Protest against Stuttgart 21

Anti-Stuttgart-21 sticker

Demonstration on the Schloßplatz on September 10, 2010

The protest against Stuttgart 21 is directed against the Stuttgart 21 (S 21) project of Deutsche Bahn , in which the Stuttgart rail hub is to be rebuilt. Among other things, the Stuttgart main train station is to be converted from an above-ground terminus to an underground through station and connected to the new Stuttgart – Wendlingen line.

The points of criticism include a lack of democratic legitimation and citizen participation, security deficiencies and difficult access for travelers, high costs and a lack of profitability, endangerment of mineral water resources, lower efficiency of the new main station, monument protection and planning deficiencies. Alternative concepts are discussed under the names terminus 21 and transfer 21 .

The protest is expressed through petitions, petitions, information stands, demonstrations (especially the weekly Monday demos) and non-violent protest actions . It is a civic protest in which people of different ages, educational levels and professions take part. S-21 opponents are organized in a large number of groups and alliances, of which the action alliance against Stuttgart 21 and the park guards are the best known.

There have been protests against the project since planning for Stuttgart 21 began in 1996. The protest movement gained nationwide attention in 2010 through large demonstrations with tens of thousands of citizens and protest actions, as well as through an escalated police operation on September 30, 2010 in the palace gardens . This was followed by mediation talks between proponents and opponents of the project, which were broadcast live on the Internet and on television.

The protests against Stuttgart 21 influenced the change of government in Baden-Württemberg after the state election in 2011 and the election of the first green mayor of state capital in October 2012. In order to pacify the conflict led the green-red state government on 27 November 2011, the referendum to Stuttgart 21 by . The pacification was only partially successful.

The vigil against Stuttgart 21 has been manned continuously since July 17, 2010 (as of 2019). In February 2020, the 500th Monday demonstration against Stuttgart 21 took place.

Goal and motivation

Expressions of opinion on the site fence in front of the north wing of the station building

The project opponents are united by the goal of stopping the Stuttgart 21 project . There are several groups with different motivations within the protest movement. Be criticized in particular

• the use of large financial resources which, in the opinion of project opponents, make more sense for other transport projects and other social tasks such as education and culture,
• the intervention in the neighboring Stuttgart palace garden with its old trees (see Stuttgart 21 - Ecology ),
• the demolition of the side wings of the main station building (see Stuttgart Hauptbahnhof - demolition of the side wings ),
• the presumed intertwining of interests of the construction and real estate industry as well as politics in the context of the project,
• which, in the opinion of opponents, is illegal funding.

In addition, opponents fear

• insufficient efficiency of the new station and its feeder routes v. a. also in the event of unforeseen operational disruptions (see Stuttgart 21 - Bahnbetrieb ),
• Risks for the Stuttgart mineral water resources,
• Risks for the tunnels or the development above the tunnels, as the tunnels are to be drilled using swellable anhydrite (see Stuttgart 21 - Structural Engineering and Geology ),
• that the actual costs, as with other major rail projects, will be well above the planned costs or the future operating and maintenance costs could be very high (see Stuttgart 21 - Costs and Financing ).

In addition to directly project-related reasons, many of the protesters criticized that the public had been ignored by politics and Deutsche Bahn . Above all, they resented the rejection of the referendum in 2007 in politics. In the opinion of the opponents, the project lacked democratic legitimation before the referendum, as the cost forecast was raised by around one billion euros after the draft planning, but the approval of all democratically elected bodies was given beforehand.

Organizers and protesters

Flyer with planned protest actions

The protest is organized, designed and supported by a large number of citizens' initiatives, associations, clubs, parties, local groups, interest groups and independent groups. The best-known actors are the action alliance against Stuttgart 21 and the park guards . While the action alliance is a classic alliance of different organizations that pursue other goals besides the protest against S21, the park guards are more of a grass-roots movement in which many individuals and open groups participate in loose contexts and which is focused on the protest against S21.

The action alliance against Stuttgart 21 was founded on April 13, 2007. These initially included: the citizens' initiative Leben in Stuttgart (founded by Gangolf Stocker et al.), The Federation for Environment and Nature Conservation Germany (BUND), the Stuttgart district association of Bündnis 90 / Die Grünen , the Pro Bahn regional association Stuttgart passenger association , the Verkehrsclub Deutschland Baden- Württemberg (VCD) and the Architecture Forum Baden-Württemberg. Later joined: the non-party alliance Stuttgart Ecological Social (SÖS) , Die Linke Baden-Württemberg, the park guards, the trade unionists against S21 , the architects for K21 , the Schutzgemeinschaft Filder e. V. and the SPD members against Stuttgart 21

In January 2014 four founding members (Greens, BUND, Pro Bahn and VCD) left the action alliance. The reason for the split were differences over the location and content of the Monday demonstration. The association Leben in Stuttgart had already resigned beforehand.

The action alliance consists of these groups:

• the non-party alliance Stuttgart Ecological Social (SÖS) in the Stuttgart municipal council
• The Left Baden-Württemberg
• the parking guards
• the initiative trade unionists against S21
• the architects initiative for K21
• the Schutzgemeinschaft Filder e. V.
• the initiative of SPD members against Stuttgart 21
• the alliance "Railway for All"
• Theologians against S21
• DIDF Stuttgart
• the neighborhood initiatives against S21

Park guards logo

Parkschützer is the name given to S21 opponents who campaigned for the preservation of the Middle Palace Gardens and the main train station. From November 2009, people were able to express their protests using a three-stage "resistance barometer" and statements on the website www.parkschuetzer.de. (1. public declaration of rejection of tree felling, 2. legal demonstrations in an emergency, 3. readiness for non-violent resistance.) The site developed into a central communication and mobilization platform on which over 30,000 people are registered. In August 2012, the newly founded association Parkschützer.de e. V. the operation of the site.

In addition to the virtual park guards, a group called Active Park Guards was organized independently of the website in spring 2010 . This implemented the first actions and measures, e.g. B. Park patrols, sit-down training and legal advice for activists, vigils, creative protests and demonstrations. The group operates its own website www.bei-abriss-aufstand.de. A team around Matthias von Herrmann is responsible for public relations.

Through the Monday demonstrations, the website of the park guards and the first concrete demolition and construction measures, the protest grew into an enormously active grassroots movement. In 2010, specialist and interest groups were founded, such as B. Architects, entrepreneurs or trade unionists against S21.

In order to legally secure the fundraising and liability and tax issues in particular, the Verein Umkehrbar e. V., association for the promotion of civil society founded. It sees itself as a development association of the park guards and the resistance against S21, which administers funds and distributes them to different groups.

Both the organizers and the media consider the demonstrators to be very heterogeneous. "Citizens of all classes and members of all milieus" are involved in the demonstrations. The Berlin protest researcher Dieter Rucht sees above all the "middle class above average represented".

According to a survey by sociologist Dieter Rucht from the Berlin Social Science Center in October 2010, 62% of the demonstrators are between 40 and 64 years old, and 23% of the participants are under 40 years of age. 50% of the interviewees had a university degree, the most mentioned sector in which the protesters work is with 30% the public service . The most important arguments against Stuttgart 21 from the protesters' point of view are too high costs, “profit only on the part of banks and construction companies” and democratic deficits when planning the project and when dealing with project opponents. 79% of the participants had already made protests before the start of the demonstrations against Stuttgart 21, but 46% had not taken part in any demonstration in the past 5 years. For 33% of the demonstrators, the most important information channel is face-to-face conversations; only 4% use social networks on the Internet. 61% of the participants had voted for the Greens in the 2006 state elections , 77% are left of center in the political spectrum .

The State Office for the Protection of the Constitution in Baden-Württemberg stated that while left-wing extremists are concerned with the redesign of Stuttgart Central Station in order to combine dissatisfaction in the population with criticism of the political system, the protest is so dominated by bourgeois democracy that “a noticeable penetration of left-wing extremist positions is not detectable ”.

Opinion polls

After the project was mostly shown sympathy at the beginning of the planning, opinion polls from around 2005 to 2010 repeatedly determined majorities against Stuttgart 21 in the population. In a first representative citizen survey conducted by the city of Stuttgart in 1995, 51 percent of the 2,200 citizens questioned rated the Stuttgart 21 project as “very good” or “good” and 30 percent as “bad” or “very bad”. According to a representative acceptance study by the Institute for Political Science at the University of Stuttgart, at the end of 1997 38% of the Stuttgart population were in favor of the project and 25% against it; the rest was a tie.

In 2005 a public opinion poll was found in the city of Stuttgart. In November 2008, a survey by the Stuttgarter Nachrichten found a rejection rate of 64 percent.

In mid-August 2010, a representative survey on behalf of the Stuttgarter Nachrichten determined a rejection rate of 63 percent in the city area - 26 percent are in favor of the project, 11 percent were undecided.

• In the Stuttgart region , 30 percent support the project, 48 percent reject it and 22 percent are undecided. A survey by the Forsa Institute published in September 2010 revealed a similar picture.
• In the city, 67% are against the project, 30% are in favor and 3% are undecided.
• In Baden-Württemberg an absolute majority was determined against Stuttgart 21: 51% reject it, 26% support it and 23% are undecided. The survey also found that, according to the current mood, the Greens, together with the SPD , would have a majority in the state parliament with 24% each. For 39% of voters, Stuttgart 21 is decisive for their voting decision.

In a survey by Infratest dimap from October 2010, 33% of the German citizens surveyed agreed with the project, 54% rejected it. As many as 77% of those questioned were in favor of a temporary construction stop for the duration of arbitration talks. A survey by the TNS Research Institute at the beginning of October 2010 for the state of Baden-Württemberg revealed a different opinion: 46% of those questioned were for the project, 43% rejected it.

The trend turned during the technical arbitration under the direction of Heiner Geißler . When the arbitration was concluded, the proportion of supporters exceeded that of the opponents in Baden-Württemberg and Stuttgart - according to the status of December 2010, 54% of the residents of Baden-Württemberg were in favor of continuing the project and 38% were against it.

When asked whether it would make more sense to continue operating and modernizing the terminus station in view of the stated cost increase from 4.5 to 6.8 billion euros compared to Stuttgart 21, at the end of February 2013 54 percent of 1,500 Baden-Württemberg residents asked for the continuation and the Expansion of the terminus station and 39 for the percent construction from Stuttgart 21.

In the survey by Infratest dimap in January 2017, the noticeable constellation was that 49% of the respondents considered the project to be "on the whole right", but 63% were also in favor of seriously examining an alternative proposed by the critics (see Change 21 ). The overlap between these two groups was seen as contradicting one another.

