Richard Foerster (classical philologist)

Richard Foerster around 1900

Richard Foerster (born March 2, 1843 in Görlitz , † August 7, 1922 in Breslau ) was a German classical philologist , archaeologist and art historian . Among other things, he was a full professor of classical philology at the Universities of Rostock (1875–1881), Kiel (1881–1890) and Breslau (1890–1922). In philology he is especially known as the editor of the works of the late antique rhetor Libanios . He delivered further basic editions to the physiognomists and the late antique rhetor Chorikios of Gaza . In archeology, he stood out primarily through his work on the Laocoon group and topographical studies on Antioch on the Orontes , Libanios' hometown. He enriched art history with studies on the reception of ancient myths in pictures and on Silesian painters.

Foerster was one of the last archaeological researchers who, as a representative of a comprehensive classical scholarship in the sense of August Boeckh and Otfried Müller, combined philological and archaeological research. He brought the objects of his research closer to a broad audience through lively lectures. He played an important role in the cultural life of Wroclaw at the time, especially as chairman of the Silesian Society for Patriotic Culture .

Life

Childhood, adolescence and studies

Richard Foerster came from a petty bourgeois background. His father Carl Förster († 1877, married to Auguste nee Weider ) ran a medium-sized company as a wagon builder in Görlitz. He made it possible for his son Richard to attend the community school and the Augustum grammar school (from 1852).

After graduating from school in February 1861, Richard Foerster began studying at the University of Jena in the summer semester of 1861 . In the beginning he vacillated between the subjects of theology and philology. He attended lectures and exercises by the philologists Karl Wilhelm Göttling , Carl Nipperdey and Moritz Schmidt , as well as theological, historical, philosophical, archaeological and linguistic events. Foerster was a member of the Arminia fraternity in the castle cellar .

For the winter semester of 1861/1862 Foerster moved to the Silesian Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Breslau , where he concentrated entirely on classical studies. Their representatives in Wroclaw had very different profiles: Friedrich Haase was focused on textual criticism and grammar, Martin Hertz dealt with broad areas of Latin literature, Rudolf Westphal was a specialist in ancient music, August Rossbach combined philology and archeology. Foerster received a variety of stimuli and influences from these academic teachers.

The beginnings of his scientific work were under Haase's influence, who drew Foerster's attention to Greek sentence theory ( syntax ). For four years, Foerster followed the phenomenon of case attraction with various Greek authors. He laid down his observations, especially on the tragedies of Aeschylus , in his dissertation in 1866 , with which he was awarded a doctorate on June 28, 1866. phil. received his doctorate .

As a high school teacher: occupation and further qualification (1866–1868)

After passing the state examination in November 1866, Foerster embarked on a teaching career that offered secure livelihoods. Since Easter he had been an assistant teacher at the Magdalenengymnasium in Breslau. From November he worked as a teacher training candidate and taught Greek, Latin, German and religion. After the probationary year , Foerster was hired as a collaborator in September 1867 , with which he held a transitional position between candidate and senior teacher .

Foerster continued his scientific studies alongside his teaching activities. He published smaller treatises on the iconography of the goddess Hera and completed his habilitation on October 23, 1868 at the University of Breslau with a continuation of his dissertation for the subjects of philology and archeology.

Years of traveling in Italy (1868–1870)

Shortly after his habilitation, Foerster went on a two-year trip to Italy, for which he took a vacation until Easter 1871. This trip was made possible by the travel grant from the German Archaeological Institute , which Foerster received for the years 1868/1869 and 1869/1870.

In Italy, Foerster made various contacts, some of which resulted in friendships lasting several years. Among those he met in Rome were the painter Arthur Blaschnik (1823–1918), the historian Ferdinand Gregorovius , the archaeologists Heinrich Brunn , Karl Dilthey , Wilhelm Henzen and Wolfgang Helbig, and the Berlin philologist Rudolf Hercher .

Foerster mainly used the years in Italy to collate various Latin and Greek manuscripts. At Hercher's suggestion, he focused on the manuscripts of the late antique rhetor Libanios . He also collected physiognomic writings on the advice of his Breslau teacher Rossbach and dealt with ancient art and architectural monuments.

academic career

Breslau: From private lecturer to associate professor (1870–1875)

After stays in Florence, Milan, Venice, Modena, Naples, Pompeii and Greece, Foerster returned to Breslau in the spring of 1870. Here he married Angelika Lübbert (1846–1936), the daughter of the landowner Friedrich August Lübbert , with whom he had three children: Angelika (1871–1951), Otfrid (1873–1941) and Wolfgang (1875–1963).

