Waldernbach

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Waldernbach
Community Mengerskirchen
Coordinates: 50 ° 32 '14 "  N , 8 ° 8' 36"  E
Height : 346  (330-350)  m above sea level NHN
Area : 6.53 km²
Residents : 1667  (Jun. 30, 2019)
Population density : 255 inhabitants / km²
Incorporation : December 31, 1970
Postal code : 35794
Area code : 06476
View along state road 3046 north-northeast towards Waldernbach.
View along state road 3046 north-northeast towards Waldernbach.

Waldernbach is a district of the Mengerskirchen community in the Limburg-Weilburg district in central Hesse . The village in the Westerwald has about 1700 inhabitants.

geography

Geographical location

Seeweiher Mengerskirchen

Waldernbach is located about 1.5  kilometers (km) east of the border with Rhineland-Palatinate in the southern part of the Westerwald . It is located about 18 km north-northeast of Limburg an der Lahn , 10 km northwest of Weilburg and 12.5 km (as the crow flies ) east-southeast of Westerburg . The village is located in a formerly swampy lowland part of the Klingelbach flowing through the village , a small tributary of the Vöhlerbach , also called Seebach , which flows east of the village and past the Seeweiher Mengerskirchen above Waldernbach ; the Klingelbach flows below the village into the Seebach . It spreads to about 330 to 350  m above sea level. NHN and is surrounded by wooded basalt ridges.

West of Waldernbach, an extensive ridge stretches from Rühlscheid ( 426.3  m ) in the north and Waldmark (approx.  425  m ) in the west over the Kohlhau (approx.  425  m ) to Heidersberg ( 388.3  m ) west of Fussingen and Hillscheid (approx.  433  m ) north of Neunkirchen. South of the village are the mountains Backenscheid (approx.  390  m ) and Füllberg ( Füllburg ; approx.  358  m ). The Lauersberg (approx.  347  m ) rises northeast of the village .

The holiday village Am Seeweiher , located in Seeweiher Mengerskirchen , belongs to Waldernbach .

Neighborhoods

The neighboring towns are, starting from the north, clockwise in Hesse: Mengerskirchen (municipality Mengerskirchen), Rückershausen , Merenberg (municipality Merenberg), Lahr and Fussingen (municipality Waldbrunn (Westerwald) ). In Rhineland-Palatinate, the place borders on Neunkirchen ( Verbandsgemeinde Rennerod ).

The former basalt quarry Füllberg ( Füllburg ) between Lahr and Waldernbach

geology

The place is located in the Oberwesterwald hill country on the border with the High Westerwald. Geologically, the subsoil consists of Upper Devonian slate . The ridges consist mainly of olivine basalts . These layers are around 300 million years old. Tertiary deposits formed over this layer, especially during the Miocene period around 20 million years ago. These essentially consist of basalts and clays . The top soil layer, about 3 to 15 meters, and the topsoil are rich in loess . These layers formed during the Worm Ice Age around 115,000 to 10,000 years ago.

climate

The mean real air temperature between May and July is around 12 ° C. The mean annual rainfall is around 850 millimeters.

history

The map of the topographical survey of the Rhineland , on which Waldernbach is recorded as "Wald Dörnbach"

Due to the ending of the place name -bach , a continuous settlement of the place can be assumed since the Franconian conquest around the 6th century. Originally the place was only called Dernbach. To distinguish it from other places with the name Dernbach ( Gaudernbach near Weilburg , Langendernbach , Dernbach in the Westerwald), the addition of the name “ Wald-” has been used throughout the 16th century . The spelling Wald Dörnbach was also used.

The place was first mentioned in 1296.

Territorial history and administration

Until 1886, Waldernbach's history was shaped by its former affiliation with the Zent and the parish of Lahr . The Zent Lahr was part of the Office Ellar . Towards the end of the Carolingian era , the office of Ellar with its four cents belonged to the Niederlahngau of the Duchy of Franconia . In the 13th century the office of Ellar was subordinated to the County of Diez . The central rights belonged to the House of Westerburg as bailiffs of the St. Severus monastery in Gemünden . From 1315 onwards, the Lahr district was pledged to the Merenberg family . The redemption took place before 1333. In 1337, the County of Diez mortgaged the areas again, this time to the House of Nassau-Hadamar . The redemption took place between 1356 and 1362.

