North Ossetia-Alania
Subject of the Russian Federation
Republic of North Ossetia – Alania
Республика Северная Осетия – Алания Республикӕ Цӕгат Ирыстон – Алани
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Coordinates: 43 ° 12 ' N , 44 ° 12' E
Located in the North Caucasus located North Ossetia-Alania ( Ossetia Республикӕ Цӕгат Ирыстон-Алани Respublikæ Zægat Iryston-Alani , Russian Республика Северная Осетия-Алания Respublika Severnaya Ossetija-Alania ) is a republic within the 1991 Russian Federation .
geography
North Ossetia-Alania is located immediately north of the Greater Caucasus . It stretches from the mountains of the main Caucasus chain to the lowlands of the Terek , which is also the largest river in the country. A tributary of the Terek is the Ardon , which lies exclusively on the territory of the country. The Terek rises on the slopes of Mount Kazbek , which lies in the southeast corner of the country on the border with Georgia. North Ossetia-Alania borders the Russian Federation subjects Kabardino-Balkaria (in the west), the Stavropol region (in the north), and Ingushetia and Chechnya (in the east). In the south, the republic is separated from Georgia with the breakaway region of South Ossetia by the main ridge of the Caucasus , but there is a road connection through the Roki Tunnel, opened in 1984 .
Vegetation and wildlife
The southern parts of the country are determined by the Greater Caucasus, the slopes of which are dominated by alpine rock and snow fields over alpine meadows to the mountain forests of the lower elevations. In the north of the country are the fertile steppe regions of the Terek lowlands, where agriculture dominates today. The large animals found in the southern parts of the country in the central Caucasus include typical mountain ungulates such as the chamois and the East Caucasian ibex . The mountain forests are populated by maral deer , roe deer and wild boar . The large predators of the Caucasus region are wolves , brown bears and lynxes . In addition, individual leopards roam the region. In the North Ossetian nature reserve , there is also a small population of bison that has been reintroduced here.
population
The majority of the population is the titular nation of the Ossetians , who make up almost two thirds of the population. The Ossetians consist of two different groups, the Digors (minority) and the Ironen (majority). The written Ossetian language is based on the ironic dialect. The majority of the Ossetians practice Orthodox Christianity, a significantly smaller minority belong to Islam. The original Ossetian folk religion Uazdin has not completely disappeared to this day either.
The second largest population group in North Ossetia are the Russians , but their number has been falling for several decades. Russians live mainly in the northern region around Mozdok , where they form the relative majority of the population, as well as in the capital Vladikavkaz. The third largest population group in North Ossetia are the Ingush . Smaller ethnic groups are the Armenians , Kumyks and Georgians .
Ethnic group | VZ 1926 1 | VZ 1939 | VZ 1959 | VZ 1970 | VZ 1979 | VZ 1989 | VZ 2002 | VZ 2010 2 | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
number | % | number | % | number | % | number | % | number | % | number | % | number | % | number | % | |
Ossetians | 141,723 | 49.6% | 165.616 | 50.3% | 215.463 | 47.8% | 269,326 | 48.7% | 299.022 | 50.5% | 334.876 | 53.0% | 445.310 | 62.7% | 459,658 | 64.5% |
