List of heads of state 1581

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Overview
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Africa

Ethiopia
- Emperor (Negus Negest) : Sarsa Dengel (1563–1597)

Bornu (in present-day Niger ) Sefuwa dynasty
- King / May: Idris III. Alooma (1564-1596)

Jolof (in what is now Senegal )
- Buur-ba Jolof : Lat-Samba (1566–1597)

Kano
- King: Muhammad Shashere (1573–1582)

Congo
- Mani-Congo : Alvaro I (1567–1587)

Morocco ( Saadier )
- Sultan : Ahmad al-Mansur (1578–1603)

Munhumutapa Empire
- Ruler : Chisamharu Negomo Mupuzangutu (1560–1589)

Sultanate of Sannar (in what is now Sudan )
- Sultan : Dakin (1568–1585 / 86)

Songhaeich (in West Africa)
- Ruler : Daoud (1549–1582)

America

General Governorate of Brazil
- Governor General: Lourenço da Veiga (1578–1581)
- Junta: Cosme Rangel de Macedo , António Barreiros (1581–1582)

Viceroyalty of New Spain
- Viceroy Lorenzo Suárez de Mendoza (1580–1583)

Viceroyalty of Peru
- Viceroy : Francisco de Toledo (1569–1581)
- Viceroy: Martín Enríquez de Almansa (1581–1583) (1568–1580 Viceroy of New Spain)

Asia

China ( Ming Dynasty )
- Emperor : Wanli (1572-1620)

Japan
- Emperor : Ōgimachi (1557–1586)
- Shogun : unoccupied (1573-1603)

Korea ( Joseon Dynasty )
- King : Seonjo (1567–1608)

Mughal Empire
- Great Mughal : Akbar I. (1556–1605)

Persia ( Safavid dynasty)
- Sultan: Muhammad (1577–1588)

Thailand
- King : Maha Tammarajathirat (1569–1590)

Vietnam
- North ( Mạc dynasty )
  - King: Mạc Mậu Hợp (1562–1592)
- South ( Hậu Lê Dynasty )
  - King: Lê Thế Tông (1573–1599)

Europe

Andorra
- Co-princes :
  - King of Navarre : Henry III. (1562-1610)
  - Bishop of Urgell : Hugó Ambrós de Montcada (1580–1586)

Denmark and Norway
- King : Friedrich II. (1559–1588)

England and Ireland
- Queen : Elizabeth I (1558–1603)

France
- King : Heinrich III. (1574–1589)

