Lorenz Oken

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Lorenz Oken, lithograph by Ernst Friedrich Oldermann (1802–1874) after a drawing by Franz Krüger

Lorenz Oken , actually Lorenz Okenfuß (born August 1, 1779 in Bohlsbach , today in Offenburg , Ortenau ; † August 11, 1851 in Zurich ), was a German physician, natural philosopher , natural scientist and biologist , comparative anatomist and physiologist . He is considered to be the most important representative of a romantic, speculative natural philosophy of Schelling's style. With Isis , Oken published the first interdisciplinary magazine in German-speaking countries for over thirty years . On his initiative, the Society of German Natural Scientists and Doctors was created , which became the model for numerous similar societies. Oken's thirteen-volume General Natural History for all classes contributed to the growing popularization of the natural sciences. Its official botanical author's abbreviation is " Oken ".

Growing up on a farm, Oken studied medicine for four years in Freiburg , where he received his doctorate in September 1804. Oken then continued his studies for a semester in Würzburg , where he heard, among other things, Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling's philosophy lectures. With his work Diezeugung , written in Würzburg , in which he intuitively anticipated the later cell theory , Oken received his habilitation in Göttingen and taught there as a private lecturer . A number of anatomical-embryological studies were carried out in Göttingen that made Oken known. At the end of July 1807, Okens was appointed Associate Professor of Medicine at the University of Jena . Five years later he also became a full professor of natural history in the philosophy faculty. In Jena, Oken gave lectures on mineralogy, botany, zoology, physiology, pathological anatomy and natural philosophy. In the encyclopedic and actually apolitical magazine Isis , of which he had been editor since 1816, Oken campaigned for the guarantee of freedom of the press . Under pressure from the states of the Holy Alliance , Oken was dismissed from university at the end of June 1819 due to this entry.

From 1821 to 1822 Oken taught as a private lecturer at the University of Basel . In December 1827, Oken was appointed full professor of physiology at the Ludwig Maximilians University, which was reopened in Munich . When he was to be transferred to the University of Erlangen on the instructions of the Bavarian state in 1832 , Oken resigned. Oken spent the last years of his life in Zurich since 1833 , where he worked as a full professor of natural history at the newly founded University of Zurich , of which he was the first rector until 1835.

Live and act

Origin and education

Oken's birthplace on a picture postcard from around 1880

Lorenz Oken was the son of the farmer Johann Adam Okenfuß and his wife Maria Anna Fröhle. He was born in Ortenau in the village of Bohlsbach near Offenburg . After the death of his mother († February 6, 1792) and his father († October 14, 1797), his stepbrother Mathias probably took care of him. His half-sister Katharina and his siblings Theresia (* 1771), Franziskus Michael (* 1776) and Magdalena (* 1783) also belonged to the family. Four other siblings died in early childhood. Oken owed his early school education to the teacher Josef Anton Herr and the Bohlsbach pastors Johann Georg Schwendemann and Anton Kohmann, who were influenced by Josephinism . From 1793 to autumn 1798 he attended the Franziskaner-Gymnasium in Offenburg. After Easter 1799 he switched to the collegiate school of the city of Baden . There Oken was taught physics, natural history and mathematics by Joseph Anton Maier († 1818) - to whom he dedicated his outline of the system of biology in 1805 - among others .

In the fall of 1800 Oken began under the Vice-Rector of Johann Leonhard Hug at the University of Freiburg , a medical school . Because of his excellent performance in all subjects, and because he had no parents or money, he was awarded a Sapienz scholarship of 120 guilders on November 26, 1801 . His teachers included Alois Nueffer (? –1822), the anatomist and physiologist Anton Laumayer (1765–1814), the botanist and chemist Franz Ignaz Menzinger (1745–1830) and the surgeon Johann Mathias Alexander Ecker . In Freiburg, Oken had access to a group of scholars around the State Councilor Josef Albert von Ittner , to which the poet Johann Georg Jacobi , the Orientalist Johann Leonhard Hug, the State Councilor Karl von Baden and Johann Mathias Alexander Ecker belonged. There he met Ittner's daughter Charlotte (1784–1874), with whom he was in a relationship for some time. On May 29, 1804, Oken asked the faculty for admission to the doctoral examination, which he passed in July. As Lorenz Okenfuß, he received his doctorate on September 1, 1804 . His dissertation , written in German , had the Latin title Febris synochalis biliosa cum typo tertiano et complicatione rheumatica .

Already in the summer of 1802, Oken's 22 octave - page overview of the outline of the system of philosophy of nature and the resulting theory of the senses was created , which was influenced by the romantic natural philosophy of Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling and which contained the basic ideas of Oken's later natural philosophy. Oken's teacher Ecker, to whom he gave the manuscript to read in November 1802, responded negatively: “What do you want with this mysticism? Nobody understands that as some of the newer natural philosophers now despised everywhere! I can tell you dear friend! That this smear may not be printed here because everything that Schellingsch is leads to atheism! ”After Oken had raised enough money, he had the font printed in Frankfurt am Main at his own expense.

Stay in Würzburg

Title page of Okens The Generation

Presumably with the intention of doing his habilitation , Oken moved to the University of Würzburg , where he matriculated as Lorenz Oken on November 7, 1804 . Oken only spent the winter semester 1804/1805 in Würzburg . During this time he heard materia medica from Martin Heinrich Köhler (approx. 1780–1812) and general therapy and clinic from Joseph Nikolaus Thomann (1764–1805). With Schelling, who had taught in Würzburg since 1803 and who soon frequented Oken's house, he could only hear his philosophy lectures, not those on aesthetics . Under Ignaz Döllinger , whose lectures on physiology and mineralogy Oken attended, he experimented with the formation of the intestinal canal in the embryo of mammals. One of the results of these investigations was his work The Procurement . In it he explained that everything organic consists of primordial vesicles , the "infusoria". Animals and plants are only their transformations. With this view he took intuitively later by Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann established cell theory anticipated.

Private lecturer in Göttingen

In accordance with Schelling's request, Oken moved to the University of Göttingen in the following semester to further develop his theory of the senses with Johann Friedrich Blumenbach . He arrived in Göttingen at the beginning of May 1805 and entered the university's register on May 17th . Oken was soon very disappointed with Blumenbach's ability to read aloud. Oken completed his habilitation with his work The Procurement , which was written in Würzburg, and was thus able to hold lectures as a private lecturer . On September 21, he announced two lectures in the course catalog of the Göttingische learned advertisements , on the one hand a lecture on "Biology, based on the total organism of nature", on the other hand a free lecture on "The doctrine of procreation". With an audience of eleven, Oken rated his biology lecture as well attended, as there were not even 50 medical students in Göttingen at the time.

In addition to working on his natural-philosophical animal system, Oken dealt with anatomical, embryological and osteological topics. On October 12, Karl Gustav Himly presented Oken's treatise on the intestinal canal to the Royal Society of Sciences in Göttingen . In January 1806, Christian Gottlob asked Heyne Oken to participate in the Göttingische learned advertisements . Oken's first contribution was a voluntary disclosure of his work, The Generation . Although Oken had not paid his habilitation fee, he was still able to show two lectures again in the spring of 1806. Oken intended to hold the lecture "Biology and Comparative Physiology" after his outline of the system of biology published the previous year , while he did not actually want to hold the second lecture on "The drug doctrine", as he admitted in a letter to Schelling.

In mid-April 1806, Friedrich Benjamin Osiander presented Oken's work on the inferior vena cava to the Göttingen Society . In the summer of 1806 Oken reviewed the magazine Memoirs de l'Academie Imperiale des Sciences, Litterature et Beaux-Arts de Turin for the Göttingen scholarly advertisements and discussed Georges Cuviers Leçons d'anatomie comparée . In September this was followed by a voluntary disclosure of his outline of the system of biology . At that time, Himly gave a lecture to the academy about Okens "Investigations ... about the oyster passages of mussels".

As early as August 1806, Oken was elected Assessor of the Royal Society of Sciences in Göttingen at the suggestion of Tobias Mayer . At the end of September, Oken began his trip to the North Sea , which he had planned for June 1806 , which presumably led him to Helmstedt via the Harz Mountains . He stayed in Braunschweig from October 9th to 14th and Oken spent October 14th to 17th in Hanover . From October 30th until April 1807 he worked on the island of Wangerooge . He lived with Vogt Tjark Friedrich Amann, carried out marine biology studies, worked as a doctor and completed his prize publication published in 1810 on the development and healing of umbilical hernias . After his return he was appointed correspondent of the Göttingen Society at Heyne's suggestion in May 1807. The last work he presented there on July 4, 1807 was his "Treatise ... on the Class Differences of Spinal Animals", which goes back to his research on Wangerooge.