In 1367 the County of Diez ceded the office of Ellar with the Zent Lahr as a dowry to the County of Katzenelnbogen . After the end of the dispute over the succession of the County of Nassau-Hadamar, the house of Nassau-Dillenburg received a third of the Ellar office in 1408 , the rest remained with the County of Katzenelnbogen.

With the death of Philipp von Katzenelnbogen in 1479, the counts of Katzenelnbogen died out in the male line. There was a long-running dispute between the Counts of Nassau-Dillenburg and the Landgraviate of Hesse over the rich inheritance. As the closest relative of Philip, Heinrich III. of Hessen-Marburg possession of the Katzenelnbogen inheritance. In 1534 the Hessian landgraves sold half of their share to Kurtrier . With the settlement in the Katzenelnbogen succession dispute in 1555, the Ellar office came completely to Nassau-Dillenburg.

When the Nassau-Dillenburg estate was divided in 1607, the Ellar office was assigned to the newly founded county of Nassau-Hadamar under Count Johann Ludwig . In 1650 the county was elevated to a principality . After the extinction of the House of Nassau-Hadamar in 1711, the principality was divided several times between the other Ottonian lines of the House of Nassau. Waldernbach fell to the House of Nassau-Dillenburg in 1717, from 1739 to House Nassau-Diez , 1742/43 to the House of Nassau-Siegen (Catholic), and in 1743 again to Nassau-Diez as the last Ottonian line.

In 1806 Waldernbach was incorporated into the Grand Duchy of Berg . The place belonged from 1807 to Mairie Lahr in the canton Hadamar . This belongs to the arrondissement of Dillenburg and thus to the department of Sieg . After the defeat of Napoléon Bonaparte in the Battle of the Nations near Leipzig , the Orange-Nassau sovereignty was restored. The House of Orange-Nassau exchanged its property in the Westerwald with the Kingdom of Prussia for Luxembourg at the Congress of Vienna . The Kingdom of Prussia handed over the territory to the Duchy of Nassau on the same day .

Map from 1828 of the Hadamar Office in the Duchy of Nassau

When the offices in the Duchy of Nassau were restructured in 1816, Waldernbach was added to the Hadamar office. After the annexation of the Duchy of Nassau , the place belonged again to the Kingdom of Prussia in 1866. There it belonged to the province of Hessen-Nassau and the administrative district of Wiesbaden . In 1866, the Prussian district and provincial order abolished the Nassau office. Waldernbach now belonged to the Oberlahnkreis with the district town of Weilburg .

In 1945 the place was assigned to the US-American zone of occupation and thus became part of Hesse. Waldernbach belonged to the Oberlahnkreis in the Wiesbaden administrative region . With its dissolution in 1968 the place became part of the administrative district of Darmstadt and in 1981 part of the administrative district of Gießen . In 1974 it became part of the newly created district of Limburg-Weilburg , an amalgamation of the Oberlahn district and the district of Limburg with the district town of Limburg .

In the course of administrative reform in Hesse Waldersbach was on 31 December 1970, the previously independent communities Mengerskirchen, Probbach, Dillhausen and angle on a voluntary basis the new municipality "Mengerskirchen" together . Mengerskirchen became the seat of the municipal administration.

The following list gives an overview of the territories in which Waldernbach was located and the administrative units to which it was subordinate:

Local history

The place was first clearly mentioned on May 6, 1296 when a Friedrich von Vetzberg sold all of his goods in Valtderenbach to Mr. von Merenberg . In the same year on June 23, a Lenfrid Wollensleger , Burgmann von Merenberg, transferred a farm in Waldernbach to the chapel in Merenberg.

In the Middle Ages, Waldernbach was on the Hohen Strasse and the old Rheinstrasse from Limburg to Siegen and the Frankfurter Strasse from Frankfurt via Weilburg , Merenberg towards Cologne . The streets crossed at the knot . In the 18th century, traffic was relocated to Neue Mainzer Landstrasse (today Bundesstrasse 54 ), which meant that Waldernbach lost access to trunk roads.

The population lived mainly from the low yield of agriculture on the rather poor soils. Sheep breeding played an important role for a long time . Agriculture had been organized in the three-field economy since the Middle Ages . In addition, the residents of Waldernbach particularly practiced the craft of broom binding . The Seeweiher Mengerskirchen , north of the village, was dammed as early as 1452 and was used to operate four mills and fish .

