North Ossetia-Alania

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Subject of the Russian Federation
Republic of North Ossetia – Alania
Республика Северная Осетия – Алания
Республикӕ Цӕгат Ирыстон – Алани
flag coat of arms
flag
coat of arms
Federal district North Caucasus
surface 7987  km²
population 712,980 inhabitants
(as of October 14, 2010)
Population density 89 inhabitants / km²
Capital Vladikavkaz
Official languages Ossetian , Russian
Ethnic
composition
Ossetians (64.5%)
Russians (20.6%)
Ingush (4.0%)
Armenians (2.3%)
Kumyks (2.3%)
Georgians (1.3%)
(as of 2010)
head Vyacheslav Bitarov (acting)
Founded July 7, 1924
Time zone UTC + 3
Telephone prefixes (+7) 867xx
Postcodes 362000-363999
License Plate 15th
OKATO 90
ISO 3166-2 RU-SE
Website www.rso-a.ru
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Coordinates: 43 ° 12 '  N , 44 ° 12'  E

Located in the North Caucasus located North Ossetia-Alania ( Ossetia Республикӕ Цӕгат Ирыстон-Алани Respublikæ Zægat Iryston-Alani , Russian Республика Северная Осетия-Алания Respublika Severnaya Ossetija-Alania ) is a republic within the 1991 Russian Federation .

geography

North Ossetia-Alania is located immediately north of the Greater Caucasus . It stretches from the mountains of the main Caucasus chain to the lowlands of the Terek , which is also the largest river in the country. A tributary of the Terek is the Ardon , which lies exclusively on the territory of the country. The Terek rises on the slopes of Mount Kazbek , which lies in the southeast corner of the country on the border with Georgia. North Ossetia-Alania borders the Russian Federation subjects Kabardino-Balkaria (in the west), the Stavropol region (in the north), and Ingushetia and Chechnya (in the east). In the south, the republic is separated from Georgia with the breakaway region of South Ossetia by the main ridge of the Caucasus , but there is a road connection through the Roki Tunnel, opened in 1984 .

Vegetation and wildlife

The southern parts of the country are determined by the Greater Caucasus, the slopes of which are dominated by alpine rock and snow fields over alpine meadows to the mountain forests of the lower elevations. In the north of the country are the fertile steppe regions of the Terek lowlands, where agriculture dominates today. The large animals found in the southern parts of the country in the central Caucasus include typical mountain ungulates such as the chamois and the East Caucasian ibex . The mountain forests are populated by maral deer , roe deer and wild boar . The large predators of the Caucasus region are wolves , brown bears and lynxes . In addition, individual leopards roam the region. In the North Ossetian nature reserve , there is also a small population of bison that has been reintroduced here.

population

The majority of the population is the titular nation of the Ossetians , who make up almost two thirds of the population. The Ossetians consist of two different groups, the Digors (minority) and the Ironen (majority). The written Ossetian language is based on the ironic dialect. The majority of the Ossetians practice Orthodox Christianity, a significantly smaller minority belong to Islam. The original Ossetian folk religion Uazdin has not completely disappeared to this day either.

The second largest population group in North Ossetia are the Russians , but their number has been falling for several decades. Russians live mainly in the northern region around Mozdok , where they form the relative majority of the population, as well as in the capital Vladikavkaz. The third largest population group in North Ossetia are the Ingush . Smaller ethnic groups are the Armenians , Kumyks and Georgians .