Russians | 68.192 | 23.8% | 122,614 | 37.2% | 178,654 | 39.6% | 202.367 | 36.6% | 200,692 | 33.9% | 189,159 | 29.9% | 164.734 | 23.2% | 147.090 | 20.6% |
Ingush | 23,851 | 8.3% | 6.106 | 1.9% | 6,071 | 1.3% | 18,387 | 3.3% | 23,663 | 4.0% | 32,783 | 5.2% | 21,442 | 3.0% | 28,336 | 4.0% |
Armenians | 9,185 | 3.2% | 8,932 | 2.7% | 12,012 | 2.7% | 13,355 | 2.4% | 12,912 | 2.2% | 13,619 | 2.2% | 17,147 | 2.4% | 16,235 | 2.3% |
Kumyks | 3,153 | 1.1% | 85 | 0.0% | 3,921 | 0.9% | 6.363 | 1.2% | 7,610 | 1.3% | 9,478 | 1.5% | 12,659 | 1.8% | 16.092 | 2.3% |
Georgians | 6,057 | 2.1% | 6.312 | 1.9% | 8,160 | 1.8% | 10,323 | 1.9% | 11,347 | 1.9% | 12,284 | 1.9% | 10,803 | 1.5% | 9,095 | 1.3% |
Turks | 32 | 0.01% | 91 | 0.03% | k.Ang. | ?,?% | 30th | 0.01% | 65 | 0.01% | 158 | 0.02% | 2,835 | 0.4% | 3,383 | 0.5% |
Ukrainians | 19.101 | 6.7% | 7,063 | 2.1% | 9,362 | 2.1% | 9,250 | 1.7% | 10,574 | 1.8% | 10,088 | 1.6% | 5,198 | 0.7% | 3,251 | 0.5% |
Chechens | k.Ang. | ?,?% | 235 | 0.07% | 339 | 0.08% | 1,402 | 0.25% | 1,760 | 0.3% | 2,646 | 0.4% | 3,383 | 0.5% | 2,264 | 0.3% |
German | 1,502 | 0.5% | 2,929 | 0.9% | 789 | 0.2% | 2,099 | 0.4% | 2,527 | 0.4% | 3,099 | 0.5% | 964 | 0.14% | 588 | 0.08% |
Greeks | 44 | 0.02% | 2.006 | 0.6% | 2,538 | 0.6% | 2,957 | 0.5% | 2,999 | 0.5% | 2.986 | 0.5% | 2,332 | 0.3% | 1,880 | 0.3% |
Cabardines | 622 | 0.2% | 357 | 0.1% | 1.956 | 0.4% | 2.168 | 0.4% | 2.214 | 0.4% | 2,770 | 0.4% | 2,902 | 0.4% | 2,802 | 0.4% |
Other | 12,490 | 4.4% | 6,859 | 2.1% | 11,316 | 2.5% | 14,554 | 2.6% | 16,617 | 2.8% | 18,482 | 2.9% | 20,566 | 2.9% | 22.306 | 3.1% |
Residents | 285,952 | 100% | 329.205 | 100% | 450,581 | 100% | 552,581 | 100% | 592.002 | 100% | 632.428 | 100% | 710.275 | 100% | 712.980 | 100% |
1 Today’s territory 2 6,557 people could not be assigned to any ethnic group. These people are probably distributed in the same proportion as the ethnically classified inhabitants. |
The official languages are Ossetian and Russian . Ossetian is an Iranian language . The most important religions are Christianity in the Russian Orthodox version and Islam .
Cities
Almost half of the residents live in the capital of Vladikavkaz . Other larger cities are Mosdok , Beslan and Alagir . There are a total of six cities and one urban-type settlement in North Ossetia-Alania .
Map with all coordinates: OSM | WikiMap
City * / City settlement | Russian | Ossetian | City district / Rajon | Residents (October 14, 2010) |
coat of arms | location |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Alagir * | Алагир | Алагир | Alagir | 20,949 | 43 ° 2 ' N , 44 ° 13' E | |
Ardon * | Ардон | Ӕрыдон | Ardon | 18,774 | 43 ° 10 ' N , 44 ° 17' E | |
Beslan * | Беслан | Беслӕн | Pravobereschny | 36,728 | 43 ° 11 ' N , 44 ° 32' E | |
Digora * | Дигора | Дигорӕ | Digora | 10,856 | 43 ° 9 ' N , 44 ° 9' E | |
Mosdok * | Моздок | Мӕздӕг | Mosdok | 38,768 | 43 ° 45 ' N , 44 ° 39' E | |
Zavodskoi | Заводской | Заводской | Vladikavkaz District | 16,792 | 43 ° 6 ' N , 44 ° 39' E | |
Vladikavkaz * | Владикавказ | Дзӕуджыхъӕу | Urban district | 311,693 | 43 ° 1 ' N , 44 ° 41' E |
history
The region has been populated since ancient times. In the 7th century BC Iranian tribes related to the Scythians immigrated . In the 9th century AD, the state of Alania came into being under the Alans , the direct ancestors of the Ossetians. Some buildings from this period are still there today, including a. Defense towers.