Due to different questions, different surveys cannot be compared with one another:

Tabular summary

Survey Organizer	Respondents	date	Per	?	Cons	source
City of Stuttgart		1995	51		30th
Institute f. politics		December 1997	38		25th
Citizen survey Stuttgart	City of Stuttgart	September 2005	36	25th	39
Emnid	Baden-Württemberg	June 2007	31	11	58
Citizen survey Stuttgart	City of Stuttgart	July 2007	31	30th	38
Stuttgart news		April 2008	50		50
Stuttgart news		November 2008	34		64
Citizen survey Stuttgart	City of Stuttgart	May 2009	30th	21st	49
Infratest dimap	City of Stuttgart	June 2009	38		54
Emnid	Baden-Württemberg	December 2009	38	4th	58
MM Research	City of Stuttgart	August 2010	26th	11	63
MM Research	Stuttgart region	August 2010	30th	22nd	48
Forsa	Stuttgart	August 2010	30th	3	67
Forsa	Baden-Württemberg	August 2010	26th	23	51
Infratest dimap	Stuttgart region	September 2010	39		54
Infratest dimap	Baden-Württemberg	September 2010	35		54
Infratest dimap	Federation	October 2010	33		54
TNS	Baden-Württemberg	October 2010	46		43
Research group elections	Baden-Württemberg	November 2010	40	21st	39
Research group elections	Stuttgart region	November 2010	44	16	40
Infratest dimap	Baden-Württemberg	November 2010	54		38
Research group elections	Baden-Württemberg	February 2011	43	22nd	35
Research group elections	Baden-Württemberg	March 2011	37		42
Infratest dimap	Baden-Württemberg	March 2011	48		44
Institute for Market Research Leipzig	Baden-Württemberg	July 2011	47		34
Institute for Market Research Leipzig	City of Stuttgart	July 2011	49	10	41
Citizen survey Stuttgart	City of Stuttgart	July 2011	42	24	34
Deutsche Bahn	Baden-Württemberg	July 2011	54
TNS Infratest	Baden-Württemberg	August 2011	50	15th	35
TNS Infratest	Stuttgart region	August 2011	58
Infratest dimap	Baden-Württemberg	August 2011	53		32
Infratest dimap	Baden-Württemberg	November 2011	37	30th	33
State center for political education	Baden-Württemberg	November 28, 2011	58.2		41.8
Institute for Market Research Leipzig	Stuttgart	November 27, 2012	59	6th	35
Institute for Market Research Leipzig	Baden-Württemberg	November 27, 2012	66	10	23
TNS Emnid	Baden-Württemberg	05th February 2013	62		26th
TNS Emnid	Germany	05th February 2013	48		37
TNS Emnid	Stuttgart	February 24, 2013	40		56
TNS Emnid	Baden-Württemberg without Stuttgart	February 24, 2013	39		54
TNS Emnid	Baden-Württemberg	February 24, 2013	39		54
Citizen survey Stuttgart	City of Stuttgart	August 2013	37	23	39
Citizen survey Stuttgart	City of Stuttgart	June 2015	42	22nd	34
Infratest dimap	Baden-Württemberg	January 2017	49	10	41
Citizen survey Stuttgart	City of Stuttgart	June 2017	38	24	34
Citizen survey Stuttgart	City of Stuttgart	September 2019	33	23	41

course

1994–1998: First protest alliances and citizens' initiatives

The basic idea of ​​the Stuttgart 21 project was presented for the first time at a press conference held at short notice in April 1994. One year later, the railway boss Heinz Dürr explained that the type of presentation was a good example of “how one has to present such large-scale projects” - in a “raid-like” campaign. The opponents would not have had a chance to talk the matter down. Shortly after the announcement, the Umkehr Stuttgart alliance , consisting of the environmental protection and transport organizations BUND , NABU , Landesnaturschutzverband, VCD , Pro Bahn , Naturfreunde and ADFC , pointed out the dangers and disadvantages. In 1995 the initiative Leben in Stuttgart - no Stuttgart 21 was founded, which collected signatures for a citizens 'application in order to enable a citizens' decision on S21. A club was founded, the chairman of which Gangolf Stocker later became one of the most famous S21 opponents.

In 1997, the city of Stuttgart carried out an open public participation on the urban planning aspects of Stuttgart 21. Critical voices were raised as early as 1997 during a question time in the town hall. In particular, a referendum was called for at that time .

The alliance Umkehr Stuttgart and the Architekturforum Baden-Württemberg developed the alternative proposal “Stuttgart 21 with terminus” by 1998, from which the concept of terminus 21 later developed.

1999–2007: Development of the alternative terminus station 21

In the years 1998 to 2000, the project planning came to a standstill and was temporarily stopped. In July 2001, the DB, the state, the state capital and the regional association signed an agreement for further cooperation for the realization of the Stuttgart 21 / new Wendlingen - Ulm line project . (cf. History of Stuttgart 21, Realization Discussion ) In particular the agreement on the procurement of regional trains worth 200 million euros and the ordering of train kilometers that were only to be used after Stuttgart 21 was completed were later heavily criticized and "disguised as inadmissible Subsidy ”.

The environmental alliance Umkehr Stuttgart focused on the environmental, transport policy and technical points of criticism and worked out the alternative proposal for terminus station 21, which was first published in November 2003 and published as a brochure in March 2006. The development of an alternative to Stuttgart 21 corresponded to the self-image of the early protest movement, not only to stand there as pure no-sayers, but as active citizens to campaign for the quality of life in the city and environmental protection. The Stuttgart Ecological Social Electoral Association (SÖS) emerged from an ecological-social environment and ran for local elections in 2004. Gangolf Stocker from the Initiative Leben in Stuttgart was one of them . SÖS achieved a seat on the local council when they were first elected and was represented by Hannes Rockenbauch .

After the planning for Stuttgart 21 had been pushed forward again, landmark parliamentary decisions were pending. In October 2006, the Baden-Württemberg state parliament adopted a motion for a resolution from the CDU , SPD and FDP parliamentary groups to implement Stuttgart 21 and the new Wendlingen – Ulm line. The project opponents reacted by founding the action alliance against Stuttgart 21 and public mobilization against the project.

2007–2009: Citizens' petitions and local elections

The project opponents collected signatures for a referendum about the exit of the city of Stuttgart, in which no further contracts should be signed and a cancellation agreement should be concluded with the project partners. On November 14, 2007, 67,000 signatures against the project were handed over in the town hall. 61,193 were found to be valid; 20,000 were necessary. On December 20, 2007, the Stuttgart municipal council rejected the application for approval of a referendum on the “exit of the state capital from the Stuttgart 21 project” with 45 to 15 votes on the grounds that it was legally inadmissible. The referendum is directed against fundamental resolutions of the municipal council from 1995 (framework agreement) and 2001 (supplementary agreement) and is limited in time in accordance with the municipal regulations for Baden-Württemberg, which provide for an application period of six weeks after the municipal council resolutions have been published . In addition, the aim of annulment is inadmissible because it concerns a fundamental financial decision reserved for the municipal council.

After the re-elected Lord Mayor Wolfgang Schuster announced his rejection of a referendum in a press release in September 2007, the first public demonstration against the railway project followed, for which 4,000 people gathered on the market square. During the 2004 election campaign, Schuster announced that he would stand for a referendum on Stuttgart 21 if the city of Stuttgart demanded “significant additional costs”. The opponent of the Greens, Boris Palmer , who did not run in the second ballot, had wrested this concession from him . After the city of Stuttgart agreed to finance a further 84.46 million euros in 2007, Schuster Wortbruch was accused. However, Palmer also confirmed that in 2004 he agreed with Schuster that additional costs were clearly in the three-digit million range.

Schuster sees the referendum as a “fear campaign” behind which tactical interests would also be hidden. The question and justification of the referendum would conflict with the municipal code. After more than 170 city council meetings on the construction project and after all resolutions were passed with a three-quarters majority, the project was democratically legitimized.

The representatives of the citizens' initiative lodged an objection to a decision by the mayor of Stuttgart based on this decision with the regional council of Stuttgart and the local council , both of which were rejected. The project opponents then sued the Stuttgart Administrative Court, which ruled in July 2009 that the referendum was not admissible. Opponents waived the further legal process in August 2009. For legal reasons, a referendum cannot be carried out directly on the entire Stuttgart 21 project, but only on aspects relating to the city, provided that the municipal code provides a legal basis for this.

In October 2008 and May 2009, further demonstrations against the rail project followed, each with several thousand people taking part.

According to a survey by Infratest dimap on the sidelines of the local elections on June 7, 2009 , 39 percent of voters let the construction project influence their voting decision. 54 percent of the voters were against the project, 38 percent were in favor. The Greens attributed their best election result to date in the state capital to their rejection of the major project and became the strongest parliamentary group with 16 seats. SÖS was also able to increase its result to three seats. The CDU lost 6 of its 21 seats, the SPD moved into the city parliament with only 10 instead of 14. Thus, the S21 opponents Greens, SÖS and Left were represented with 21 of 60 seats in the Stuttgart municipal council.

2010: Monday demonstrations and start of construction and demolition

Monday demonstration in front of the north portal of the main train station on September 6, 2010

Since November 2009, weekly Monday demonstrations with several thousand participants have taken place on the square in front of the north exit. The number of participants grew from week to week. During the subsequent events, which have continued to this day, hundreds and later several thousand citizens followed the rally with their changing speakers.

See also : Section demonstrations and rallies

During the symbolic raising of the buffer stop, two regional trains shielded the ceremony from demonstrators.

At the symbolic start of construction on February 2, 2010, a buffer stop was symbolically removed from the track apron in the presence of Rüdiger Grube , Günther Oettinger , Wolfgang Schuster and Peter Ramsauer . Around 2000 project opponents protested in the station hall against the start of construction. In the summer of 2010 there were also several protest events in the palace garden at the site of the planned excavation, each with several thousand demonstrators.

At the end of July 2010, the protest was noticed for the first time nationwide when around 50 people occupied the already vacant north wing during a Monday demonstration. The building was cleared late in the evening. All squatters were reported for trespassing .

Preparations for the demolition of the north wing began on the evening of July 30, 2010, when a site fence was erected around the building under police protection. Notified by an alarm chain, around 2,000 project opponents came to the site, protesting against the construction work until late at night with actions of civil disobedience - sit-downs and roadblocks. When the demolition of the north wing of the main station began at the end of August, seven activists spontaneously occupied the roof of the building. Thousands of demonstrators blocked central intersections and remained on the station forecourt. The occupiers stayed on the roof overnight and were evacuated the next morning by a special task force.

According to the police, 35,000 people took part in a human chain around the Stuttgart state parliament on September 10, 2010, and 69,112 according to the organizers.

Project opponents and park guards opposed planned tree felling with permanent vigils and other activities in the palace garden . A tree house owned by activists from the environmental organization Robin Wood was cleared by the police on the night of September 7, 2010. On September 17th, four trees were again filled with tree houses.

Since August, protests, especially so-called Swabian pranks, had also taken place in several other cities in Baden-Württemberg and in Berlin .

On September 24, 2010, at the invitation of the Catholic city ​​dean, an exploratory discussion between representatives of the opponents and supporters of the project took place in the “House of the Catholic Church”. A second meeting planned for September 27, 2010 was canceled by the opponents, however, as those responsible made no promises to stop or postpone the demolition of the south wing and the start of the clearing in the castle garden.

September 30, 2010: Clearance of the palace gardens - "Black Thursday"

Demonstrators and water cannons in the central palace garden, September 30, 2010

Police forces in the middle palace garden, September 30, 2010

Rally in the middle palace garden, October 1st, 2010

The evacuation process

On the morning of September 30, 2010, many S21 opponents occupied the palace garden as information about an imminent police operation leaked. After the evidence condensed, a simultaneous student demonstration against S21 in the city center was ended. Several hundred participants, most of them minors, streamed into the park, some spontaneously occupied trees and blocked the access roads. At around 10:30 am, the “park guard alarm” was triggered, so that more and more people came to the park to protest on the lawns or to sit down on paths without violence .