Ethnic group VZ 1926 1 VZ 1939 VZ 1959 VZ 1970 VZ 1979 VZ 1989 VZ 2002 VZ 2010 2
number % number % number % number % number % number % number % number %
Ossetians 141,723 49.6% 165.616 50.3% 215.463 47.8% 269,326 48.7% 299.022 50.5% 334.876 53.0% 445.310 62.7% 459,658 64.5%
Russians 68.192 23.8% 122,614 37.2% 178,654 39.6% 202.367 36.6% 200,692 33.9% 189,159 29.9% 164.734 23.2% 147.090 20.6%
Ingush 23,851 8.3% 6.106 1.9% 6,071 1.3% 18,387 3.3% 23,663 4.0% 32,783 5.2% 21,442 3.0% 28,336 4.0%
Armenians 9,185 3.2% 8,932 2.7% 12,012 2.7% 13,355 2.4% 12,912 2.2% 13,619 2.2% 17,147 2.4% 16,235 2.3%
Kumyks 3,153 1.1% 85 0.0% 3,921 0.9% 6.363 1.2% 7,610 1.3% 9,478 1.5% 12,659 1.8% 16.092 2.3%
Georgians 6,057 2.1% 6.312 1.9% 8,160 1.8% 10,323 1.9% 11,347 1.9% 12,284 1.9% 10,803 1.5% 9,095 1.3%
Turks 32 0.01% 91 0.03% k.Ang. ?,?% 30th 0.01% 65 0.01% 158 0.02% 2,835 0.4% 3,383 0.5%
Ukrainians 19.101 6.7% 7,063 2.1% 9,362 2.1% 9,250 1.7% 10,574 1.8% 10,088 1.6% 5,198 0.7% 3,251 0.5%
Chechens k.Ang. ?,?% 235 0.07% 339 0.08% 1,402 0.25% 1,760 0.3% 2,646 0.4% 3,383 0.5% 2,264 0.3%
German 1,502 0.5% 2,929 0.9% 789 0.2% 2,099 0.4% 2,527 0.4% 3,099 0.5% 964 0.14% 588 0.08%
Greeks 44 0.02% 2.006 0.6% 2,538 0.6% 2,957 0.5% 2,999 0.5% 2.986 0.5% 2,332 0.3% 1,880 0.3%
Cabardines 622 0.2% 357 0.1% 1.956 0.4% 2.168 0.4% 2.214 0.4% 2,770 0.4% 2,902 0.4% 2,802 0.4%
Other 12,490 4.4% 6,859 2.1% 11,316 2.5% 14,554 2.6% 16,617 2.8% 18,482 2.9% 20,566 2.9% 22.306 3.1%
Residents 285,952 100% 329.205 100% 450,581 100% 552,581 100% 592.002 100% 632.428 100% 710.275 100% 712.980 100%
1 Today’s territory 2 6,557 people could not be assigned to any ethnic group. These people are probably distributed in the same proportion as the ethnically classified inhabitants.

The official languages ​​are Ossetian and Russian . Ossetian is an Iranian language . The most important religions are Christianity in the Russian Orthodox version and Islam .

Cities

Almost half of the residents live in the capital of Vladikavkaz . Other larger cities are Mosdok , Beslan and Alagir . There are a total of six cities and one urban-type settlement in North Ossetia-Alania .

f1Georeferencing Map with all coordinates: OSM | WikiMap

Cities and urban settlements
City * / City settlement Russian Ossetian City district / Rajon Residents
(October 14, 2010)
coat of arms location
Alagir * Алагир Алагир Alagir 20,949   43 ° 2 '  N , 44 ° 13'  E
Ardon * Ардон Ӕрыдон Ardon 18,774   43 ° 10 '  N , 44 ° 17'  E
Beslan * Беслан Беслӕн Pravobereschny 36,728 Beslan coat.jpg 43 ° 11 '  N , 44 ° 32'  E
Digora * Дигора Дигорӕ Digora 10,856   43 ° 9 '  N , 44 ° 9'  E
Mosdok * Моздок Мӕздӕг Mosdok 38,768 Coat of Arms of Mozdok (North Ossetia) .png 43 ° 45 '  N , 44 ° 39'  E
Zavodskoi Заводской Заводской Vladikavkaz District 16,792   43 ° 6 '  N , 44 ° 39'  E
Vladikavkaz * Владикавказ Дзӕуджыхъӕу Urban district 311,693 Coat of arms of Vladikavkaz.png 43 ° 1 '  N , 44 ° 41'  E

history

Alania 10 12.png
Map of North Ossetia-Alania

The region has been populated since ancient times. In the 7th century BC Iranian tribes related to the Scythians immigrated . In the 9th century AD, the state of Alania came into being under the Alans , the direct ancestors of the Ossetians. Some buildings from this period are still there today, including a. Defense towers.