In the 13th century Alania was devastated by the Mongols , later the region was under pressure from the Ottomans and Tartars , so that Alania oriented itself towards Russia and voluntarily joined the Russian Empire in 1776. This made the Ossetian area among the first in the Caucasus region to come under Russian sovereignty. In the tsarist times it belonged to the Terek Oblast , which is named after the Terek River and which also includes today's Chechnya , Kabardino-Balkaria and Ingushetia .
The Vladikavkaz fortress - now the capital - was the first Russian military outpost in Ossetia.
At the time of the Soviet Union , North Ossetia was part of the Autonomous Soviet Socialist Mountain Republic until 1924 . On July 7, 1924, the "North Ossetian Autonomous Region " was created in the Russian Federation with its seat in Vladikavkaz, which was renamed North Ossetian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (ASSR) with the 1936 constitution .
Post Soviet time
The collapse of the Soviet Union also led to ethnic conflicts there, mainly in the Prigorodny district . The eastern part of this district belonged to Ingushetia or Checheno-Ingushetia until 1944 . After Stalin had the Ingush and Chechens deported in 1944, this area was attached to North Ossetia and thousands of Ossetians settled there. Nikita Khrushchev officially rehabilitated the Ingush and Chechens after Stalin's death and restored their autonomous republic, but the change of territory in favor of the Ossetians was explicitly not reversed. Over the years, more and more nationally-minded Ingush moved back to Prigorodny Raion and more and more openly demanded that the district be spun off from North Ossetia. In 1989, around 75,000 people lived in the entire Prigorodny district, of whom 58.9% Ossetians, 22.1% Ingush and 15.7% Russians. According to other information, the Ingush population in Prigorodny is said to have been significantly higher than the official statistics and could have been over 40%. In the summer of 1992, when the Soviet Union had already been dissolved, the tensions between Ingush and Ossetians increased. In October 1992, open war finally broke out between Ingush rebels and Ossetians in Prigorodny district. When Russian security forces intervened a week later and separated the conflicting parties, over 600 people had already been killed and thousands more, especially Ingush, had been displaced. The conflict ended with Prigorodny remaining near North Ossetia.
The conflict in neighboring Chechnya also severely affected North Ossetia. There were also several attacks by Chechen separatists here, mostly in Vladikavkaz and Mozdok . Russian armed forces are stationed in Mozdok for use in Chechnya. In 1999, 52 people died in an attack in Vladikavkaz, and another 50 in an attack in 2003 in Mozdok. The wave of terrorism reached its peak in the period from September 1 to September 3, 2004. Chechen terrorists attacked a school in the city of Beslan in order to take hostages . At least 331 people, mostly children, were killed during the hostage-taking and violent termination by Russian security forces.
In November 2008 there was an attack on a shared taxi in Vladikavkaz by so-called “black widows”, female suicide bombers from Chechnya. 12 people were killed and up to 40 injured. In September 2010, Vladikavkaz was the scene of another suicide bombing when terrorists blew themselves up in a busy city market during the holy month of Ramadan on the Islamic lunar calendar . 12 people died and 80 others were injured. Since then, North Ossetia has been spared major attacks. In contrast to some other North Caucasian peoples in Russia, there was no significant support for secession from Russia under Ossetians. The region maintains close ties with neighboring South Ossetia , which split off from Georgia in the 1990s. North Ossetia is now the most industrialized region in the North Caucasus.
economy
Most of the industry is located in the capital of Vladikavkaz . Some of the rivers are used for power plants, and spring water is often bottled and sold as mineral water. The black earth soils predominate in agriculture in the north and alpine pastures in the south. There are several nature parks in the mountains.