The Baden-Württemberg police units were reinforced by units from Bavaria, Rhineland-Palatinate, Hesse and North Rhine-Westphalia, as well as the federal police. When deployed, the police used batons , water cannons and pepper spray . According to various information from citizens' groups and park guards, 360 to 370 or 1000 people were injured, including minors. According to the police, the German Red Cross cared for 114 outpatients in on-site treatment centers on the edge of the park and rescue workers brought 16 people to hospitals. In the park itself had demo paramedics of Medical Group South-West erstversorgt injured many others. Four protesters were seriously injured in the eyes. The engineer Dietrich Wagner , who was hit head-on in the eyes by a water cannon, became almost completely blind. The number of injured police officers is given as 34.

The first 25 trees were felled during the night in order to prepare the groundwater management system.

On the following day, October 1, 2010, a demonstration took place, according to the organizers with around 100,000 people, according to the police with at least 50,000 participants. Three days later, on October 4th, the 46th “Monday demonstration”, which took place for the first time in the palace gardens, gathered 25,000 people according to the police and 54,700 people according to the organizers.

Responsibilities and parliamentary committees of inquiry

Prime Minister Stefan Mappus is said to have been informed of the deployment plans one day before the police operation and to have approved them. According to statements made by State Police President Wolf-Dietrich Hammann before the State Parliament's investigative committee, Mappus' planned government statement for October 7th also played a role in the decision to schedule the police operation on September 30th. However, there was no influence from the state government, the tactic was developed solely by the police.

The police justified their actions by saying that the aggression came from the demonstrators. However, the police's statement that the police's violence was merely a reaction to the violence on the part of the demonstrators was refuted by the police video recordings published: Although the time of the videos made available on the police website was blacked out at the press conference the police, however, published the videos with the time. The violence shown by the demonstrators (one-time use of pepper spray and a single throw of an object against a water cannon) took place over an hour later when, according to the dpa, water cannons were set in motion and "loads of pepper spray" were sprayed. The interior ministry's claim that cobblestones had been thrown in it also had to be withdrawn that night. Both police scientists and police officers on site describe the use against largely peaceful demonstrators as disproportionate . The demonstrator injured by the water jet is said to have thrown an object at the police after recording a police video and demonstratively stood in front of the water cannons several times. He said that hundreds of chestnuts had been thrown, two or three from him too. However, due to the thick uniforms of the police officers, these are said to have remained “without any effect”.

Furthermore, the participants in a school demonstration, which, according to the police, had since been broken up by the organizer, joined the blockade. The student demonstration was registered for 12 noon to 5 pm, including from 2 pm in the palace garden; According to the Stuttgart Office for Public Order, the police had already been informed of this on September 24th. Police temporarily arrested or detained 26 people between the ages of 15 and 68. A police officer is under investigation for assault .

Before the evacuation, on September 30th, the BUND tried to prevent the tree felling and submitted an urgent application to the Stuttgart Administrative Court. The administrative court ruled on October 14th that the railway had to bear the costs of the proceedings. If the court had received the letter from the Federal Railway Authority dated September 30, the BUND's urgent application would probably have been granted. The court did not decide whether the tree felling work should be classified as illegal. The only decisive factor was that the Federal Railway Authority had assumed that the work could only begin after the documents had been submitted.

The police operation was dealt with by the Baden-Württemberg state parliament in two parliamentary investigative committees . This should clarify the responsibilities and possible political influence. On April 7, 2014, FAZ.NET reported from a report submitted by the green-red state government of Baden-Württemberg for the second committee of inquiry to clarify the circumstances of the operation. It had been requested by the Greens and the SPD because there was a suspicion that files had been withheld from the first Landtag investigation committee , which was set up at the end of 2010 . The Stuttgart public prosecutor's office is investigating Stefan Mappus because of unofficial false statements in the first investigative committee. The second committee of inquiry found that not all of the files appeared to have been submitted to the first committee of inquiry.

Legal consequences

The police operation on Thursday September 30, 2010 resulted in 380 criminal charges against police officers, 19 of which led to a preliminary investigation . In addition, proceedings were initiated against 85 demonstrators. A police officer who was convicted in connection with the operation in March 2011 had to pay 120 daily rates of 50 euros each. He had sprayed pepper spray on the face of a woman sitting on the floor for no good reason and was then reported by his colleagues to the Göppingen riot police. Another police officer was sentenced in October 2012 to an 18-month suspended prison sentence for bodily harm as a result of disproportionate use of baton.

In August 2013, the Stuttgart District Court issued penal orders against three police officers from the water cannon crews: Two police officers received seven months' imprisonment, which were suspended. A water cannon commander was sentenced to a fine of 90 daily rates. He appealed to the Higher Regional Court, which, however, was dismissed as unfounded. The judgment is therefore final. A case against a fourth police officer from the water cannon crews was dropped on payment of a fine. An indictment brought against two police officers in March 2013 ended in November 2014 with the termination of the proceedings against a fine of 3,000 euros each.

There were a total of 515 criminal cases against police officers and demonstrators. 487 of them were hired; 28 led to court hearings. Five of these lawsuits involved police officers; 23 concerned protesters. The police officers were almost exclusively concerned with bodily harm in office . Protesters were charged with assaulting police officers, resisting law enforcement officers , misusing emergency calls, damaging property , violating the assembly law , threatening , insulting or theft .

At the beginning of March 2015, the Stuttgart District Court issued a penalty warrant for negligent bodily harm in the office for 15,600 euros against the responsible police chief Siegfried Stumpf . Stump accepted the penalty order in order to no longer be in the limelight, and is thus considered a criminal record.

After the star published internal police videos in September 2015 with sound showing how a police officer asked a colleague to spread pepper spray on his own glove and rub demonstrators in the face, the prosecutor and judge hired a. D. Dieter Reicherter filed a criminal complaint with the Stuttgart public prosecutor. The proposed method of attack violated the police service regulations and threatened the victim's blindness and death. Reicherter sees the behavior of the police as a “ crime appointment ”.

On November 18, 2015, the Stuttgart Administrative Court ruled that the police operation to clear the palace gardens was unlawful. The protest was a meeting within the meaning of Article 8 of the Basic Law , which could not be ended easily. In addition, the mission was "excessive".

Collective memory

September 30, 2010 went down in the collective memory of the protest movement as “Black Thursday” . On November 20, 2010, around 10,000 people protested to clarify the background and legal processing of the police operation. Every year around September 30th, rallies, demonstrations or similar events commemorate the police operation. Thousands of people gathered each time.

On September 30 , 2010, the Citizens Tribunal working group carried out a “ tribunal ” in which those affected and witnesses had their say and legal assessments were made. In a final declaration, the participants demanded a. an independent investigation of the police operation, victim compensation and criminal charges against "politically responsible".

The protest group movement 30.09. procured a discarded water cannon and made it functional again. The water cannon took part in some demonstrations and accompanied election campaign events.

Prominent S21 opponents processed the experiences in books, e.g. B. Guntrun Müller-Enßlin in an autobiographical book and Wolfgang Schorlau in a crime novel . The Schauspiel Stuttgart performed a play related to September 30th. The children's book author Monika Spang describes the events around Black Thursday in the book "Frau Schächtele wants to stay up", illustrated by Kostas Koufogiorgos , who is known as the caricaturist of the resistance movement against Stuttgart 21.

2010–2011: Arbitration talks, state elections and referendum

→ Main article : Arbitration on Stuttgart 21

Transparent of the working group of rural agriculture and the park guards

The arbitration at Stuttgart 21 was an arbitration procedure in which the Stuttgart 21 project was discussed. Seven representatives from the project supporters and seven opponents each met in Stuttgart City Hall from the end of October to the end of November 2010 and in July 2011. Heiner Geißler moderated the sessions .

The arbitration procedure became necessary due to the ongoing protests against the project and the controversial police operation in the Stuttgart palace garden with hundreds of injuries. It has been called a “democratic experiment” because the exchange of views was held in public meetings and was broadcast on public television.

On November 30, 2010, the moderator Geissler presented his compromise proposal “Stuttgart 21 plus”, in which he called for seven improvements to the project that had to be implemented. One of them was the stress test on the performance of the new central station. At the end of the public discussion of the results of the “stress test Stuttgart 21” on July 29, 2011, Geißler presented a compromise proposal drawn up by himself and SMA and partners under the name “Peace in Stuttgart”. This provides a combined solution of a 4-track through station and a 10 to 12-track terminus station . After an application by the action alliance against Stuttgart 21, the Stuttgart Administrative Court ruled on February 13, 2012 that the arbitrator's verdict is not legally binding.

Rally on Stuttgart's Schloßplatz on March 19, 2011

The protest continued at the beginning of 2011. According to the police, 13,000 opponents gathered at the first large-scale demonstration of the year on January 29 and 40,000 project opponents according to the organizers. On February 19, 15,000 (police information) and 39,000 (organizer information) people demonstrated again on the Schloßplatz. In order to confirm the correctness of the own number of participants, the police published an aerial photo of the demonstration.

On March 19, 2011, eight days before the state elections in Baden-Württemberg in 2011 , another large demonstration took place. 18,000 (police information) and 60,000 (operator information) people took part in this.

Official ballot for the 2011 popular vote

The state government wanted to persuade the railway to suspend construction work until after the planned referendum in autumn. The railway rejected this in June and said that every month of delay would cost the railway 56 million euros, plus 33 million euros in default interest to the city of Stuttgart. Rail board member Kefer threatened to get back the total deficit of around 400 million euros from the country until October. The delegation of the state government therefore (as of June 10, 2011) waived a formal application to suspend the construction work. Kefer announced that construction activities would start up again in the week after Pentecost.

During a demonstration on June 20, 2011, opponents of the project temporarily occupied the site and the groundwater management buildings, which led to violent riots. According to the police, nine police officers were injured, one of them seriously, and there was property damage amounting to 96,392 euros. 15 demonstrators were arrested and prosecutors started an investigation into attempted manslaughter.

On September 28, 2011, the state parliament of Baden-Württemberg passed the referendum on Stuttgart 21 , which took place on November 27. The subject of the referendum was the state government's bill "S 21-Kündigungsgesetz", which provided for the withdrawal of the state's participation in project financing. A majority of 58.9 percent of the valid votes spoke out against the bill and thus in favor of maintaining state funding for the project.

Situation after the referendum

Demonstration in front of the main train station on December 22, 2012

Even after the referendum, there were frequent demonstrations against the project, albeit with lower participation. The Monday demonstrations in particular continue to take place week after week. The 250th event fell on December 2014 and had around 7,000 participants.

On the morning of January 13, 2012, around 600 demonstrators demonstrated against preparations for the dismantling of the south wing, with around 250 of them subsequently blocking the area in front of the construction site and erecting barricades . The eviction was largely peaceful, 27 people were carried away by the police. On January 21, 2012, around 250 demonstrators protested in front of the Wagenburg tunnel against the tree felling carried out there that night. Criminal charges were brought against 70 people for violating the Assembly Act , coercion , trespassing , insulting and resisting law enforcement officers .

On December 22, 2011, the state capital Stuttgart issued a general order prohibiting entry and stay in part of the central palace gardens. At the same time, the residents of the "camping-like dwellings" built after September 30, 2010 were requested to evacuate by January 12, 2012. On the evening of February 14th and in the night of February 14th to 15th, around 1000 project opponents protested against the evacuation of the tent village announced by the Stuttgart police and the imminent felling and relocation of 238 trees. The evacuation took place - largely peacefully - over several hours in the early morning of February 15. More than 2000 police officers were used. The felling of the trees began in the late morning.