The place originally belonged to the original parish of Lahr . Waldernbach had its own chapel since 1590, which was located at the site of today's church. The Reformation began here in 1536 . The Counts of Dillenburg prescribed the Lutheran faith. Around 1557, the sovereign Johann VI. from Nassau-Dillenburg to Calvinism , which led to another change of religion. On April 1, 1576, Eberhard Artopaeus became pastor in Lahr. Initially Lutheran, he later became a staunch Calvinist and the central figure of the Reformation in the parish of Lahr. As a school inspector he worked beyond the boundaries of his parish. Artopaeus founded the parish school in Lahr in 1582. In the building near the church, lessons were held for all children from the parish during the winter months. For the children from Waldernbach, this meant a journey to school of around 45 minutes.

With the beginning of the Thirty Years War in 1618 a devastating phase began for the place. The various warring parties had to be billeted almost every year, and the population also had to pay considerable special taxes and raise bribes. The cause of the war burden was the proximity to the important Lahn crossings and the initial neutrality of the county of Nassau Hadamar, which meant that no warring party spared the area.

As early as 1619 a Bavarian army marched through the county. In the winter of 1622/23 troops of the League General Tilly moved into winter camps in the county, after their summer campaign they returned in the winter of 1623/24. In 1626 troops of the Catholic League crossed the place again. On June 23, 1627, Wallenstein's troops under General Görzenichs occupied the Upper Westerwald. Only with joint action by several counties was it possible to drive out the looted troops.

The Oran-Nassau rulers remained in possession of their lands despite the edict of restitution after Johann Ludwig converted to Catholicism in Vienna in 1630 . The Jesuits were commissioned to carry out the re-Catholicization in his county .

In 1632/33 there was severe devastation by Swedish troops. After the troops had passed through, the plague broke out among the poor population of Waldernbach. In 1634 Hessian / Swedish troops under Peter Melander crossed the region, which were replaced by Spanish troops at the beginning of October of the same year . During the looting by the Spaniards, Heimberger von Waldernbach was shot. In 1636 it was Swedish and imperial troops, in 1638 it was again imperial troops. In 1640 the Swedish troops took up quarters in the Amt Ellar. There were two soldiers for every inhabitant. In August 1646 there was a march of Bavarian troops.

On several occasions the community was unable to pay taxes due to looting and poor harvests. Therefore, in 1633 she had to transfer the meadows at “Mengerskirchener See” to Johann Ludwig von Nassau-Hadamar. On May 27, 1638 the communities Ellar , Fussingen, Hausen , Neunkirchen and Waldernbach transferred the common high forest "Waldmark" to their sovereign as compensation for unpaid taxes. In 1641 Johann Ludwig also took over the ownership of the Schwarzenmühle below the Seeweiher.

In 1736 the Waldernbach farmers take part in the “lace dispute”, an uprising against the sovereign in Dillenburg. The cause was the war tax that Prince Christian von Nassau-Dillenburg had imposed on the villages. The farmers chased the seizure officers out of the villages. About 1,600 farmers gathered for an army camp at Seeweiher Mengerskirchen. The peasants brought the Franciscan Cornelius from Hadamar as field preacher. The peasants had brought cattle and movable property to other rulers across the nearby borders. There were isolated clashes between the farmers and soldiers from Dillenburg as well as soldiers from Weilburg who had rushed to reinforce them. At the same time, the farmers called the Reich Chamber of Commerce . On June 13, 1736, however, the court confirmed Prince Christian von Nassau-Dillenburg's rights and sentenced the farmers to a fine. Prince Christian von Nassau-Dillenburg had to ask the Prince of Nassau-Weilburg for help to enforce the sentence.

Memorial cross for Wilhelm Keyl

Around 1740 the community of Waldernbach built its own school. For the year 1751 65 houses are occupied for Waldernbach. During the Seven Years' War , the village was temporarily occupied by French troops in 1759 . The Waldernbach farmer Wilhelm Keyl was shot by them.

During the coalition wars, troops marched and billeted again from 1792 onwards. In 1795 French troops looted the places in the Amt Ellar. According to a list by the bailiff Creutzer, the damage caused in Waldernbach from 1795 to 1800 amounted to 58,583 guilders 178 Albus. For the year 1804, 88 houses in Waldernbach are occupied.