Oken in Jena

First years as a professor

On July 30, 1807, Duke Carl August von Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach ordered Oken to be an extraordinary professor of medicine at the University of Jena . Abraham Eichstadt's negotiations with Oken probably go back to June 1807. Presumably a recommendation from Schelling or Himly led to contact with Oken. Eichstädt forwarded a written declaration by Oken that he was willing to obey a call to Christian Gottlob Voigt , who in turn recommended that Oken be called to Jena . Voigt wrote to the minister responsible for the university, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe , who was in Karlsbad at the time: “The acquisition of Dr. Oken from Göttingen for Jena will certainly give you pleasure. ”At the end of October 1807, Oken arrived in Jena. In the list of lectures beginning on October 19, it was announced under the heading Medicine that Oken would read about "The zoosophy and physiology" and "The philosophical meaning of the individual bones against each other". His inaugural lecture on November 9, 1807 was entitled On the Meaning of the Skull Bones . In it he presented his thesis, which was still developed in Göttingen, that the cranial bones are only a further development of vertebrae in evolutionary terms . On the descent from the Ilsenstein in the Harz Mountains, Oken had found the skull of a doe , at the sight of which a flash of inspiration ran through him, which he later described as follows: “Picked up, turned around, looked at and it was done. It's a spine! it struck me like a bolt of lightning through my marrow and bone - and since then the skull has been a spine. "

In the first years of his professorship he wrote the programmatic writings About the Universe as a continuation of the solar system (Easter holidays 1808), First ideas on the theory of light, darkness, colors and warmth (autumn holidays 1808), basic drawing of the natural system of ores (Easter holidays 1809) and on the value of natural history, especially for the education of Germans (autumn vacation 1809) and his three-part textbook on natural philosophy (1809-1811), which helped to consolidate his reputation as a natural philosopher. In his Schelling and Henrik Steffens dedicated textbook of natural philosophy developed Oken founded a mathematical symbolism of Giordano Bruno De Monad Numero et Figura ajar, monads . During this time he also wrote his first political pamphlet with the title Okens Thoughts on a New Art of War (autumn vacation 1811). In 1810, Oken was appointed councilor because of his services .

In November 1811 Oken received a confidential inquiry as to whether he would be willing to take over the chair of natural history at the University of Rostock , which had been vacant since Heinrich Friedrich Link's appointment to Breslau . The appointment did not materialize because the Rostock professors Samuel Gottlieb Vogel , Wilhelm Josephi , Georg Heinrich Masius (1771–1823) and Karl Ernst Theodor Brandenburg (1772–1827) found Oken's natural philosophy incomprehensible. However, the Weimar government tried to keep Oken in Jena. This led to the fact that at the beginning of 1812 he was awarded a full honorary professorship in the faculty of philosophy, with the privilege of being able to call himself a professor of natural history, "in view of the applause he gained particularly through his philosophical and natural history lectures." Oken gave lectures on mineralogy, botany, zoology, physiology, pathological anatomy and natural philosophy.

In 1814 Oken married Louise Stark (1784–1862), a daughter of the Jenenser physician Johann Christian Stark . With her he had two children: their daughter Clothilde (1815–1873) and their son Offo (1816–1842).

Isis or Encyclopedic Newspaper

Title head of Isis

In April 1814 Oken offered the publisher Friedrich Arnold Brockhaus his font New Armament, New France, New Theutschland for printing. From this first contact, a long-term collaboration developed, which was only ended when Brockhaus died in the summer of 1823. Oken made contributions to Brockhaus' Conversations-Lexikon and was since June 1815 at the latest a collaborator in the German papers published by Brockhaus after the Battle of the Nations near Leipzig since October 1813 . Presumably at the end of June / beginning of July 1815 Oken took over the editing of the daily history , a supplement to the Deutsche Blätter , which was devoted to daily politics and for which he wrote and edited numbers 1 to 16. After the end of the wars of liberation , the circulation of Deutsche Blätter dropped significantly, so that Brockhaus was forced to discontinue the magazine in March 1816. Oken, who regretted this step, presented Brockhaus with his concept of an encyclopedic and apolitical journal , the focus of which was to focus on articles on natural science and medicine , technology and economy, as well as art and history . The first issue of the magazine, titled after the Egyptian goddess Isis , appeared on August 1, 1816. Its publication formed a major focus in Oken's work for over thirty years until 1848.

A component of the liberal constitution that came into force on May 15, 1816 under Grand Duke Carl August in the Duchy of Saxony-Weimar-Eisenach was freedom of the press , and Oken vehemently advocated its implementation. The result were numerous, sometimes overlapping, trials against Oken and Isis . Shortly after the first editions appeared, the editor of the Jenaische Allgemeine Literatur-Zeitung Abraham Eichstädt , who had the exclusive right to publish reviews , obtained a first temporary ban on Isis . Forebodingly, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe commented on the events on July 30, 1816 in his diary with the comment: "Isis as Hydra". When Oken openly criticized this constitution in issues nine to twelve of Isis , there was renewed indictment , among other things for allegedly insulting the highest regent dignity. Goethe, whom the Grand Duke had asked for a statement, recommended not to prosecute Oken personally, but to take action against the Isis printer and thus enforce a printing ban on the magazine. Carl August did not follow Goethe's advice but stopped prosecuting. However, before the end of 1816, Isis was banned in Austria.

During the Wartburg Festival organized by the Jenenser Urburschenschaft , in which Oken and the Jenenser Professors Dietrich Georg von Kieser , Heinrich Luden and Jakob Friedrich Fries took part, and at which Oken gave a speech, there was a car dairy on the evening of October 18, 1817 , on which books and some other items were burned. A fortnight later, Oken published a report on the meeting at the Wartburg, which also contained a list of the burned books and objects with mockery marks. Under pressure from the chief director of the Prussian Police Ministry in Berlin, Karl Albert von Kamptz , this issue of Isis was confiscated and printing of Isis was temporarily prohibited. Oken was charged and on January 24, 1818 sentenced to six weeks imprisonment for "offenses against the highest regent dignity of the sovereign, offenses against the official dignity of the upper state authorities and the academic senate of Jena, denigrating German rulers and governments and insulting foreign official authorities". Oken's appeal to the Jena Higher Appeal Court was successful and he was acquitted on April 29, 1818.

When Oken overruled a printing ban on an article written by Luden about one of the numerous bulletins written by August von Kotzebue for Russian Tsar Alexander I , Isis was banned again on January 31, 1818 and could not appear again until the end of April. Luden and Oken were each sentenced to three months' imprisonment and a fine of 60 thalers. Oken paid the fine.

The attacks from the states of the Holy Alliance on Okens Isis did not end. As Oken on one on the Aachen Congress I. in the autumn of 1818 by the Russian Tsar Alexander distributed anonymous memorandum Alexander Skarlatowitsch Sturdsas (1791-1854) entitled Memoire sur l'état actuel de l'Allemagne responded in which Sturdsa on expressed dangerous activities at the German universities, pressure from the Russian envoy at the Saxon court Vasily Wassiljewitsch Chanykow (1759–1829) brought another indictment against Oken on April 20, 1819. Grand Duke Carl August von Weimar and Duke August von Gotha instructed the Senate of the University of Jena on May 11th to present Oken with the alternative of either terminating Isis or resigning his professorship. Oken reacted evasively: “I have no answer to the request made to me. Perhaps one has also come to other views that an answer is unnecessary. ”On June 1, 1819, Duke Karl Friedrich, on behalf of his father, ordered Oken to be dismissed and his salary withheld from June 15 onwards. The same order from the Duchy of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg followed six days later. On June 26, 1819, the printing of Isis was provisionally prohibited.

On August 26, 1818, under the presidency of Christian Gottfried Nees von Esenbeck with the nickname Hercules , Oken was accepted into the Imperial Leopoldine-Carolinian German Academy of Natural Sciences and was appointed adjunct ten days later .

After the dismissal

In the summer of 1821 - the exact dates of his stay are not known - Oken traveled to Paris to clarify the systematic position of the Klippschliefers ( Hyrax capensis ) in the extensive anatomical collection of the Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, which was largely built up by Georges Cuvier . During his stay he was a guest of Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire . In Paris, Oken edited an outline of some of his writings under the title Esquisse du système d'anatomie, de physiologie et d'histoire naturelle . Oken was back in Jena by mid-November 1821 at the latest, as he reported on his stay in Paris when he was baptized by Johann Wolfgang Döbereiner . In Isis , Oken later expressed himself enthusiastically about the Paris natural history collections.

