Islamist terrorism

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The September 11, 2001 was the worst terrorist attack in history. Its consequences determined large parts of international politics in the following decade

The term Islamist terrorism (more rarely also Islamic terrorism ) denotes terrorism that is motivated by Islamism . Islamist terrorists, however, refer to their activities as jihad and rely on the foundations of Islam , the Koran and the Sunna to justify their actions , some of which are interpreted according to the purpose.

Islamist terrorists have carried out a large number of serious attacks around the world in the 21st century, including the most devastating attacks in the history of the United States and some European countries. In recent years, Islamist terrorism has far exceeded any other terrorist ideology in deaths. The four most important Islamist terrorist groups alone ( Islamic State , Boko Haram , Taliban , al-Qaida ) were responsible for 74% of all global terrorist deaths in 2015. Even after the killing of Osama bin Laden , the jihadist movement has grown significantly and is a constant threat.

ideology

Central to the ideology of Islamist-terrorist groups and organizations is the uncompromisingly warlike interpretation of the term jihad , which is understood as an Islamically legitimized military struggle to expand and defend Islam. An important thought pattern is the division of the world into Dār al-Islām and Dār al-Harb . However, these two terms are not found in the Koran or in the hadiths . In addition, according to Ibn Taimiya's teaching, there is the fight against rulers who are considered to have fallen away from Islam because they do not apply Sharia law. Ideal pioneers were Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab , Sayyid Qutb and Abdallah Azzam .

In his book The Near and Far Enemy - The Network of Islamist Terrorism, the Islamic scholar Guido Steinberg examines the dynamics between these two forms of Islamist terrorism, with the “near enemy” from the terrorists' point of view being the rulers of Muslim states, the “faraway Enemy "especially the United States and Israel , sometimes referred to as the" great Satan "and the" little Satan ". According to Steinberg, international Islamist terrorism can hardly be understood without this dynamic. Thereafter, terrorist organizations emerged in individual Muslim countries that first wanted to overthrow their own government. Since this was not possible, the religious “freedom fighters” found a new field of activity in Afghanistan after the invasion of the Soviet Union , where they fought the Soviet Union with the support of their home countries and the USA in the 1980s . Only after the withdrawal of the Soviet Union from Afghanistan, which was seen as a victory for the Muslims, did the individual groups begin to organize the struggle against the “distant enemy”. A central figure was Osama bin Laden and his organization Al-Qaida .

The ideology includes anti-Semitism and anti-Americanism or the rejection of Western ways of thinking and living and regards "all worldly authority as not binding for Muslims". The authors Hasan al-Banna , Sayyid Qutb and al-Maududi are considered to be central theorists of jihadism . The most important document is the founding declaration of the Islamic World Front for the holy war against the Jews and Crusaders :

“In order to obey the Almighty, we hereby give the following judgment: The judgment to kill and fight Americans and their allies, whether civilian or military, is an obligation for every Muslim who is able to do so in any country […] Launch a raid on the American soldiers of Satan and their allies of the Devil. "

This declaration, adopted in 1998 by several Islamist leaders under the chairmanship of Osama bin Laden , clarifies the strategy and ideology of Islamist terrorism.

Islamist terrorism is characterized by its willingness to conduct asymmetrical warfare , particularly through suicide bombings . The religious idea that they are allowed to move directly into paradise as " martyrs " ( Shahid , Pl. Schuhada ) plays an important role in the terrorists' willingness to accept their own death. But motivations such as social standing and financial support for the family of suicide bombers also contribute to the motivation.

The Islamic scholar Abdel-Hakim Ourghi calls for the religious legacy of Islam to be critically examined in order to strengthen the peace-loving Muslims in Europe against fundamentalists. He points out that the Koran says about dealing with unbelievers: "Skin them and hit them on the neck (with the sword)." The list of so-called sword verses in the Koran is long; The verbs “fight” or “kill” appear in around 300 verses of the Koran. The Prophet said of his opponents in Mecca that as long as they did not profess Islam he would behead them with the sword. Orthodox Islam theology is constantly fighting a historical-critical reading of the Koran, so that Mohammed is viewed by militant fundamentalists as an uncritical savior. With this, “the image of a human, fallible Mohammed”, which has always existed in the history of Islam, disappears behind its mythologization. “All peaceful ways of criticizing the prophet appear dangerous, if not blocked. That finally has to change. "

Foci

Countries where Islamist attacks between September 11, 2001 and May 22, 2013 were committed

The people in the Muslim cultural area themselves are initially affected by Islamist terrorism. There, the terrorists try to violently destabilize the regimes that are not Islamically legitimized and / or too pro-Western regimes and replace them with their idea of ​​a fundamentalist state of God .

