Wackersdorf reprocessing plant

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Coordinates: 49 ° 19 ′ 14 ″  N , 12 ° 13 ′ 57 ″  E

Map: Germany
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WAA Wackersdorf​
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Germany
Building visible from afar for the module test stands of the planned WAA; in the foreground the Murner See (flooded brown coal mine)

The Wackersdorf reprocessing plant ( WAW ) in Wackersdorf in the Bavarian district of Schwandorf in Upper Palatinate was to become the central reprocessing plant (WAA) for spent fuel rods from nuclear reactors in Germany . Consisting of tax revenues construction funded, started in 1985, was accompanied by massive protests from sections of the population and set 1989th It is considered to be one of the most controversial building projects in the history of the Federal Republic . The WAA building site was then redesigned with considerable tax revenue to become the Wackersdorf Innovation Park industrial area .

history

Location decision and beginning of resistance

Position of the reprocessing plant in the fuel cycle with supply, disposal and reprocessing

In the 1980s, nuclear facilities were very controversial on the one hand due to the nuclear armament debate and on the other due to the reactor accidents in Harrisburg and later Chernobyl . Since the early 1970s, the anti-nuclear movement grew , which also spurred the success of the Greens .

The planned WAA locations in Rhineland-Palatinate ( Hambuch , Illerich ), Hesse ( Frankenberg - Wangershausen ) and Lower Saxony ( Gorleben ) had previously failed. The WAA location decision was u. a. also the story of a guerrilla war between the Union-governed federal states of Bavaria and Lower Saxony and Prime Minister Franz Josef Strauss and his rival for the candidacy for chancellor for the 1980 federal election, Ernst Albrecht . After plans to build a reprocessing plant in Dragahn in Lower Saxony had failed, Bavaria's Prime Minister Franz Josef Strauss declared on December 3, 1980 the readiness of the Bavarian state government ( Strauss I cabinet ) to look for a suitable location in the Free State. Strauss promised the plant operators stable political conditions and acceptance for the project on the part of a “population used to industry”. The decision to locate the quiet little pine forest in the Upper Palatinate would guarantee a "rapid and undisturbed implementation of the project".

After Wackersdorf in Upper Palatinate was selected, a citizens' initiative against the WAA was founded on October 9, 1981 . The vast majority of the residents and the district administrator Hans Schuierer were strictly against the project, with the conflict running across families and groups of friends.

On October 7, 1981, the "Schwandorf Citizens' Initiative" was founded and many more followed shortly afterwards, which finally appeared under one umbrella organization. The first anti-WAA demonstration took place in December 1981 with around 3000 people in the Upper Palatinate Hall in Schwandorf, where the CSU politicians who had gathered were supposed to be sworn to the consistent pro-WAA line.

The “Wackersdorf coalition” was a protest from the broader social center. Pastors and members of bourgeois parties were represented, making it difficult for WAA supporters to defame the protesters.

In contrast to Sellafield in the UK and La Hague in France, the Wackersdorf site is inland and not on a coast, so that not only local citizens were concerned about the planned disposal of radioactive waste water in Naab / Danube / Black Sea , in addition to possible incidents. Other points of criticism from the WAA opponents were, among other things, the high number of nuclear waste transports that occurred after the plant was put into operation, as well as health risks from the exhaust air escaping from the WAA through a chimney over 200 m high. In addition, the opponents argued that the plutonium obtained during reprocessing would in principle enable the development of nuclear weapons .

The WAA became the dominant topic of the 10th legislative period under the Strauss II cabinet . The issue first occupied the state parliament on October 13, 1983. Since the unemployment rate in Wackersdorf had risen to over 20 percent after the end of mining in the Upper Palatinate lignite mining area in 1982, the Bavarian state government hoped to be able to counter possible resistance with the job argument. In addition, the majority of the 130 hectare building site was already owned by the Free State.

Decision for Wackersdorf 1985

After the German Society for the Reprocessing of Nuclear Fuels (DWK) had definitely decided on Wackersdorf as the location on February 4, 1985, around 35,000 people demonstrated peacefully against the WAA on February 16, 1985 in icy temperatures on the Schwandorf market square.

On September 24, 1985, the Bavarian Ministry of the Environment under Alfred Dick issued the first partial construction permit under nuclear law. In addition to the actual reprocessing plant, the construction of a MOX fuel element factory and storage facilities for the nuclear waste were planned. The water and planning permission was not the district administration, but the entry into force of the Lex Schuierer by the government of Upper Palatinate on 29 October 1985 at the ways of the self entry granted. In October 1985 the Free State of Bavaria sold the WAA site (138  hectares ) for around 3 million  DM to DWK. In October 1985 a protest march of 50,000 people against the WAA project formed in Munich. Construction work in the Taxölderner forest began in December 1985.

After the Bavarian Administrative Court had approved the clearing of the Taxölderner forest on December 10, 1985 , the opponents of nuclear power built the first hut village ("Free Upper Palatinate") there on December 14 , in which around 1000 people stayed overnight in the freezing cold. This was evacuated two days later by 3,700 police officers and 869 demonstrators were arrested.

On December 21st the next hut village ("Free Republic Wackerland" - so named after the " Free Republic Wendland ") with 158 huts, tents and tree houses. After the Christmas peace was observed, the hut village was only evacuated by 2000 police officers on January 7, 1986. During the evacuation, which lasted into the night, over 1,000 people were arrested for identification purposes .

The situation escalated more and more, the rights of the residents of the surrounding communities who supported the opponents of nuclear power were restricted. The police complained about the growing solidarity of the locals with the foreign opponents of nuclear power. The words "occupation" and "civil war" became popular for describing the situation in the press, especially since the late 1970s published book The Nuclear State of Robert Jungk had forecast such a development. From 1985 to 1989, bans on demonstrations, house searches, relocating villages, arrests and the deployment of large police units from all over Germany and the federal border police were part of the political scene in the region.

In August 1987 the Bavarian Constitutional Court rejected the motion of 40,000 opponents of nuclear power for a referendum against the construction of the nuclear reprocessing plant in Wackersdorf.

Demonstrations and riots

The first fatality in connection with the clashes on the building site was 61-year-old Wackersdorfer housewife Erna Sielka, who died of a heart attack on the construction fence on March 2, 1986.

"At the Red Cross" ( ⊙ ): To the west of the WAW and not far from the "Chaoten-Eck" was a popular meeting place for many anti-WAA demonstrators.

For the first time, over 100,000 people took part in the Easter Monday demonstration on March 31, 1986. When there were riots at the so-called "Chaoten-Eck" during the Easter demonstrations, there was also the first nationwide use of CS gas against demonstrators. The death of 38-year-old engineer and demonstration participant Alois Sonnleitner on March 31, 1986 after an asthma attack was linked to this CS gas use. “Peaceful people” also showed their solidarity with the violent autonomists and supported them. After the Chernobyl reactor disaster of April 26, 1986, the protest against the WAA intensified, whose construction site was secured by a 4.8 km long steel fence that cost 15 million marks.

During the demonstrations on Whitsun (“Whitsun Battle” of Wackersdorf in May 1986), the violence on the building site escalated when the autonomous police shot at the police with stones and steel balls (“Wackersdorf Tango”) and helicopters of the Federal Border Guard launched irritant devices (CS gas cartridges) thrown into the demonstrating crowd. The demonstrators then set fire to two police vehicles. 44 water cannons from all over Germany were in action and sprayed water mixed with irritants. In total, over 400 people were injured on both sides over the Whitsun holidays.