While still in Paris, Oken wrote to the rector of the University of Basel, Johann Rudolf Buxtorf, and the Lord Mayor of Basel, Johann Heinrich Wieland , asking for permission to hold lectures in the winter semester from November 1821 to May 1822. The Basel Education Council approved Oken's request on September 10th. In the Basel course catalog, Oken announced a lecture on natural philosophy, natural history and physiology, which, if desired, he would also hold in French. In March 1822, Oken announced to the university management that he was interested in a full professorship at the medical faculty. After inquiries about Oken had been made, and these were in his favor, the university administration recommended on March 30, 1822 that Oken be appointed full professor of medicine at the university. It has not yet been clarified why the appointment ultimately did not materialize and why the Mannheim physician Karl Gustav Jung was appointed in place of Oken .

Inspired by the founding of the Swiss Society for Natural Research in 1815 , the third meeting of which Oken had attended in Zurich in 1817, Oken pursued the goal of giving German naturalists an opportunity to get to know each other and to exchange ideas. He published his first call for a meeting of German naturalists in his journal Isis . From September 18 to 23, 1822, around 20 researchers met in Leipzig and founded the Society of German Natural Scientists and Doctors . By 1830 Oken took part in the next eight meetings in Halle, Würzburg, Frankfurt, Dresden, Munich, Berlin, Heidelberg, Hamburg and was then again a guest at the fifteenth meeting in Freiburg in 1838. Following the example of the Society of German Natural Scientists and Doctors initiated by Oken, several similar associations emerged in Europe, for example the British Association for the Advancement of Science .

Professorship in Munich

In November 1826, the Ludwig Maximilians University , which had been relocated from Landshut to Munich , was reopened in the premises of the Wilhelminum . The Bavarian King Ludwig I endeavored to engage as many foreign scholars as possible at the university. The negotiations with Oken ran, at least in part, through the Munich doctor Johann Nepomuk Ringseis . In the spring of 1827, Oken and his family moved from Jena to Munich. In the same year, he taught human physiology as well as natural history and natural philosophy as a private lecturer. By royal decree, Oken was appointed full professor of physiology at the medical faculty in December 1827 . Shortly afterwards he became a full member of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences .

In Munich there was always friction and disagreement with colleagues. When Schwäbische Merkur and other newspapers reported on his alleged transfer to the University of Würzburg in March 1830 , Oken vehemently contradicted this account. In the newspaper Das Inland. A daily newspaper for public life in Germany, with excellent consideration for Bavaria , there were then a series of mostly anonymous articles in which Oken's excessive borrowings from the Royal Court Library and the zoological-zootomics collection of the Academy and their negligent use were the subject of discussion. Oken tried to rebut the allegations and even had a letter printed from the student Wilhelm Schimper who tried to justify Oken's behavior. At the end of May the debate ended with a reply from the head of the zoological and zootomic collection Gotthilf Heinrich von Schubert and a decree about the use of the state collections for lecture purposes.

In a letter dated April 3, 1832, the Minister of the Interior, Ludwig Fürst von Oettingen-Wallerstein, informed Oken of his transfer to the University of Erlangen as Professor of Zoology . Oken objected to this arbitrary act and was reinforced in his opinion by the university senate. The Bavarian Ministry of the Interior rejected Oken's objections in a response on July 9th. In mid-October 1832, he agreed to accept a formal call from the University of Erlangen. The Ministry of the Interior instructed Oken on October 25th to start his apprenticeship in Erlangen within 14 days or to leave the Bavarian civil service. Oken then resigned his professorship on November 6 and was dismissed from civil service at the end of November 1832.

On December 12, 1832 Oken was accepted as a foreign member in the sixth grade of the Swedish Kungliga Vetenskapsakademien .

End of life in Zurich

Oken's death mask

On October 31, 1832, Adolf Ludwig Follen asked Oken in a letter that he wrote at the request of the Zurich Mayor and President of the Education Council, Bernhard Hirzel , whether Oken was ready to accept an appointment at the new University of Zurich . Oken agreed and was appointed full professor of natural history, natural philosophy and human physiology at the Philosophical Faculty with effect from January 5, 1833. During a meeting of the Zurich Education Council on April 20, Oken was also elected the first rector of the University of Zurich. Oken, who arrived in Zurich two days later , held the post of rector of the university, which was officially inaugurated on April 29, 1833, until 1835. His immediate successor was Heinrich Christian Michael Rettig .

In the fall of 1836, Oken advocated the acceptance of Georg Büchner's work on the barbel nervous system as a habilitation thesis, which he wrote in Strasbourg, and advocated his appointment as a private lecturer. In Zurich, Oken was able to realize his plan to compose a popular natural history of the three natural kingdoms of minerals , plants and animals that is understandable and accessible to everyone . Between 1833 and 1841, the thirteen volumes of General Natural History were created for all statuses , which were supplemented by an image atlas and a universal register in the following two years. This work by Oken was an important role model for Alfred Brehm when drafting his animal life . The third, revised edition of his textbook on natural philosophy was published in Zurich in 1843 and was translated into English in 1847.

Oken failed twice in votes to become a member of the French Académie des Sciences . When a new corresponding member was elected for the anatomy and zoology section in 1839, he was defeated in the vote by Richard Owen . A year later, after the death of Heinrich Wilhelm Olbers, the vacant eighth position of the external members of the Académie des Sciences was filled with Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel . Oken received only the vote of Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire in the election . When another election was due in 1844, Oken refused his nomination. When La Société Cuvierienne was founded in 1838 , he was one of the 140 founding members of the society.

On August 11, 1851, Lorenz Oken died in Zurich of peritonitis that had developed from a long-term urinary bladder problem . He was buried in the Jacobsfriedhof in Zurich. On the evening of the funeral, students held a torchlight procession to Oken's grave and Carl Cramer , who later became professor of botany , spoke a few words of farewell. The university did not acknowledge Oken's work until November 1, 1851, when the physiologist and then dean of the medical faculty Carl Ludwig gave a commemorative speech, excerpts of which were printed in the Neue Zürcher Zeitung . Since April 29, 1898, the joint grave of Okens and his daughter Clothilde has been in the Sihlfeld cemetery in Zurich. On the occasion of the hundredth anniversary of his death in 1951, the University of Zurich had an inscription affixed there. The influential London magazine The Athenaeum published an obituary on September 6, 1851.

Reception and aftermath

reception

In 1856 Richard Owen placed this plate in front of the reprint of his work The Principal Forms of the Skeleton and the Teeth , which shows him between Cuvier and Oken.

Although Lorenz Oken's work was widely received by his contemporaries in the first half of the 19th century, and he especially had a lasting influence on the morphological methodology of the British Richard Owen , it was increasingly forgotten. On the occasion of the hundredth anniversary of the Society of German Natural Scientists and Doctors , the German historian of science Julius Schuster drew attention to Oken's importance for the history of science and in 1939 published a reprint of Oken's programmatic writings. Details of Oken's biography have been investigated by Rudolph Zaunick , Max Pfannenstiel and Hermann Bräuning-Oktavio from that time until the 1950s . From 1997 Oken moved back into the focus of current research. On November 16 and 17, 2000, one of the collaborative research centers “Weimar - Jena. Culture around 1800 ”in cooperation with the Jenenser Haeckelhaus and the city of Offenburg, the conference“ Lorenz Oken - a political natural philosopher ”took place. This resulted in the anthology of the same title published in 2001 on the occasion of the return of the 150th anniversary of his death. Also on this occasion, a symposium took place in Offenburg on October 19 and 20, 2001 under the patronage of the Society of German Natural Scientists and Doctors under the motto “Freedom and Responsibility in Research”. Since 2006, the Friedrich Schiller University Jena has been studying the importance of Isis for scientific communication and the popularization of the natural sciences in the first half of the 19th century in a project funded by the German Research Foundation .

The writer Arno Schmidt addressed Oken's word creations as part of his tale Schwänze (in the anthology Rural Stories ).

Awards and recognition

Memorial plaque on the pan handle
The bust for the Lorenz Oken monument in Jena , inaugurated in 1857, was created by Friedrich Drake .

In November 1816 the University of Giessen awarded him an honorary doctorate in philosophy . In 1822 Oken became an honorary member of the Swiss Natural Research Society and in 1843 a real honorary member of the Natural Research Society in Emden .

Franz von Kobell named the mineral okenite in honor of Oken in 1828 . In 1830, Diederich Franz Leonhard von Schlechtendal and Adelbert von Chamisso named the plant genus Okenia from the family of the miraculous flower plants after him.