Administrative division
The Republic of North Ossetia-Alania is divided into eight Rajons and an urban district comprising the capital (highlighted in gray in the table):
Soot. Surname | Osset. Surname | German Surname | Administrative headquarters | surface | Residents | Population density |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Transliteration | Transliteration | in km² | source | in E / km² | ||
Алагирский район Alagirski rajon |
Алагиры район Alagiry rajon |
Alagir district | Алагир / Алагир Alagir / Alagir |
2.135 | 34,361 | 16 |
Ардонский район Ardonski rajon |
Æрыдоны район Ærydony rajon |
Ardon district | Ардон / Ӕрыдон Ardon / Ærydon |
376.5 | 27,728 | 74 |
Владикавказ Vladikavkaz |
Дзæуджыхъæу Dzæudšychjæu |
Vladikavkaz | - | 291 | 329,872 | 1,134 |
Дигорский район Digorski rajon |
Дыгуры район Dygury rajon |
Digora district | Дигора / Дигорæ Digora / Digoræ |
640 | 19,229 | 30th |
Ирафский район Irafski rajon |
Æрæфы район Æræfy rajon |
Iraf district | Чикола / Цыкола Čikola / Cykola |
1,376 | 15,242 | 11 |
Кировский район Kirovski rajon |
Кировы район Kirovy rajon |
Kirov Raion | Эльхотово / Елхот Ėl'chotovo / Elchot |
360 | 27,629 | 77 |
Моздокский район Mozokski rajon |
Мæздæджы район Mæzdædžy rajon |
Mosdok district | Моздок / Мæздæг Mozdok / Mæzdæg |
1,080 | 86,921 | 81 |
Правобережный район Pravoberežny rajon |
Рахизфарсы район Pachizfarsy rajon |
Pravobereschny district | Беслан / Беслæн Beslan / Beslæn |
441.29 | 56,049 | 127 |
Пригородный район Prigorodny rajon |
Горæтгæроны район Gorætgærony rajon |
Prigorodny district | Октябрьское / Октябрыхъæу Oktjabr'skoje / Oktjabrych æu |
1,460 | 103,827 | 71 |
Web links
- Official portal of the republic
- North Ossetia website
- English and Russian short messages from Kawkaski Usel from North Ossetia-Alania
- Ossetia - history, culture, politics, news (Russian)
- Image galleries at darial-online (Russian)
Individual evidence
- ↑ Administrativno-territorialʹnoe delenie po subʺektam Rossijskoj Federacii na 1 janvarja 2010 goda (administrative-territorial division according to subjects of the Russian Federation as of January 1, 2010). ( Download from the website of the Federal Service for State Statistics of the Russian Federation)
- ↑ a b Itogi Vserossijskoj perepisi naselenija 2010 goda. Tom 1. Čislennostʹ i razmeščenie naselenija (Results of the All-Russian Census 2010. Volume 1. Number and distribution of the population). Tables 5 , pp. 12-209; 11 , pp. 312–979 (download from the website of the Federal Service for State Statistics of the Russian Federation)
- ↑ Nacional'nyj sostav naselenija po sub "ektam Rossijskoj Federacii. (XLS) In: Itogi Vserossijskoj perepisi naselenija 2010 goda. Rosstat, accessed on June 30, 2016 (Russian, ethnic composition of the population according to federal subjects , results of the 2010 census).
- ↑ VG Heptner: Mammals of the Soviet Union. Volume I Ungulates. Leiden / New York, 1989, ISBN 90-04-08874-1 .
- ↑ Species portrait: Caucasian leopard (Panthera pardus saxicolor). (PDF) WWF Germany , January 2007, accessed on April 29, 2016 .
- ↑ Population of the Republic of North Ossetia-Alania 1926-2010 (in Russian) [1]
- ↑ Population of the Russian territorial units by nationality 2010 (Russian) [2]
- ↑ ethno-kavkaz.narod.ru
- ↑ memo.ru
- ↑ Michael Ludwig, Moscow: Assassination attempt in North Ossetia: The return of the . In: FAZ.NET . November 7, 2008, ISSN 0174-4909 ( faz.net [accessed December 27, 2017]).
- ↑ dpa: North Caucasus: dead in attack in Vladikavkaz . In: The time . September 9, 2010, ISSN 0044-2070 ( zeit.de [accessed December 27, 2017]).
- ↑ bbc.com
- ↑ Federal Service for State Statistics of Russia, population figures as of January 1, 2010 , Excel worksheet (549 kB), accessed on August 31, 2010