As a result of these events, the head of operations in charge, the police chief for Lower Bavaria / Upper Palatinate, Hermann Friker, whom the state government accused of "half-hearted" and "liberal" action, was replaced in May 1986 and replaced by Wilhelm Fenzl. Günter Schröder (chairman of the police union ) feared that the fight for Wackersdorf would damage the relationship between society and the police. Over 100 officers voluntarily resigned from the police force after the “Whitsun Battle”.

On June 7, 1986, a demonstration at the site fence again led to serious clashes between 30,000 demonstrators and 3,000 police officers. Around 400 people were injured and at least 50 had to receive medical attention. The police arrested 48 demonstrators. The Bavarian government refused to allow WAA opponents arriving from Austria to cross the border. On June 29, Austrian opponents of nuclear power were again prevented from entering the country.

In the summer of 1986 the state government provided the police with new means of action during demonstrations with flash grenades and so-called rubber bullets .

On September 7, 1986 there was an accident. A Bundesbahn train rammed a police helicopter on the Schwandorf – Cham railway line, which was picking up three police officers and hovering one meter over the tracks. The five occupants of the helicopter were injured, some seriously, and a 31-year-old chief detective died two weeks later as a result of the collision.

In the course of the disputes over the WAA Wackersdorf, the district court of Schwandorf was expanded and rebuilt to be "terrorist-proof". The nearby Sulzbach-Rosenberg became the location of the Bavarian riot police. For 1986 alone, the Bavarian state budget increased expenditure on regional police operations from a planned 2.5 million to 50.7 million DM. The Bavarian police law was changed in 1988 so that demonstrators can be detained for up to 14 days (“Lex Wackersdorf ”).

There was a loud demonstration on September 29, 1986, when Franz Josef Strauss appeared for an election speech in the Schwandorf Sepp-Simon-Stadion and several hundred opponents of nuclear power made themselves heard through a whistling and roaring concert inside and outside the stadium. Strauss was protected by the largest police force that has ever existed for an election rally in Bavaria.

In October 1986 the initiative classical musicians played against the WAA Haydn's oratorio The Creation . The concert of the 150 musicians took place in front of about 2000 visitors in the Evangelical Trinity Church in Regensburg. Luise Rinser wrote introductory words about "Haydn's creation against the WAA".

Anti-WAA demonstrations took place in Salzburg on the fringes of the Salzburg Festival in 1986 . In 1986 an "anti-nuclear partnership" was established between Salzburg and Schwandorf, which was ended again on November 18, 1986 (on the instructions of the state government) by the Schwandorf district council.

The first opera ball demo took place in Vienna in 1987 in protest against the planned WAA and against Franz Josef Strauss's visit to the opera ball. At the rally on January 26, a symbolic Wackersdorf fence was to be erected, but the police forbade it and took it away.

On October 10, 1987, the massive deployment of the Berlin unit for special situations and deployment-related training made headlines. The police also attacked peaceful demonstrators with unprecedented brutality. There was talk of “club orgies” and “hunts against peaceful demonstrators”. Numerous protesters were injured, some seriously. The Regensburg police chief Wilhelm Fenzl, who had previously laboriously tried to get into conversation with opponents of the WAA, immediately asked the public prosecutor to investigate the violent police officers.

On October 1st, 1988 around 600 doctors from Germany and Austria demonstrated. Some of them marched in their white uniforms from the Wackersdorf market square to the WAA site. For the participating psychoanalyst Horst-Eberhard Richter , the WAA was a symbol of technocratic hubris .

Anti-WAAhnsinns Festival

On July 26 and 27, 1986, numerous music stars appeared at a protest event, the Anti-WAAhnsinns Festival in Burglengenfeld . The then largest rock concert in German history with over 100,000 visitors (also known as the “German Woodstock ”) marked the climax of the citizens' protests against the WAA.

The turning point until the end of construction (1989)

Demonstration on the site fence for the planned WAA - the first shell structures in the background, March 1989

Nationwide protest was formed under the slogan "Stop the WAAhnsinn", brought about by environmental organizations, citizens' groups and scientists, as well as politicians. Even from Austria politicians and organizations spoke out against the project, which u. a. Bavarian politicians were disgruntled ("Alpine feud"). The bishops of the Austrian dioceses bordering Bavaria , such as B. Maximilian Aichern , expressed their rejection of the WAA or nuclear power. Several environmental protection organizations called for a boycott of the COGEMA shareholder Siemens .

The legal protest against the WAA had meanwhile achieved success. The Bavarian Administrative Court (VGH) canceled the first partial construction permit on April 2, 1987; On January 29, 1988, the VGH declared the entire development plan null and void, not least because the main process building was supposed to be much larger than the approved planning had intended. However, due to individual building permits, construction continued. For the second partial construction permit, the prescribed public hearing took place in Neunburg vorm Wald in summer 1988 . There were 881,000 objections from citizens (420,000 and 453,000 of them from Austria), which made the procedure the largest of its kind to date. The discussion of the objections was prematurely terminated after a few weeks by the licensing authority, the Bavarian State Ministry for State Development and Environmental Issues, which was perceived by the opponents of the facility as an expression of the authorities' helplessness in relation to the objections raised. Franz Josef Strauss, who claimed that the WAA would be “hardly more dangerous than a bicycle spoke factory” and that only “crazy” people could have something against the “harmless” atomic factory, died in October 1988.

In 1989 the operators decided to cooperate with France. VEBA manager Rudolf von Bennigsen-Foerder had announced the exit from Wackersdorf because the atomic factory was too expensive at ten billion marks, the resistance on site made the electricity companies doubt the realization of the project, due to the massive legal problems with the approval process the WAA at the earliest It could have started operations in 1998 and the financial offer from the French was very attractive (La Hague: 2000 - 3300 DM / kg, WAW: 4500 DM / kg). The mandatory disposal security for the continued operation of all German nuclear power plants was on shaky ground with the WAW and so the nuclear managers feared not only legal problems for the current reactors, but also the political phase-out of nuclear power in the event of a change of government in Bonn. VEBA also saw the "opportunity to relieve the heated discussion about nuclear energy in the Federal Republic."

After the decision of the VEBA in favor of atomic reprocessing in France, politicians reacted with surprise and initially considered a “two-pillar theory”, which included the existence of two locations of reprocessing plants in France and in the Federal Republic of Germany. Strauss's successor, Max Streibl , prepared Bavaria "surprisingly quickly" for the exit in Wackersdorf. Siemens was involved with the Kraftwerk Union division in Wackersdorf with an order worth a good two billion marks and initially vehemently rejected the VEBA plan.

Construction work was stopped on May 31, 1989 after the energy group VEBA (now E.ON ), as the main shareholder in the future operating company , signed a cooperation agreement with Cogema , the operator of the French reprocessing plant in La Hague, on April 3, and WAA Wackersdorf described as “too lengthy, too expensive”. On June 6, Germany (Environment Minister Klaus Töpfer ) and France (Industry Minister Roger Fauroux) signed the contracts for a joint reprocessing plant in La Hague and on January 18, 1990 the model contracts with England for reprocessing in Sellafield / Windscale . The THORP reprocessing plant operated by British Nuclear Fuels went into operation in Cumbria (England) on the Irish Sea in 1994. Above all, foreign fuel elements are processed there. Much of the material came from Germany.