Shortly after Oken's death, the Jenens professors Dietrich Georg von Kieser , Emil Huschke and Friedrich Wilhelm Theile called on September 1, 1851 to subscribe to an Oken monument in Jena. By the end of 1851, the estimated sum of 2000 Thalers had almost come together. Among the numerous donors was Napoléon Bonaparte, who later became Napoleon III. Became Emperor of the French. The Berlin sculptor Friedrich Drake , who completed it in 1852, was commissioned to make the bust . The Eichplatz in Jena was originally intended as the installation site, but the city administration prevented this. For the bust was a pedestal of eclogite created. The inauguration at Fürstengraben did not take place until September 18, 1857. The current inscription was added later. A memorial plaque in his honor was unveiled on June 25, 1854 on the Zurich Pfannenstiel . The Okendenkmal in Offenburg, designed by Hermann Volz , was inaugurated on July 29, 1883. The Black Forest Association sold a postcard from Oken's birthplace and a commemorative coin on the occasion of his 100th birthday to finance the monument . After it had to make way for parking spaces in 1938, it was re-erected at the Franz-Volk-Garten in Offenburg in 1949.

The lunar crater Oken was named after him by the International Astronomical Union in 1935 , as was the asteroid (46563) Oken in 2003 . The Society of German Natural Scientists and Doctors has been awarding the Lorenz Oken Medal every two years since 1984 .

There are Okenstrasse in Freiburg, Jena, Karlsruhe, Nuremberg, Offenburg and Zurich.

estate

The largest part of Oken's estate is in the Freiburg University Library . It comes from an estate donation from May 1883, which the Würzburg district administrator Hermann Reuss, son of Oken's daughter Clothilde and her husband Andreas Reuss, made. His son, Major Paul Reuss from Traunstein, bequeathed other items in his possession to an extensive relative, the businessman Oskar Ockenfuss in Karlsruhe, when he died in 1958. In 1959, he first donated the three family-owned oil paintings by Lorenz Oken to the University of Freiburg and in 1962 gave it two silver cups and the gold Okens watch. The Freiburg estate was digitized between 2002 and 2003 and can be accessed via the Kalliope database .

In the Thuringian University and State Library , letters from the years 1801 to 1837 and college postscripts are kept. Another collection of letters is in the possession of the Bayerische Staatsbibliothek .

Fonts (selection)

Original editions

  • Overview of the outline of the system of philosophy of nature and the resulting theory of the senses . PW Eichenberg, Frankfurt am Main [1803] (PDF; 103 kB) .
  • Outline of the system of biology. For the sake of his lectures . Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 1805 (online) . Digitized and full text in the German text archive
    • also as: Outline of natural philosophy. Definitely the basis of his lectures on biology . Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 1805 - without dedication.
  • The procreation . Joseph Anton Goebhardt, Bamberg / Würzburg 1805 (online) .
  • Contributions to comparative zoology, anatomy and physiology . Joseph Anton Goebhardt, Bamberg / Würzburg 1806–1807. - as editor with Dietrich Georg Kieser.
    • I. issue. 1806 (online) . In this:
      • Preface . Pp. I-XIV.
      • Anatomical-physiological investigations carried out in pig fetus, pig embryos and dog embryos to solve the problem of the umbilical vesicle . Pp. 1-4.
      • Anatomy of eleven almost mature pig fetus to determine the importance and function of the appendices allantoidis . Pp. 5-58.
      • Anatomy of five pig embryos not yet four weeks old to solve the problem of the umbilical vesicle . Pp. 59-102.
      • Development of the scientific systematics of animals . Pp. 103-122.
    • II. Issue. 1807 (online) . In this:
      • Anatomy of three dog embryos twenty days after occupation, in which the intestines had recently separated from the intestinal vesicle . Pp. 1-26.
      • Proof that all mammals have the intestinal bladder (vesica omphalo-mesenterica) and that the intestines have their origin from it . Pp. 29-87.
  • On the respiratory process of the fetus . In: Lucina. Journal for perfecting the art of delivery . Volume 3, Issue 3, 1806.
  • Idea of ​​pharmacology as a science . In: Yearbooks of Medicin as Science. Second volume, first issue . Tübingen 1807, pp. 75-94. - published 1809.
  • About the importance of the skull bones. A program at the beginning of the professorship at the Gesammt-Universität zu Jena . Christian Gottfried Göpferdt, Jena 1807 (online) .
  • First ideas on the theory of light, darkness, colors and warmth . Friedrich Frommann, Jena 1808 (online)
  • About the universe as a continuation of the sensory system. A Pythagorean fragment . Friedrich Frommann, Jena 1808 (online) .
  • Basic drawing of the natural system of ores . Friedrich Frommann, Jena 1809 (online) .
  • Newton's first proof of the different breakability of light rays, which is supposed to produce the difference in colors, refuted by Oken . In: Journal for Chemistry, Physics and Mineralogy . Volume 8, Berlin 1809, pp. 269-276 (online) .
  • On the value of natural history, especially for the education of Germans. (Academic speech) Friedrich Frommann, Jena 1809 (online) .
  • Textbook of natural philosophy . Frommann, Jena 1809-1811.
    • First part and second part . 1809. [Part 1: Mathesis. From the whole. Part 2: Ontology. From the individual ] (online) .
    • Third part. First and second piece . 1810 [ Pneumatology. Of the whole in detail ]. (online) .
    • Third part. Third, last piece . 1811 [ Pneumatology. Of the whole in detail ]. (online) .
      • 2nd, revised edition. Frommann, Jena 1831 (online) .
      • 3rd, revised edition. Friedrich Schultheiß, Zurich 1843 (online) .
      • Elements of Physiophilosophy . London 1847 (online) . Translation into English by Alfred Tulk.
  • Prize paper on the development and healing of umbilical hernias . Philipp Krüll, Landshut 1810 (online) .
  • About the knowledge of the mussel animal from the shell, and about the natural classification of the shellfish based on it . In: Göttingische learned advertisements, under the supervision of the Königl. Society of Sciences. The third volume to the year 1810 . Part 169, October 22, 1810, pp. 1681-1688 (online) .
  • Textbook of natural history . 1813-1826.
    • First part: mineralogy . Carl Heinrich Reclam, Leipzig 1813 (online) .
    • Second part: botany
      • Second section, first half: pith and stem plants . August Schmid & Comp., Jena 1825 (online) .
      • Second division, second half: flower and fruit plants . August Schmid & Comp., Jena 1826 (online) .
    • Third part: zoology
      • First Division: Meatless Animals . August Schmid & Comp., Jena 1815 (online) .
      • Second division: meat animals . August Schmid & Comp., Jena 1816 (online) .
  • Outline of Oken's philosophical plant system . In: New Botanical Garden Journal . Volume 1, Issue 1, 1813, pp. 3-110 (online) .
  • Remarks on Macartney's Observations on Luminous Animals . In: New journal for chemistry and physics . Volume 12, Issue 3, 1814, pp. 342-346 (online) .
  • New armament, new France, new Theutschland . Cröker, Jena 1814 (online) .
  • Oken's reflections on a new art of war . In: New armament, new France, new Theutschland . Cröker, Jena 1814, pp. 1-30 (online) .
  • Donna Pedegache, the miracle seer: Along with related remarks . In: Curiosities of the physical-literary-artistic-historical past and present . Volume 5, 1816, pp. 352-359 (online) .
  • Outline of Oken's philosophical plant system . Weimar 1817.
  • About Okens Urthel . In: Bremer Zeitung . Number 85/86, 26./27. March 1818 (online) .
  • Esquisse du système d'anatomie, de physiologie et d'histoire naturelle . Paris 1821.
  • Natural history for schools . Brockhaus, Leipzig 1821 (online) .
  • Description and dissection of a Bradypus torquatus fetus . In: Maximilian zu Wied: Contributions to the natural history of Brazil . Volume 2, Weimar 1826, pp. 496-500 (online) .
  • Comparison of the skulls of Bradypus torquatus and Bradypus tridactylus . In: Maximilian zu Wied: Contributions to the natural history of Brazil . Volume 2, Weimar 1826, pp. 500-511 (online) .
  • Talk about the law of numbers in the vertebrae of man . Lindauer, Munich [1828] (online) .
  • Speech by the Rector of the University, Mr. Professor L. Oken . In: Speeches given at the inauguration of the Zurich University on April 29, 1833 . Zurich 1833 (online) .
  • For the inclusion of the natural sciences in general teaching . In: Abroad. A daily newspaper for the knowledge of the spiritual and moral life of the peoples . Volume 2, number 333/334, Cotta, Munich 29./30. November 1829, pp. 1329-1333 (online) .
  • General natural history for all estates . Carl Hoffmann, Stuttgart 1833-1841.
    • First volume. Mineralogy and Geognosy . Edited by Friedrich August Walchner , 1839 (online) .
    • Volume Two or Botany First Volume . 1839 (online) .
    • Third volume, first division or botany, second volume, first division. Pith and stem plants . 1841 (online) .
    • Third volume, third division or botany, second volume, third division. Fruit plants . 1841 (online) .
    • Third volume, second division or botany, second volume, second division. Stem and flowering plants . 1841 (online) .
    • Fourth volume, or Thiereich, first volume . 1833 (online) .
    • Fifth volume, first division or Thierreich, second volume, first division . 1835 (online) .
    • Fifth volume, second division or Thierreich, second volume, second division . 1835 (online) .
    • Fifth volume, third division or animal kingdom, second volume, last division . 1836 (online) .
    • Sixth volume, or Thierreich third volume . 1836 (online) .
    • Seventh volume, first division, or Thierreich fourth volume, first division. Birds . 1837 (online) .
    • Seventh volume, second division, or Thierreich, fourth volume, second division. Mammals 1 . 1838 (online) .
    • Seventh volume, third division, or Thierreich, fourth volume, third division. Mammals 2. End of the animal kingdom . 1838 (online) .
  • Idées sur la classification des Animaux . In: Annales des sciences naturelles . 2nd episode, Volume 14, Paris 1840, pp. 247-268 (online) .
  • Oken's anatomical atlas in steel engraving. Especially reprinted from its illustrations for its general natural history . Carl Hoffmann, Stuttgart 1840 (online) .
  • Universal register on Oken's general natural history . Carl Hoffmann, Stuttgart 1842 (online) .
  • Illustrations of Oken's general natural history for all booths . Carl Hoffmann, Stuttgart 1843 (online) , (online)
  • [ Preface ]. In: The microscopic institute by August Menzel and Comp. 1st issue, Zurich 1851.