Two dozen activists from the park guards occupied Stuttgart's town hall on November 10, 2012. In the early evening, the group read out a number of demands, including an "immediate end to the destruction of the city and the establishment of a decision-making parliament for the citizens". The opposition to the “useless large-scale project” Stuttgart 21 had lost all “trust in the democratic structures here in Stuttgart”, declared the occupiers. Neither reports on inadequate fire protection nor the unconstitutional financing of the project would impress the decision-makers, the group said in a statement. The following night the city hall was evacuated by the police, the activists let the officers escort them outside without resistance, the police said.

Forms of protest

Signature collections

The initiative “Living in Stuttgart - No Stuttgart 21” collected 13,000 signatures for a citizens' application in 1996 and handed them over to the city administration. This was intended to change the main statutes of the city of Stuttgart in order to enable a binding referendum on the project.

On November 14, 2007, 67,000 signatures against the project were handed over in the town hall. 61,193 were found to be valid; 20,000 were necessary. The text of the referendum read:
“Are you in favor of the city of Stuttgart withdrawing from the STUTTGART 21 project;

• that it does not conclude a supplementary agreement with the project partners who may a. provides for risks to be covered by the city in the amount of EUR 206.94 million;
• that it does not change the sales contract with Deutsche Bahn for sub-areas A2, A3, B, C and D, in particular not under the declaration of waiver of interest on arrears from the real estate transaction;
• that she will not conclude any further contracts for this project and
• informs the contractual partners of this with the aim of concluding a termination agreement? "

According to the initiators, 35,600 signatures were collected in 2011 so that the city of Stuttgart can withdraw from co-financing. In the opinion of the S21 opponents, the mixed financing of the project is unconstitutional because the rail project is a federal responsibility.

At the end of 2013, two more collections of signatures for petitions began. The campaign "Storno 21 - BürgerBegehren gegen BahnBraug" demands that the City of Stuttgart terminate the financing agreements and project agreements. It refers to a new situation, i. H. the additional costs announced by Deutsche Bahn. Another referendum is entitled: "The City of Stuttgart has withdrawn from S21 due to the project's reduction in performance". Accordingly, the business basis of the project contracts should no longer apply, as Stuttgart 21 has a lower efficiency than the existing main station.

Information booths

Vigil at the north exit of the main train station

Information stands have been held at regular intervals since around 1996. The “Leben in Stuttgart” initiative distributed leaflets and supported those affected in the hearing process.

On July 17, 2010, a vigil was announced directly in front of the north wing of the main train station . When the demolition began, it was relocated to the north exit and later to Schillerstrasse. The vigil is manned around the clock and is the longest permanent vigil in Germany. It displays current information material, books, leaflets, buttons, stickers and signature lists. There are also information stands in the Stuttgart suburb of Vaihingen that have been held regularly for many months.

During the election campaign before the referendum on S21, information stands were registered throughout Baden-Württemberg. During a joint day of action by Campact and the “State Alliance Yes to Exit”, information material was distributed to over 80 locations in Baden-Württemberg. Through the “Infooffensive Baden-Württemberg” initiative, interested parties could network, use templates, request information material and receive information training.

Demonstrations and rallies

The first major demonstration against Stuttgart 21 took place on September 24, 2007. Around 4,000 people demonstrated on the market square against the upcoming vote in the municipal council on the financing agreement. A few days later, on October 4, 2007, a few hundred people formed the lettering “No S21” in front of the town hall and protested during the municipal council meeting.

The first Monday demonstration took place on October 26, 2009 with four participants. Since then, they have been performed at 6 p.m. almost every Monday evening. The 100th Monday demonstration took place on November 21, 2011, the 200th on December 2, 2013. The 400th Monday demonstration, on January 15, 2018, was attended by more than 1,000 people. The 500th Monday demonstration with around 4,000 participants took place on February 3, 2020. According to the organizers, the Monday rally is only canceled under three conditions:

1. Monday is a public holiday.
2. Heavy storms endanger demonstrators.
3. Stuttgart 21 has ended.

In view of the corona crisis , the event was held on the Internet from the 505th demonstration on March 16, 2020 and up to the 516th edition on June 15, 2020. At 6 p.m., a compilation of speeches and cultural contributions recorded at different locations was played on YouTube and commented on by viewers in the chat. After the resumption of the demonstrations on the street, they will be broadcast live on YouTube in order to meet the continued increased need for infection protection.

The persistence and intensity of the protest is unique in Germany.

The number of participants grew from week to week. During the subsequent events, which continue to this day, hundreds and later several thousand citizens followed the rally with their changing speakers. The Monday demos mostly took place in front of or next to the main train station or at times on the market square . There were repeated discussions about the location, both within the protest movement and with the Stuttgart public order office. At the end of October 2010, the Baden-Württemberg Administrative Court decided that relocation is not permitted during the Advent season for traffic and safety reasons. In December 2013, however, the court ruled that the Monday demonstration could be relocated to a side street in front of the main train station due to traffic problems.

In addition to the Monday demonstrations, from July 2010 to March 2011 there were frequent but irregular large-scale rallies on Saturdays with several thousand to ten thousand participants. The highest number of participants was reached in October 2010, in which 63,000 people took part according to the police and 150,000 people according to the participants. During this time there were rallies in the palace garden , spontaneous demonstrations against the demolition of the north wing and for a construction freeze as well as rallies in relation to the state elections in Baden-Württemberg . The demonstrations took up different topics, had different goals or locations or special characteristics (e.g. silent march ). Since the middle of 2011 there have been large-scale demonstrations in addition to the Monday demonstrations, e.g. B. before the federal election 2013 .

According to the police, around 106,000 hours of deployment and personnel costs of around 5.5 million euros were incurred between 2011 and the end of 2014 to secure the demonstrations by the police. Around 130 police officers are deployed in an average demonstration.

Special forms of protest

Resistance tree

Following a Monday demonstration , the actor Walter Sittler planted a tree in the palace garden , which was called the "resistance tree ". The tree was always a meeting point for S21 opponents and the target of demonstrations. Over time, several trees were planted in the same place as they were destroyed by strangers. The first tree was probably killed by salt and toilet cleaner, the second was sawed and the third was trodden through. In July 2012, two resistance trees were planted again in an accessible area of ​​the palace garden, which was cleared for the construction work.

Swabian coup

The theater director Volker Lösch and Walter Sittler came up with the idea of ​​the " Swabian coup ". The S21 opponents made noise for one minute every day at 7 p.m., regardless of where they are, “to make the resistance against Stuttgart 21 audible and visible to the entire public.” On July 28, 2010 the first one "Schwabenstreich" performed on the Stuttgart market square. This form of protest spread throughout the city. Meeting points were agreed where people from the neighborhood met every day for the short protest. A free application for smartphones was developed to commemorate the “Swabian coup” . There were also regular protests in Kirchheim / Teck , Berlin and Bremen . Occasionally "Swabian pranks" took place outside of Germany. B. New York .

Site fence

The site fence that surrounded the north wing when it was demolished was erected on July 30, 2010 under police protection. After a few weeks it was covered with posters, collages, texts and objects, which caused the S21 opponents to express their protest in an outraged, ironic, polemical and creative way. The site fence is therefore also understood as a “ social sculpture in the sense of Joseph Beuys ”. The "protest fence" gained notoriety throughout Germany. Guided tours by art historians and city trips to the fence were offered. In December 2010 it was completely dismantled and archived by the House of History Baden-Württemberg . It was exhibited there from December 2011 to April 2012. After the archiving, another site fence was erected, which was also pasted.

Copyright lawsuit

The grandson of the station architect Paul Bonatz , Peter Dübbers, raised copyright claims on the station building affected by the partial demolition and filed a lawsuit at the Stuttgart Regional Court at the beginning of February 2010 . On May 20, 2010, the lawsuit was dismissed. The reasoning for the judgment states that the demolition measures are permissible because the author's interest in preservation must subordinate himself to the modernization interests of the railway. The appeal hearing took place on October 6, 2010. The 4th civil senate of the Stuttgart Higher Regional Court dismissed the action, since the interest in preservation, which had been weakened since Bonatz's death 54 years ago, had to take a back seat to the interest in converting the railway. No appeal was allowed before the Federal Court of Justice . A non-admission complaint was rejected, as was an urgent application to the Baden-Württemberg Administrative Court in January 2012.

With an injunction , Dübbers could have prevented the demolition for the duration of a possible negotiation. After railway boss Rüdiger Grube announced possible claims for damages in the millions, Dübbers decided not to take this step.

Nonviolent protest actions and civil disobedience

The protest against Stuttgart 21 includes forms of action that can be described as nonviolent protest actions or civil disobedience , e.g. B. blockades or chain actions. The people involved consciously commit administrative offenses or criminal offenses in order to express their protest. Some of the actions are being prosecuted .

The first non-violent actions were carried out by the environmental protection organization Robin Wood , which protested in 2008 with a symbolic tree occupation and banner campaigns. From 2010 to 2012 the climbing activists repeatedly drew attention to the felling of the trees in the castle garden and other points of criticism with tree occupations and banner campaigns.

The first major nonviolent protest was the occupation of the north wing by over 50 S21 opponents. Since the topic was taken up nationwide for the first time during this time, various media also reported on the spontaneous occupation when the demolition began on August 25, 2010. Other sensational actions were the occupation of the park from September 2010 to February 2012, which was largely supported by the group of "Park Guards" and Robin Wood.

Another important form of protest was regular sit-downs. They took place when the park was cleared on September 30, 2010 and February 15, 2012, when the north wing began to be demolished in August 2010 and then weekly (sometimes daily) in front of the construction site fence . The establishment of the groundwater management and the pipe system as well as the demolition of the south wing were also accompanied by sit-ins.

There were chaining actions on various occasions. Two people chained themselves to the south wing with bicycle locks . When clearing the park, two people chained themselves to a concrete foundation in the park to protest against Stuttgart 21 and the felled trees.

Relations with other protest movements

The protest movement against Stuttgart 21 has connections to various other protest movements. Both sides exchange content, e.g. B. by speaking at rallies, mobilizing each other for demonstrations or declaring solidarity. In June 2008, the nature conservation organization Robin Wood drew attention to the felling of the trees in the castle garden with a symbolic tree occupation . After that Robin Wood took part again and again with climbing activities, tree occupations and information campaigns. At a large demonstration in Stuttgart in October 2010 there was a solidarity visit by opponents of nuclear power, including tractors from Wendland. In addition, some demonstrations were linked to the topic, e.g. B. “Stay up, switch off, deselect” shortly before the state elections in 2011. With the protests against aircraft noise in Frankfurt, there are significant content and methodological overlaps. Representatives of the park guards have already been guest speakers at Monday demonstrations in Frankfurt several times. It also has ties to protest movements against major infrastructure projects in France, Italy and Romania. In July 2013, the third European forum against unnecessary and imposed large-scale projects took place in Stuttgart. Previously, S21 opponents were at networking meetings in Italy in 2011 and in France in 2012. In 2014 the meeting took place in Romania.

Reactions

politics

The former Prime Minister of Baden-Württemberg, Stefan Mappus , and the state parliament parties of the CDU and FDP are supporters of the rail project. On September 26, 2010, Mappus said in an interview with Focus that there were “a not inconsiderable number of professional demonstrators” who made life difficult for the police. With them "aggressiveness and willingness to use violence would increase". The then SPD country chief Nils Schmid accused Mappus of criminalizing opponents and thereby wanting to escalate the conflict. Winfried Kretschmann , the former head of the parliamentary group of the Greens, warned Mappus to put the demonstrators in a corner with violent criminals. The then Justice Minister Ulrich Goll (FDP) accused the Stuttgart 21 opponents of acting out of selfishness on October 4th. They are "spoiled for wealth" and do not sufficiently consider future generations. Former Interior Minister Heribert Rech said that the demonstrators' concern was "to show this state and simply ignore democratically made decisions".