In the western world public, on the other hand, it is mainly the attacks within the western world that attract attention, while comparable attacks against Christians and other religious minorities in Africa and the Middle East are barely noticed. Other focal points of Islamist terrorism are the southern border of the former Soviet Union ( Caucasus conflicts ), India and parts of Oceania .

development

The occupation of the Great Mosque in 1979, with almost 1,000 dead, is considered a decisive event for the development of Islamist terrorism.

Contrary to optimistic assessments that the killing of bin Laden would weaken jihadist terrorism and the networks, the movement has grown significantly after Operation Neptune's Spear and is a major threat to Europe. Political scientist Seth G. Jones came up with a study published in 2014 49 jihadist groups. According to Peter R. Neumann , the danger is also increased by the fact that there is competition within jihadism, which increases the likelihood of attacks in Western Europe.

Terrorism researcher Sam Mullins quantified the role of asylum seekers in attacks for the EU : In a total of 91 Islamist attacks since 2012, 132 have been involved, of which 25 (19%) were asylum seekers. In Germany there were a total of 13 acts of terrorism between 2012 and 2020, perpetrated by 14 attackers, including 7 (50%) asylum seekers.

Reactions in western countries

In the public discussion in the western world, the term gained increasing attention after the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001 in the USA. The fight against Islamic terrorism has since been a focus in the " war on terror " propagated by the United States .

Reactions from Muslims

The assessment of terrorism is not uniform among the Islamic public as well as among Muslim legal scholars.

On the one hand, many Muslim organizations and legal scholars clearly and publicly condemn Islamistically motivated terrorist attacks against innocent people, and in particular suicide bombings. On November 21, 2004, 20,000 to 25,000 Muslims demonstrated against Islamist terrorism at a large demonstration in Cologne. In a joint declaration on August 25, 2006, the largest Muslim associations in Germany distanced themselves from the foiled terrorist attacks on two regional railways in North Rhine-Westphalia and emphasized that such acts cannot be justified by Islam. In October 2006, Sunni and Shiite religious scholars passed a declaration in Mecca declaring suicide bombings and attacks on holy sites a sin.

An extensive study on the situation in Germany was carried out in 2007 on behalf of the Federal Ministry of the Interior . came to the result that around 40% of the Muslims surveyed consider physical violence to be a legitimate means of confrontation in an attack by the West against Islam, but that over 90% of those surveyed consider suicide bombings and terrorism to be illegitimate.

In March 2008, the American polling institute The Gallup Organization published the results of a comprehensive study on “Who Speaks for Islam? What a Billion Muslims Really Think “(Eng: Who speaks for Islam? What a billion Muslims really think ). Accordingly, the vast majority of Muslims admire the West for its democracy and its civil liberties, but do not want Western socio-political structures to be imposed on them.

On the other hand, the Western media prefer to reflect the self-portrayals of Muslim associations in Europe or the USA. A look at the media and public opinion in Arab countries makes it clear that terrorist attacks there are judged depending on the context: the attacks in Europe - in particular the Madrid train attacks or the terrorist attacks on July 7th, 2005 in London - or the terrorist attacks on September 11th 2001 in the USA were convicted by a majority. Suicide bombings in Iraq after the American invasion and, in particular, the Islamist terrorism against Israel in the context of the Middle East conflict, on the other hand, are mostly viewed as justified or defended. An impression of this is given by the extensive material at the Middle East Media Research Institute (MEMRI) translation service, where newspaper reports and video recordings from Arabic media are published and translations are offered.

Representatives of the eight largest Muslim associations in Germany sharply condemned the terrorist attacks on November 13, 2015 in Paris ; they expressed their sympathy and solidarity with France and advocated peace, dialogue and cohesion. At the same time they appealed to the sense of responsibility of all Muslims against radicalization in their personal circle. They also announced that they would increase their efforts to defend against Islamism and for European values ​​such as freedom and pluralism .

Germany

Evaluation by politics and the protection of the constitution

According to the Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution , almost all Islamist terrorist activities in Germany can be attributed to fundamentalist Salafism . In 2013, Salafists were the fastest growing Islamist group in Germany.