The demonstrations against the WAA started an avalanche of trials and preoccupied the courts for years. After 3,400 criminal proceedings against opponents of nuclear power, the last WAA case was not closed until the mid-1990s. During the eight-year WAA dispute, 4,000 nuclear power opponents were arrested and more than 2,000 were sentenced, mostly to fines, but also to prison sentences, in some cases without parole. Out of 400 criminal complaints from the ranks of the demonstrators against police forces, only 21 preliminary investigations were initiated and all of them reinstated.

Committee of Inquiry into the allegation of manipulation of the expert opinion

Details from the research work of the Bavarian State Institute for Natural Resources and Life Sciences for the preparation of an expert opinion for the first partial construction permit led to the allegation that the expert of the State Institute was influenced by officials from the Bavarian State Ministry for Regional Development and Environmental Issues in order to correct the results in a certain sense. These allegations also became part of the work of a later investigative committee of the Bavarian state parliament, which was requested on September 28, 1988 by MPs of the SPD and the faction DIE GRÜNEN and set up on February 2, 1989. In their final minority report, some members of the investigative committee state, among other things, that the Bavarian State Ministry for State Development and Environmental Issues was not "acting as an independent guardian of the interests of the Bavarian population, but as a promoter and helper for the fastest possible establishment of the WAA" and had acted in favor of First partial construction permit "Measured values ​​for the iodine transfer soil-pasture vegetation disregarded, which would have questioned the ability to permit".

Conversion to the "Innovationspark Wackersdorf"

After the project was discontinued, the WAA managers were able to rent or sell the premises to industrial companies within a few weeks. At the end of 1989, BMW signed a contract to purchase part of the site (50 ha); vehicle bodies have been manufactured here since 1990. From 1994 this BMW location was expanded into an industrial park. In 1998, the BMW Industrial Park Wackersdorf was renamed Innovation Park Wackersdorf .

The following companies are currently based there:

BMW Grammer Polytec Interior Comline
SGL Automotive Carbon Fibers HAGA metal construction Recticel Modine
Caterpillar Hochtief facility management Gillhuber logistics
Fehrer Intier Automotive Eybl Sennebogen Tuja
Gerresheimer toolmaking Lear Corporation Günter Stahl GmbH Norsk Hydro
Possehl Electronics GmbH

A core element of the system, the manipulator carrier system, was handed over to the Institute for Materials Science in Hanover and forms the basis of the underwater technical center in Garbsen (UWTH). Research on the autonomous dismantling of nuclear power plants is carried out there, among other things.

After the WAA-Aus, the municipality of Wackersdorf received around 1.5 billion marks as compensation. The DWK had to add another 500 million DM.

The municipality of Wackersdorf, which is therefore one of the wealthy municipalities in Bavaria, benefits primarily from the Wackersdorf industrial park. According to the mayor Thomas Falter (CSU), there are more jobs in Wackersdorf in 2014 than with the WAA thanks to the innovation park and the compensation payment of 1.5 billion marks.

technology

investment

Rail access to the fuel element input store, today the building is used by BMW (building 80.0). ( ⊙ )
Building for the module test stands ( ⊙ )
Fuel assembly with fuel rods

With an area of ​​around 120 hectares, the WAA site borders the Schwandorf – Furth railway line in the forest . The former community-free forest area was awarded to the community of Wackersdorf.

In addition to the actual reprocessing plant, large warehouses for nuclear waste and a MOX fuel element factory were planned on the site.

Planned facilities:

  • Fuel element input storage ( ⊙ ): construction started in March 1987; the building - it is one of two buildings that are still left of the WAA Wackersdorf - has been used by BMW since 1990 as "Hall 80.0" for the storage of materials. The 50 million mark entrance hall for fuel rods or the fuel element input store is an elongated building with a green roof, with its own ventilation and siding - the building is secured against plane crashes and earthquakes. Originally, the fuel rods were supposed to be temporarily stored here in their transport containers - part of the legal dispute over the WAA revolved around the question of whether a nuclear license is necessary for the receiving storage facility.
  • Infrastructure supply including the fuel element storage facility
  • Plant guard and plant fence (completion at Easter 1986).
    The 4.8 km long, dark green steel security fence was three meters high and had a crown made of NATO wire . After the WAA-Aus it was dismantled and sold. - Parts of the massive metal fence are exhibited in the Bavarian Police Museum. The fence cost 11 million DM, the concrete ditch in front of it 15 million, other security systems such as headlights and the road for the security service another four million marks.
  • Main or central workshop, service area with “hot” and “warm” workshop, supply air system
  • Module test stands , building visible from afar ( ⊙ )
  • Rainwater retention basin , extinguishing water pump house, sand traps , disposal facilities for rainwater
  • Water supply and water disposal
  • Main process building (around 500,000 m³ of enclosed space) with pulse columns , mixing spreader
  • Ancillary process building with the waste stores and the chimney building
    Certain radioactive substances ( tritium , strontium , cesium , krypton , carbon , ruthenium, etc.) should be released into the environment in limited quantities via sewage and exhaust air. A 200-meter-high exhaust air chimney was to distribute radioactive fine dust over a wide area and the wastewater was disposed of via a 15 km long pipe into the Naab receiving water .
  • Process building uranium purification
  • Process building LAW (LAW: Low Active Waste ; slightly radioactive)
  • Buffer storage MAW final waste container (MAW: Medium Active Waste ; medium radioactive)
  • Buffer storage LAW end waste containers
  • Buffer storage of cemented tritiated waters
  • Chemical warehouse
  • Glazing plant
    For the vitrification of the highly active liquid waste (HAWC, high active waste concentrate ), a one-stage process with a directly heated and liquid-fed ceramic melting furnace was planned.
  • Module transport channels
  • Module technology suitable for remote handling (FEMO technology) with video viewing devices
  • Fuel element factory with production facilities for mixed oxide fuel elements (MOX)
  • Supply and social building
  • Energy and media supply
  • Materials management building
  • Administration and central services

At the WAA Wackersdorf, the multi-barrier concept for the containment of radioactive substances was to be adhered to through structural measures, thus ensuring the necessary groundwater protection. Liquid-impermeable layers in the underground would have had the function of an additional safety barrier. The WAA was designed according to the guidelines of the Reactor Safety Commission for exposure to an impacting phantom fighter-bomber - other military machines were not taken into account.

The reprocessing plant was planned with a daily throughput of 2 t  heavy metal and for the first time in a commercial WAA it was intended to concentrate the tritium carried over into the aqueous phase in a relatively small waste water flow that can be treated separately.

Procedure

Scheme of the PUREX process

In the WAA Wackersdorf a maximum of 500 tons of spent nuclear fuel should be reprocessed annually according to the PUREX process (see WAA Sellafield ). The reprocessing and production of MOX fuel elements (BE) was planned. Compared to conventional uranium fuel elements, MOX fuel assemblies contain up to 3.5% plutonium. Therefore, weapons-grade plutonium could have been produced and some parties suspected a “secret route to the nuclear weapon state”.

The WAW Wackersdorf was supposed to supply plutonium fuel for the fast breeder and to extract usable uranium and plutonium from the spent fuel rods of light water reactors with the help of chemical processes.

The spent fuel rods are crushed with remote-controlled gripper arms in “hot cells” behind meter-thick lead glass panes. The fragments fall into a "dissolver" and are broken down by boiling nitric acid. Then plutonium and reusable uranium are extracted from the acid (see liquid-liquid extraction ). What is left are slag, liquids, metals and gases with a high level of radioactivity. It was planned to dispose of some substances via the chimney or sewage within the legally permitted limit values, the rest should be enclosed in glass and stored in final storage facilities.