The SPD parliamentary group also spoke out in favor of Stuttgart 21. At the beginning of September 2010, however, she decided to stand up for a binding referendum and justified this with the increasingly intense protests. The previous project spokesman for Stuttgart 21, Wolfgang Drexler (SPD), resigned on September 17 on the grounds that his office was no longer compatible with the position of his party.

Following the SPD's proposal, the state government commissioned a legal opinion on the feasibility of a referendum. In the opinion of the experts, this is constitutionally impossible, and Andreas Vosskuhle , President of the Federal Constitutional Court , also considers a subsequent referendum to be questionable, as this would pose a serious problem for the implementation of infrastructure projects. The Scientific Service of the German Bundestag, however, considers a referendum and withdrawal from the project to be legally possible. A new expert opinion presented by the SPD at the end of October also considers a referendum to be feasible.

Chancellor Angela Merkel rejected calls for a referendum and described the state elections in March 2011 as a citizens' survey on Stuttgart 21. On September 25, 2010, Merkel said that you could not work together in Europe if politics were based on how many people were currently on the ground Street. She was grateful to Heiner Geißler for his contribution to the mediation talks, she said in a speech at the CDU party congress on November 15, 2010, and was also expressly in favor of citizen participation and transparency, but the principle of reliability is harmed when "major projects, which have been planned over decades and have been democratically legitimized are suddenly called into question again. "

Representatives of the SPD and the Greens criticized these statements. The SPD chairman Sigmar Gabriel defended the referendum on Stuttgart 21 demanded by his party. He also warned against stylizing the state elections to the S-21 referendum, the mass protest against Stuttgart 21 was "a signal of mistrust in politics" can be solved through separate referendums and citizen participation with elements of direct democracy. In October 2010, opinion research institutes forecast Bündnis 90 / Die Grünen for the state election over 30 percent of the vote as the strongest or second strongest party in Baden-Württemberg.

In the course of 2010, various political bodies declared their support for the project. In addition to the state parliament and the city of Stuttgart, the district administrators of the Stuttgart region, the Tübingen municipal council and the mayors of the independent cities of Baden-Württemberg (with the exception of Freiburg) committed to Stuttgart 21.

Deutsche Bahn

Railway boss Rüdiger Grube gave an interview on September 9, 2010 on the SWR1 people program . Grube was surprised by the extent of the protest, but clearly rejected a construction freeze and justified this with "contractual obligations". 3 October 2010 Grube said that a right to resist the new station building did not exist, as in Germany, the parliaments decisions träfen and nobody else. Werner Sobek , one of the planners of the project criticized that much of what present project opponents as facts, "In truth, assumptions, fears or even dubious suspicions" are.

After the state elections , Deutsche Bahn announced on March 29, 2011 that it would interrupt construction work and award contracts until a new state government was constituted. The company announced "no new facts [to] create - neither in structural terms nor with regard to the award of contracts".

The head of the railways and the Federal Minister of Transport also immediately rejected the above "combined proposal". This combination proposal was rejected years ago and leads to significantly higher total costs.

Chambers of commerce and companies in the region

The chambers of industry and commerce (IHK) and chambers of crafts in Baden-Württemberg unanimously positioned themselves for the project in different ways. Examples: The Stuttgart Chamber of Commerce and Industry (IHK) ran the headline on its magazine “Wirtschaft is looking forward to S21”. The IHK Ulm erected a 100 m ² large advertising poster, which they removed after a year-long legal dispute. The plenary meeting of the IHK Northern Black Forest called for a consistent implementation of Stuttgart 21. On the other hand, the initiative ' Entrepreneurs against S21 ' arose , in which over 1000 companies are now campaigning for K21 and against the campaigns of the chambers of commerce. At large demonstrations against Stuttgart 21, Tobias Munk and Klaus Steinke spoke for the initiative. The latter represented the K21 advocates at the panel discussion of the Chamber of Industry and Commerce with Rüdiger Grube in the Stuttgart Liederhalle . The chef Vincent Klink is a prominent member of the initiative .

Demonstrations by supporters

Supporters rally on Schloßplatz on October 23, 2010

Supporters of the project demonstrated with campaigns such as “Laufen für Stuttgart” from mid-September 2010. Supporters met on Thursdays to run, cycle or inline skate through the palace gardens. According to the police, over 2,000 people took part in this action for Stuttgart 21 on September 23rd. The highest number of participants was reached on October 23 at a rally for Stuttgart 21 on Stuttgart's Schlossplatz, in which 7,000 people took part, according to police. The rally was then moved to the Kleiner Schloßplatz . According to the police, around 400 participants gathered there on December 9, 2010.

literature

• Winfried Wolf : Stuttgart 21 - the main station underground? Neuer ISP Verlag, Cologne 1995, ISBN 3-929008-85-8 .
• Monika Spang, Kostas Koufogiorgos : Ms. Schächtele wants to stay upstairs . Silberburg Verlag, Tübingen and Lahr / Schwarzwald 2011, ISBN 978-3-8425-1128-6 .
• Annette Ohme-Reinicke: The great discomfort. The protest movement against “Stuttgart 21”: A departure for a new bourgeois self-confidence? Butterfly Verlag, Stuttgart 2012, ISBN 978-3-89657-059-8 .
• Roland Ostertag : The disenchanted city. Plea against self-destruction; Stuttgart 21 - The billion-dollar grave . Peter-Grohmann-Verlag, Stuttgart 2008, ISBN 978-3-927340-83-1 .
• Wolfgang Schorlau (Ed.): Stuttgart 21. The arguments . Kiepenheuer & Witsch, Cologne 2010, ISBN 978-3-462-04258-0 .
• Volker Lösch , Gangolf Stocker , Sabine Leidig , Winfried Wolf (eds.): Stuttgart 21 - Or: Who Owns the City . PapyRossa Verlag, Cologne 2011, ISBN 978-3-89438-450-0 .
• Frank Brettschneider , Wolfgang Schuster (Ed.): Stuttgart 21 - A major project between protest and acceptance . Springer VS, Wiesbaden 2013, ISBN 978-3-658-01379-0 .
• Kostas Koufogiorgos : S 21 caricatures. Caricatures about the Stuttgart 21 station project . 104 pages. Published in 2016.

Movies

• Hermann G. Abmayr: Stuttgart stands up - portrait of a new democracy movement. Documentary 2010, 160 min.
• Václav Reischl: Oba bleiba - We understand more than just a train station . Documentary 2011.
• Lisa Sperling, Florian Kläger: Stuttgart 21 - Think! Documentary 2011, 75 min.
• Sigrun Köhler, Wiltrud Baier : Alarm at the main train station - On the streets of Stuttgart 21 . Documentary 2011, 90 min.

Web links

Commons : Protests against Stuttgart 21  - Collection of images

• alle-gegen-s21.de Link collection of the resistance against Stuttgart 21
• Kopfbahnhof-21.de Page of the alliance against Stuttgart 21
• Leben-in-stuttgart.de Website of the Initiative Leben in Stuttgart - Kein Stuttgart 21 e. V.
• parkschuetzer.de site of the park guards against Stuttgart 21
• [1] Kostas Koufogiorgos: caricatures against Stuttgart 21
• schlichtung-s21.de official site for arbitration Stuttgart 21 with the materials of the arbitration rounds
• The K21 film roll (PDF; 836 kB) More than 2,000 videos about the protest against Stuttgart 21 (Walter Steiger on Youtube, 2009–2013, chronological, constantly updated).