Foerster continued to earn his living as a high school teacher . In addition, he held philological and archaeological lectures and exercises as a private lecturer . He read his first course in the winter semester of 1870/1871 “On the Antiquities of Pompeii”. In the winter of 1872/1873 the school authorities granted him a six-month vacation to evaluate his research results.

Foerster's lectures and exercises covered a wide range of topics: Greek and Latin literature, linguistics, justice, wall painting, topography, and architecture. Since he did not have a steady income as a private lecturer, he was dependent on his position at the grammar school, so that he carried out research, academic teaching and schooling side by side. This situation changed when in October 1873 a new associate professor for classical philology was established at the university. Foerster received this professorship because he was the oldest lecturer in his subject with a professorship. On October 21, 1873 he was appointed associate professor . Two years later, his position was anchored in the budget and was thus secured for the future, even after Foerster had accepted an offer from abroad and left the University of Breslau.

Professor in Rostock (1875–1881)

On October 1, 1875, Foerster went to Rostock University as full professor . Here he worked as a colleague of the very old professors Ludwig Bachmann and Franz Volkmar Fritzsche . The poor equipment of the seminar library, the small budget of the philological seminar and the difficult collaboration with Bachmann and Fritzsche made his work difficult. Foerster socialized primarily with younger colleagues in the faculty, especially with the historian Friedrich Wilhelm Schirrmacher and the economist Hermann Roesler .

In the faculty, Foerster emerged as an advocate of teaching quality. One event in 1876 in particular gave him the opportunity to make a name for himself: in the course of the plagiarism affair surrounding the Berlin librarian Wilhelm Dabis, who had received his doctorate in Rostock in 1873 , Theodor Mommsen had denounced the practice of absenteeism in a pamphlet , which only addressed few universities were still possible and, in Mommsen's opinion, posed a threat to the reputation of the doctorate. Foerster now tried to reform the doctoral statutes of the University of Rostock and won the support of many faculty members. As a result, his reputation increased both inside and outside the university. In the academic year 1879/1880 he served as dean of the philosophical faculty.

Foerster continued his research work unchanged. With the support of the Prussian Academy of Sciences , he traveled to Spain, France and England in 1880, where he collated numerous manuscripts by Lebanios and the historian Chorikios of Gaza . On these trips he met the French manuscript researcher Charles Graux , who briefly supported him in his research projects.

Professor in Kiel (1881–1890)

In January 1881 Foerster won the reputation as o. Professor of Classics and eloquence at the University of Kiel , where he at Easter 1881 as successor of his brother Eduard Lübbert followed. There were more students in Kiel than in Rostock and the University Library in Kiel was better equipped so that Foerster could develop a fruitful teaching activity. While his Kiel colleagues Peter Wilhelm Forchhammer and Friedrich Blass mainly offered Greek courses, Foerster concentrated on Latin studies . In the academic year 1885/1886 he was dean of the philosophy faculty. In 1886/87 he was rector of the CAU. In his rector's speech The Classical Philology of the Present , he took stock of the current situation and methodical inventory of his subject. He saw the ideal of the archaeologist in the connection of independent research work to the history of the subject and in the synthesis of new and old knowledge. At the same time he warned against one-sided specialization, the consequence of which was that the spirit and content of the ancient world would no longer be felt, let alone understood.

Despite the favorable working conditions in Kiel, Foerster gladly took the opportunity to return to his alma mater in Breslau. There a chair became vacant in August 1889 after the death of Wilhelm Studemund . The responsible ministerial director Friedrich Althoff immediately made inquiries about a possible successor from his advisor Ulrich von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff . In a letter dated August 22, 1889, Wilamowitz recommended Richard Foerster. The decisive factor for him was the fact “that he had already been successful in teaching in Breslau [as a private lecturer and associate professor, 1870–1875], worked very well in Rostock (he erased the doctor's disgrace there) and worked alone in Kiel. i don't even know him, he has many opponents; but the work that he creates is respectable in every way, and as director of the examination committee he must also have the business skills. "

In November 1889 the Philosophical Faculty of the University of Breslau submitted an appointment list, on which the Marburg professor Theodor Birt was named in the first place ; Richard Foerster was in second place together with Otto Crusius and Johannes Schmidt . When Althoff asked about this list, Wilamowitz again recommended Foerster in a letter dated November 25. He was finally appointed on December 19, 1889 and accepted it with effect from April 1, 1890.