Well-known anti-WAA activists

  • Armin Weiß - “green” head of resistance against the WAA; the chemistry professor played a key role in the WAA approval process in Neunburg vorm Wald with 881,000 objections from the public.
  • Dietmar Zierer , who represented District Administrator Schuierer, also refused to comply with the ultimate instructions from District President Karl Krampol to issue WAA building permits until October 25, 1985.
  • Hildegard Breiner - leading Austrian activist against WAA Wackersdorf; - Austrian "eco-activists" pulled u. a. against Wackersdorf, because radioactivity does not stop at national borders.
  • Leo Feichtmeier - at that time religious teacher and Catholic pastor in Nittenau . He was active in the Sunday services at the Franziskus-Marterl and received disciplinary proceedings from the Bavarian Ministry of Culture because he had acted "agitationally" and thus violated the moderation requirement of the Civil Service Act.
  • Richard Salzl - former pastor of Penting . Together with colleagues, he organized a religious community of nuclear opponents. They set up a prayer station next to the WAA site and came every Sunday to speak, counsel and pray.
  • Andreas Schlagenhaufer - at that time pastor of Kohlberg . He came to the citizens' initiative in 1985 and often took on the role of speaker there. Because of this position and his commitment, Schlagenhaufer had to submit several summons to his Regensburg Bishop Manfred Müller .
  • Helmut Wilhelm - former Amberg judge and member of the Bavarian Constitutional Court . Since 1986 an investigation has been carried out against Wilhelm, a member of the Greens , because he “did not dedicate himself to his judicial office with full devotion” and called “dismantling of rights and de-democratization” around the WAA by name. The Nuremberg Attorney General Kurt Pfeiffer initiated disciplinary proceedings against Wilhelm.
  • Michael Meier - plaintiff against the WAA and WAA property residents. The unemployed part-time farmer refused to sell his property to the WAA operating company, even though they offered him millions for it. In 1985 he was the only one of eight residents of the planned WAA to file a lawsuit before the Bavarian Administrative Court. In 1988 Meier won the lawsuit and the development plan for the WAA was declared invalid.
  • Max Bresele - artist and filmmaker. In the 80s he participated in the resistance against the WAA, where he showed self-made short films in the Taxöldner forest with an emergency power generator and film projector.
  • Irmgard Gietl - housewife and mother from Maxhütte-Winkerling; organized demonstrations and vigils at the WAA site fence, mobilized friends and acquaintances and knitted thousands of "resistance socks" for the demonstrators. - “Upright gait” award winner
  • Wolfgang Nowak - resistance chronicler, "man of the first hour" in the resistance against the WAA, participant in the "Way of the Cross for Life", where the Wackersdorfer carried a wooden cross to Gorleben on foot.

Protest monuments

Franziskus-Marterl ( ⊙ )
Anti-WAAhnsinns Festival memorial stone ( ⊙ )
Votive plaque in the Kreuzbergkirche
Anti-WAW board in Pfreimd ( ⊙ )

In memory of the WAA resistance, some monuments were erected:

  • Franziskus-Marterl (chapel shrine ) with the "Cross of Wackersdorf". In the mid-1980s, opponents of the WAA met every Sunday at 2 p.m. for an ecumenical prayer at Marterl, where, according to Franz Josef Strauss, “the devil's work ” was carried out, and then moved into the grounds or to the site fence. Even today the "Marterlgemeinde" meets four times a year for devotions - on the Chernobyl and Hiroshima commemorative days, in memory of the Marterl patron Francis of Assisi on October 3rd and on Christmas Eve.
  • Anti-WAAhnsinns Festival memorial stone on Lanzenanger in Burglengenfeld
  • Anti-WAA votive plaque in the monastery church to Our Lady of the Kreuzberg in Schwandorf
  • WAA resistance monument in the lake complex in front of the Bregenz Festival Hall
  • PLAGE -Wackersdorf monument on Mozartplatz in Salzburg . The 2.5 m high “Wackersdorf Memorial”, in which original parts of the site fence around the WAA are processed, was erected on July 20, 2000 between Mozartsteg and Mozartplatz. Present were u. a. Hans Schuierer , Josef Reschen and Mayor Heinz Schaden . Prime Minister Edmund Stoiber was invited. "The fence of the offense" is dedicated to the responsible citizens, active politicians, personalities from Robert Jungk to Archbishop Karl Berg and the "unknown chaotic".
  • Resistance oak with memorial plaque in Pfreimd : When the WAA's construction freeze was announced on May 30, 1989, a "resistance oak " was planted in front of the Protestant Pauluskirche as a symbol for an "unradiated" future. In 2009 a plaque was unveiled there and the oak was blessed.
  • Since 2015 and 2016, two official information boards in the Schwandorf district have been commemorating the construction and resistance against the WAW.

Movies

Several documentaries were made on the WAA theme .

  • WAAhnsinn - The Wackersdorf Film (Documentary 1986)
  • Waahnrock - Resistance, Music and Police Violence (Documentary 1987)
  • Cleavage Processes - Wackersdorf 001 (Documentary 1987)
  • Residual Risk or The Arrogance of Power (Documentary 1989)
  • The Eighth Commandment (1991 anti-nuclear documentary)
  • Half-lives (2006 WAA documentary)
  • Nightmare nuclear waste ( ARTE documentary film 2009 about the whereabouts of nuclear waste and the dangers of nuclear energy)
  • WAA Wackersdorf: Bright future for the Upper Palatinate ( Monitor contribution 1986 by Gabriele Krone-Schmalz , Ekkehard Sieker, Helge Cramer)
  • 18 days of free Wackerland ( media workshop Franconia , Library of Resistance Volume 19, BellaStoria film)
  • Specter of WAA - Resistance in Wackersdorf (Franken Medienwerkstatt, Library of Resistance Volume 19, BellaStoria Film)
  • WAA battles (Media workshop Franconia, Library of Resistance Volume 19, BellaStoria Film)
  • Better to be active today than radioactive tomorrow ( ttt - title, theses, temperaments , article by Lars Friedrich)
  • Fencing (Medienwerkstatt Franken 1988, BellaStoria Film)
  • The bicycle spoke factory complex (audio book feature 2010 by Angela Kreuz and Dieter Lohr , 150 min.)
  • Meier Mayer Mittermeier - Meier stopped the WAA construction, Mayer could not stop the canal construction , Mittermeier wants to prevent the Danube expansion - three farmers in the concrete mixer Grand. (RB / ARD 1995, 45-minute feature from the series: Unter Deutschen Dächern , Helge Cramer Filmproduktion)
  • Irmgard Gietl ... fights for her homeland. (ARD / RB - 45 min., Documentation by Claus Strigel, Bertram Verhaag, 1988)
  • Nuclear dispute in Wackersdorf - The story of an escalation (ARD / BR, documentation by Klaus Uhrig, 44 min., 2017)
motion pictures

Other reprocessing plants

literature

  • Janine Gaumer: Wackersdorf. Nuclear power and democracy in the Federal Republic 1980–1989, Munich 2018, ISBN 978-3-96238-073-1 .
  • Dietmar Zierer : Radioactive Decay of Freedom - WAA Wackersdorf. Lokal-Verlag, 1988, ISBN 978-3-925603-06-8 .
  • Gerhard Götz: WAA Wackersdorf - in front of and behind the fence. Photo documentation with over 500 photos, Amberg 2018, Büro Wilhelm Verlag, ISBN 978-3-943242-94-2 .