Numerous new legal systems came into being during the affiliation to the Grand Duchy of Berg. The ban on thatched roofs in 1810 had the greatest impact on the townscape. This regulation should prevent the fire from spreading to other buildings in the event of a fire. The introduction of chimney sweeps also served as fire protection. With the school reform in the Grand Duchy of Berg in 1810, the school was handed over to the civil parish and a year-round school was set up. On September 13, 1811, the mill ban was lifted. A total of 12 residents from Waldernbach served as soldiers in the French military service.

With the Nassau Fire Police Ordinance of 1826, a compulsory fire brigade was set up, the villages of Ellar, Hausen, Fussingen, Waldernbach, Lahr and Hintermeilingen form a syringe association . The fire engine was stored in Fussingen, the highest place.

The place laid out its own cemetery in 1839. Up to this point the burial took place in the cemetery in Lahr. At that time (1844) Waldernbach consisted of 111 houses.

In October 1848 the German Revolution reached the Westerwald. After initial tumult and tax refusals, open resistance broke out when the military tried to seize the taxes. On February 5, 1849, there were extensive riots in the Hadamar office, in which citizens from Waldernbach probably also took part. After the tithe redemption at Christmas 1848, there was a noticeable improvement in economic conditions. With the end of the Duchy of Nassau, the village was occupied by two Prussian officers and 67 soldiers from August 27th to August 28th. With the transition to the Kingdom of Prussia, conditions in the place slowly changed.

From 1893 onwards, the Catholic Waldernbach community began to gradually separate from the Lahr parish. A joint branch was set up in Waldernbach for the places Waldernbach, Allendorf, Merenberg and Barig-Selbenhausen. The current parish church was built in 1878.

The Borsig locomotive , built in 1901, was erected as a memorial for the Kerkerbach Railway in Heckholzhausen.

The construction of the Kerkerbach Railway, with which Waldernbach was connected to the railway network on October 24, 1907, was of major importance . There was a significant upswing in the mining of natural resources. Basalt quarries and clay pits in particular emerged near Waldernbach. At the same time, more and more residents used the better transport connections and commuted to the Rhineland and the Ruhr area as construction workers . The residents brought the idea of ​​associations with them from their work trips. One of the oldest associations is the KAB, founded in 1900 .

After the First World War, the place took up traditional economic structures. Furthermore, the extraction of mineral resources and agriculture were in the foreground. With the volunteer fire brigade Waldernbach (1925) and the TUS Waldernbach (1926) further associations were founded. The 1926 built Kraftpost line Hadamar Mengerskirchen improved the accessibility of the site. Also the continued tourism one as a source of income for 1927/28. With the beginning of the Second World War , however, it came to a standstill again. The chapel at the end of the village in the direction of Lahr was consecrated on September 17, 1922 "to the glory of God and for the deceased or fallen warriors". With the Josefhaus, the Arnstein Fathers founded a mission school in Waldernbach in 1920 .

During the time of National Socialist rule, the associations in the village were either aligned or stopped working. The war preparations were noticeable in Waldernbach. In September 1936, Waldernbach was on the edge of an extensive maneuvering area between the Heidenhäuschen and Rennerod . From November 30, 1939 to January 29, 1940 soldiers of the 10th Panzer Division of the Wehrmacht were housed in the village in preparation for the western campaign. Further troop marches followed until May 10, 1945. On March 27, 1945 soldiers of the 1st US Army occupied the place, thus ending the Second World War in Waldernbach.

The advancing technical development led to a gradual departure from agriculture. Increased efforts were made to promote tourism. Waldersbach received the award "Recognized 1967 resort " in 1981 was followed by the title "state-approved health resort ". To promote tourism, the community center “Westerwaldhalle” was built and a holiday village was set up at Seeweiher Mengerskirchen. After the Arnstein Fathers closed the mission school in the 1950s, the diocese of Limburg converted it into the Hildegardishof youth center.

After the district and community reforms in the early 1970s, the Limburg-Weilburg district began to merge schools into central schools . The Westerwald School was founded in Waldernbach on October 21, 1977 . A sports field for the village was inaugurated at the school on August 4, 1979. In 1982 a sports hall followed.