In the 13th century Alania was devastated by the Mongols , later the region was under pressure from the Ottomans and Tartars , so that Alania oriented itself towards Russia and voluntarily joined the Russian Empire in 1776. This made the Ossetian area among the first in the Caucasus region to come under Russian sovereignty. In the tsarist times it belonged to the Terek Oblast , which is named after the Terek River and which also includes today's Chechnya , Kabardino-Balkaria and Ingushetia .

The Vladikavkaz fortress - now the capital - was the first Russian military outpost in Ossetia.

At the time of the Soviet Union , North Ossetia was part of the Autonomous Soviet Socialist Mountain Republic until 1924 . On July 7, 1924, the "North Ossetian Autonomous Region " was created in the Russian Federation with its seat in Vladikavkaz, which was renamed North Ossetian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (ASSR) with the 1936 constitution .

Post Soviet time

The collapse of the Soviet Union also led to ethnic conflicts there, mainly in the Prigorodny district . The eastern part of this district belonged to Ingushetia or Checheno-Ingushetia until 1944 . After Stalin had the Ingush and Chechens deported in 1944, this area was attached to North Ossetia and thousands of Ossetians settled there. Nikita Khrushchev officially rehabilitated the Ingush and Chechens after Stalin's death and restored their autonomous republic, but the change of territory in favor of the Ossetians was explicitly not reversed. Over the years, more and more nationally-minded Ingush moved back to Prigorodny Raion and more and more openly demanded that the district be spun off from North Ossetia. In 1989, around 75,000 people lived in the entire Prigorodny district, of whom 58.9% Ossetians, 22.1% Ingush and 15.7% Russians. According to other information, the Ingush population in Prigorodny is said to have been significantly higher than the official statistics and could have been over 40%. In the summer of 1992, when the Soviet Union had already been dissolved, the tensions between Ingush and Ossetians increased. In October 1992, open war finally broke out between Ingush rebels and Ossetians in Prigorodny district. When Russian security forces intervened a week later and separated the conflicting parties, over 600 people had already been killed and thousands more, especially Ingush, had been displaced. The conflict ended with Prigorodny remaining near North Ossetia.

The conflict in neighboring Chechnya also severely affected North Ossetia. There were also several attacks by Chechen separatists here, mostly in Vladikavkaz and Mozdok . Russian armed forces are stationed in Mozdok for use in Chechnya. In 1999, 52 people died in an attack in Vladikavkaz, and another 50 in an attack in 2003 in Mozdok. The wave of terrorism reached its peak in the period from September 1 to September 3, 2004. Chechen terrorists attacked a school in the city of Beslan in order to take hostages . At least 331 people, mostly children, were killed during the hostage-taking and violent termination by Russian security forces.

In November 2008 there was an attack on a shared taxi in Vladikavkaz by so-called “black widows”, female suicide bombers from Chechnya. 12 people were killed and up to 40 injured. In September 2010, Vladikavkaz was the scene of another suicide bombing when terrorists blew themselves up in a busy city market during the holy month of Ramadan on the Islamic lunar calendar . 12 people died and 80 others were injured. Since then, North Ossetia has been spared major attacks. In contrast to some other North Caucasian peoples in Russia, there was no significant support for secession from Russia under Ossetians. The region maintains close ties with neighboring South Ossetia , which split off from Georgia in the 1990s. North Ossetia is now the most industrialized region in the North Caucasus.

economy

Most of the industry is located in the capital of Vladikavkaz . Some of the rivers are used for power plants, and spring water is often bottled and sold as mineral water. The black earth soils predominate in agriculture in the north and alpine pastures in the south. There are several nature parks in the mountains.