See also

Web links

Commons : Wackersdorf reprocessing plant  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Wackersdorf: A remanufacturing system was never implemented. Rhein-Zeitung from August 14, 2013.
  2. ↑ Battle of Wackersdorf cost lives. Schwäbische Zeitung, April 22, 2008, archived from the original on August 11, 2014 ; accessed on May 23, 2019 . ↑ On the hose - Lower Saxony's Prime Minister Albrecht overclocked in the battle for the reprocessing plant - and lost. In: Der Spiegel from February 11, 1985.
  3. ↑ Amberger Bürgerinitiative e. V .: History of the WAA . 1998 ( Memento of September 27, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) (October 26, 2006)
  4. ↑ How to get rid of your anger ... - The "Whitsun Battle" of Wackersdorf. Der Spiegel from May 26, 1986.
  5. ↑ a b c d e f g h Bernd Siegler: "Mir san die Chaoten" - The resistance in Wackersdorf. A chronology of the resistance against the reprocessing plant in the Upper Palatinate up to the construction freeze announced yesterday by the DWK. In: the daily newspaper , May 31, 1989, p. 9.
  6. ↑ hope for their children ... , Time February 15 1985th
  7. ↑ Birth pangs of resistance - 30 years ago: In October 1981 citizens' initiative against the WAA was founded. In: Oberpfalznetz from October 15, 2011.
  8. ↑ On the strength to resist - Hans Schuierer drew it from several sources during the WAA time - honored by BI. Upper Palatinate Network of January 28, 2011.
  9. ↑ The end of the WAAhnsinns - major project, major protest and finally great success: The fight against the Wackersdorf reprocessing plant in the 1980s could serve as a model for the protests against Stuttgart 21 ( Memento from August 17, 2014 in the Internet Archive ), marx21 from December 2011.
  10. ^ Roland Roth : 25 years of Wackersdorf - "Politicians have to take back their omnipotence in favor of the citizens". In: Focus from May 18, 2011.
  11. ↑ a b Monstrous danger - a new risk study on the planned Wackersdorfer nuclear waste factory calls into question the operator's safety concept. In an emergency, all of Europe is affected. Der Spiegel from December 19, 1988.
  12. ↑ The Bavarian State Parliament 1982–1986, 10th legislative period - (Grabendoerfer)
  13. ↑ a b Bayerischer Rundfunk: Der Weg in den WAAhnsinn ( Memento from April 28, 2009 in the Internet Archive ), BR Online, December 5, 2005 (last updated on October 6, 2006).
  14. ↑ 23 years out for WAA Wackersdorf , in: contrAtom - Information network against atomic energy , June 6, 2012.
  15. ↑ It was in the Amberger Zeitung - 35,000 against the WAA , Oberpfalznetz from February 23, 2010
    ↑ Marterl for the resistance - 30 years ago: Wackersdorf should be the location for WAA - hundreds of thousands protested , Oberpfalznetz from February 4, 2015.
  16. ^ Final report of the investigation committee "Wackersdorf reprocessing plant." Bavarian State Parliament , printed matter 10/10914 of July 1, 1986, p. 13.
  17. ↑ 1986: Whitsun Battle , in: Friday of May 11, 2016.
  18. ↑ The WAA mobilized the whole republic - eight years the people fought against the WAA in Wackersdorf , in: Mittelbayerische Zeitung of May 20, 2014
    ↑ A hut village against the construction of the reprocessing plant , in: Mittelbayerische Zeitung of December 22, 2005.
  19. ↑ Werner Grassl, Klaus Kaschel: No peace to the huts ... the days of the free republic of Wackerland. Burglengenfeld 1986, ISBN 978-3-925603-02-0
    ↑ Wackersdorf 1986 - 62 pictures from Hüttendorf ( memento from March 9, 2016 in the Internet Archive ), reisefoto.net, accessed on July 29, 2014.
  20. ↑ Wake up the dead Christianity - at the beginning of this week the occupiers in Wackersdorf were driven out by the police. In: The time of January 10, 1986
  21. ↑ The other way to Bethlehem - Christmas 20 years ago on the WAA site - The Christmas tree in the hut village. Upper Palatinate Network of December 30, 2005.
  22. ↑ 2000 police officers end the dream of Wackerland - From December 14, 1985 to January 7, 1986, 500 WAA opponents resisted in the "Free Republic of Wackerland" , in: Mittelbayerische Zeitung of January 5, 2006
    ↑ 20 years ago the escalation began on WAA fence - police tear down Hüttendorf "Free Wackerland" in January 1986 , in: Mittelbayerische Zeitung of January 10, 2006.
  23. ↑ It began at dawn - on January 7, 1986, more than 2000 security forces moved to evacuate the WAA hut village , Oberpfalznetz on January 11, 2006.
  24. ↑ When the first shoots at demonstrators ... - Battle for nuclear power (I) , in: Der Spiegel from July 21, 1986.
  25. ↑ Do we already have Russia? - How Bavaria's police ransack farms for opponents of nuclear power , in: Der Spiegel from April 7, 1986.
  26. ^ Court prevents WAA referendum ( Memento from August 16, 2014 in the web archive archive.today ), Nordbayerischer Kurier , accessed on August 17, 2014.
  27. ^ Easter Monday in Taxölden Forest near Wackersdorf: This is war against the Upper Palatinate. Zeit Online from April 4, 1986.
  28. ^ WAA Wackersdorf 1980–1989 - An overview of the most important stations ( memento from March 4, 2016 in the Internet Archive ), Markt Wernberg-Köblitz municipality , accessed on May 14, 2019.
  29. ↑ a b Excellent arrangement - In Bavaria, the police sprayed the chemical irritant CS from water cannons for the first time. In: Der Spiegel from April 7, 1986.
  30. ↑ As if there were only criminals and terrorists , in: Der Spiegel from July 28, 1986
    ↑ Wackersdorf: Growing Bitterness , in: Die Zeit from May 30, 1986.
  31. ↑ 25 years of Wackersdorf - The Whitsun battle on the site fence. In: Focus , May 18, 2011.
  32. ↑ Hard serve! Great accuracy! - Chaotic ordnance precision slingshot: As dangerous as firearms. In: Der Spiegel from July 21, 1986.
  33. ↑ May 25/26, 1986: Wackersdorf. SWR2 archive radio (18 min., Raw material from the Whitsun weekend)
    ↑ “It was a civil war like situation” - two police officers remember their operations on and above the site fence. In: evening newspaper of May 18, 2011.
  34. ↑ Bavarian Police : The History of the Bavarian Riot Police ( Memento from April 16, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF; 7.6 MB), p. 30.
  35. ↑ Autonomous Demos 80s Part 4 with Tagesschau from May 19, 1986 - Whitsun Battle ( YouTube )
  36. ↑ Just get wet, they don't itch - Police weapons, water cannons: From syringe trolley to bone breaker. In: Der Spiegel from July 21, 1986.
  37. ↑ When there was civil war in Wackersdorf - the conflict over the WAA reached a new dimension 30 years ago, at Pentecost 1986. 400 people were injured. In: Mittelbayerische Zeitung of May 17, 2016.
  38. ↑ Did he throw a stone? - The policeman accused. In: Die Zeit of December 5, 1986.
  39. ↑ “The 68ers were idiots. So do we! ”- Gauweiler - once FJS rifle tensioner blessed, today delicately weighing. regensburg-digital from November 8, 2012.
  40. ↑ Fear of the political worst-case scenario - Battle for nuclear power (III). Der Spiegel from August 4, 1986.
  41. ↑ Wackersdorf is everywhere - uprising in the Bavarian province. New Germany from May 31, 2014.
  42. ↑ The Chronicle of Bavaria. Chronik Verlag, 3rd edition 1994, p. 592.
  43. ^ The last pilot by Franz Josef Strauss. In: Münchner Merkur from September 12, 2007.
  44. ↑ Get up! Are they foot sick ?! - The last of around 1000 Wackersdorf lawsuits ended with a fine. In: Die Zeit of November 22, 1991.
  45. ↑ Sleeping dogs - Bavarian solo efforts to tighten the right to demonstrate: Now preventive detention threatens. Der Spiegel from August 1, 1988.
  46. ↑ Nina Grunenberg : Hour of State Power - Strauss in Wackersdorf: Thanks to the decent Upper Palatinate , Die Zeit of October 3, 1986
    ↑ 20 years after the reactor disaster - "Chernobyl - where is that actually?" , Süddeutsche Zeitung of May 17, 2010.
  47. ↑ Fear of Haydn's Creation , Die Zeit, October 31, 1986.
  48. ↑ Helmut Schödel : WAA-Devotionalien in Salzburg - On the attempt to demonstrate in the city of the festival. In: The time of August 1, 1986.
  49. ↑ Anti-nuclear partnership - handshake over the grid , Die Zeit from November 28, 1986
    ↑ Johannes Straubinger: Salzburg's fight against the WAA Wackersdorf , in: Sehnsucht Natur: Ökologisierung des Denkens . 1st edition, Books on Demand , 2009, ISBN 978-3-8391-0890-1 , pp. 246-260.
  50. ↑ SCHWALL - History of the WAA in the Schwandner Allgemeine. (Free Wackerland Anti-WAA Wackersdorf, accessed June 20, 2014).
  51. ↑ February 1987 - The first large anti-opera ball demonstration was actually a demonstration by opponents of the WAA. In: The Standard of February 19, 2009.
  52. ^ Robert Foltin : And we are still moving - social movements in Austria , Edition Grundrisse, Vienna 2004, ISBN 3-9501925-0-6 , p. 174 f.
  53. ↑ Berlin police struck - the reprocessing plant is history, but has not been forgotten. Images of the “bloody autumn” 1987 have burned into my memory. In: Mittelbayerische Zeitung of October 12, 2012.
  54. ↑ Beatings instead of talks - A Berlin police force is charged. In: Die Zeit of November 6, 1987.
  55. ^ Doctors in Wackersdorf - Protest as prophylaxis. In: Die Zeit of October 7, 1988.
  56. ↑ Mittelbayerische Zeitung: Documentation - Eight years of dispute over the WAA in the Upper Palatinate. In: Reprint of the special supplement. Mittelbayerische Druckerei- und Verlagsgesellschaft MBH Regensburg, July 25, 1989, accessed on January 3, 2020 . ^ Süddeutsche Zeitung: Protests in the Upper Palatinate: The legacy of Wackersdorf. Accessed January 2, 2020 . ↑ "stroke of luck" would not have brought luck. Oberpfalz Medien "The new day - Oberpfälzischer Kurier", Weiden, accessed on January 2, 2020 .