Modern editions

  • Julius Schuster (ed.): Lorenz Oken: Collected writings. The seven programs on natural philosophy, physics, mineralogy, comparative anatomy and physiology . Keiper, Berlin 1939 (online) .
  • Textbook of natural philosophy . Reprint of the 3rd, revised edition Zurich 1843 by Friedrich Schulthess. Olms, Hildesheim / Zurich / New York 1991, ISBN 3-487-09453-3 .
  • Thomas Bach, Olaf Breidbach, Dietrich von Engelhardt (eds.): Lorenz Oken: Collected works . Hermann Böhlaus successor, Weimar 2007–2012, ISBN 978-3-7400-1170-3 .

Contemporary reviews (selection)

  • Joseph Görres : Overview of the outline of the system of natural philosophy and the resulting theory of the senses . In: Jenaische Allgemeine Literatur-Zeitung . Volume 2, Volume 1, Number 59, March 11, 1805, Col. 471-472 (online) .
  • [Anonymous]: Bamberg and Würzburg by Joseph Anton Göbhardt: The procreation, from Oken. 1805 216 p. in 8vo . In: Johann Jakob Hartenkeil (Ed.): Medicinisch-chirurgische Zeitung. First volume 1806 . Number 5, Salzburg January 16, 1806, pp. 81-96 (online) .
  • Christian Gottfried Daniel Nees von Esenbeck : Bamberg u. Würzburg, b. Goebhardt: The procreation, by Dr. Ok 1805. 216 p. 8. (1 Rthlr. 4 gr.) . In: Jenaische Allgemeine Literatur-Zeitung . 3rd Volume, Volume 2, Number 147, June 23, 1806, Col. 561-565 (online) .
  • [Anonymous]: About the importance of the skull bones. A program at the beginning of the professorship at the GesammtUniversität zu Jena by Dr. Oken, corresp. Member of the Soc. the scient. to Göttingen. Jena, near Göbhardt in Bamberg. 1807. 4. 18 p. (4 gr.) . In Neue Leipziger Literaturzeitung . Part 144, November 16, 1807, Col. 2289-2294 (online) .
  • Christian Gottfried Daniel Nees von Esenbeck: Göttingen, b. Vandenhoeck and Ruprecht: Outline of the System of Biology, by Dr. Ok For the sake of his lectures. 1805. 206, p. 8. (12 gr.) . In: Jenaische Allgemeine Literatur-Zeitung . 5th Volume, Volume 2, Number 89, April 15, 1808, Col. 97-102 (online) .
  • [Anonymous]: 1. About light and warmth by Oken, Doctor and Professor in Jena. 1808. (10 gr.); 2. Textbook of Natural Philosophy, by Oken. First and Second Part. Jena, by Friedrich Frommann. 1809. (1 Rthlr.). In: Heidelberg Year Books of Literature for Theology, Philosophy and Pedagogy . Volume 3, Issue 3, 1810, pp. 97–126 (online)

literature

Biographical abstracts

On biographical details

  • Helmut Bender: Lorenz Oken and the Freiburg University . In: Badische Heimat . Volume 57, 1977, pp. 107-110.
  • Hermann Bräuning-Oktavio : Oken and Goethe in the light of new sources . Weimar 1959.
  • Hermann Bräuning-Oktavio: Oken in Göttingen . In: Reports of the Natural Research Society of Freiburg . Volume 48, 1958, pp. 5-64.
  • Otto Clemen: A visit to Lorenz Oken in Zurich in November 1836 . In: Archives for the History of Medicine . Vol. 15, 1923, pp. 147-152 (JSTOR) .
  • Heinz Degen: Lorenz Oken and his Isis around the founding time of the Society of German Natural Scientists and Doctors . In: Naturwissenschaftliche Rundschau . Volume 8, 1955, pp. 145-150, 180-189.
  • Heinz Degen: The founding history of the Society of German Natural Scientists and Doctors . In: Naturwissenschaftliche Rundschau . Volume 8, 1955, pp. 421-427, 472-480.
  • Alexander Ecker: Lorenz Oken. A biographical sketch . E. Schweizerbart, Stuttgart 1880.
  • Peter van Hasselt: Lorenz Oken in Basel . In: Bern contributions to the history of medicine and the natural sciences . Number 6, 1946.
  • Rudolph Zaunick (Ed.): Lorenz Oken and the University of Freiburg i. Br. First section of a collection of sources edited for the Society of German Natural Scientists and Doctors: From the life and work of Lorenz Oken, the founder of the German natural scientist meetings . In: Sudhoff's archive for the history of medicine and the natural sciences . Volume 31, Issue 6, 1938, pp. 365-403, 410 (JSTOR) .
  • Rudolph Zaunick, Max Pfannenstiel : From the life and work of Lorenz Oken: the founder of the German natural scientist meetings: A collection of sources on behalf of the Society of German Natural Scientists and Doctors. Second section: Lorenz Oken and JW von Goethe . In: Sudhoff's archive for the history of medicine and the natural sciences . Volume 33, Issue 3/4, 1941, pp. 113-173 (JSTOR) .

To the reception

  • Walter Brednow: Lorenz Oken. On the 100th anniversary of his death . In: Reports of the Natural Research Society of Freiburg . Volume 42, 1952, pp. 115-141.
  • Olaf Breidbach, Hans-Joachim Fliedner, Klaus Ries (eds.): Lorenz Oken (1779-1851). A political natural philosopher . Hermann Böhlaus successor, Weimar 2001, ISBN 3-7400-1165-3 .
  • Dietrich von Engelhardt, Jürgen Nolte: From freedom and responsibility in research: Symposium on the 150th anniversary of the death of Lorenz Oken (1779-1851) . Series of publications on the history of the gatherings of German natural scientists and doctors, Volume 9, Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellschaft, Stuttgart 2002, ISBN 3-8047-1955-4 .
  • Karl Güttler: Lorenz Oken and his relationship to modern evolutionary theory: A contribution to the history of natural philosophy . E. Bidder, Leipzig 1884 (online) .
  • Arnold Lang: Laurentius Oken, the first rector of the Zurich University . In: Quarterly publication of the Natural Research Society in Zurich Volume 43, Zurich 1898, pp. 109–124 (online) .
  • Friedrich Maurer: Lorenz Oken, his life and work. Commemorative speech given in the auditorium of the University of Jena on the occasion of the meeting of the Medical and Natural Science Society on January 31, 1930 . In: Jenaische Zeitschrift für Naturwissenschaft . Volume 64, 1930, pp. 531-550.
  • Sibille Mischer: The intertwined train of the soul: nature, organism and development in Schelling, Steffens and Oken. Königshausen & Neumann, Würzburg 1997, ISBN 3-8260-1331-X
  • Bernhard Milt: Lorenz Oken and his natural philosophy . In: Quarterly publication of the Natural Research Society in Zurich . Volume 96, 1951, pp. 181-202.
  • Pierce C. Mullen: The Romantic as Scientist: Lorenz Oken . In: Studies in Romanticism . Volume 16, Number 3, 1977, pp. 381-399 (JSTOR) .
  • Janina Wellmann: Paris pilgrimages: German-French science transfer using the example of Lorenz Okens and Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire . In: Francia. Research on Western European History . Volume 27, number 3, Thorbecke, Stuttgart 2000, pp. 25-48 (online) .