Holy Roman Empire
- King and Emperor : Rudolf II. (1576–1612) (1575–1611 King of Bohemia, 1576–1608 Archduke of Austria, 1576–1608 King of Hungary)
- Electoral College
  - Archbishopric of Cologne
    - Archbishop : Gebhard I. von Waldburg (1577–1583)
  - Archbishopric Mainz
    - Archbishop : Daniel Brendel von Homburg (1555–1582)
  - Archbishopric Trier
    - Archbishop : Jacob III. von Eltz (1567–1581) (1576–1581 Abbot of Prüm)
    - Archbishop: Johann VII. Von Schönenberg (1581–1599)
  - Kingdom of Bohemia
    - King : Rudolf II. , (1575–1611) (1576–1612 Emperor, 1576–1608 Archduke of Austria, 1576–1608 King of Hungary)
  - Margraviate of Brandenburg
    - Elector : Johann Georg (1571–1598) (1560–1571 administrator of Brandenburg)
  - Palatine County near the Rhine
    - Elector : Ludwig VI. (1576–1583)
  - Duchy of Saxony
    - Elector : August (1553–1586)
- spiritual principalities
  - Hochstift Augsburg
    - Bishop : Marquard II of the Berg (1575–1591)
  - Bamberg Monastery
    - Bishop : Martin von Eyb (1580–1583)
  - Hochstift Basel
    - Bishop : Jakob Christoph Blarer von Wartensee (1575–1608)
  - Archbishopric Bremen (from 1567 Protestant administrators)
    - Administrator : Heinrich von Sachsen-Lauenburg (1567–1585) (1574–1588 Administrator of Osnabrück, 1577–1585 Administrator of Paderborn)
  - Brixen monastery
    - Bishop : Johann Thomas von Spaur (1578–1591)
  - Archbishopric of Cambrai
    - Archbishop : Ludwig von Berlaymont (1570–1596)
  - Cammin Monastery (Protestant bishops since 1545)
    - Bishop : Casimir of Pomerania (1574–1602) (1602–1605 Duke of Pommern-Rügenwalde)
  - Chiemsee Abbey
    - Bishop : Christoph Schlattl (1558–1589)
  - Chur Monastery
    - Bishop : Beatus a Porta (1565–1581)
    - Bishop: Peter Rascher (1581–1601)
  - Eichstätt Monastery
    - Bishop : Martin von Schaumberg (1560–1590)
- Members of the Imperial Councilor with a virile vote (selection):
  - Austria : Archduke Rudolf V (1576–1612), "directorium agens" in the Imperial Council of Princes
  - Salzburg : Prince Archbishop Johann Jakob Khuen von Belasi (1560–1586), “directorium qiescens” in the Imperial Council of Dukes
  - Baden-Baden : Margrave Philip II (1569–1588)
  - Baden-Durlach : Regent Anna von Pfalz-Veldenz (1577–1584)
  - Bavaria : Duke Wilhelm V (1579–1597)
  - Brandenburg-Ansbach : Margrave Georg Friedrich I (1543–1603)
  - Brandenburg-Kulmbach : Margrave Georg Friedrich I (1557–1603)
  - Braunschweig-Calenberg-Göttingen : Duke Erich II. (1545–1584)
  - Braunschweig-Grubenhagen : Duke Wolfgang (1567–1595)
  - Braunschweig - Lüneburg : Duke Wilhelm the Younger (1559–1592)
  - Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel : Duke Julius (1568–1589)
  - Hessen-Darmstadt : Landgrave Georg I (1567–1596)
  - Hessen-Kassel : Landgrave Wilhelm IV. (1567–1592)
  - Hessen-Marburg : Landgrave Ludwig IV (1567–1604)
  - Hesse-Rheinfels : Landgrave Philip II (1567–1583)
  - Jülich-Kleve-Berg : Duke Wilhelm the Rich (1539–1592)
  - Lorraine : Duke Charles III. (1545-1608)
  - Mecklenburg-Güstrow : Duke Ulrich (1555–1603)
  - Mecklenburg-Schwerin : Duke Johann VII (1576–1592)
  - Pfalz-Neuburg : Duke Philipp Ludwig (1569-1614)
  - Pfalz-Zweibrücken : Duke Johann I (1569–1604)
  - Pommern-Barth : Duke Bogislaw XIII. (1569–1605)
  - Pomerania-Stettin : Duke Johann Friedrich (1569–1600)
  - Pommern-Wolgast : Duke Ernst Ludwig (1569–1592)
  - Pomerania-Rügenwalde : Duke Barnim X. (1569–1602)
  - Saxony-Coburg-Eisenach : Regent August of Saxony (1572–1586)
  - Saxony-Lauenburg : Duke Franz I (1543–1581), followed by Franz II (1581–1619)
  - Saxony-Weimar : Duke Friedrich Wilhelm I (1573–1602)
  - Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorf : Duke Adolf I (1544–1586)
  - Württemberg : Duke Ludwig (1568–1593)
- Other imperial estates (selection):
  - Ortenburg : Count Joachim I (1551–1600)
  - East Frisia : Count Edzard II (1561–1599)

Italian states
- Genoa
  - Doge : Nicolò Doria (1579–1581)
  - Doge: Gerolamo De Franchi Toso (1581–1583)
- Papal States
  - Pope : Gregory XIII. (1572–1585)
- Parma and Piacenza
  - Duke : Ottavio Farnese (1547–1586)
- Savoy
  - Duke : Karl Emanuel I (1580–1630)
- Venice
  - Doge : Nicolò da Ponte (1578–1585)

Monaco
- Seigneur : Honoré I (1532–1581)
- Seigneur: Charles II (1581–1589)

Ottoman Empire
- Sultan : Murad III. (1574–1595)

Poland
- King : Stephan Báthory (1576–1586) (Prince of Transylvania 1571–1576)

Portugal (1580–1640 personal union with Spain)
- King : Philip I (1580–1598) (1556–1598 King of Spain)
  - Viceroy : Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, Duke of Alba (1580–1583) (1555–1556 governor of Milan, 1567–1573 governor of the Habsburg Netherlands)

Prussia
- Administrator : Georg Friedrich (1577–1603) (1543–1603 Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach, 1577–1603 Margrave of Brandenburg-Kulmbach)

Russia
- Tsar : Ivan IV (1533–1584) (Grand Duke until 1547)

Scotland
- King : Jacob VI. (1567–1625) (1603–1625 King of England and Ireland)

Sweden
- King : Johann III. (1568–1592)

Transylvania
- Prince : Christoph Báthory (1576–1581)
- Prince: Sigismund Báthory (1581–1598, 1598–1599, 1601, 1602 )

Spain
- King : Philip II (1556–1598) (1580–1598 King of Portugal)

Hungary
- King : Rudolf (1576–1608) (1576–1612 Emperor, 1575–1611 King of Bohemia, 1576–1608 Archduke of Austria)

Wallachia (under Ottoman rule)
- Voivode : Mihnea Turcitul (1577–1583, 1585–1591 )