  57. ↑ Golden Rules - Thousands of objectors to atomic reprocessing receive help from Austria: The neighboring country is attacking Bavaria on all levels. In: Der Spiegel from July 18, 1988.
  58. ↑ So a G'schiß - New escalation in the border conflict: At first Austrian demonstrators could not enter Bavaria, now prominent Christian socialists are not allowed to leave Bavaria. In: Der Spiegel of April 13, 1987
    ↑ Very bad - Bavaria King Strauss continues the Alpine feud: He wants to prevent a nuclear treaty with Austria. In: Der Spiegel of September 21, 1987.
  59. ↑ Church: Potatoes and Cabbage - With their attitude to nuclear power, the Catholic bishops embody a broad spectrum of opinions - from CSU pious to green. In: Der Spiegel of September 29, 1986.
  60. ↑ Willy Kuhn: Half a victory - the Bavarian administrative court revoked the nuclear building permit. In: Die Zeit of April 17, 1987.
  61. ↑ Where anger falls on deaf ears - The citizens' hearing on the WAA remains a farce. In: The time of August 12, 1988.
  62. ↑ The Wackersdorf Story , PLAGE , accessed on July 10, 2019.
  63. ↑ a b reprocessing plants. In: Planet Wissen , July 29, 2010.
  64. ↑ WAA: coup d'état in the manner of crooks. In: Der Spiegel from August 15, 1988.
  65. ↑ Come on, now something amoi! - Siegel reporter Hans-Joachim Noack on the Wackersdorf hearing in Neunburg vorm Wald. (No longer available online.) Der Spiegel , August 15, 1988, archived from the original on May 5, 2015 ; Retrieved March 7, 2013 . , in: Bayern 2 of November 26, 2014.
  66. ↑ Only people who are crazy can oppose it - atomic reprocessing: Wackersdorf or Dragahn - a controversial large-scale project is implemented. In: Der Spiegel , January 28, 1985.
  67. ↑ Expensive rubbish bin - reprocessing in France, the supposedly inexpensive alternative to Wackersdorf, costs significantly more than expected. In: Der Spiegel from July 17, 1989.
  68. ↑ From fuel rods to brakes - the Wackersdorf reprocessing plant came to an end overnight. In: The daily newspaper of May 22, 1999.
  69. ^ Off to La Hague - fatal blow for Wackersdorf. In: Die Zeit of April 21, 1989.
  70. ↑ Is the Atomic State Monument falling? - (Der Spiegel of April 17, 1989)
  71. ↑ Disguise games around Wackersdorf - The Bonn politicians in an energy emergency. In: Der Spiegel from April 24, 1989.
  72. ↑ Laues Lüftchen - Prime Minister Max Streibl is surprisingly quick to prepare his country for the exit in Wackersdorf. In: Der Spiegel from June 24, 1989.
  73. ↑ Wackersdorf wobbles - The cheaper French reprocessing makes the Bavarian plant superfluous. In: Die Zeit of April 21, 1989.
  74. ↑ "It was beyond our imagination" - SPIEGEL conversation with Veba boss Rudolf von Bennigsen-Foerder about the possible end of the WAA Wackersdorf . In: Der Spiegel . No. 16 , 1989, pp. 22-28 ( online ).
  75. ↑ Energy companies overturned the WAA , Mittelbayerische Zeitung of June 7, 2013
    ↑ Too lengthy, too expensive - 25 years ago, the end of the controversial Wackersdorf recycling plant was sealed. The decision was preceded by severe clashes between police officers and demonstrators. The construction freeze became a success for the anti-nuclear movement. bpb of July 6th. 2014.
  76. ^ Schwandorf district: WAA Wackersdorf 1980–1989. www.landkreis-schwandorf.de, October 26, 2006.
  77. ↑ Exchange of notes constituting an agreement concerning contracts between British Nuclear Fuels plc and the Deutsche Gesellschaft fuer Wiederaufteilung von Kernbrennstoffen for the reprocessing by British Nuclear Fuels plc of certain quantities of irradiated nuclear fuel elements. In: United Nations Treaty Collection. United Nations, March 21, 1991, pp. 629ff , accessed on June 5, 2020 .
  78. ↑ Cat and Mouse in Court - How demonstrators are turned into violent criminals. In: Die Zeit of June 6, 1986.
  79. ↑ Bloody battles against the "WAAhnsinn". In: Stern from September 19, 2003.
  80. ↑ When the WAA experienced its Waterloo - for eight years the name Wackersdorf was synonymous with the bitter dispute about reprocessing. In: Mittelbayerische Zeitung from May 19, 2009.
  81. ↑ Tom Schimmeck, Andreas Schmidt: The proof . In: Tempo . Hamburg August 1986, p. 42-45 .
  82. ↑ Application "Inquiry Committee WAA". In: Drucksache 11/7949. Bavarian State Parliament, September 28, 1988, accessed on May 4, 2020 .
  83. ↑ 85th session. In: plenary minutes 11/85. Bavarian State Parliament, February 2, 1989, accessed on May 4, 2020 .
  84. ^ Final report of the WAA study committee. In: Drucksache 11/17054. Bavarian State Parliament, July 2, 1990, accessed on May 4, 2020 .
  85. ↑ A rare luck - the most expensive industrial site ever to be given in Germany is now being populated by small and large companies. In: Der Spiegel of July 24, 1989.
  86. ↑ Car seats instead of autonomous ones - New use for the site of the Wackersdorf nuclear facility. In: Neue Zürcher Zeitung of November 17, 2003.
  87. ↑ Innovationspark Wackersdorf - History ( Memento from October 25, 2014 in the Internet Archive )
  88. ^ Beating orgies and nerve gas - 25 years ago, a construction freeze for the atomic reprocessing plant in Wackersdorf was ordered ... When looking back, parallels to the dispute about the underground station Stuttgart 21 emerge. In: Context: weekly newspaper of June 25, 2014.
  89. ↑ Defend yourself, resist - 25 years ago the battle for Wackersdorf began. A revival of the anti-nuclear movement. In: Der Tagesspiegel from February 17, 2007.
  90. ↑ Three letters, two camps, one miracle - in 1989 the reprocessing plant in Wackersdorf came to an end. The MZ asks experts how the WAA would have changed the Upper Palatinate. In: Mittelbayerische Zeitung of May 20, 2014.