Others

  • Catalog of the library of Laurentius Oken which is to be auctioned publicly on May 17, 1853 in Zurich against cash payment . JJ Ulrich, Zurich 1852 (online) .
  • Emil Huschke : L. Oken. Commemorative speech given on September 18 at the meeting of naturalists in Gotha . In: Academic monthly . Herrmann Bethmann, Leipzig 1851, pp. 494-506 (online) .

Individual evidence

Secondary literature
  1. ↑ Wolfgang M. Gall: "... with a keen eye and a strong mind." Childhood, youth in Bohlsbach - studies in Freiburg: Lorenz Okenfuß - A critical search for traces (1779–1804) . In: Olaf Breidbach, Hans-Joachim Fliedner, Klaus Ries (eds.): Lorenz Oken (1779–1851). A political natural philosopher . 2001, pp. 36-38.
  2. ↑ Julius Mayer: Lyceum Director Joseph Loreye in Rastatt and Alban Stolz . In: Freiburg Diocesan Archive . New series, Volume 25, 1924, p. 130 ( PDF ).
  3. ^ JB Trenkle: History of the parish and the collegiate monastery in Baden-Baden . In: Freiburg Diocesan Archive . Volume 20, 1889, p. 77 ( PDF ).
  4. ↑ Wolfgang M. Gall: "... with a keen eye and a strong mind." Childhood, youth in Bohlsbach - studies in Freiburg: Lorenz Okenfuß - A critical search for traces (1779–1804) . In: Olaf Breidbach, Hans-Joachim Fliedner, Klaus Ries (eds.): Lorenz Oken (1779–1851). A political natural philosopher . 2001, pp. 41-43.
  5. ↑ Alexander Ecker: Lorenz Oken. A biographical sketch . 1880, p. 48.
  6. ↑ Alexander Ecker: Lorenz Oken. A biographical sketch . 1880, pp. 49-50.
  7. ↑ Wolfgang M. Gall: "... with a keen eye and a strong mind." Childhood, youth in Bohlsbach - studies in Freiburg: Lorenz Okenfuß - A critical search for traces (1779–1804) . In: Olaf Breidbach, Hans-Joachim Fliedner, Klaus Ries (eds.): Lorenz Oken (1779–1851). A political natural philosopher . 2001, pp. 43-47.
  8. ↑ Werner E. Gerabek : Lorenz Oken and the medicine of romanticism. The Würzburg time of the natural scientist (1804–1805) . In: Olaf Breidbach, Hans-Joachim Fliedner, Klaus Ries (eds.): Lorenz Oken (1779–1851). A political natural philosopher . 2001, pp. 59-62.
  9. ↑ Lorenz Oken to Matthias Keller, letter of November 28, 1802. In: Olaf Breidbach, Hans-Joachim Fliedner, Klaus Ries (eds.): Lorenz Oken (1779-1851). A political natural philosopher . 2001, p. 45.
  10. ↑ Alexander Ecker: Lorenz Oken. A biographical sketch . 1880, p. 9.
  11. ↑ Werner E. Gerabek : Lorenz Oken and the medicine of romanticism. The Würzburg time of the natural scientist (1804–1805) . In: Olaf Breidbach, Hans-Joachim Fliedner, Klaus Ries (eds.): Lorenz Oken (1779–1851). A political natural philosopher . 2001, pp. 56-58.
  12. ↑ Götz von Selle (ed.): The register of the Georg-August-Universität zu Göttingen, 1734-1837 . A. Lax, Hildesheim / Leipzig 1937, p. 455.
  13. ^ Oken to Schelling . January 7, 1806. In: Alexander Ecker: Lorenz Oken. A biographical sketch . 1880, pp. 191-192.
  14. ^ Oken to Schelling . March 8, 1806. In: Alexander Ecker: Lorenz Oken. A biographical sketch . 1880, pp. 195-196.
  15. ^ Hermann Bräuning-Oktavio: Oken in Göttingen . 1958, pp. 18-19.
  16. ↑ Thomas Bach: "What is the animal kingdom different from the anatomical man ...?" Oken in Göttingen (1805-1807). In: Olaf Breidbach, Hans-Joachim Fliedner, Klaus Ries (eds.): Lorenz Oken (1779–1851). A political natural philosopher . 2001, pp. 73-84.
  17. ^ Hermann Bräuning-Oktavio: Oken and Goethe in the light of new sources . 1959, pp. 9-12.
  18. ↑ 223. Voigt to Goethe, Weimar, August 17, 1807 . In: Hans Tümmler (Ed.): Goethe's correspondence with Christian Gottlob Voigt. Volume III . Writings of the Goethe Society, Volume 55, p. 176.
  19. ^ Oken to Goethe, Jena, October 23, 1807 . In: Max Pfannenstiel: The discovery of the human intermediate jaw by Goethe and Oken . In: The natural sciences . Volume 36, Number 7, pp. 193-198 ( doi: 10.1007 / BF00590315 ).
  20. ↑ Wolfgang Neuser: Methodical basics of Lorenz Oken's textbook of natural philosophy . In: Olaf Breidbach, Hans-Joachim Fliedner, Klaus Ries (eds.): Lorenz Oken (1779–1851). A political natural philosopher . 2001, pp. 210-215.
  21. ↑ Quoted in: Alexander Ecker: Lorenz Oken. A biographical sketch . 1880, p. 15.
  22. ^ Dietrich von Engelhardt: Lorenz Oken (1779-1851) . In: Michael Schmitt, Ilse Jahn (eds.): Darwin & Co. A history of biology in portraits . Volume 1, CH Beck, Munich 2001, ISBN 3-406-44638-8 , p. 284.
  23. ↑ Claudia Taszus: Lorenz Okens Isis (1816-1848). For the conceptual, organizational and technical realization of the magazine . 2009, pp. 88-98.
  24. ^ Heinrich Eduard Brockhaus: Friedrich Arnold Brockhaus. His life and work according to letters and other records . Part 2, 1876, p. 167 (online) .
  25. ^ [ Oken to Brockhaus, January 18, 1817 ]. In: Heinrich Eduard Brockhaus: Friedrich Arnold Brockhaus. His life and work according to letters and other records . Part 2, 1876, p. 179 (online) .
  26. ↑ Quoted from: Rudolph Zaunick, Max Pfannenstiel: From the life and work of Lorenz Oken: the founder of the German meetings of natural scientists. Second section: Lorenz Oken and JW von Goethe . In: Sudhoff's archive for the history of medicine and the natural sciences . Volume 33, Issue 3/4, 1941, p. 149.
  27. ↑ The Handel about Oken and Goethe in the years 1817 and 1818 . In: Rudolph Zaunick, Max Pfannenstiel: From the life and work of Lorenz Oken: the founder of the German meetings of naturalists. Second section: Lorenz Oken and JW von Goethe . In: Sudhoff's archive for the history of medicine and the natural sciences . Volume 33, Issue 3/4, 1941, pp. 143-153.
  28. ↑ Claudia Taszus: Okens Isis. Freedom of the press, restrictions and censorship in Central Germany in the first half of the 19th century . 2009, pp. 217-220.
  29. ^ [Heinrich Luden]: The (alleged) bulletins of Mr. von Kotzebue: a contribution to the knowledge of the time . In: Isis . Book I, 1818, Col. 202-215 (online) .
  30. ^ Klaus Ries: Lorenz Oken as political professor at the University of Jena (1807–1819) . In: Olaf Breidbach, Hans-Joachim Fliedner, Klaus Ries (eds.): Lorenz Oken (1779–1851). A political natural philosopher . 2001, p. 103.
  31. ↑ Interlude: Oken and the pressing process in the Kotzebues affair (1818) . In: Rudolph Zaunick, Max Pfannenstiel: From the life and work of Lorenz Oken: the founder of the German meetings of naturalists. Second section: Lorenz Oken and JW von Goethe . In: Sudhoff's archive for the history of medicine and the natural sciences . Volume 33, Issue 3/4, 1941, pp. 153–156.
  32. ↑ Quoted from: Rudolph Zaunick, Max Pfannenstiel: From the life and work of Lorenz Oken: the founder of the German meetings of natural scientists. Second section: Lorenz Oken and JW von Goethe . In: Sudhoff's archive for the history of medicine and the natural sciences . Volume 33, Issue 3/4, 1941, p. 159.
  33. ↑ Claudia Taszus: Okens Isis. Freedom of the press, restrictions and censorship in Central Germany in the first half of the 19th century . 2009, pp. 221-223.
  34. ^ Oken's release in 1819 . In: Rudolph Zaunick, Max Pfannenstiel: From the life and work of Lorenz Oken: the founder of the German meetings of naturalists. Second section: Lorenz Oken and JW von Goethe . In: Sudhoff's archive for the history of medicine and the natural sciences . Volume 33, Issue 3/4, 1941, pp. 156-163.
  35. ^ Johanna Bohley: Common Interests - Scientific Divergences? The political naturalists Lorenz Oken and Christian Gottfried Nees von Esenbeck . In: Olaf Breidbach, Hans-Joachim Fliedner, Klaus Ries (eds.): Lorenz Oken (1779–1851). A political natural philosopher . 2001, pp. 183, 200.
  36. ^ Janina Wellmann: Paris pilgrimages: German-French science transfer using the example of Lorenz Okens and Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire . 2000, p. 48.