The changing travel behavior in the 1980s and 1990s led to a decline in tourism. The commuter movement increasingly shifted to the Rhine-Main area.

In 1997 a sports home was built in the village.

Population development

  • 1612: 34 households
  • 1679: 29 households
  • 1751: 63 households
  • 1844: 172 households
Waldernbach: Population from 1834 to 2016
year     Residents
1834
  
 630
1840
  
 686
1846
  
 699
1852
  
 729
1858
  
 708
1864
  
 723
1871
  
 636
1875
  
 695
1885
  
 767
1895
  
 763
1905
  
 719
1910
  
 722
1925
  
 789
1939
  
 741
1946
  
 1,126
1950
  
 1,050
1956
  
 900
1961
  
 912
1967
  
 1.008
1970
  
 1.010
2000
  
 1,724
2004
  
 1,896
2008
  
 1,778
2012
  
 1,745
2016
  
 1,795
Data source: Historical municipality register for Hesse: The population of the municipalities from 1834 to 1967. Wiesbaden: Hessisches Statistisches Landesamt, 1968.
Other sources:

Religious affiliation

 Source: Historical local dictionary

• 1885: 20 Protestant (= 3.53%), 546 Catholic (= 96.47%) residents
• 1961: 36 Protestant (= 5.65%), 595 Catholic (= 93.41%) residents

politics

For elections to the German Bundestag, the place belongs to the constituency “177 Hochtaunus”, for elections to the Hessian state parliament it belongs to the constituency “22  Limburg-Weilburg II ”.

With the regional reform, the municipal administration was transferred to the municipality of Mengerskirchen (today: Marktflecken Mengerskirchen). A local advisory board consists of five members. Head of the local advisory board is the mayor Ruprecht Keller (as of December 6, 2018). The town council has told the local council proposal and right to be heard in matters that affect the town.

The election of the local council is based on the Hessian municipal electoral law . This provides for cumulation and variegation . The local election last took place on March 6, 2016 and delivered the following result for the Waldernbach local council:

Parties and constituencies Seats
CDU Christian Democratic Union of Germany 3
SPD Social Democratic Party of Germany 1
FW Free voter community Mengerskirchen 1
total 5

Culture and sights

Christian denominations

The population is traditionally of the Roman Catholic denomination. Waldernbach belongs to the parish Heilig Kreuz Oberlahn (seat Weilburg) in the diocese of Limburg. The church “St. Katharina ".

Waldernbach's Protestant Christians belong to the parish of Neunkirchen.

societies

  • The fishing sports club was founded in 1963.

Sports

In Waldernbach there is a soccer field and a gym. Clubs like the "Tennisclub-Rot-Weiß" and the " Turn- und Sportverein " organize a sporting program. Several hiking trails for recreational athletes are signposted from the village.

Buildings

The Roman Catholic Church of St. Catherine, built in 1878, is in the center of the village. It was built as a neo-Gothic red brick building , in the style of North German brick Gothic . It is a single-nave building with a roof turret and a stair tower. The divided gable main portal is on the east side , the choir is on the west side. Inside there is a neo-Gothic altar.

At the end of the village in the direction of Lahr is the war memorial chapel built between 1921 and 1922 according to a design by Wiesbaden architect Johann Wilhelm Lehr (“for the glory of God and for the deceased or fallen warriors”). The small rectangular basalt building with a slate roof and turret is a listed building. Inside there is a Pietà on the altar in front of a simple wooden cross .

In the center, several have Einhäuser in framework construction from the 17/18. Century preserved. Numerous wayside shrines and crosses characterize the townscape and the district.

  • Catholic Church of St. Catherine

  • War memorial chapel on the road to Lahr

  • Interior view of the war memorial chapel

Regular events

A highlight in the festival calendar is Carnival , which is celebrated with numerous events. The most important village festival is the fair on the first weekend in September. In addition, the clubs organize other events.

Economy and Infrastructure

Waldernbach has the most important industrial area in the municipality of Mengerskirchen due to its comparatively good transport links. In addition, there are local craft and service companies . Since 1925, the Waldernbach volunteer fire brigade (from July 1, 1972 with the youth fire brigade) has provided fire protection and general help in this area. There are in the village, the town house "Westerwald Hall" in the Town Hall Street, a youth room in the parish hall and children's playgrounds.

traffic

There are no highways through the town. The connection points to the federal highway 49 are in Merenberg (approx. 7 km). The next connection point to the federal highway 54 is near Neunkirchen (approx. 9 km). The distance to federal motorway 45 near Herborn is 23 km.