  91. ↑ When the citizens triumphed over politics - the planned nuclear reprocessing plant in Wackersdorf sparked an unprecedented public protest. The construction freeze was ordered 25 years ago - a victory that many people still benefit from today. In: Die Welt from May 31, 2014.
  92. ↑ a b c d The fight against the WAA in pictures - Bund Naturschutz Perspective representation of the Wackersdorf reprocessing plant
  93. ↑ a b On an almost forgotten battlefield. In: the daily newspaper of February 4, 2006.
  94. ↑ Collection of the lectures on the occasion of the 7th status report of the reprocessing and waste treatment project on 15./16. March 1988 , Nuclear Research Center Karlsruhe , October 1988
    ↑ Wackersdorf 25 years ago: Demonstrators "cleared away" - A perspective drawing of the planned reprocessing plant in Wackersdorf in the Schwandorf district. In: Nordbayern.de from January 5, 2011.
  95. ↑ Blow up if necessary - Bavaria wants to be compensated for the debacle with the reprocessing plant. Suggestions for the use of the area range from the provincial airport to the technology center. In: Der Spiegel from May 22, 1989.
  96. ↑ a b That was Wackersdorf - documentation of the Mittelbayerische Zeitung
  97. ↑ Battle of the fence - just like in Heiligendamm, two decades ago a barrage attracted protests - at the planned nuclear reprocessing plant in Wackersdorf. In: The time of May 31, 2007.
  98. ↑ A lot achieved with few resources - The Bavarian Police Museum offers a good overview of the work of the law enforcement officers from 1918 to today ( memento from July 29, 2014 in the web archive archive.today ) In: Bayernkurier from January 28, 2012.
  99. ↑ Reconditioning : Four Mills to Wackersdorf - No pause to think before the election - Even the Bavarian ruling party has doubts about the technical and political benefits of the project. In: Die Zeit of September 19, 1986.
  100. ↑ When the state of emergency prevailed , Mittelbayerische Zeitung of June 8, 2014
    ↑ Hans Schuierer on the didactic piece WAA - From came 20 years ago - Former district administrator recalls , Nürnberger Nachrichten of June 13, 2009.
  101. ↑ Problems with the Wackersdorf reprocessing plant. Answer of the federal government to the big question of the MP Daniels (Regensburg) and the parliamentary group DIE GRÜNEN. In: Printed matter 11/5253. German Bundestag, Bonn, September 27, 1989, accessed on January 18, 2020 .
  102. ↑ BT-Drs. 11/5253 : Answer of the federal government to the major question of the MP Daniels (Regensburg) and the parliamentary group DIE GRÜNEN - (German Bundestag September 27, 1989)
    ↑ BT-Drs. 11/4105 , Big Inquiry: Problems with the Wackersdorf reprocessing plant from March 1, 1989
  103. ^ The PUREX process as designated for the Wackersdorf reprocessing plant In: Internationale Atomenergie -Organization 1989.
  104. ↑ The Wackersdorf guinea pigs - insurgents and law enforcement officers, mushroom pickers and a nuclear factory. In: Die Zeit of August 23, 1985.
  105. ↑ Joint Convention on the Safety of Spent Fuel Management and on the Safety of Radioactive Waste Management. ( Memento from July 25, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) In: BMU 2006.
  106. ^ Danger of MOX fuel elements , in: contrAtom , December 12, 2011.
  107. ↑ Secret route to the nuclear weapon state? - Possibilities for the extraction of plutonium for the construction of atomic bombs in Wackersdorf. In: Der Spiegel from November 10, 1986.
  108. ↑ First sauce, then skimmed milk - doubts about the usefulness of reprocessing reactor fuel rods. In: Der Spiegel from January 28, 1995.
  109. ↑ Wackersdorf's successful model - the planned nuclear reprocessing plant sparked an outrageous public protest. The construction freeze was ordered exactly 25 years ago. In: Die Welt from June 1, 2014.
  110. ↑ "Lex Schuierer" was only used once - Legislative SPD member of the state parliament, Franz Schindler, demands that the so-called "Lex Schuierer" be deleted without replacement. In: Mittelbayerische Zeitung , March 3, 2012.
  111. ↑ SPD: Lex Schuierer finally cancel ( memento from June 30, 2013 in the web archive archive.today ), in: SPD Bayern , October 16, 2012.
  112. ↑ Fighters in the forest - The district administrator of Schwandorf and the nuclear factory. In: Die Zeit of June 13, 1986.
  113. ↑ "We defeated Goliath by peaceful means!" - A resistance oak heralds the struggle of the population. A plaque was unveiled there on the 20th anniversary of the WAA's end. In: Mittelbayerische Zeitung of May 25, 2009.
  114. ^ Wackersdorf - Memories of the State of Emergency ( Memento from December 7, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Helge Holler, Greenpeace , May 29, 2009.
  115. ↑ Three letters as a magnet: “WAA” - Vernissage in the town hall: honorary citizen Hans Schuierer recalls resistance - material by Wolfgang Nowak ( memento from July 15, 2014 in the Internet Archive ), in: Oberpfalznetz from October 26, 2013.
  116. ↑ Not disciplined - a contaminated site disposed of. In: Die Zeit of April 21, 1989.
  117. ↑ Speech by Hans Schuierer on 25 years of construction freeze WAA Wackersdorf on May 30, 2014 in Schwandorf , YouTube (34 min., Accessed on July 3, 2014; quoted at 10'05).
  118. ↑ Video: Atomic dispute in Wackersdorf ( Memento from September 21, 2017 in the Internet Archive ), Das Erste , report & documentation from September 18, 2017 (44:03 min.)
  119. ↑ Bavaria: Also a dictatorship - the dispute over the planned reprocessing plant in Wackersdorf concerns the highest courts of Bavaria and the Federal Republic. In: Der Spiegel , November 4, 1985.
  120. ↑ Don't gamble away your homeland cheaply. In: Der Spiegel from September 30, 1985.
  121. ↑ a b c Tom Schimmeck : You look like the robber barons - Siegel editor Tom Schimmeck about Wackersdorf and the nuclear state in the Upper Palatinate. In: Der Spiegel , July 11, 1988.