Professor in Breslau (1890-1922)

The building of the University of Wroclaw (around 1900)

Foerster worked in Breslau for several decades and brought his extensive research projects to a close. He taught for a few years alongside his former teachers Martin Hertz and August Rossbach. Together with Rossbach and his successor Friedrich Marx , he jointly administered the professorship of eloquence until he took it on alone in 1896. In 1897/98 he was rector of the university again. During his rectorate he pushed through the long-awaited restoration of the university building, which was carried out over the next ten years. On January 14, 1893, he became a go. Councilor appointed.

After August Rossbach's death (1898), Foerster succeeded him: he took the chair for Classical Archeology and Greek Philology and in 1899 became director of the Archaeological Museum. Over the next few years he tried to build a new building for the collection of antiquities, but the Ministry did not approve it due to austerity measures. The support of the Prussian Academy enabled Foerster to make further research trips to England and the Orient, where he researched Antioch on the Orontes , the hometown of Libanios, in 1896 . From 1900 until his death he was also chairman of the Silesian Society for Patriotic Culture , of which he had been a member since 1867. During his time as chairman, Foerster was committed to the work of the association. After several of his closest colleagues and colleagues had joined the society in 1900 (including Conrad Cichorius , Carl Friedrich Wilhelm Müller , Otto Hoffmann , Eduard Norden , Theodor Thalheim and Gustav Türk ), Foerster founded a philological-archaeological one on February 15, 1901 Section of the society that formed an amalgamation of the earlier philological and archaeological sections, which have since fallen asleep. Foerster chaired the new section together with Norden. Two years later (1903) Foerster headed the centenary of the society, where he advertised a new, larger domicile that was built with government support and inaugurated on October 27, 1907. For his services to the city of Wroclaw, he received the Order of the Red Eagle, third class with ribbon , in 1904 .

At the university, Foerster was also involved in academic self-administration after his rectorate. In 1917, at the age of 74, he was elected Dean of the Philosophical Faculty. In addition to the obligations of this office, he and his colleague Wilhelm Kroll had to offer twice as many courses as before during the First World War because Professors Alfred Gercke and Konrat Ziegler were on the war front .

On April 1, 1920, Foerster was for health reasons emeritus . Even in retirement he still gave individual lectures, the last in the summer semester of 1922 on Cupid and Psyche , a topic that was particularly close to his heart. He died on August 7, 1922 at the age of 79 after a long illness.

Services

Richard Foerster was one of the last ancient scholars to do archeology and philology at the same time. He realized this connection by applying philological and art historical methods to archaeological monuments and incorporating the results of archaeological research into his philological work. He followed the reception of ancient art, art theory and literature up to the Renaissance and modern times.

As an archaeologist, Foerster was known beyond the borders of Silesia. He was an honorary member of the Society for Anthropology and Prehistory in Upper Lusatia, an honorary member of the Upper Lusatian Society of Sciences, a full member of the German Archaeological Institute and a real member of the Archaeological Society in Odessa .

Philology: edition projects

Foerster's life's task was to evaluate his handwritten studies. He put the focus on authors from whom critical editions were missing until then: the late antique rhetors Libanios and Chorikios of Gaza as well as the ancient physiognomists. Although this work took several decades to complete, Foerster was able to complete it completely. After his death, Eberhard Richtsteig prepared part of Foerster's life's work for printing.

Libanios edition

Title page of the first volume of the Libanios edition (1903)

The writings of the rhetorician Libanios (4th century AD) represent an important source for the development of rhetoric in late antiquity. Even more important at this time were the letters that had been handed down by Libanios in large numbers.

Several editions of all parts of his work (speeches, rhetorical writings, letters) had been available since the 16th century, all of which, however, did not meet scientific requirements. The last edition of the letters came from Johann Christoph Wolf (Amsterdam 1738), the last edition of the speeches and rhetorical writings by Johann Jacob Reiske (Altenburg 1784–1797).