Individual evidence

1. ↑ The minus map. In: Spiegel Online . March 27, 2011, accessed November 7, 2013 . 
2. ↑ Jörg Nauke: Turner only third on the popularity scale. In: Stuttgarter Zeitung . December 19, 2012, accessed November 7, 2013 . 
3. ^ Opponents of "S21" want to continue protesting. In: RP Online. November 28, 2011, accessed February 2, 2019 . 
4. ↑ Michael Brandt: The end of a citizens' movement - How the protest against the new train station has changed. In: Deutschlandfunk Kultur. February 21, 2014, accessed February 2, 2019 . 
5. ↑ Hand over signatures for referendum. In: Stuttgarter Zeitung . March 21, 2011, accessed September 30, 2013 . 
6. ↑ Christopher Kopper: Too long, too big, too expensive. Die Zeit, October 14, 2010, accessed on September 30, 2013 . 
7. ↑ Nadine Michel: Anger at the Maultaschen connection. In: the daily newspaper . July 11, 2010, accessed September 30, 2013 . 
8. ↑ Jürg Dedial: Stuttgart culture of dispute. In: Neue Zürcher Zeitung . December 1, 2010, accessed September 30, 2013 . 
9. ↑ ^{a b} Grube sees “no right to resistance”. In: tagesschau.de. October 3, 2010, archived from the original on October 4, 2010 ; Retrieved October 18, 2010 . 
10. ↑ Contact list of the resistance. Blog At Demolition Uprising , accessed December 29, 2013 . 
11. ↑ Annette Ohme-Reinicke: The great discomfort . 1st edition. Butterfly Verlag, Stuttgart 2012, ISBN 3-89657-059-5 , p. 95 .
12. ↑ Greens, BUND, Pro Bahn and VCD resign from the action alliance. In: Stuttgarter Zeitung . January 22, 2014, accessed February 25, 2014 . 
13. ↑ About us. Kopfbahnhof-21.de, accessed on March 24, 2015 . 
14. ↑ parkschuetzer.de Worth knowing - The action idea. parkschuetzer.de, accessed December 30, 2013 . 
15. ↑ Parkschützer.de changes the owner. Parkschuetzer.de blog , July 2012, accessed on December 30, 2013 . 
16. ↑ Manuel Heckel: parkschuetzer.de and "Active Park Guard". Parkschuetzer.de blog , July 10, 2011, accessed on December 29, 2013 . 
17. ^ Matthias von Herrmann: Park Guard - Active Park Guard - who is who? Blog At Demolition Uprising , April 1, 2011, accessed December 29, 2013 . 
18. ↑ Annette Ohme-Reinicke: The great discomfort . 1st edition. Butterfly Verlag, Stuttgart 2012, ISBN 3-89657-059-5 , p. 96-103 .
19. ↑ Transparency Report 2012 Reversible eV (PDF, 2 MB) Reversible eV, archived from the original on December 9, 2013 ; Retrieved December 29, 2013 . 
20. ↑ Holger Möhle: Demonstrations against Stuttgart 21 and Atom: This protest is bourgeois. In: General-Anzeiger . September 21, 2010, accessed December 20, 2013 . 
21. ↑ Wenke Börnsen: "The arrogance of the mighty is a thing of the past". In: tagesschau.de. October 4, 2010, accessed December 20, 2013 . 
22. ↑ ^{a b c d e f} Dieter Rucht , Britta Baumgarten, Simon Teune: Press conference October 27, 2010, Social Research Center Berlin: Survey of demonstrators against Stuttgart 21 on October 18 , 2010. (PDF; 48 kB) Berlin Social Science Center , October 27, 2010, accessed on December 20, 2013 . 
23. ↑ Stuttgart 21 - new stimulus word in the left-wing extremist scene. Communication from the State Office for the Protection of the Constitution in Baden-Württemberg , August 2010, archived from the original on February 12, 2013 ; Retrieved December 20, 2013 . 
24. ↑ ^{a b c d e} Michael Isenberg: Majority against the project. In: Stuttgarter Nachrichten . August 20, 2010, accessed December 21, 2013 . 
25. ↑ ^{a b} Stuttgarter Zeitung of December 27, 1997
26. ↑ Jochen Gieck, Anke Schöb: First results of the citizens' survey 2005. (PDF; 175 kB) State capital Stuttgart, September 2005, p. 326 , accessed on December 20, 2013 . 
27. ↑ ^{a b} 64 percent of the citizens against Stuttgart 21. Bündnis K21, November 6, 2008, accessed on December 21, 2013 . 
28. ↑ ^{a b c} Baden-Württemberger are against "Stuttgart 21". In: stern.de. September 1, 2010, accessed December 21, 2013 . 
29. ^ Thomas Breining, Thomas Braun: Opposition on the rise: Stuttgart 21 strengthens red-green. In: Stuttgarter Zeitung . September 2, 2010, accessed January 7, 2015 . 
30. ↑ ^{a b c} ARD-DeutschlandTREND: October 2010. Stuttgart 21. Infratest dimap , October 2010, archived from the original on December 2, 2013 ; Retrieved December 21, 2013 . 
31. ↑ ^{a b} survey sees Ländle-Greens at 32 percent. In: Spiegel Online . October 9, 2010, accessed October 18, 2010 . 
32. ↑ ^{a b c} Research Group Elections ( Memento from November 30, 2010 in the Internet Archive )
33. ↑ ^{a b} Infratest dimap LänderTREND Baden-Württemberg December 2010 ( Memento from December 26, 2013 in the Internet Archive )
34. ↑ ^{a b c} Stuttgart 21 versus terminus: Instead of 4.5 billion euros, the Stuttgart 21 rail project is now expected to cost 6.8 billion euros, according to Deutsche Bahn AG. What do you think makes more sense? (PDF; 23.3 kB) TNS Emnid, February 2013, accessed on December 21, 2013 . 
35. ↑ Stuttgarter Zeitung: Survey on Stuttgart S 21: Majority wants review of S-21 alternative . In: stuttgarter-zeitung.de . February 14, 2017 ( stuttgarter-zeitung.de [accessed February 19, 2017]).
36. ↑ Approval is made up of “very good opinion” and “good opinion”, rejection accordingly from “(very) bad opinion”, first results of the 2005 public survey - Jochen Gieck, Anke Schöb (PDF; 175 kB)
37. ↑ Most Baden-Württemberg residents reject Stuttgart 21 BUND has commissioned Emnid to conduct a survey , lifepr.de, June 14, 2007.
38. ↑ Approval is made up of "very good opinion" and "good opinion", rejection accordingly from "(very) bad opinion", results of the 2007 public survey at a glance - Anke Schöb (PDF; 138 kB)
39. ^ Oscar W. Gabriel, Angelika Vetter: Acceptance Study Stuttgart 21 - The attitudes of the citizens . Ed .: Institute for Social Sciences I (SOWI I), University of Stuttgart. Stuttgart March 2008, p. 6 ( online [PDF; accessed October 18, 2010]). Acceptance study Stuttgart 21 - The attitudes of the citizens- ( Memento of the original from February 23, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  
40. ↑ Approval is made up of "very good opinion" and "good opinion", rejection correspondingly from "(very) bad opinion", public survey in Stuttgart 2009
41. ↑ Jörg Nauke: The Stuttgart 21 project decides the choice. ( Memento from May 5, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) In: Stuttgarter Zeitung , June 7, 2009.
42. ↑ Bahn falls Juchtenkäferbaum in the castle garden 58 percent of Baden-Württemberg residents want to get out of Stuttgart 21 , head station-21.de, December 16, 2009.
43. ↑ ^{a b} LandesTREND Baden-Württemberg September 2010 ( Memento from October 13, 2013 in the Internet Archive )
44. ↑ Research group Wahlen  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  
45. ↑ Change of power is more likely. In: Stuttgarter Zeitung , March 18, 2011, accessed on March 21, 2011.
46. ↑ Infratest Dimap ( Memento from August 20, 2011 in the Internet Archive )
47. ↑ ^{a b} http://business-panorama.de/news9718.php?id=15966  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  
48. ↑ Approval is made up of "very good opinion" and "good opinion", rejection correspondingly from "(very) bad opinion", citizen survey in Stuttgart 2011
49. ↑ Page no longer available , search in web archives:
50. ↑ ^{a b} Baden-Württemberger majority for Stuttgart 21. In: Die Welt , August 7, 2011.
51. ↑ Survey: Greens and Kretschmann on the rise
52. ^ Mood before the referendum Stuttgart 21
53. ^ Referendum on Stuttgart 21 on November 27, 2011
54. ↑ ^{a b} Approval for the Stuttgart-Ulm rail project continued to grow ( memento from February 10, 2013 in the web archive archive.today )
55. ↑ ^{a b} 62 percent of Baden-Württemberg residents want to continue building. In: Stuttgarter Nachrichten , February 8, 2013.
56. ↑ Majority against Stuttgart 21. , kontextwochenzeitung.de, February 24, 2013.
57. ↑ Table 1: Opinions on plans and projects ( Memento from September 24, 2015 in the Internet Archive ), 2013 Citizens' Survey by the City of Stuttgart, published in August 2013. Approval is made up of "very good opinion and" good opinion "; "(Very) bad opinion".
58. ↑ Statistical Office of the City of Stuttgart: Table 11: Opinions on projects and institutions in 2015. In: Citizens' survey 2015. Accessed on December 19, 2018 . 
59. ↑ Survey in Baden-Württemberg on "Stuttgart 21" - January 2017 (PDF; 250 kB), pages 3–4.
60. ↑ Statistical Office of the City of Stuttgart: Results of the 2017 citizen survey on planning and projects in Stuttgart. In: Bürgerumfrage 2017. August 6, 2017, accessed on December 19, 2018 . 
61. ↑ Criticism of the major project is increasing. In: Stuttgarter Zeitung. September 4, 2019, accessed September 4, 2019 . 
62. ↑ Josef Schunder: Anno 1994: Stuttgart 21. Stuttgarter Nachrichten, November 21, 2011, accessed on March 24, 2015 begins with an attack . 
63. ↑ ^{a b} Annette Ohme-Reinicke: The great discomfort . 1st edition. Butterfly Verlag, Stuttgart 2012, ISBN 3-89657-059-5 .
64. ↑ Dietmar Näher: Stuttgart 21: 'Open Citizen Participation' in 1997. In: Politblogger. August 15, 2010, archived from the original on October 5, 2010 ; Retrieved October 3, 2010 . 
65. ↑ The alternative: Stuttgart 21 with terminus. (PDF, 1.9MB) Architects' Forum Baden-Württemberg, REVERSE Stuttgart, May 1998, accessed on March 24, 2015 . 
66. ^ Simone Kaiser, Andreas Wassermann: Stuttgarter Businesses. Spiegel, August 16, 2010, accessed March 24, 2015 . 
67. ^ Terminal station of the 21st VCD Landesverband Baden-Württemberg eV, November 2003, accessed on March 24, 2015 . 
68. ^ BUND-Landesverband Baden-Württemberg eV, VCD-Landesverband Baden-Württemberg eV (Ed.): Head station 21. The alternative to Stuttgart 21 with airport connection . Stuttgart 2006.
69. ^ Motion from the parliamentary group of the CDU, the parliamentary group of the SPD and the parliamentary group of the FDP: Resolution zu Stuttgart 21, printed matter 14/381 (PDF; 94 kB) Landtag of Baden-Württemberg. September 28, 2006. Archived from the original on January 12, 2012. Retrieved October 17, 2010.
70. ↑ State Parliament, 14th electoral period, 10th session on Thursday, October 12, 2006 (PDF; 565 kB), ( Memento from January 17, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Agenda item 3.
71. ↑ Stuttgart 21, referendum, draft resolution (GRDrs 1359/2007). (PDF) State capital Stuttgart, Mayor, December 12, 2007, accessed on March 24, 2015 . 
72. ↑ ^{a b c} A chronology of the protest. In: Stuttgarter Nachrichten , October 21, 2010.
73. ↑ The future of Stuttgart is decided by the citizens, not the parties. (PDF; 20 kB) Retrieved October 10, 2010 . 
74. ↑ Stuttgart 21 - Question about a referendum: Mayor Schuster clarifies facts. (PDF; 45 kB) State capital Stuttgart, July 23, 2007, archived from the original on September 24, 2015 ; accessed on October 18, 2010 (press release). 
75. ↑ "The referendum is largely misleading" . In: Stuttgarter Zeitung . December 7, 2007.
76. ^ Konstantin Schwarz: Local council: referendum on the station rejected. In: Stuttgarter Nachrichten . April 24, 2008, archived from the original on May 1, 2008 ; Retrieved October 18, 2010 . 
77. ^ The lawsuit against Stuttgart 21 was unsuccessful. Administrative Court Stuttgart, July 17, 2009, accessed on October 18, 2010 (press release). 