As a result of the series of attacks by Mohamed Merah in southern France in 2012, there has also been growing concern in Germany about domestic individual perpetrators who plan and carry out their crime individually. According to the Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution, these so-called "lone wolves" would undergo sudden self-radicalization - often accelerated by extremist propaganda material on the Internet - and without a direct connection to known Islamist terror networks, the security authorities would hardly be able to detect them in advance. In contrast to conventional, group-organized terrorism, the attack is not necessarily preceded by training in a terror camp in Muslim countries, but rather the radicalization process of the attackers takes place in the midst of German society. The attack could be carried out spontaneously or only after meticulous preparation. In April 2012, according to Federal Interior Minister Friedrich (CSU), around 130 Islamists in Germany were seen as " threats ", potential assassins on the federal territory. In order to keep young Muslims away from violent extremism, the Islamism expert Claudia Dantschke calls for them to be fully involved in close personal surroundings, namely in family and school as well as in the mosque community and immigrant organizations.

Syria jihadists from Germany
date Quantity
June 2013 60
August 2013 120
October 2013 200
December 2013 240
January 2014 270
February 2014 300
August 2014 400
September 2014 450
December 2014 550
January 2015 600
May 2015 700

In June 2013, the Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution warned of an increased risk of attacks by jihadist warriors who had "emotionalized" from the Syrian civil war and possibly returned to Germany with a "direct combat mission". In October 2013, the authorities estimated the number of jihadists from Germany who are in the Syrian war zone or are on the way to two hundred people, the majority of whom have a German passport . German-speaking Islamists thus formed the largest contingent of troops of the estimated one thousand volunteers from Europe at the time. In a "German Camp", which serves as a gathering point, the men prepared for military action on the part of the Islamist opposition. According to the intelligence service , eight irregulars from Germany had perished in the conflict by 2013 . In addition to increasing numbers of emigrants, the authority registered increased efforts to build up a propaganda structure with the help of which more German-speaking fighters for the jihad in Syria are to be recruited. In February 2014, German authorities said that at least 20 jihadists from Germany had been killed in Syria. According to the Office for the Protection of the Constitution, the number of jihadists who had emigrated to Syria had risen to 300 by March 2014 - including twenty women who provide support and enter into so-called jihad marriages with fighters . In August 2014, the President of the Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution in WDR named 400.

In September, German authorities looked with concern at the return of German jihadists from Iraq and Syria and thought about the expatriation of German IS fighters. This was intended to counteract a growing terrorist threat in Germany. In December 2014, German security authorities assumed that there were more than 550 Islamists who are said to have left Germany for Syria, and in May 2015 there were already almost 700. 100 cases are known in which the fighters from Germany were killed in Syria and Iraq. In addition, at least 15 fighters would fight for Al-Shabaab in Somalia.

Terror and terror threat in Germany

See also: List of terrorist attacks in Germany since 1945

2001

Three of the four suicide pilots in the September 11, 2001 attacks had previously formed a terrorist cell in Hamburg , where they prepared the attacks and where they regularly visited the Al-Quds Mosque together .

2002

In April 2002, the terrorist group al-Tawhid, which was planning attacks on the Jewish Museum Berlin , was excavated .

2006

In July 2006, a bomb attack by Lebanese Islamists on two local trains in West Germany failed.

2007

In 2007 the Sauerland Group , a four-man terrorist cell of the Islamic Jihad Union made up of German converts and German Turks, was dismantled. The group had planned the use of car bombs against American military installations and civilian targets on German soil.

2008

In September 2008, a murder attempt by three minors on a Cologne police patrol, who had been lured into an ambush, was unsuccessful. They stated that they wanted to loot weapons in order to go to a holy war and want to kill Americans. Two of them, now of legal age, left for Syria in the spring of 2013.

2010

It is believed that in April 2010 the Islamist Eric Breininger was killed in fighting near Mir Ali, in the tribal area administered by Pakistan .

2011

In March 2011, the Islamist Kosovar Albanian Arid Uka shot dead and seriously injured two US soldiers who were on their way to Afghanistan ( assassination attempt at Frankfurt Airport on March 2, 2011 ).

In April 2011, the four members of the Düsseldorf cell were arrested who, according to the indictment, were preparing an bomb attack on a large crowd.