The big challenge with a Libanios edition was that the handwritten tradition was inconsistent and very extensive. There was no manuscript that contained the entire text of the Libanios. The humanists of the 15th to 18th centuries only used individual manuscripts that were currently accessible to them.

Foerster was the first to undertake to consult all known text witnesses as far as possible and use them to trace the development of the Libanios text to its origins. Foerster viewed a total of 660 manuscripts. As a by-product of this activity, numerous essays on text-critical and tradition-historical questions were created.

The most extensive of these Parerga ("byproducts") was Foerster's investigation into the Latin translation of the Libanios letters by the humanist Francesco Zambeccari (Stuttgart 1878). The authenticity of this collection has been questioned since its publication (1504): it was supposedly a translation of selected Libanios letters, the origin of which have largely been lost. Foerster found out that there were actually some original letters from Libanios among them, namely those for which the Greek original was known and preserved. He proved the remaining letters to be forgeries, with which Zambeccari had curled his edition into a sample collection of letters of all kinds.

After more than 30 years of work, Foerster began printing his Libanios edition in 1899, which was published by Teubner Verlag from 1903. Volumes 1-4 (1903-1908) contained the Orationes , Volumes 5-7 (1909-1913) the Declamationes , Volume 8 (1915) the Progymnasmata (rhetorical finger exercises) and contents of the speeches of Demosthenes . The letters appeared in volumes 10 and 11 (1921–1922). Foerster did not live to see the end of the company. His pupil Eberhard Richtsteig published the index volume in 1923 and volume 9 in 1927, which contains the text Characteres and the prolegomena for the Libanios letters.

Foerster's Libanios edition has remained authoritative since its publication and has been reprinted several times. Despite several objections in detail (text design, authenticity and chronology), it forms the basis for historical and philological preoccupation with Libanios and his time.

An important Pargergon his Libanios edition was also the presentation of Libanius' life and work, the Foerster along with Karl Münscher for Realencyclopädie of classical archeology wrote. It only appeared after Foerster's death (1925) and, with its monographic scope (65 columns), is the most comprehensive presentation of its kind. It is still the starting point for dealing with Libanios today.

From the Libanios edition, Foerster also came to an area of ​​research in the history of science: to the philologist couple Johann Jacob Reiske (1716–1774) and Ernestine Christine Reiske (1735–1798). Foerster collected Reiske's posthumous letters for several years and wrote a biographical article in the Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (Volume 28, 1889). The positive reception of this biography encouraged Foerster to publish the existing correspondence between the Reiskes and famous contemporaries (including Lessing , CG Heyne and Ruhnken ) in book form (1897). In 1917 and 1921 Foerster published supplements to this correspondence.

Collection of physiognomic writings

Title page of the Scriptores physiognomonici

Foerster was inspired by his Breslau teacher Rossbach to compile a collection of Scriptores physiognomonici Graeci et Latini . During his stay in Italy he began to collate various manuscripts. The complex history of the transmission of the scattered scriptures posed a great challenge. Foerster did justice to it by editing Latin and Arabic translations of the Greek specialist scripts. With Arabic he received help from the orientalist Franz August Schmölders . In total, Foerster viewed over 70 manuscripts for his company. He received further help from his friend Karl Dziatzko , who saw a manuscript for him in London in 1884.

In 1893 the collection Scriptores physiognomonici Graeci et Latini was published in two extensive volumes by Teubner-Verlag. Foerster signed the foreword on August 26th, Rossbach's 70th birthday, to whom the collection is dedicated.

With the Scriptores physiognomonici , the first collection of ancient physiognomists was available, which was based on the principles of modern textual criticism. This created the basis for dealing with ancient physiognomics. The edition was welcomed in the specialist press and is still regarded as fundamental to this day, even if the constitution of the text has since been challenged and corrected in detail.

Chorikios of Gaza

In his preoccupation with textual criticism and the style of Lebanios, Foerster came across the late antique rhetor Chorikios of Gaza . The rhetoric school in Gaza was based on the Atticist style of Lebanios and in turn became a style model of the Byzantine period.