78. ↑ Michael Isenberg: The fight for a referendum is over. In: Stuttgarter Nachrichten . August 26, 2009. Retrieved June 29, 2015 . 
79. ↑ Jörg Nauke: Tailwind for Greens: The Stuttgart 21 project decides the choice. In: Stuttgarter Zeitung . June 7, 2009, archived from the original on June 12, 2009 ; Retrieved October 3, 2010 . 
80. ↑ Johannes Schweikle : United against the billion hole. In: The time . October 12, 2010, accessed October 18, 2010 . 
81. ↑ Thomas Braun: Harsh words, peaceful protest. In: Stuttgarter Zeitung . July 23, 2010, archived from the original on November 5, 2010 ; Retrieved October 18, 2010 . 
82. ↑ Jürgen Lessat: protesters boarded north wing. In: Stuttgarter Nachrichten . July 27, 2010, accessed October 18, 2010 . 
83. ^ Protest against the Stuttgart 21 railway project: "When demolished, uprising". Süddeutsche Zeitung Online, July 27, 2010, accessed on April 11, 2015 . 
84. ↑ Manfred Hantke: Stuttgart 21 - workers and police officers moved in ( Memento from August 3, 2010 in the Internet Archive ). In: Schwäbisches Tagblatt , July 31, 2010.
85. ^ "Stuttgart 21": Police bring demonstrators from the station roof. Spiegel Online, August 26, 2010, accessed April 11, 2015 . 
86. ↑ "Stuttgart-21" opponents occupy trees. In: Spiegel Online September 3, 2010.
87. ↑ Tens of thousands form a human chain ( Memento from November 5, 2010 in the Internet Archive ). In: Stuttgarter Zeitung , September 11, 2010.
88. ^ Opponents of Stuttgart 21 cancel meetings ( memento from September 10, 2010 in the Internet Archive ). In: N24.de, September 7, 2010.
89. ^ Protest drives activists up in the trees. In: Esslinger Zeitung , September 20, 2010.
90. ↑ Loud resistance: Swabian pranks in more and more cities. ( Memento from September 12, 2012 in the web archive archive.today ) In: Südwest-Presse , August 20, 2010.
91. ↑ The end of the dialogue. In: Zeit Online , September 28, 2010.
92. ^ Josef-Otto Freudenreich: "Stuttgart 21" -Räumung: Civil War in the palace garden. Der Spiegel, September 30, 2010, accessed March 30, 2015 . 
93. ↑ Police evacuate "Stuttgart 21" premises by force. In: Spiegel Online . September 30, 2010, accessed October 3, 2010 . 
94. ↑ Hundreds of people injured after a police operation. In: Focus . September 30, 2010, accessed October 3, 2010 .  : 320 plus 40-50 = 360-370 injured
95. ↑ After the escalation, there is now verbal fighting. In: The world . September 30, 2010, accessed October 3, 2010 . 
96. ↑ ^{a b} Stuttgart 21: Further incidents during the police operation to guarantee the construction work ( memento of October 11, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF; 42 kB), police press release of October 1, 2010.
97. ^ Stuttgart 21 - Horror in the castle garden - Interview with a demo paramedic. Retrieved January 20, 2020 (German). 
98. ↑ Almost blind activist wants Mappus to apologize. In: Spiegel Online , December 28, 2010.
99. ↑ Police officers describe unsuccessful planning. In: SWR . June 24, 2014, accessed June 27, 2014 . 
100. ↑ Stuttgart 21: Day X - violence escalates, trees fall. SWR, October 1, 2010, archived from the original on October 1, 2010 ; Retrieved October 3, 2010 . 
101. ↑ Markus Heffner: Provocation or Necessity? In: Stuttgarter Zeitung , October 4, 2010.
102. ↑ 100,000 demonstrate against Stuttgart 21 n.tv October 1, 2010
103. ↑ Holger Fröhlich: "For me, democracy means rule by the people". In: Stern.de . October 4, 2010, accessed March 24, 2015 . 
104. ↑ ^{a b} Mappus is said to have approved tough police operations. In: Spiegel Online . December 17, 2010, accessed December 18, 2010 . 
105. ↑ Violence during demonstrations - “A sad day for Stuttgart” , SWR report, accessed on November 4, 2010.
106. ↑ Stuttgart 21 - Why the police really hit so hard. ( Memento of October 27, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) In: wdr.de , October 21, 2010 ( PDF , video of the monitor broadcast on YouTube ).
107. ↑ Rhein-Neckar-Zeitung, December 29, 2010, p. 22
108. ↑ Ingrid Eißele, Anna Hunger: "I just wanted to stop the gentlemen" In: Stern , October 7, 2010.
109. ↑ Stuttgart 21 - Registration for the student demonstration ( memento of October 10, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF; 39 kB), press release of the Stuttgart police headquarters of September 30, 2010
110. ↑ Police chief did not trust his own officers. In: Spiegel Online . October 2, 2010, accessed October 3, 2010 . 
111. ↑ Stuttgarter Zeitung, October 2, 2010, page 2.
112. ↑ Police officer suspected of assault In: Spiegel Online , October 8, 2010.
113. ↑ ^{a b} Express proceedings due to tree felling work in the middle palace garden in Stuttgart ended - Deutsche Bahn Netz AG bears the costs of the proceedings . Administrative court Stuttgart . October 14, 2010. Retrieved October 14, 2010.
114. ^ Bahn: Police operation in Stuttgart was not necessary
115. ↑ Police operation in the palace garden: Operation could not fail Stuttgarter Zeitung of October 10, 2014
116. ↑ Page no longer available , search in web archives: 124 judicial proceedings on "Black Thursday" . In: Stuttgarter Zeitung , February 23, 2011.
117. ↑ 1500 reports because of Stuttgart 21 . Stuttgart newspaper . February 22, 2011. Retrieved February 5, 2012.
118. ↑ Rainer Wehaus: Police will not accept punishment. In: Stuttgarter Nachrichten , September 20, 2012.
119. ↑ Christine Bilger: suspended sentence after using baton in the castle garden. In: Stuttgarter Zeitung , October 17, 2012, accessed on October 24, 2012.
120. ^ Christine Bilger: Penalty orders for the use of water cannons . In: Stuttgarter Zeitung . No. 198 , August 27, 2013, p. 17 (similar version online ).
121. ↑ Police officer fails with revision against punishment for S21 operation , Stuttgarter Zeitung, September 25, 2013, accessed on October 17, 2013
122. ↑ Christine Bilger, Wenke Böhm: The process is over , Stuttgarter Zeitung, November 26, 2014, accessed on February 5, 2015
123. ↑ Black Thursday. Der Spiegel , October 30, 2010, accessed March 7, 2014 . 
124. ↑ Oliver im Masche: Ex-Police Chief Stumpf accepts a fine. Stuttgarter Zeitung , March 18, 2015, accessed on March 24, 2015 . 
125. ↑ Der Stern, September 24, 2015, p. 122.
126. ↑ Exclusive video material. That's how brutal police officers were against Stuttgart21 demonstrators. It was used five years ago. Only now is it known how aggressively officials used pepper spray and water cannons against schoolchildren and pensioners. The star has exclusive video material. September 23, 2015, accessed September 26, 2015 . 
127. ^ Court: Stuttgart 21 police operation was unlawful. Süddeutsche Zeitung , November 18, 2015, accessed on November 18, 2015 . 
128. ↑ Press release of the Stuttgart Administrative Court: "Lawsuits due to police operations on September 30, 2010 in the Stuttgart Palace Gardens largely successful" dated: November 18, 2015 on the proceedings Ref .: 5 K 3991/13, 5 K 1265/14, 5 K 2184/14, 5 K 2704/14, 5 K 2705/14 and 5 K 2706/14. Administrative Court Stuttgart , November 18, 2015, accessed on November 18, 2015 . 
129. ^ Simone Kaiser: Black Thursday . In: Der Spiegel . No. 44 , 2010.
130. ^ Large demonstration against Stuttgart 21. Stuttgarter Nachrichten Online, November 21, 2010, accessed on April 9, 2015 . 
131. ^ "Black Thursday": Thousands of people in Stuttgart remember the Stuttgart 21 police operation. Stuttgarter Nachrichten, September 29, 2012, accessed on April 9, 2015 . 
132. ^ Black Thursday in Stuttgart: Thousands demonstrate on the anniversary. Stuttgarter Zeitung Online, September 30, 2013, accessed on April 9, 2015 . 
133. ↑ Peter Grohmann (Ed.): Black Thursday, September 30, 2010: we are accusing! ; Schlossgarten Stuttgart - facts, witnesses, photos . Peter-Grohmann-Verlag, Stuttgart 2012, ISBN 978-3-944137-99-5 .
134. ↑ Julia Rommel: With high pressure in the election campaign: Water cannons against Mappus. taz.de, March 18, 2011, accessed April 8, 2015 . 
135. ↑ Roland Müller: Stuttgart 21 and the Holy Occident. Stuttgarter Zeitung Online, September 25, 2011, accessed on April 9, 2015 . 
136. ↑ Archived copy ( Memento from September 16, 2016 in the Internet Archive )
137. ↑ Sebastian Fischer: Arbitrators try their hand at live democracy. In: Spiegel Online . October 22, 2010, accessed August 31, 2013 . 
138. ↑ Dr. Heiner Geißler: Arbitration Stuttgart 21 PLUS. (PDF, 82 kB) November 30, 2010, accessed on August 31, 2013 . 
139. ↑ Dr. Heiner Geißler and SMA und Partner AG: Peace in Stuttgart. A compromise solution to pacify the dispute over Stuttgart 21. (PDF, 2.2 MB) July 29, 2011, accessed on August 31, 2013 . 
140. ↑ Press release: Urgent motion by two members of the action alliance against Stuttgart 21 against tree felling remains unsuccessful. Administrative Court Stuttgart, February 13, 2012, accessed on August 31, 2013 . 
141. ↑ "First major demonstration 2011" . In: Stuttgarter Zeitung of January 31, 2011. Accessed February 1, 2011.
142. ↑ Christine Bilger: Combative tones before the election. In: Stuttgarter Zeitung , February 20, 2011.
143. ↑ Thomas Braun, Christine Bilger: Police count 13,000 people . In: Stuttgarter Zeitung . February 23, 2011. Archived from the original on February 26, 2011. Retrieved on January 7, 2015.
144. ↑ Stuttgart 21: "Switch off, deselect, stay up" . In: Stuttgarter Zeitung of March 20, 2011
145. ↑ ^{a b} Rüdiger Bässler: Kretschmann is still at peace. In: Die Zeit , June 10, 2011.
146. ↑ Jörg Nauke: 100,000 euros in damage from the storm? In: Stuttgarter Zeitung , November 14, 2011.
147. ↑ Kerstin Schwenn, Stephan Löwenstein: Kretschmann calls for prudence . In: Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung . June 21, 2011. Retrieved June 29, 2011.
148. ↑ Jürgen Bock: Stuttgart 21: Every Monday. In: Stuttgarter Nachrichten , November 26, 2012, accessed on December 22, 2012.
149. ↑ Several thousand at the 250th Monday demo . In: Stuttgarter Zeitung . December 8, 2014. Accessed June 21, 2015.
150. ↑ Police clear Stuttgart 21 blockades in front of the south wing . In: The world . January 13, 2012. Retrieved January 29, 2012.
151. ↑ Christine Bilger: In vain use for the south wing . Stuttgart newspaper . January 13, 2012. Retrieved January 29, 2012.
152. ↑ 70 ads after tree felling action . Stuttgart newspaper . January 23, 2012. Retrieved January 29, 2012.
153. ↑ ^{a b} General decree to order a stay and entry ban and to clear the tent camp for parts of the Middle Palace Gardens in Stuttgart (PDF; 46 kB) State Capital Stuttgart, Office for Public Order. December 22, 2011. Archived from the original on September 24, 2015. Retrieved on February 15, 2012.
154. ↑ Police action in the castle garden has started. Stuttgarter Zeitung , February 15, 2012, accessed on February 15, 2012 . 
155. ^ Protest against S21: Stuttgart City Hall occupied. In: Neues Deutschland , November 10, 2012
156. ↑ S 21: Police clear town hall occupied by activists. In: Stuttgarter Nachrichten , November 11, 2012.
157. ^ Stuttgart 21 - A short history of the resistance. Living in Stuttgart, archived from the original on September 21, 2013 ; Retrieved December 29, 2013 . 