2012

On May 5, 2012, on the sidelines of a demonstration by the Pro NRW party in Bonn, violent clashes broke out in which several hundred Salafists attacked the demonstrators so that they had to be protected by the police. 29 officers were injured, two of whom suffered serious injuries from knife wounds.

In December 2012 there was an attempted bomb attack at Bonn Central Station , for which the German convert Marco G. from the local Salafist scene is suspected.

2013

In March 2013 the police prevented an attack on the party chairman of Pro NRW , Markus Beisicht . The Federal Prosecutor General at the Federal Court of Justice brought charges against Marco G. and other Salafists in this connection. In October 2013, the death of the Salafist former youth soccer player Burak Karan in Syria attracted media attention.

2014

The Islamist Philip Bergner from Dinslaken and a member of the so-called Lohberger Brigade blew himself up in Iraq in 2014, killing 20 people. In September of the same year, the Islamist Ahmet C. from Ennepetal in Baghdad blew himself up, killing 54 people.

2015

On January 18, 2015, the Dresden police banned a PEGIDA demonstration planned for the following day because of a “specific” Islamist terrorist threat . The decision, which interfered with the fundamental right to freedom of assembly , subsequently met with criticism in politics; Government circles expressed the suspicion that the terrorist threat against the PEGIDA movement, which is increasing in popularity, had been "jazzed up" by Saxon authorities.

On February 15, 2015 was Braunschweiger Carnival , with over 250,000 revelers the biggest carnival parade in northern Germany, canceled "a concrete threat of an attack to Islamist background" by the police for.

After a terror warning, the Bremen police carried out a large-scale operation on February 28, 2015. Salafists were targeted. The Islamic Cultural Center in Bremen was searched, and police officers armed with submachine guns patrolled the city center. As a preventive measure, protective measures for the Jewish community were also increased.

At the end of April 2015, ahead of the well-known street race around the Eschborn-Frankfurt financial center , the police arrested a Salafist couple of Turkish origin who they suspected of preparing a terrorist attack. The bike race was then canceled for safety reasons. The Frankfurt public prosecutor's office brought charges against the male suspect for preparing a bomb attack; However, it is still unclear which target the man had in mind.

On September 17, 2015, the Berlin police shot and killed the Iraqi Islamist Rafik Yousef after he had attacked a policewoman on the street with a knife and seriously injured her.

Four days after the Paris attacks in November , the international match of the German national soccer team against the Netherlands in Hanover was canceled shortly before the kick-off after there were indications of a planned Islamist terrorist attack. The search for the potential attackers has so far been unsuccessful.

On New Year's Eve, Munich Central Station , the second largest train station in Germany, and Munich-Pasing train station were evacuated after a warning of coordinated Islamist bombings. The investigations have so far not produced any concrete results.

2016

On February 4, two Algerian men and a woman from the Islamist scene were arrested in a nationwide raid. They wanted to prepare assassinations from Berlin. According to the police, the main suspect was in an initial reception center for refugees in Attendorn and was arrested there. He is also wanted by the Algerian authorities because he belongs to the terrorist group ISIS and is said to have received military training from IS.

On February 26, a 16-year-old of German-Moroccan origin attacked a police officer with a paring knife during an identity check at the main train station in Hanover and severely injured his neck. The Islamic raised girl was recruited by the Islamic State (IS) on a trip to Turkey . It is the first attack in Germany that was ordered by the terrorist militia.

On April 16, two young Salafists with a migrant background detonated a bomb in a Sikh temple in Essen, injuring three people. According to the investigators' findings, the two perpetrators are sympathizers of the terrorist organization Islamic State (IS).

On June 2, three Syrians were arrested in Brandenburg, North Rhine-Westphalia and Baden-Württemberg. Apparently they were supposed to commit a terrorist attack in Düsseldorf's old town on behalf of the so-called Islamic State (IS).

On July 18, an IS sympathizer living as a Syrian refugee in Germany attacked and seriously injured four people with an ax on a train near Würzburg and was shot dead during the subsequent police operation.

On July 24th, another IS sympathizer blew himself up in front of the main entrance of a music festival in Ansbach . 15 people were injured.

On December 19, the attack on the Berlin Christmas market at the Memorial Church occurred , in which an Islamist assassin drove a tractor-trailer into a crowd and killed 12 people. 45 people were injured, 30 of them seriously. It was the first successful Islamist terrorist attack in Germany that resulted in civilian deaths.