Foerster dealt with Chorikios since his research trip to Spain (1880), where he discovered several manuscripts with previously unknown speeches. He gradually published the speeches and fragments of Chorikios in magazines and course catalogs and encouraged several of his students to treat Chorikios in their doctoral thesis. He also completed a critical complete edition of the Rhetor, but did not publish it because the final work on the Libanios edition had priority.

The Chorikios edition was finally published posthumously ( Choricii Gazaei opera , Leipzig 1929), edited by Eberhard Richtsteig. It replaced the incomplete edition by Jean-François Boissonade (1846) and is still relevant today.

Studies on the Reception of the Second Sophistic and Late Antiquity

Foerster came to occupy himself with the reception of antiquities on the one hand from his interest in art history and on the other from his edition projects. He was particularly interested in the emperor Julian , the contemporary of Lebanius, who was the last emperor to turn away from Christianity and who had planned a restoration of the pagan religion. Foerster examined the importance of the emperor Julian in his time and followed his reception in European literature from late antiquity to the turn of the 19th to the 20th century.

As the first philologist, Foerster dealt with the reception of the representatives of the Second Sophistics in the Renaissance , namely with Apuleius of Madaura and Lucian of Samosata , whose rhetorical, narrative and satirical writings had strongly influenced literature and art from the 15th to the 16th centuries. Foerster examined this influence with Poggio Bracciolini , Erasmus von Rotterdam , Willibald Pirckheimer , Ulrich von Hutten and François Rabelais .

archeology

Foerster combined his archaeological research with philological methods. He dealt particularly with aesthetic and historical issues relating to the history of various ancient monuments and pictorial monuments, which he always described from his own perspective ( autopsy ). His individual investigations dealt, for example, with the Villa Farnese , with the robbery of Persephone , Cupid and Psyche , the Laocoon group and with the Temple of Zeus in Olympia . As the head of the Archaeological Museum in Wroclaw, he was responsible for the acquisition of casts of important sculptures, the scientific description of which he carried out himself.

Topography of Antioch on the Orontes

Plan of Antioch in Late Antiquity

In connection with his life's work, Foerster's extensive topographical study of the city of Antioch on the Orontes , the hometown of Libanios, which he visited and researched in 1896. To interpret the archaeological findings, he consulted numerous inscription and literary sources. He also reconstructed technical details such as the local regulation of the Orontes . His role model for this method was the ancient scientist Karl Otfried Müller (1797–1840), on whose 100th birthday the study was published. Müller, one of the leading archaeologists of his time, came from Silesia like Foerster and corresponded to him in the combination of philological and archaeological work.

Myth Research

Especially in the 1870s and 1880s, Foerster was concerned with Greek mythology . Like many other researchers of his time, he saw myth as a reflection of early Greek history. At the same time, he included comparative research into myths, which traced the myth back to natural phenomena. In 1876 he wrote the essay On Myth Research , in which he advocated a synthesis of historical and comparative myth research and argued against overrating comparative myth research . He saw the aim of researching myths in determining the origin, origin, development and meaning of a myth.

Foerster only partially complied with his own demand for the use of all possible sources for researching myths. He concentrated on pictorial and textual representations of a myth and did not consider the methods of folklore ( Wilhelm Mannhardt ) or those of religious studies ( Hermann Usener ). Instead, Foerster pursued the reception of a myth from ancient writings through the Middle Ages to modern times, thus making important studies on the history of the reception of ancient myths. Examples are his work on the robbery of Persephone and the Laocoon fabric, which the art historian Matthias Winner described as “groundbreaking”.

Art history

The Laocoon group (as it was after 1960), with the original arm found in 1905

Foerster's interest in questions of art history came from his travels, especially from his first stay in Italy. Here, too, he concentrated on mythical materials and motifs. One focus was the Laocoon group in the Vatican Museum, about which Foerster wrote several essays from 1889 to 1914. Unlike most researchers of his time, according to which the Laocoon group was a product of the 1st century AD, Foerster dated it to the 2nd century BC. He later deviated from it and moved the group into the 1st century BC. While the question of dating remained undecided, Foerster set an example in terms of motif by advocating for its authenticity after the discovery of the right arm of the Laocoon and thus against the customary addition to the sculpture.

Further work by Foerster concerned the reception of the fairy tale "Amor und Psyche" and the philostatic descriptions of images (imagines) . He examined their reception with the painters Raffael , Tizian and Francisco de Goya as well as with the writers Karl Philipp Moritz and Johann Wolfgang von Goethe .