158. ^ Citizens' petitions on Stuttgart 21 are not legally permissible. City administration of Stuttgart, December 2007, accessed on December 29, 2013 . 
159. ↑ More than 25,000 people from Stuttgart for citizens' petitions. Stuttgarter Zeitung, April 22, 2011, accessed on December 29, 2013 . 
160. ↑ Initiators: Citizens' initiative on the right track. Stuttgarter Zeitung, November 8, 2013, accessed on December 29, 2013 . 
161. ↑ Cancellation 21 - Citizens' petitions against rail fraud. The wording of the question. Storno21.de, October 2013, accessed on December 29, 2013 . 
162. ↑ Exit of the city of Stuttgart from S21 due to the reduction in performance through the project. WikiReal.org, October 2013, accessed December 29, 2013 . 
163. ↑ Gangolf Stocker : In the beginning we were only a few . In: Wolfgang Schorlau (Ed.): Stuttgart 21 - The arguments . 1st edition. Kiepenheuer & Witsch, Cologne 2010, ISBN 978-3-462-04258-0 , p. 35-40 .
164. ↑ Project opponents distribute roses. In: Stuttgarter Zeitung . April 11, 2013, accessed December 29, 2013 . 
165. ↑ "We will stand here for a long time". In: Stuttgarter Zeitung . December 31, 2012, accessed December 29, 2013 . 
166. ^ Fritz Mielert: S21: Over 80 places in Baden-Württemberg say YES to the exit. Campact eV blog, November 13, 2011, accessed December 29, 2013 . 
167. ↑ About us. Information offensive Baden-Württemberg, accessed on December 29, 2013 . 
168. ↑ Annette Ohme-Reinicke: The great discomfort . 1st edition. Butterfly Verlag, Stuttgart 2012, ISBN 978-3-89657-059-8 , pp. 95 .
169. ↑ Monday demonstration will take place again at the train station. Stuttgarter Zeitung, November 26, 2012, accessed December 20, 2013 . 
170. ^ "Stuttgart 21 is fraud against the citizens". In: Stuttgarter Zeitung . November 22, 2011, accessed December 29, 2013 . 
171. ↑ Tilman Baur: The hope of getting out is alive . In: Stuttgarter Nachrichten . tape 73 , January 16, 2018, p. 19 .
172. ↑ Christoph Kutzer: Opponents gather for the 500th Monday demo. In: Stuttgarter Zeitung. February 3, 2020, accessed February 5, 2020 . 
173. ↑ Martin Poguntke: Canceled: 501st Monday demo on February 10th. In: Kopfbahnhof-21.de. February 9, 2020, accessed February 10, 2020 . 
174. ↑ Tom Adler: Despite Corona: Stay up on Mondays against S21. In: parkschuetzer.de. March 15, 2020, accessed March 15, 2020 . 
175. ↑ Konstantin Schwarz: Monday demonstration is back on the streets. In: Stuttgarter Zeitung. June 19, 2020, accessed June 20, 2020 . 
176. ↑ DE 0:07 / 37:05 514. Monday demonstration against Stuttgart 21 on May 25, 2020 on YouTube , May 25, 2020, accessed on June 20, 2020. (exemplary)
177. ↑ parkschuetzer.de Statement 207990 by Eberhard Linckh. Retrieved June 19, 2020 . 
178. ↑ Organizers hope for 5000 participants. In: Stuttgarter Nachrichten . December 2, 2013, accessed December 29, 2013 . 
179. ↑ Jürgen Bock: Demo is allowed in front of the main station In: Stuttgarter Nachrichten . October 29, 2010, accessed December 29, 2013 . 
180. ↑ Jörg Nauke, Thomas Braun: Relocation of the Stuttgart 21 Monday demonstration is legal. In: Stuttgarter Zeitung . December 12, 2013, accessed December 29, 2013 . 
181. ↑ New mass demonstration against the station project. In: Spiegel Online . October 9, 2010, accessed December 20, 2013 . 
182. ↑ Large demonstration on the Schloßplatz: "Stuttgart 21 is everywhere". In: Stuttgarter Zeitung . June 14, 2013, accessed December 29, 2013 . 
183. ↑ Jürgen Bock: Over 100,000 hours of operation by the police in Monday demonstrations . In: Stuttgarter Nachrichten . December 16, 2014, p. 1 ( online ).
184. ↑ Erik Raidt: Resistance is growing. In: Stuttgarter Zeitung . April 18, 2010, accessed December 29, 2013 . 
185. ↑ Walter Sittler plants Stuttgart 21 resistance tree. In: Hamburger Abendblatt . March 2, 2011, accessed December 30, 2013 . 
186. ^ Park guards and Walter Sittler plant resistance trees. Cams21.de, July 20, 2012, accessed December 29, 2013 . 
187. ^ Walter Sittler, Volker Lösch: Schwabenstreich. In: our-stadt.org. July 26, 2010, archived from the original on December 30, 2013 ; Retrieved December 29, 2013 . 
188. ↑ Swabian pranks on Google Maps. Retrieved December 29, 2013 . 
189. ↑ Schwabenstreich for your pocket. In: Stuttgarter Zeitung . January 6, 2011, accessed December 29, 2013 . 
190. ↑ Horns in Times Square. In: Stuttgarter Zeitung . August 25, 2010. Retrieved December 29, 2013 . 
191. ^ Ulrich and Sybille Weitz: The Stuttgart construction fence . 1st edition. Silberburg-Verlag, Tübingen 2010, ISBN 978-3-8425-1124-8 , p. 9 .
192. ↑ Ulla Lachauer : Art on the site fence. In: The time . November 19, 2010, accessed January 7, 2014 . 
193. ↑ The site fence from the train station ends up in the museum. In: Stuttgarter Zeitung . September 14, 2011, accessed January 7, 2014 . 
194. ↑ Bonatz-Erbe files suit. Esslinger Zeitung, February 6, 2010, accessed on March 24, 2015 . 
195. ^ Marc Hirschfell: Bonatz grandson's copyright lawsuit against Deutsche Bahn dismissed. Baden-Württemberg Chamber of Architects, 2010, archived from the original on November 19, 2010 ; Retrieved October 3, 2010 . 
196. ↑ Bahn may tear off wings. Stuttgarter Nachrichten, October 7, 2010, accessed on March 24, 2015 . 
197. ↑ Federal Court of Justice decides in the copyright dispute over “Stuttgart 21”. Federal Court of Justice, November 24, 2011, accessed on March 24, 2015 . 
198. ↑ Stuttgart 21: Administrative Court rejects an urgent application against the demolition of the south wing of Stuttgart Central Station . Administrative Court of Baden-Württemberg . January 30, 2012. Retrieved March 25, 2015.
199. ↑ Way for Stuttgart 21 legally free ( Memento from January 23, 2010 in the Internet Archive ). In: Stuttgarter Zeitung , January 20, 2010.
200. ↑ ^{a b} stop Stuttgart 21 - ROBIN WOOD tree occupation in the castle park against the planned mega train station in Stuttgart. Robin Wood, June 13, 2008; archived from the original on November 13, 2013 ; Retrieved December 29, 2013 . 
201. ↑ ^{a b} Good actions for K21. Robin Wood web site, November 12, 2013, archived from the original November 13, 2013 ; Retrieved November 12, 2013 . 
202. ↑ The demolition begins. In: Spiegel Online . August 25, 2010. Retrieved December 29, 2013 . 
203. ↑ Rescue teams clear tent camps from Stuttgart 21 opponents. In: The time . September 19, 2010, accessed December 29, 2013 . 
204. ↑ ^{a b} Chronicle: Action in the castle garden. In: Stuttgarter Nachrichten . February 16, 2012, accessed December 29, 2013 . 
205. ↑ Police arrest city councilors. In: Stuttgarter Nachrichten . September 2, 2010, accessed December 29, 2013 . 
206. ↑ Police clear seat blockades. In: Stuttgarter Zeitung . January 13, 2013, accessed December 29, 2013 . 
207. ^ Stuttgart 21: "Switch off, deselect, stay up". In: Stuttgarter Zeitung . March 21, 2011, accessed November 12, 2013 . 
208. ^ Deniz Yücel: Protests against aircraft noise in Frankfurt: Sleepless in Wixhausen. In: the daily newspaper . February 5, 2012, accessed November 7, 2013 . 
209. ↑ Impressions from the 70th Monday demonstration against aircraft noise in Frankfurt. In: bei-abriss-aufstand.de. September 3, 2013, accessed November 12, 2013 . 
210. ↑ Disrupt critical citizens. KONTEXT weekly newspaper, July 31, 2013, accessed on November 7, 2013 (update: August 1, 2013). 
211. ↑ FINAL DECLARATION. In: Blog '3rd European Forum against unnecessary imposed mega projects'. May 19, 2014, accessed March 1, 2015 . 
212. ^ SPD: Mappus wants to criminalize. Stuttgarter Zeitung, September 26, 2010, accessed on January 7, 2015 . 
213. ^ Kretschmann: Mappus criminalizes demonstrators. In: image . September 27, 2010, accessed September 28, 2013 . 
214. ^ Justice Minister Goll (FDP) considers Stuttgart 21 opponents to be “spoiled for wealth”. In: Focus . October 4, 2010, accessed September 28, 2013 . 
215. ^ State SPD wants a referendum. Stuttgarter Zeitung, September 7, 2010, accessed on January 7, 2015 . 
216. ↑ Drexler resigns. In: Stuttgarter Zeitung . September 17, 2010, accessed January 7, 2015 . 
217. ↑ Referendum legally not permitted. In: Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung . October 5, 2010, accessed September 28, 2013 . 
218. ↑ Vosskuhle: A final point must be set. Süddeutsche Zeitung, October 16, 2010, archived from the original on January 7, 2015 ; Retrieved September 28, 2013 . 
219. ↑ Bundestag expertise: "Exit from project feasible". In: Stuttgarter Zeitung . October 7, 2010, accessed January 7, 2015 . 
220. ↑ SPD presents a new report. In: Stuttgarter Zeitung . October 26, 2010, accessed January 7, 2015 . 
221. ↑ Merkel makes Stuttgart 21 an election campaign topic. In: The world . September 16, 2010, accessed September 28, 2013 . 
222. ↑ Merkel throws herself in the breach for Stuttgart 21. In: Rheinische Post . September 25, 2010, accessed September 28, 2013 . 
223. ↑ Report by the chairwoman of the CDU Germany's Federal Chancellor Dr. Angela Merkel Member of the Bundestag (PDF, pp. 16-17), s. also: "The 'C' is the compass". Focus , accessed September 28, 2013 . 
224. ^ Mathias Bury: renewed statement. In: Stuttgarter Zeitung . September 27, 2010, accessed January 7, 2015 . 
225. ↑ Gabriel wants to keep S21 out of the election campaign. In: Zeit Online. October 11, 2010, accessed September 28, 2013 . 
226. ↑ abs market research of October 8, 2010: 36 percent ahead of the CDU with 28 percent; TNI Research of October 9, 2009: 32 percent behind the CDU with 34 percent; Source: Baden-Württemberg surveys
227. ↑ 21 Mayor for S21
228. ↑ Michael Petersen: Tübingen votes for Stuttgart 21. In: Stuttgarter Zeitung , 23 November 2010.
229. ↑ District administrators stand behind Stuttgart 21
230. ^ Bahn boss Grube sees no alternative to "Stuttgart 21". AFP, September 9, 2010, accessed September 27, 2013 . 
231. ↑ Michael Isenberg: "A podium for know-it-alls" . August 26, 2010. Retrieved September 27, 2013.
232. ^ DB Mobility Logistics AG (ed.): After the state election: Deutsche Bahn zu Stuttgart 21 . Press release from March 29, 2011.
233. ^ Position of the Stuttgart Region Chamber of Commerce and Industry on Stuttgart 21. Stuttgart Region Chamber of Commerce, July 4, 2013, archived from the original on October 2, 2013 ; Retrieved September 27, 2013 . 
234. ↑ Controversial IHK poster is removed. In: Swabian Post . December 13, 2012, accessed September 27, 2013 . 
235. ↑ Resolution of the plenary meeting of the Northern Black Forest Chamber of Commerce in Stuttgart 21. (PDF, 35 kB) Northern Black Forest Chamber of Commerce, October 5, 2010, accessed on September 27, 2013 . 
236. ^ Entrepreneurs against Stuttgart 21. Archived from the original on September 6, 2013 ; Retrieved September 27, 2013 . 
237. ↑ Klaus Steinke (UgS21), part 1 - 52nd Monday demo against Stuttgart 21. In: Youtube . November 15, 2010, accessed September 27, 2013 . 
238. ^ Running for Stuttgart 21. n-tv , September 23, 2010, accessed on September 27, 2013 . 
239. ↑ Stuttgart 21 fans mobilize thousands. In: Spiegel Online . October 23, 2010, accessed September 27, 2013 . 
240. ↑ New place, new process. Laufen for Stuttgart, November 23, 2010, accessed on September 27, 2013 . 
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