2017

On January 26, 2017, a 17-year-old refugee, who claims to come from Syria, was arrested in Koethen after an arrest warrant had been issued against him. He is said to have had contact with a terrorist cell that trains people in bomb construction. He was taken into custody.

On February 1, 2017, a 36-year-old Tunisian was arrested in Frankfurt am Main in a nationwide anti-terror raid in Hesse . The arrested man arrived in 2015 as an asylum seeker, but had already been in Germany for a number of years from 2003. According to the public prosecutor's office, he is said to have been active as a recruiter and smuggler for IS and was also wanted by Tunisian security authorities in connection with the attack in Tunis in 2015 .

On April 8, 2017, a 24-year-old Moroccan was arrested in Borsdorf near Leipzig in a home for asylum seekers by a special police unit. He was classified by the authorities as an Islamist threat and was suspected of attempting an attack on the Russian embassy in Berlin . He came into deportation custody.

On May 30, 2017, a 17-year-old asylum seeker with suspected Syrian origin was arrested in the Uckermark after he had written a short message to his mother saying goodbye and announcing that he would join the jihad . In addition, there were indications from the immediate environment.

A 19-year-old Syrian was arrested in Pegnitz in June 2017 . The investigators found instructions for building bombs, IS badges and a confessional video of the accused. In November charges were brought against him for obtaining instructions on how to commit a serious act of state-endangering violence.

On July 28, 2017, a 26-year-old asylum seeker from the United Arab Emirates indiscriminately attacked customers of a supermarket in Hamburg with a knife. A 50-year-old man was killed and six other people were injured. His actions should therefore serve as a contribution to global jihad . There was no evidence of involvement in a terrorist organization such as IS.

On October 31, 2017, a 19-year-old Syrian was arrested after months of observation after obtaining chemicals and components for the construction of a TATP explosive device . He entered Germany as a refugee in autumn 2015.

On November 21, 2017, eight apartments in the cities of Kassel , Hanover , Essen and Leipzig were searched and a total of six Syrian asylum seekers were arrested, accused of having supporters of the terrorist organization Islamic State and of preparing attacks on the Essen Christmas market and on a shopping mall.

2018

In February 2018, a 17-year-old Iraqi was arrested in Eschwege , having been in contact with high-ranking members of the Islamic State and preparing a serious act of violence that could endanger the state. He has therefore obtained building instructions for remote-controlled car explosives.

In April 2018, three Syrian asylum seekers were arrested in the Saarlouis area . Two of them are accused of membership in the Islamic State, the third of recruiting for another banned Islamist group.

In July 2018, the rejected Moroccan asylum seeker Abderrahman D. was sentenced to two years in prison without parole. He was found guilty of guilty of committing a serious state-endangering act of violence and is alleged to have been a member of the terrorist organization Islamic State.

In August, the 31-year-old Russian Magomed-Ali C. was arrested in Berlin on suspicion of having prepared a serious, state-endangering act of violence and an explosion crime. He frequented a mosque that was also visited by the assassin Anis Amri . Magomed-Ali C. should have been deported, but was able to present a certificate of an alleged mental illness, which enabled him to be tolerated until 2019.

On September 1st, a 17-year-old man with Turkish and German citizenship was arrested in Florstadt , who is suspected of wanting to carry out an Islamist-motivated bomb attack. According to the security authorities, he obtained instructions for building an explosive device and tried to purchase chemicals from an Internet mail order company.

On October 7, 2018, a steel cable was stretched over the high-speed line from Nuremberg to Ingolstadt near Allersberg . An ICE broke through this obstacle and the attack had almost no consequences. A similar incident occurred on December 24th and 25th near Berlin-Karlshorst . Letters of responsibility in Arabic were found nearby and the authorities classified the attacks as Islamist. In March 2019, the alleged suspect, an Iraqi refugee, was arrested in Vienna .

In December 2018, the Higher Regional Court in Celle sentenced two asylum seekers from Syria to two and a half years in prison after they had spread Salzgitter propaganda for the Islamic State terrorist militia and called for terrorist attacks, especially on Christmas markets.

2019

In January 2019, three Iraqi refugees were arrested in the Dithmarschen district in Schleswig-Holstein . According to the investigators, they had wanted to prepare an Islamistically motivated terrorist attack and had therefore already downloaded bomb construction instructions from the Internet and had started to extract black powder from New Year's rockets.