Since the 1890s Foerster has been intensively concerned with the history of the visual arts in Silesia. He examined and described the life's work of various artists, including his contemporary Arthur Blaschnik (1823–1918). He intensively researched the then forgotten work of the painter Franz Gareis (1775–1803). He created a catalog raisonné and a detailed biography, which he published in the New Lusatian Magazine .

Foerster's work as an art historian and the influence of his writings on the development of art history have not been examined in detail. Its significance for art history cannot therefore be precisely determined. He also received recognition in professional circles after his death. The art historian Erwin Panofsky wrote to his colleague William S. Heckscher on November 23, 1955 : "As you know just as well as I, our real 'founders' are such men as Förster, Giehlow and Warburg [...]" ("You know as well as I do that our real 'founders' are men like Förster, Giehlow and Warburg ... ")

meaning

Richard Foerster was of great importance for the cultural life in Silesia in his time. Since his studies he has been a member of the Association for the History of Fine Arts , which in 1867 became a section of the Silesian Society for Patriotic Culture . Foerster participated in the associations as head of the archaeological section (from December 8, 1866) and finally as president (from 1900). He conveyed ancient and modern art, literature and mythology to a wide audience in numerous lectures and essays. In addition, Foerster was one of the last university teachers in Germany to hold the traditional professorship of eloquence in the original sense. A selection of his speeches at the University of Wroclaw appeared in two collections in 1911 and 1919.

Foerster only achieved national fame in specialist circles through his research work. His son Otfrid Foerster performed important research as a neurologist and neurosurgeon and was also known worldwide as Lenin's doctor before his death (1924). Even if Richard Foerster did not achieve such prominence, he still has a firm place in the history of classical philology thanks to his editorial services .

Foerster had no scientific school , but students did. Most of them worked at Silesian grammar schools after completing their studies. During his decades of teaching, Foerster supervised dozens of dissertations (the first by August Schultz as early as 1874 in Breslau).

Foerster publicly presented his view of science in his Kiel rectorate speech on May 5, 1886, in which he appeared as a determined humanist and positivist . He saw the ideal of the ancient scientist in the connection between his own research and scientific organization: “[...] every level-headed researcher can and the academic teacher should at least keep his eyes on the whole, and should also recognize that he is a member of the realm of science to be the loyal steward of the property acquired from his ancestors and comrades - not only in the interests of his own work, which the vastness of the view will certainly only benefit from, but also in the interests of his students, in order to protect them from a one-sided course of study and that for them to instruct them in a suitable field of work. "

With this ideal, Foerster found successors in the philologists Wilhelm Kroll (1869–1939) and Konrat Ziegler (1884–1974), both of whom had studied with him and later worked alongside him as professors. They realized Foerster's ideas as editor of the monumental real encyclopedia of classical antiquity (1893–1978), which Kroll supervised from 1906 and Ziegler from 1946.

Fonts

• Quaestiones de attractione enuntiationum relativarum qualis quum in aliis tum in graeca lingua potissimumque apud graecos poetas fuerit . Berlin 1868.
• The robbery and return of Persephone in their meaning for mythology, literature and art history . Stuttgart 1874.
• Francesco Zambeccari and the Letters of Libanios: A Contribution to the Critique of Libanios and the History of Philology . Stuttgart 1878.
• Farnesina studies. A contribution to the question of the relationship between the Renaissance and antiquity . Rostock 1880.
• Scriptores physiognomonici Graeci et Latini . Two volumes, Leipzig 1893. (Reprint: Stuttgart 1994)
• Johann Jacob Reiske's letters . Leipzig 1897.
• Libanii Opera . Twelve volumes, Leipzig 1903–1927. (Reprints: Hildesheim 1963, 1985, 1998)
• The legacy of antiquity. Ceremonial speeches given at the University of Wroclaw . Wroclaw 1911.
• Franz Gareis. In: New Lusatian Magazine . Volume 89 (1913), pp. 1-116.
• The University of Wroclaw then and now. Four academic speeches . Wroclaw 1919.
• Choricii Gazaei opera . Leipzig 1929. (Reprints: Stuttgart 1972, Ann Arbor 1998)