  37. ↑ Kai Torsten Kanz: "... like Hollundermark she attracted Paris." Lorenz Oken's trip to Paris in 1821 and his connections to France . In: Olaf Breidbach, Hans-Joachim Fliedner, Klaus Ries (eds.): Lorenz Oken (1779–1851). A political natural philosopher . 2001, pp. 110-122.
  38. ^ Peter van Hasselt: Lorenz Oken in Basel . In: Bern contributions to the history of medicine and the natural sciences . Number 6, 1946, pp. 7-9.
  39. ↑ Alexander Ecker: Lorenz Oken. A biographical sketch . 1880, p. 89.
  40. ↑ Heinz Degen: The founding history of the Society of German Natural Scientists and Doctors . 1955, pp. 472-480.
  41. ↑ Alexander Ecker: Lorenz Oken. A biographical sketch . 1880, p. 43.
  42. ^ Dietrich von Engelhardt: Lorenz Oken (1779-1851) . In: Michael Schmitt, Ilse Jahn (eds.): Darwin & Co. A history of biology in portraits . Volume 1, 2001, p. 294.
  43. ↑ Alexander Ecker: Lorenz Oken. A biographical sketch . 1880, p. 31.
  44. ↑ Alexander Ecker: Lorenz Oken. A biographical sketch . 1880, pp. 33, 91-92.
  45. ↑ Alexander Ecker: Lorenz Oken. A biographical sketch . 1880, pp. 97-98.
  46. ^ Klaus Schaffner: Lorenz Oken in Zurich (1832-1851) . In: Olaf Breidbach, Hans-Joachim Fliedner, Klaus Ries (eds.): Lorenz Oken (1779–1851). A political natural philosopher . 2001, pp. 130-143.
  47. ↑ Zurich University Protocols [3. September 1836 / November 1836] . In: Karl Pörnbacher, Gerhard Schaub, Hans-Joachim Simm, Edda Ziegler (eds.): Georg Büchner: Works and letters. Munich edition . 12th edition. dtv, Munich 2006, ISBN 3-423-12374-5 , pp. 383–384 (text online) ( Memento of the original from October 26, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www. Mittagstein.ch
  48. ^ Dietrich von Engelhardt: Lorenz Oken (1779-1851) . In: Michael Schmitt, Ilse Jahn (eds.): Darwin & Co. A history of biology in portraits . Volume 1, 2001, p. 297.
  49. ^ Janina Wellmann: Paris pilgrimages: German-French science transfer using the example of Lorenz Okens and Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire . 2000, pp. 40-41.
  50. ^ Société Cuvierienne: List des Premiers Fondateurs de La Société Cuvierienne, Association universelle pour l'avancement de la Zoologie, de L'Anatomie comparée et de la aaeontologie . In: Revue Zoologique par La Société Cuvierienne . tape 1 , 1838, p. 189-192 ( online ).
  51. ^ Arnold Lang: Laurentius Oken, the first rector of the Zurich University . 1898, pp. 109, 124.
  52. ↑ [Anonymous]: [Memoir of] Professor Oken . In: The Athenaeum. Journal of Literature, Science, and the Fine Arts. For the year 1851 . Number 1245, London 6 September 1851, p. 952 (online) .
  53. ^ A b Olaf Breidbach: Oken in the history of science of the 19th century . In: Olaf Breidbach, Hans-Joachim Fliedner, Klaus Ries (eds.): Lorenz Oken (1779–1851). A political natural philosopher . 2001, pp. 17-29.
  54. ↑ Julius Schuster: Oken, the man and his work . Lecture at the conference of the century of the Society of German Natural Scientists and Doctors in Leipzig, W. Junk, Berlin 1922.
  55. ^ Dietrich von Engelhardt: Introduction . In: Dietrich von Engelhardt (Hrsg.): Research and progress . Festschrift for the 175th anniversary of the Society of German Natural Scientists and Doctors eV Stuttgart 1997, ISBN 3-8047-1548-6 , pp. 7-14.
  56. ↑ Wolfgang Hirsch: Lorenz Oken - a political natural philosopher . Last weekend, a conference at the Friedrich Schiller University dealt with the Jena naturalist, doctor and philosopher Lorenz Oken (1779–1851). Press release of the Friedrich Schiller University Jena from November 20, 2000.
  57. ^ Symposium on the 150th anniversary of Lorenz Oken's death . (accessed on March 30, 2012).
  58. ↑ entry in the GEPRIS database of the DFG (accessed on 1 March 2012).
  59. ^ Arno Schmidt: Complete novels and stories 1946–1964 , Haffmans Verlag 2000, ISBN 3-251-20281-2 , pp. 1261–1267
  60. ↑ Stefan Rieger : Order is half the battle. On the economy of naming and searching . In: Thomas Brandstetter, Thomas Hübel, Anton Tantner (Eds.): Before Google: A media history of the search engine in the analog age . transcript Verlag, Bielefeld 2012, ISBN 978-3-8376-1875-4 , pp. 17–40.
  61. ↑ Alexander Ecker: Lorenz Oken. A biographical sketch . 1880, p. 18.
  62. ↑ J. Siegfried: History of the Swiss Natural Research Society to commemorate Foundation Day, October 6, 1815 and to celebrate the 50th anniversary in Geneva on August 21, 22 and 23, 1865 . Zurich 1865, p. 15 (online) .
  63. ↑ Prof. Dr. med. Lorenz Oken (actually Okenfuß) ( Memento of the original from December 8, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (accessed December 3, 2015). @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.nfg-emden.de
  64. ↑ Johannes Günther: Life sketches of the professors of the University of Jena from 1558 to 1858. A celebratory offer for the three hundredth anniversary of the secular celebration of the university on August 15, 16 and 17, 1858 . F. Mauke, Jena 1858, p. 141 (online) .
  65. ↑ Michael Maurer: Building a monument landscape. The Jena "via triumphalis" at the Fürstengraben . In: Jürgen John, Justus H. Ulbricht (Ed.): Jena: a national place of remembrance? . Böhlau Verlag GmbH & Cie, Cologne / Weimar / Vienna 2007, ISBN 978-3-412-04506-7 , p. 248.
  66. ↑ Hans-Joachim Fliedner: “… monuments are folk ghosts.” Oken and his representation in the memorial . In: Olaf Breidbach, Hans-Joachim Fliedner, Klaus Ries (eds.): Lorenz Oken (1779–1851). A political natural philosopher . 2001, pp. 220-227.
  67. ↑ Hans-Joachim Fliedner: “… monuments are folk ghosts.” Oken and his representation in the memorial . In: Olaf Breidbach, Hans-Joachim Fliedner, Klaus Ries (eds.): Lorenz Oken (1779–1851). A political natural philosopher . 2001, pp. 227-234.
  68. ↑ Max Pfannenstiel: Memorabilia of Lorenz Oken . In: Nova Acta Leopoldina . New series, Volume 29, 1964, p. 64.
Primary sources
  1. ↑ List of lectures announced by the local public and private teachers for the next six months, together with an advance notice of public scholarly institutions in Göttingen . In: Göttingische learned advertisements, under the supervision of the Königl. Society of Sciences. The third volume on the year 1805 . Part 151, September 21, 1805, p. 1504 (online) .
  2. ↑ In: Göttingische learned advertisements, under the supervision of the Königl. Society of Sciences. The third volume on the year 1805 . Piece 179, November 9, 1805, pp. 1781-1784 (online) .
  3. ↑ In: Göttingische learned advertisements, under the supervision of the Königl. Society of Sciences. The first volume on 1806 . Volume 18, February 1, 1806, pp. 169-172 (online) .
  4. ↑ List of lectures announced by the local public and private teachers for the next six months, together with an advance notice of public scholarly institutions in Göttingen . In: Göttingische learned advertisements, under the supervision of the Königl. Society of Sciences. The first volume on 1806 . 47th piece, March 22, 1806, pp. 463-464 (online) .
  5. ↑ In: Göttingische learned advertisements, under the supervision of the Königl. Society of Sciences. The first volume on 1806 . Item 62, April 19, 1806, pp. 612-615 (online) .
  6. ↑ In: Göttingische learned advertisements, under the supervision of the Königl. Society of Sciences. The second volume to 1806 . 103rd piece, June 28, 1806, pp. 1017-1032 (online) .
  7. ↑ In: Göttingische learned advertisements, under the supervision of the Königl. Society of Sciences. The second volume to 1806 . 124th piece, August 4, 1806, pp. 1233-1239 (online) .