2020

In Waldkraiburg, shops and restaurants owned by owners of Turkish origin were pelted with incendiary devices over several nights in April and May 2020. Muharrem D., a German-Turk with dual citizenship and a Kurdish background, was arrested and confessed to having committed the crimes. According to his own statement, the defendant had subconsciously radicalized himself from the propaganda of the Islamic state and testified to have been a supporter of IS. The investigators found a total of 45 kilograms of explosives, a pistol and 23 pipe bombs that were still missing the detonator. The following year, the Munich Higher Regional Court sentenced him to nine and a half years in prison for attempted murder in 26 cases and aggravated arson , and he was also placed in a psychiatric hospital . According to the judge, despite the mental illness of the perpetrator, the acts would not have been possible without an Islamist-jihadist ideology. According to the court, the perpetrator's motive was fanatical Salafism and hatred of Turkish citizens.

On August 18, a man of Iraqi nationality rammed several road users, mainly motorcyclists, on a rampage on the Berlin city motorway . Due to his further actions, an Islamist background is assumed, in combination with mental disorders. The judge decided the next day that she was placed in the psychiatric ward.

2021

In August, the son of Muhammad Haidar Zammar, who lives in Hamburg, was arrested in the course of a bogus trade in firearms and hand grenades. The 20-year-old had stored several kilos of chemicals for building a bomb with him. Prosecutors who have requested that the Federal Public Prosecutor take over the case are investigating the attempted violation of the War Weapons Control Act and the suspicion of preparing a serious criminal offense.

Attacks in vacation areas

Western tourists are among the preferred attack targets in vacation areas in the Islamic region, especially in the southern and eastern Mediterranean region. Islamist terrorist attacks in which German, Austrian or Swiss tourists were killed:

1994

A German vacationer was shot dead in an attack on a cruise ship in Egypt in March.

In September, four tourists, including two Germans, were shot dead in an attack on an Egyptian seaside resort.

1995

In December, five tourists were kidnapped in Kashmir, including the German Dirk Hasert . The authorities assume that all tourists have died.

1997

Nine German vacationers were killed in an attack on a tourist bus at the Egyptian Museum in Cairo in September.

In an attack on the Hatshepsut temple in Luxor , Egypt , the Islamist group Gamaa Islamija murdered 62 people, including 36 Swiss and 4 German tourists ( Luxor attack in 1997 ).

2002

14 German tourists were killed in a suicide attack on the Al-Ghriba synagogue on the Tunisian island of Djerba in April. Al-Qaeda confessed to the act.

In September, a car bomb in Saudi Arabia killed a German citizen.

In October, 202 people were killed in bomb attacks by the radical Islamic group Jemaah Islamiyah on a night district on the Indonesian holiday island of Bali , including six German and three Swiss holidaymakers ( Bali attack in 2002 ).

2003

A group of tourists is kidnapped by Al-Qaeda in Algeria and later released. A German suffered heat stroke.

2006

In a series of bomb attacks in the Egyptian holiday resort of Dahab in April 2006, 22 people died, including a ten-year-old German boy.

2015

In an attack near the Tunisian city of Sousse on June 26, a lone Islamist perpetrator shot and killed 38 people, including two German bathers.

2016

January 8: An Austrian couple was slightly injured in a knife attack by ISIS supporters in the Egyptian seaside resort of Hurghada .

January 12: In a suicide attack in the tourist center of Istanbul , not far from the Blue Mosque , an alleged ISIS supporter from Syria killed twelve people, including ten members of a German tour group, in a bomb explosion. Seven other Germans are injured.

On March 13, 18 people, including a German , died in an attack in Ivory Coast .

On July 14th, 84 people, including three Germans , died in a terrorist attack with a truck in Nice .

On December 11th, on Maulid an-Nabī (the Prophet's birthday), an attack was carried out on a Coptic Orthodox church in Cairo . 25 people were killed and 49 injured in the suicide attack.

Attacks in other foreign countries

Attacks with German, Austrian or Swiss victims in other foreign countries:

1979

The German businessman Hans-Joachim Leib is murdered in the course of the Iranian revolution.

1995

War correspondent Jochen Piest is killed by Chechen rebels in January.

2001

In the terrorist attacks of September 11th in the USA, eleven German nationals were among the roughly three thousand victims.