literature

Appreciations and obituaries

• Berliner Tageblatt. Issued August 9, 1922.
• Art Chronicle. No. 57, p. 809.
• Literary echo. 1, 1922.
• New Lusatian magazine. Volume 98, 1922, p. 106.
• Alfred Gercke: Golden Jubilee for PhD. In: Schlesische Zeitung. No. 448, June 29, 1916.
• Wilhelm Kroll: Richard Foerster . In: Annual report of the Silesian Society for Patriotic Culture. Volume 97 (1919-1924), pp. 1-8. (with picture)
• Wilhelm Kroll: Richard Foerster as a scholar. In: Schlesische Zeitung. No. 533, November 12, 1922.
• Paul Maas : Richard Foerster †. In: Byzantine-Modern Greek Yearbooks. Volume 3, 1922, p. 447.
• Eberhard Richtsteig : Richard Foerster. In: Biographisches Jahrbuch für Altertumskunde. 43rd year, 1923, pp. 34–57.

Biographical presentations

• Wolfhart Unte : Richard Foerster (1843-1922). His scientific work in classical antiquity, art history and the cultural history of Silesia. In: Yearbook of the Silesian Friedrich Wilhelms University in Breslau. Volume 25, 1984, pp. 249-272.
• Jonathan Groß: Richard Foerster (1843-1922). In: Schlesische Lebensbilder. Volume XI, Insingen 2012, pp. 399-415. (with picture and selection bibliography)

Web links

Commons : Richard Foerster  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Wikisource: Richard Foerster  - Sources and full texts

• Literature by and about Richard Foerster in the catalog of the German National Library
• Literature about Richard Foerster in the Landesbibliographie MV
• Entry on Richard Foerster in the Catalogus Professorum Rostochiensium
• Jonathan Groß: Biogram of Richard Foerster in the scholarly historical prosopography of the Teuchos Center