  8. ↑ In: Göttingische learned advertisements, under the supervision of the Königl. Society of Sciences. The second volume to 1806 . 125th piece, August 11, 1806, pp. 1275-1280 (online) .
  9. ↑ In: Göttingische learned advertisements, under the supervision of the Königl. Society of Sciences. The second volume to 1806 . 126th piece, August 18, 1806, pp. 1321-1328 (online) .
  10. ↑ In: Göttingische learned advertisements, under the supervision of the Königl. Society of Sciences. The third volume on the year 1806 . Part 141, September 4, 1806, pp. 1401-1407 (online) .
  11. ↑ In: Göttingische learned advertisements, under the supervision of the Königl. Society of Sciences. The third volume on the year 1806 . 148th piece, September 15, 1806, pp. 1473-1476 (online) .
  12. ↑ In: Göttingische learned advertisements, under the supervision of the Königl. Society of Sciences. The third volume on the year 1806 . 125th item 194, December 6, 1806, p. 1930 (online) .
  13. ↑ In: Göttingische learned advertisements, under the supervision of the Königl. Society of Sciences. The second volume to the year 1807 . 117th piece, July 23, 1807, pp. 1161-1168 (online) .
  14. ^ In: Directory of the lectures announced at the University of Jena for the six months from Michaelis 1807 to Easter 1808. The lectures are scheduled to begin on October 19th . In: intelligence sheet. Jenaische Allgemeine Literatur-Zeitung . Number 69, September 9, 1807, col. 387 (online) .
  15. ↑ Okens comments on: Ludwig Heinrich Bojanus: Attempt to interpret the bones in the fish's head . In: Isis . Volume 2, Book III, 1818, Sp. 511 (online) .
  16. ↑ In: Isis . Volume 1, Book I, Number 3, 1816, Col. 22 (online) .
  17. ↑ Basic Law on the Constitution of the Grand Duchy of Saxony-Weimar-Eisenach . May 5, 1816 (accessed March 4, 2012).
  18. ^ [ Entry from July 30, 1816 ]. In: Goethe's works. Diaries . III. Department, Volume 5, Herman Böhlau, Weimar 1893, p. 259 (online) .
  19. ^ Letters between Grand Duke Carl August von Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach and Goethe between 1775 and 1828 . Volume 2, Landes-Industrie-Comptoir, Weimar 1863, pp. 88-97 (online) .
  20. ^ [ Oken's speech at the Wartburg Festival ]: In: Friedrich Johannes Frommann: The boy festival at the Wartburg on October 18th and 19th, 1817 . Jena 1817, pp. 20-24 (online) .
  21. ^ The student peace at the Wartburg . In: Isis . Booklet XI / XII, number 195, 1817, col. 1553–1559 (online) .
  22. ↑ Something about the King's Garden in Paris . In: Isis. Literary indicator . 1823, col. 265-274, col. 353-379, col. 401-424, col. 441-469, col. 481-503, col. 505-539 (online)
  23. ↑ Catalogus Professorum doctorum et Lectorum Academiae Basileensis cum designatione disciplinatum in quibus docendis Deo Juvante a Calend. Nov. MDCCCXXI ad Calend. Maii a MDCCCXXII singuli versabuntur . Beylage zur Isis, number 1 (online) .
  24. ^ Assembly of German naturalists . In: Isis. Literary indicator . 1821, col. 196-198 (online) .
  25. ↑ To the chronicle of the universities. Munich, April 12th . In: Christian Carl André (ed.): Hesperus. Encyclopedic magazine for educated readers . Number 100, Cotta, April 26, 1827, p. 400 (online) .
  26. ↑ To the chronicle of the universities. Munich, April 12th (continuation No. 100) . In: Christian Carl André (ed.): Hesperus. Encyclopedic magazine for educated readers . Number 101, Cotta, April 27, 1827, p. 403 (online) .
  27. ↑ To the chronicle of the universities. Munich, May 30th . In: Christian Carl André (ed.): Hesperus. Encyclopedic magazine for educated readers . Number 136, Cotta, June 7, 1827, pp. 543-544 (online) .
  28. ↑ To the chronicle of the universities. Munich, May 30th (Resolution No. 136) . In: Christian Carl André (ed.): Hesperus. Encyclopedic magazine for educated readers . Number 138, Cotta, June 9, 1827, p. 552 (online) .
  29. ^ Lorenz Oken: Correction . In: The domestic. A daily newspaper for public life in Germany, with excellent consideration for Bavaria . Number 98, April 6, 1830, p. 394 (online) .
  30. ^ [Anonymous]: Correction of a correction . In: The domestic. A daily newspaper for public life in Germany, with excellent consideration for Bavaria . Number 101/102 11./12. April 830, pp. 403-404 (online) .
  31. ↑ Lorenz Oken: Explanation . In: The domestic. A daily newspaper for public life in Germany, with excellent consideration for Bavaria . Number 111, April 21, 1830, p. 448 (online) .
  32. ^ [Anonymous]: Mr. Hofrath Oken on the University of Munich . In: The domestic. A daily newspaper for public life in Germany, with excellent consideration for Bavaria . Number 119, April 29, 1830, pp. 480-482 (online) .
  33. ^ [Anonymous]: Mr. Hofrath Oken and the scientific collections in Munich . In: The domestic. A daily newspaper for public life in Germany, with excellent consideration for Bavaria . Number 124, May 5, 1830, pp. 499-501 (online) .
  34. ^ [Anonymous]: Mr. Hofrath Oken and the scientific collections in Munich . In: The domestic. A daily newspaper for public life in Germany, with excellent consideration for Bavaria . Number 126, May 7, 1830, pp. 507-509 (online) .
  35. ^ Franz Georg Kaltwasser: Bavarian State Library. Changing understanding of roles over the centuries . Harrassowitz Verlag, Wiesbaden 2006, ISBN 3-447-05322-4 , pp. 60-61.
  36. ↑ [Anonymous]: A word about adjustment . In: The domestic. A daily newspaper for public life in Germany, with excellent consideration for Bavaria . Number 130, May 12, 1830, pp. 525-526 (online) .
  37. ↑ Lorenz Oken: Oken to the Redaction of the inland . In: The domestic. A daily newspaper for public life in Germany, with excellent consideration for Bavaria . Number 131, May 13, 1830, pp. 530-532 (online) .
  38. ^ Gotthilf Heinrich von Schubert: reply . In: The domestic. A daily newspaper for public life in Germany, with excellent consideration for Bavaria . Number 143, May 26, 1830, pp. 581-582 (online) .
  39. ↑ The highest possible decree on the use of the state's scientific collections for lectures . In: The domestic. A daily newspaper for public life in Germany, with excellent consideration for Bavaria . Number 149, June 1, 1830, pp. 607-608 (online) .
  40. ^ In: Munich political newspaper . 33rd volume, number 125, 23 November 1832, p. 1019 (online) .
  41. ↑ EW Dahlgren (Ed.): Kungl. Svenska Vetenskapsakademien. Personförteckningar, 1739-1915 . Almqvist & Wiksells, Stockholm 1915, p. 136 (online) .
  42. ^ Alfred Edmund Brehm: Foreword . In: Illustrirtes Thierleben. A general knowledge of the animal kingdom . Volume 1, Bibliographisches Institut, Hildburghausen 1864, p. VIII (online) .
  43. ↑ Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l'Académie des sciences . Volume 8, Paris 1839, p. 165 (online) .
  44. ↑ Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l'Académie des sciences . Volume 10, Paris 1840, p. 751 (online) .
  45. ↑ Franz von Kobell: Ueber den Ockenit, a new mineral species : In: Archive for the entire natural teaching, 1828, Volume 14, pp. 333-337 (online) .
  46. ↑ Linnaea . Volume 5, Number 1, 1830, pp. 92-93.
  47. ↑ Summary catalog of the contributions to Okendenkmale . In: Didaskalia: Leaves for Spirit, Mind and Publicity . Number 200, August 28, 1854 (online) .
  48. ↑ A monument to Oken . In: Didaskalia: Leaves for Spirit, Mind and Publicity . Number 168, July 15, 1854 (online) .

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personal data
SURNAME Oken, Lorenz
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Okenfuß, Lorenz (maiden name)
BRIEF DESCRIPTION German natural philosopher and comparative anatomist
DATE OF BIRTH August 1, 1779
PLACE OF BIRTH Bohlsbach near Offenburg
DATE OF DEATH August 11, 1851
Place of death Zurich