In November, the Taliban kill three Western war reporters, including the German Volker Handloik .

2004

In April, 2 GSG-9 officers were murdered by Islamists.

In May, a German was murdered by Islamists in Riyadh.

2005

Two German citizens were murdered in Iraq in May. The federal government classifies the deaths as secret.

2006

The journalist Karen Fischer and the technician Christian Struwe from Deutsche Welle were murdered by the Taliban in Afghanistan in October .

2007

The German Sinan Krause was kidnapped in Iraq in February. Since then there has been no more sign of life.

A German development worker was murdered in Afghanistan in March.

In July, the German Rüdiger Diedrich was kidnapped by the Taliban and suffered a heart attack.

2008

Over 170 people were killed in attacks by a command unit made up of Islamist separatists supported by Pakistan on the Indian financial metropolis of Bombay . Media entrepreneur Ralph Burkei was one of the three German fatalities .

2009

The German-Afghan Sitara Achiksai was murdered by the Taliban in April.

In June the Christian missionaries Anita Grünwald and Rita Stumpp were murdered in Yemen.

2010

In July, a German died in a suicide attack in Kunduz.

In August 10 Christian missionaries were murdered in Afghanistan, including one German.

In December, a German development worker was killed in an attack in Afghanistan.

2011

A suicide attack on Moscow's main airport in January killed 35 people, including two Austrians and one German. The Chechen rebel leader Doku Umarov confessed to the act .

In November, a German tourist died in a kidnapping in Mali.

2012

In January 5 kidnapped tourists died in Ethiopia, including two Germans.

In May, the German engineer Edgar Raupach was murdered by Boko Haram in Nigeria.

2013

A security officer died in an attack on the German embassy in Yemen.

In September, two Germans were killed in a suicide bombing in Yemen.

2014

The German reporter Anja Niedringhaus was murdered by an Islamist in Afghanistan in April.

2015

In the terrorist attacks on November 13, 2015 in Paris , three Islamist suicide bombers blew themselves up in front of the Stade de France during the international soccer match between Germany and France ; the assassins had previously tried in vain to get into the stadium. French President Hollande and German Foreign Minister Steinmeier also watched the game there. The attackers murdered 90 people in the attack in the Bataclan Theater.

2016

The terrorist attacks on March 22, 2016 in Brussels resulted in two suicide attacks at Brussels-Zaventem Airport and another suicide attack at the Maelbeek / Maalbeek station of the Brussels Metro , which is in close proximity to the European Commission and the European Council . The Islamist terrorist organization " Islamic State" claimed responsibility for the attacks . 35 victims were killed in the attacks. Another 300 people were injured.

Attacks in western countries

Serious terrorist attacks carried out by Islamist extremists in Western countries were:

country date description
FranceFrance France 1995 Series of attacks in France , 8 dead
United StatesUnited States United States September 11, 2001 Attacks on September 11, 2001 , 2989 dead, the world's worst attack in history
SpainSpain Spain March 11, 2004 Madrid train attacks , 191 dead, the worst attack in the history of Spain and the EU on land
United KingdomUnited Kingdom United Kingdom July 7, 2005 Attacks in London , 52 dead, the worst attack on land in the history of Great Britain
FranceFrance France March 2012 Series of attacks in Midi-Pyrénées , 7 dead
FranceFrance France January 2015 Attack on Charlie Hebdo , 12 dead
DenmarkDenmark Denmark February 2015 Attacks in Copenhagen , 2 dead
FranceFrance France November 13, 2015 Attacks in Paris , 130 dead
United StatesUnited States United States 2nd December 2015 Attack in San Bernardino, California , kills 14
BelgiumBelgium Belgium March 22, 2016 Attacks in Brussels , 32 dead
United StatesUnited States United States June 12, 2016 Orlando attack , 49 dead, most serious Islamist attack in the US since 2001
FranceFrance France July 14, 2016 Attack in Nice , 86 dead
GermanyGermany Germany 19th December 2016 Attack in Berlin , 12 dead
United KingdomUnited Kingdom United Kingdom May 22, 2017 Attack in Manchester , 23 dead
SpainSpain Spain 17th August 2017 Attack in Barcelona , 14 dead
AustriaAustria Austria November 2, 2020 Attack in Vienna , 4 dead

Dropout programs

The Libyan Islamic Combat Group (LIKG) succeeded in persuading its leadership to write a more than four hundred page corrective study that led to the release of its members from prisons. The study, published in September 2009, condemns the killing of civilians under the pretext of jihad and received widespread attention in the Arab world. In connection with this study there was a public questioning of the spiritual foundations of al-Qaeda by former companions of Osama bin Laden. From 2010 to 2014 the Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution operated the dropout program HATIF . The program was discontinued due to a lack of response. 2012, directed the Federal Office for Migration and Refugees , the Counseling Center radicalization one. This telephone hotline is aimed primarily at relatives of people who are radicalized and seeking advice. In addition to direct help for family members, attempts are also made to prevent further radicalization.