Individual evidence

1. ^ Eberhard Richtsteig: Richard Foerster. In: Biographisches Jahrbuch für Altertumskunde. Volume 43 (1923), p. 35.
2. ^ Wilhelm Kroll: Richard Foerster. In: Annual report of the Silesian Society for Patriotic Culture. Volume 97 (1919-1924), p. 1.
3. ^ De attractionis in Graeca lingua usu quaestionum particula I. De attractionis usu Aeschyleo . Wroclaw 1866.
4. ^ Eberhard Richtsteig: Richard Foerster. In: Biographisches Jahrbuch für Altertumskunde. Volume 43 (1923), p. 36.
5. ^ Eberhard Richtsteig: Richard Foerster. In: Biographisches Jahrbuch für Altertumskunde. Volume 43 (1923), p. 37.
6. ^ Biographical data according to information from the Göttingen City Archives, March 21, 2011.
7. ↑ Richard Foerster: Classical Antiquity. (Philology, archeology, eloquence). In: Georg Kaufmann (Hrsg.): Festschrift to celebrate the centenary of the University of Breslau. Second part: History of the subjects, institutes and offices of the University of Wroclaw 1811–1911 . Breslau 1911, pp. 380-403 (here p. 397).
8. ^ The German pseudo-doctors . Prussian Yearbooks 37, 1876, pp. 17-22 ( online on Wikisource ).
9. ↑ Rector's speech Kiel (HKM)
10. ^ William M. Calder III , Alexander Košenina: Appointment policy within ancient studies in Wilhelmine Prussia . Frankfurt am Main 1989, p. 48.
11. ^ William M. Calder III, Alexander Košenina: Appointment policy within ancient studies in Wilhelmine Prussia . Frankfurt am Main 1989, pp. 52-53.
12. ↑ Rector's speech in Breslau (HKM)
13. ^ Paul Falkenberg: The professors of the University of Rostock from 1600 to 1900 . Manuscript around 1900, p. 411. Online version in the Catalogus Professorum Rostochiensium
14. ^ Richard Foerster: Inauguration of the house of the Silesian Society for Patriotic Culture. Ceremonial address on October 27, 1907. In: Annual report of the Silesian Society for Patriotic Culture. Volume 85 (1907).
15. ^ The Silesian Society for Patriotic Culture . Breslau 1904, p. 25.
16. ^ Wilhelm Kroll: Richard Foerster. In: Annual report of the Silesian Society for Patriotic Culture . Volume 97 (1919-1924), p. 3. Eberhard Richtsteig: Richard Foerster. In: Biographisches Jahrbuch für Altertumskunde. 43rd year (1923), p. 40.
17. ^ Eberhard Richtsteig: Richard Foerster. In: Biographisches Jahrbuch für Altertumskunde. 43rd year (1923), p. 34.
18. ^ Eberhard Richtsteig: Richard Foerster. In: Biographisches Jahrbuch für Altertumskunde. 43rd year (1923), p. 55.
19. ↑ Dealing with the question of authenticity with Dietmar Najock : The inauthentic and dubious among the declamations of Libanios - the statistical evidence. In: Michael Grünbart (Ed.): Theatron. Rhetorical culture in late antiquity and the Middle Ages . Berlin 2007, ISBN 978-3-11-019476-0 , pp. 305-356.
20. ^ Hans-Ulrich Wiemer : Libanios and Julian. Studies on the relationship between rhetoric and politics in the fourth century AD Munich 1995, p. 9 ( Vestigia . Volume 46).
21. ↑ Volume 12.2 (1925), Col. 2485-2551 ( available on Wikisource ).
22. ↑ Wolfhart Unte: Richard Foerster (1843-1922). His scientific work in classical antiquity, art history and the cultural history of Silesia. In: Yearbook of the Silesian Friedrich Wilhelms University in Breslau. Volume 25 (1984), p. 256.
23. ^ Richard Förster:  Reiske, Johann Jacob . In: Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (ADB). Volume 28, Duncker & Humblot, Leipzig 1889, pp. 129-143.
24. ↑ Wolfhart Unte: Richard Foerster (1843-1922). His scientific work in classical antiquity, art history and the cultural history of Silesia. In: Yearbook of the Silesian Friedrich Wilhelms University in Breslau. Volume 25 (1984), p. 252.
25. ↑ Ian D. Repath: Notes on the text of the Scriptores Physiognomonici. In: The Classical Quarterly. New Series . Volume 56 (2006), p. 603.
26. ^ Corrections are provided by Jacques André: Anonyme Latin Traité de Physiognomonie . Paris 1981. Giampiera Raina: Pseudo Aristotle: Fisiognomica; Anonimo Latino: Il trattato di fisiognomica . Milano 1993. Second edition. Milano 1994. Ian D. Repath: Notes on the Text of the Scriptores Physiognomonici. In: The Classical Quarterly. New Series. Volume 56 (2006), pp. 603-606. Robert G. Hoyland , Simon Swain et al. (Eds.): Seeing the face, seeing the soul. The art of physiognomy in the Classical and Islamic Worlds . Oxford 2007.
27. ^ New yearbooks for philology and education . Volume 113, Issue 12, pp. 801-830.
28. ^ Matthias Winner: On the afterlife of the Laocoon in the Renaissance. In: Yearbook of the Berlin museums. Volume 16 (1974), p. 83.
29. ^ Martin Treml: Warburg's afterlife. A scholar and a figure of thought. In: Martin Treml, Daniel Weidner (Hrsg.): Nachleben der Religionen. Cultural studies studies on the dialectic of secularization . Paderborn 2007, pp. 25-40. On page 33, Treml explicitly refers to the research deficit.
30. ↑ Dieter Wuttke (Ed.): Erwin Panofsky / Korrespondenz. Volume III: 1950-1956 . Wiesbaden 2006, p. 860.
31. ^ Eberhard Richtsteig: Richard Foerster. In: Biographisches Jahrbuch für Altertumskunde . 43rd year (1923), p. 36. Wilhelm Kroll: Richard Foerster. In: Annual report of the Silesian Society for Patriotic Culture . Volume 97 (1919-1924), p. 7.
32. ^ Eberhard Richtsteig: Richard Foerster. In: Biographisches Jahrbuch für Altertumskunde . 43rd year (1923), pp. 36–37.
33. ^ Wilhelm Kroll: Richard Foerster. In: Annual report of the Silesian Society for Patriotic Culture. Volume 97 (1919-1924), p. 7.
34. ↑ Rector's speech, Kiel 1886, p. 18.
35. ↑ Udo W. Scholz : The Breslauer classical philology and the real encyclopedia of classical antiquity. In: Yearbook of the Silesian Friedrich Wilhelms University in Breslau. Vol. 62-64 (2001-2003), pp. 311-326.

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