 1904, p. 602 f.
  77. ^ Heinrich Rauscher: Home book of the parish Kautzen. 1954, p. 50.
  78. ↑ a b c Genealogy Szapáry: [4]
  79. ↑ Christopher Clarc: "The sleepwalkers" Ö- How Europe went to War in 1914. Penguin Books, 2013, ISBN 978-0-14-102782-1 , pp. 444, 445, 483.
  80. ↑ a b Franz Fraißl: The Becoming of the Large Community of Kautzen 1938–1988. 1988, p. 21.
  81. ↑ a b Illmau on burgen-austria.com . Retrieved March 31, 2015.
  82. ^ Christiane Singer, Arnulf Neuwirth: Castles and palaces of the Waldviertel. P. 36.
  83. ^ Stuart Maslen, The Convention on the Prohibition of the Use, Stockpiling, Production and Transfer of Anti-Personnel Mines and on their Destruction. Item 0.43, page 24, note 128. In: Oxford Commentaries on International Law, Commentaries on Arms Control Treaties, Volume I. Oxford University Press, 2004; ISBN 0-19-926977-7
  84. ↑ See Wikipedia in English article: "List of parties to the Ottawa Treaty"
  85. ^ Georg Matthäus Vischer: Topographia Archiducatus Austriae Inferioris Modernae. 1672. (Reprint Graz 1976 VOMB, No. 54)

Coordinates: 48 ° 56 ′ 6.5 ″  N , 15 ° 14 ′ 8.4 ″  E