Crystal structure
The atomic structure of crystalline solids is described by the two terms lattice and base .
Grid
The crystal lattice , also called point lattice , is a regular three-dimensional arrangement of (mathematical) points. The unit cell is the subunit of the lattice . It contains all the information necessary to describe the crystal. The grid is created by the seamless, translationally symmetrical joining of the same unit cell in all three dimensions of space. The 14 Bravais grids describe all the possibilities of translational symmetry in three-dimensional space. The crystal lattice is only made up of points and therefore always centrosymmetrical .
Base
The basis of a crystal structure consists of atoms , ions or molecules . It represents the smallest group of these elements, which are periodically repeated congruently in three-dimensional space . The base consists of at least one atom, but can also contain a few thousand atoms ( protein crystals ). In the case of sodium chloride , for example, the basis consists of a Na + and a Cl - ion.
A reference point is then assigned to each base (in the illustration the upper left corner of the rectangle). These reference points form the crystal lattice if you only look at the points ( called lattice in the picture ). They span the so-called basic vectors , which point from a grid point to its neighbors (in 2D : two, 3D : three). The parallelepiped spanned by these basic vectors is called a unit cell. This therefore has a grid point at each corner, but does not have to be drawn between directly adjacent points, but can be selected as large as desired.
The literature often speaks of the structure type or the lattice structure. One then speaks of the sodium chloride lattice , cesium chloride lattice , etc. But because the crystal lattice only contains points and no ions, this expression is misleading. More precisely, it is called sodium chloride , cesium chloride , diamond or zinc blende structure . These structures are used for the typing of a number of other compounds, which are identical to the examples with regard to the crystal structure. The terms sodium chloride structure type , cesium chloride structure type , etc. can also be used.
Polymorphism
Chemically identical solids can nonetheless occur in different crystal modifications that differ in their physical properties, for example have different melting points . This is called polymorphism. Differential thermal analysis (DTA) is a frequently used method for investigating polymorphism, which is of particular importance in pharmacy for the characterization of some medicinal substances . The DTA allows this complex phenomenon to be recognized and interpreted, especially if the analysis sample is a mixture of several crystal modifications.
Periodic table of the elements
The structures for metallic elements under standard conditions are shown color-coded with mercury as the only exception, where the low-temperature form is specified for the otherwise liquid element. Non-metals such as noble gases are non-crystalline under standard conditions, while others such as carbon can have different allotropes and are therefore not enumerated.
group | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4th | 5 | 6th | 7th | 8th | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14th | 15th | 16 | 17th | 18th | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
period | |||||||||||||||||||
1 |
H |
Hey |
|||||||||||||||||
2 |
Li (bcc) |
Be (hcp) |
B. |
C. |
N |
O |
F. |
No |
|||||||||||
3 |
Na (bcc) |
Mg (hcp) |
Al (fcc) |
Si |
P |
S. |
Cl |
Ar |
|||||||||||
4th |
K (bcc) |
Ca (fcc) |
Sc (hcp) |
Ti (hcp) |
V (bcc) |
Cr (bcc) |
Mn |
Fe (bcc) |
Co (hcp) |
Ni (fcc) |
Cu (fcc) |
Zn |
Ga |
Ge |
As |
Se |
Br |
Kr |
|
5 |
Rb (bcc) |
Sr (fcc) |
Y (hcp) |
Zr (hcp) |
Nb (bcc) |
Mo (bcc) |
Tc (hcp) |
Ru (hcp) |
Rh (fcc) |
Pd (fcc) |
Ag (fcc) |
CD |
In |
Sn |
Sb |
Te |
I. |
Xe |
|
6th |
Cs (bcc) |
Ba (bcc) |
La * |
Hf (hcp) |
Ta (bcc) |
W (bcc) |
Re (hcp) |
Os (hcp) |
Ir (fcc) |
Pt (fcc) |
Au (fcc) |
Ed |
Tl (hcp) |
Pb (fcc) |
Bi |
Po |
At |
Marg |
|
7th |
Fr. |
Ra (bcc) |
Ac ** |
Rf |
Db |
Sg |
Bra |
Hs |
Mt |
Ds |
Rg |
Cn |
Nh |
Fl |
Mc |
Lv |
Ts |
Above |
|
* |
La |
Ce (fcc) |
Pr |
Nd |
Pm (hcp) |
Sm |
Eu (bcc) |
Gd (hcp) |
Tb (hcp) |
Dy (hcp) |
Ho (hcp) |
He (hcp) |
Tm (hcp) |
Yb (fcc) |
Lu (hcp) |
||||
** |
Ac (fcc) |
Th (fcc) |
Pa |
U |
Np |
Pooh |
On (hcp) |
Cm (hcp) |
Bk |
Cf |
It |
Fm |
Md |
No |
Lr |
||||
Body-Centered Cubic Lattice (bcc) | Hexagonal close packing of spheres (hcp) | Face Centered Cubic Lattice (fcc) | unusual | unknown | Non-metal |
See also
- Point group
- Space group
- Crystal system
- Quasicrystal
- Ion lattice
- Reciprocal space
- Lattice failure
- Crack marks
- Elementary mesh
- Holohedry and Meroedrie
literature
- AF Holleman , E. Wiberg , N. Wiberg : Textbook of Inorganic Chemistry . 101st edition. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin 1995, ISBN 3-11-012641-9 .
Web links
- Viktor Goldschmidt - The Atlas of Crystal Forms ( Memento from November 13, 2004 in the Internet Archive )
- COD - A crystallographic database
Individual evidence
- ^ Herbert Feltkamp, Peter Fuchs, Heinz Sucker (eds.): Pharmaceutical quality control. Georg Thieme Verlag, 1983, ISBN 3-13-611501-5 , pp. 307-319.
- ^ Norman N. Greenwood, Alan Earnshaw: Chemistry of the Elements. 2nd Edition. Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford 1997, ISBN 0-08-037941-9 .