  122. ↑ Thousands fought against a nuclear reprocessing plant 20 years ago: Memories of Wackersdorf , Domradio , April 22, 2008
    ↑ Questions to a pastor - Would Christ have participated? , The time of January 10, 1986.
  123. ↑ “You were there” - Citizens' Initiative honors Brigitte Hese and Andreas Schlagenhaufer. ( Memento from July 21, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) In: OberpfalzNetz , January 26, 2013.
  124. ↑ Disciplinary Procedure: Formally Chalked - A judge must defend his or her political commitment. In: The time of January 30, 1987.
  125. ↑ Wackersdorf judgment: The victory of Michael Meier - A man stood firm. In: Die Zeit of February 5, 1988.
  126. ^ Wackersdorf: Bruch im Keller - Even after the judgment of the Munich Administrative Court, Bonn and Bavaria stick to the concept of reprocessing. The opponents hope for a construction freeze. In: Der Spiegel from February 1, 1988.
  127. ^ An artist in the Upper Palatinate - Max Bresele 1944–1998 ( Memento from March 17, 2014 in the Internet Archive ), Kunstverein Pertolzhofen , accessed on June 11, 2014.
  128. ↑ Awards ceremony for Irmgard Gietl ( Memento from April 2, 2015 in the Internet Archive ), Humanist Union 1988
    ↑ Irmgard and the Resistance Socks , Bayerischer Rundfunk - Lebenslinien from July 16, 2018 (approx. 44 min.)
  129. ↑ Three letters as a magnet: "WAA" - Vernissage in the town hall: honorary citizen Hans Schuierer remembers resistance - material from Wolfgang Nowak , Oberpfalznetz from October 26, 2013
    ↑ The gentle fighter against the WAA , Mittelbayerische Zeitung from June 1, 2019.
  130. ↑ Franziskus-Marterl - (photo on Panoramio ).
  131. ↑ The Wackersdorf Cross - Thousands of people demonstrated in 1986 against the Wackersdorf nuclear treatment plant, including a great number of Christians: Their crucifix in the Hüttendorf became a controversial symbol. In: Chrismon , August 2011.
  132. ↑ A motley crowd in the fight against the WAA - 100,000 people celebrated the Anti-WAAhnsinns Festival in July 1986. Organizer Walter Dürr remembers wild days. In: Mittelbayerische Zeitung , July 29, 2011.
  133. ^ Atomic resistance story (s) - Hildegard Breiner ( Memento from November 15, 2013 in the Internet Archive ), in: Ulrich Nachbaur , Alois Niederstätter (Ed.): Departure into a new time - Vorarlberger Almanac for the anniversary year 2005 , Bregenz 2006, p . 275–278 (PDF; 175 kB).
  134. ↑ Wackersdorf Monument. ( Memento from May 10, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) In: PLAGE - Platform against nuclear dangers in Salzburg
    ↑ Unveiling for the opening of the festival on July 20 - The WAAhnMal. ( Memento of November 2, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF; 5.1 MB) In: PLAGE-News of July 12, 2000, pp. 2–3
    ↑ Church supports vigil at the Wackersdorf monument. In: Salzburger Nachrichten on YouTube (approx. 5 min.)
  135. ↑ The Mahner and the WAA - exhibition in the “Salzburg Museum” looks at Robert Jungk and the resistance against the reprocessing plant in Wackersdorf in Upper Palatinate. In: Upper Palatinate Network of April 13, 2013.
  136. ↑ "We defeated Goliath by peaceful means!" - A resistance oak heralds the struggle of the population. A plaque was unveiled there on the 20th anniversary of the WAA's end. In: Mittelbayerische Zeitung , May 25, 2009
    ↑ Memorial plaque by the "Resistance Oak" - Anti-WAA activists remember a difficult time - The anger is still deep , Oberpfalznetz from May 25, 2009.
  137. ↑ Lesson in New German History - First controversial, then decided: The district has put up the first information board about the rise and fall of the WAA. In: Mittelbayerische Zeitung of November 11, 2015
    ↑ Marterlgemeinde unveils information board - Before the 30th anniversary of the Chernobyl disaster, the WAA activists are remembering the resistance in the Upper Palatinate. In: Mittelbayerische Zeitung of April 25, 2016.
  138. ↑ WAAhnsinn - The Wackersdorf film In: Vimeo approx. 90 min.
  139. ↑ Cleavage processes , YouTube, trailer for the film (approx. 6 min.)
  140. ↑ Residual risk , YouTube, trailer for the film (approx. 7 min.)
  141. ↑ The eighth commandment , YouTube, trailer for the film (approx. 6 min.)
  142. ↑ Half-lives , YouTube, trailer for the film (approx. 6 min.)
    ↑ That gets under your     skin - “Half-lives”: A film about the WAA and the people then and now. In: Oberpfalznetz from November 18, 2006.
  143. ↑ Nightmare Atomic Waste , YouTube Playlist 1–10 (10 min each)
  144. ↑ WAA Wackersdorf: Bright future for the Upper Palatinate , monitor contribution, on YouTube.
  145. ↑ 18 days Free Wackerland 2-3 , YouTube (approx. 13 min.)
    ↑ 18 days Free Wackerland , Vimeo (approx. 32 min.)
    ↑ 18 days Free Wackerland 3-3 , YouTube (approx. 11 min.)
  146. ↑ Schreckswpenst WAA , YouTube (approx. 4 min.)
    ↑ Schreckswpenst WAA , Vimeo (approx. 26 min.)
  147. ↑ WAA battles , YouTube (approx. 2 min.)
  148. ↑ Better to be active today than radioactive tomorrow , YouTube (approx. 6 min.)
  149. ↑ Fencing , YouTube (approx. 4 min.)
  150. ↑ When death rode a bicycle - Angela Kreuz and Dieter Lohr remember the events in Wackersdorf twenty years ago with their feature “The bicycle spoke factory complex”. In: Mittelbayerische Zeitung of April 28, 2009
    ↑ "People were being sold for stupid" - 20 years after the WAA Wackersdorf was abandoned, the Regensburg LohrBär-Verlag reminds us of the turbulent times. In: Upper Palatinate Network of May 2, 2009.
  151. ↑ Documentary: Atom Streit in Wackersdorf - HD 2017 , BR Mediathek (approx. 45 min.)
  152. ↑ Marcel Kehrer: Wackersdorf-Film celebrates its premiere at the Munich Film Festival. In: BR.de (Bayerischer Rundfunk). June 6, 2018, accessed September 9, 2019 .
  153. ↑ The billion euro soup of atomic energy. In: Neue Ruhr Zeitung from May 6, 2009.