Since the closure of the Kerkerbach Railway in 1958, no railway line has existed. There are regular bus routes to Limburg an der Lahn, Hadamar, Mengerskirchen and Weilburg. The distance to Frankfurt Airport is about 86 km away.

The Hessian long-distance cycle path R8 and Kerkerbachtal cycle path run through Waldernbach . The long-distance hiking trail 7 from Burbach to Weilburg (maintained by the Westerwald Association ) runs near the village . There is an extensive network of signposted hiking trails.

Westerwaldschule Waldernbach

education

There is a kindergarten in Waldernbach. The Franz Leuninger School in Mengerskirchen serves as the primary school .

With the Westerwaldschule , Waldernbach has a central secondary and secondary school for the communities of Mengerskirchen, Merenberg, Waldbrunn (except Ellar) and Heckholzhausen (community of Beselich ).

The next grammar school is the Philippinum in Weilburg , children from Waldernbach attend secondary schools in Weilburg and Limburg .

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d Waldernbach, Limburg-Weilburg district. Historical local dictionary for Hessen. (As of May 24, 2018). In: Landesgeschichtliches Informationssystem Hessen (LAGIS).
  2. ↑ Mengerskirchen in facts and figures. Retrieved August 28, 2019 .
  3. ↑ Amalgamation of the communities of Dillhausen, Mengerskirchen, Probbach, Waldernbach and Winkels in the Oberlahnkreis to form the community of "Mengerskirchen" on January 5, 1971 . In: The Hessian Minister of the Interior (Ed.): State Gazette for the State of Hesse. 1971 No. 3 , p. 111 , point 177a ( online at the information system of the Hessian state parliament [PDF; 5.5 MB ]).
  4. ^ Michael Rademacher: German administrative history from the unification of the empire in 1871 to the reunification in 1990. State of Hesse. (Online material for the dissertation, Osnabrück 2006).
  5. ↑ Budget 2018, preliminary report. Mengerskirchen community, accessed on June 20, 2018 .
  6. ↑ Main statutes of the municipality ( Memento of October 17, 2013 in the Internet Archive ), Rules of Procedure of the local councils ( Memento of October 17, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) (Status: June 29, 2008)
  7. ↑ Waldernbach local advisory board. In: website. Market town Mengerskirchen, accessed December 2018 .
  8. ↑ The environment always in view. News from the Nassauische Neue Presse dated September 6, 2013, accessed on May 7, 2017.

literature

  • Hermann-Josef Hucke (Ed.): Great Westerwaldführer . 3. Edition. Verlag Westerwald-Verein eV, Montabaur 1991, ISBN 3-921548-04-7 .
  • Hellmuth Gensicke: State history of the Westerwald . 3. Edition. Historical Commission for Nassau, Wiesbaden 1999, ISBN 3-922244-80-7 .
  • Armin M. Kuhnigk: The 1848 Revolution in the Province . 2nd Edition. Camberger Verlag Lange, Camberg 1980, ISBN 3-87460-028-9 .
  • Falko Lehmann: Cultural monuments in the Hesse district Limburg-Weilburg . Ed .: State Office for Monument Preservation Hessen. tape 2 . Friedr. Vieweg & Sohn, Braunschweig / Wiesbaden 1994, ISBN 3-528-06243-6 .
  • Christian Daniel Vogel : Description of the Duchy of Nassau . Verlag Wilhelm Bayerle, Wiesbaden 1844 ( at: gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de [accessed on June 29, 2008]).
  • Walter Rudersdorf: In the shadow of Ellar Castle . Ed .: Municipality of Ellar / Westerwald. Waldemar Kramer, Frankfurt am Main 1967, DNB  457982160 .
  • Klaus Schatz: History of the Diocese of Limburg . Society for Middle Rhine Church History, Mainz 1983.
  • Mengerskirchen community (ed.): 700 years of Waldernbach. 1296-1996. Mengerskirchen 1996
  • Literature on Waldernbach in the Hessian Bibliography

Web links

Commons : Waldernbach  - Collection of Images