See also

literature

(chronologically)

  • Peter Heine : Terror in Allah's Name. Extremist Forces in Islam . Herder 2001, ISBN 3-451-05240-7 . (= Federal Agency for Civic Education, series of publications, vol. 449)
  • Bassam Tibi : From Classic Jihad to Terrorist Jihadism - The Islamists' Irregular War and the New World Disorder, in: Backes / Jesse (ed.): Yearbook Extremism and Democracy, Volume 14, Baden-Baden 2002, pp. 27-44.
  • Hans-Peter Raddatz : From Allah to Terror? The Jihad and the Deformation of the West . Herbig-Verlag, Munich 2002, ISBN 3-7766-2289-X .
  • Matthias Küntzel: Jihad and hatred of Jews. About the new anti-Semitic war . ça ira-Verlag, 2002, ISBN 3-924627-06-1 .
  • Reinhard Scholzen : Anti-Western hatred in the name of the prophet. Islamism and Islamist terrorism as reflected in the reports on the protection of the constitution . In: Global campaign against terrorism. A challenge for the German-American partnership, publisher: German Society for Defense Technology . Berlin 2002, pp. 18-27.
  • Reinhard Möller (ed.): Islamism and terrorist violence . Ergon-Verlag 2004, ISBN 3-89913-365-X
  • Gilles Kepel : The Black Book of Jihad. The rise and fall of Islamism . Piper Verlag, Munich 2004, ISBN 3-492-24248-0 .
  • Guido Steinberg : The near and the distant enemy. The network of Islamist terrorism . Beck-Verlag, 2005, ISBN 3-406-53515-1 .
  • Egün Capan: Terror and suicide bombings from an Islamic perspective . INID, 2005, ISBN 3-935521-10-3 .
  • Mark A. Gabriel :
    • Islam and Terrorism: What the Quran Really Teaches About Christianity, Violence, and the Goals of Jihad . Resch-Verlag, 2nd (unchanged) edition 2005, ISBN 3-935197-39-X
    • Motives of Islamic Terrorists: A Journey into Their Religious Thoughts . Resch-Verlag 2007, ISBN 3-935197-51-9
  • Johannes Urban: The fight against international Islamist terrorism . VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften 2006, ISBN 978-3-531-15263-9 .
  • Nicole Klitzsch: Muslim rebels in the Philippines. Political strategies between jihadism and the negotiating table (= communications from the Institute for Asian Studies Hamburg, No. 392). IFA, Hamburg 2006, ISBN 978-3-88910-324-6 .
  • Raymond Ibrahim : The Al Qaeda Reader: The Essential Texts of Osama Bin Laden's Terrorist Organization . Broadway Books, 2007, ISBN 0-7679-2262-X .
  • Thomas Kolnberger, Clemens Six (ed.): Fundamentalism and terrorism. On the past and present of radicalized religion . Magnus Verlag, 2007, ISBN 978-3-88400-604-7 .
  • Hiltrud Schröter : The Law of Allah: Human Rights, Gender, Islam and Christianity . Helmer 2007, ISBN 3-89741-221-7 .
  • Elhakam Sukhni: The 'Martyrs' Operation ' in Jihad: Origin and Inner-Islamic Discourse . Akademische Verlagsgemeinschaft München, 2011, ISBN 978-3-86924-107-4 .
  • Tilman Nagel : Fear of Allah? Confrontations with Islam . Duncker & Humblot, Göttingen 2014, ISBN 978-3-428-14373-3 .
  • Markus C. Schulte von Drach (2016): Good Islam, bad Islam (essay, online )
  • Stefan Goertz: Islamist Terrorism. Analysis - Definitions - Tactics, Criminology - CF Müller 2017, ISBN 978-3-7832-0051-5

Web links

Individual evidence

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