Administrative division

The Republic of North Ossetia-Alania is divided into eight Rajons and an urban district comprising the capital (highlighted in gray in the table):

Soot. Surname Osset. Surname German Surname Administrative headquarters surface Residents Population density
Transliteration Transliteration in km² source in E / km²
Алагирский район
Alagirski rajon
Алагиры район
Alagiry rajon
Alagir district Алагир / Алагир
Alagir / Alagir
2.135 34,361 16
Ардонский район
Ardonski rajon
Æрыдоны район
Ærydony rajon
Ardon district Ардон / Ӕрыдон
Ardon / Ærydon
376.5 27,728 74
Владикавказ
Vladikavkaz
Дзæуджыхъæу
Dzæudšychjæu
Vladikavkaz - 291 329,872 1,134
Дигорский район
Digorski rajon
Дыгуры район
Dygury rajon
Digora district Дигора / Дигорæ
Digora / Digoræ
640 19,229 30th
Ирафский район
Irafski rajon
Æрæфы район
Æræfy rajon
Iraf district Чикола / Цыкола
Čikola / Cykola
1,376 15,242 11
Кировский район
Kirovski rajon
Кировы район
Kirovy rajon
Kirov Raion Эльхотово / Елхот
Ėl'chotovo / Elchot
360 27,629 77
Моздокский район
Mozokski rajon
Мæздæджы район
Mæzdædžy rajon
Mosdok district Моздок / Мæздæг
Mozdok / Mæzdæg
1,080 86,921 81
Правобережный район
Pravoberežny rajon
Рахизфарсы район
Pachizfarsy rajon
Pravobereschny district Беслан / Беслæн
Beslan / Beslæn
441.29 56,049 127
Пригородный район
Prigorodny rajon
Горæтгæроны район
Gorætgærony rajon
Prigorodny district Октябрьское / Октябрыхъæу
Oktjabr'skoje / Oktjabrych æu
1,460 103,827 71

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. Administrativno-territorialʹnoe delenie po subʺektam Rossijskoj Federacii na 1 janvarja 2010 goda (administrative-territorial division according to subjects of the Russian Federation as of January 1, 2010). ( Download from the website of the Federal Service for State Statistics of the Russian Federation)
  2. a b Itogi Vserossijskoj perepisi naselenija 2010 goda. Tom 1. Čislennostʹ i razmeščenie naselenija (Results of the All-Russian Census 2010. Volume 1. Number and distribution of the population). Tables 5 , pp. 12-209; 11 , pp. 312–979 (download from the website of the Federal Service for State Statistics of the Russian Federation)
  3. Nacional'nyj sostav naselenija po sub "ektam Rossijskoj Federacii. (XLS) In: Itogi Vserossijskoj perepisi naselenija 2010 goda. Rosstat, accessed on June 30, 2016 (Russian, ethnic composition of the population according to federal subjects , results of the 2010 census).
  4. VG Heptner: Mammals of the Soviet Union. Volume I Ungulates. Leiden / New York, 1989, ISBN 90-04-08874-1 .
  5. Species portrait: Caucasian leopard (Panthera pardus saxicolor). (PDF) WWF Germany , January 2007, accessed on April 29, 2016 .
  6. Population of the Republic of North Ossetia-Alania 1926-2010 (in Russian) [1]
  7. Population of the Russian territorial units by nationality 2010 (Russian) [2]
  8. ethno-kavkaz.narod.ru
  9. memo.ru
  10. Michael Ludwig, Moscow: Assassination attempt in North Ossetia: The return of the . In: FAZ.NET . November 7, 2008, ISSN  0174-4909 ( faz.net [accessed December 27, 2017]).
  11. dpa: North Caucasus: dead in attack in Vladikavkaz . In: The time . September 9, 2010, ISSN  0044-2070 ( zeit.de [accessed December 27, 2017]).
  12. bbc.com
  13. Federal Service for State Statistics of Russia, population figures as of January 1, 2010 , Excel worksheet (549 kB), accessed on August 31, 2010