Mohammed cartoons

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As Muhammad cartoons was one on 30 September 2005 in the Danish daily newspaper Jyllands-Posten under the name The face of Muhammad ( Danish: Muhammad ansigt ) series of twelve published cartoons known that the Islamic prophets and religious founders Mohammed have on the subject. On October 17th they were reprinted in the Egyptian newspaper Al Fager . The background is that in Islam there is a - in practice, however, controversial - “ ban on images" gives. As a result of further publications of this and other Mohammed cartoons, demonstrations and violent riots, diplomatic conflicts between the Danish government and governments of Islamic states, and global discussions about religions took place in many countries around the world - especially those with an Islamic character - , freedom of the press , the arts and freedom of expression .

A few months later - at the beginning of 2006 - the Danish imams Ahmad Abu Laban and Ahmed Akkari created a dossier in which, in addition to the original twelve caricatures, there were also pictures that did not come from Jyllands-Posten, that were insulting and obscene and that were supposed to be Abu Laban had been sent. Among other things, a praying Muslim was shown who was mounted by a dog during the prayer. This led to protests by Muslim organizations around the world, from boycotts of Danish products to violent clashes in which more than 100 people died. Some of the demonstrators on the streets were deliberately disinformed. Danish and Norwegian embassies were attacked and partially destroyed.

The term “cartoon controversy” came third in the 2006 Word of the Year vote . In Denmark the term Muhammedkrisen (Eng. 'The Mohammed crisis') is common.

The face of Muhammad
Link to the pictures
(please note copyrights )

prehistory

The caricatures were commissioned from the illustrators by Flemming Rose , the newspaper's head of culture. According to the editors, they wanted to examine how much self-censorship Danish artists would impose on themselves with a view to Islam. The Danish children's book author Kåre Bluitgen had not previously found a draftsman for his book The Koran and the Life of the Prophet Mohammed ( Koranen og profeten Muhammeds liv , January 2006) who wanted to represent it with his name. The book lists the author and an anonymous illustrator. 40 Danish cartoonists were approached, twelve of whom agreed to contribute; three of them were draftsmen for the Jyllands-Posten. Two of the caricatures allude directly to Bluitgen by depicting him with a turban.

The twelve cartoons

On one of the twelve caricatures Mohammed was shown wearing a turban in the form of a bomb with a burning fuse on which the Islamic creed ( Shahāda ) is located. Among the twelve cartoons there are also some that do not explicitly depict the prophet. A cartoonist drew a student named Mohammed in front of a blackboard that read in Persian : "The Jyllands-Posten editorial team is a gang of reactionary provocateurs."

The non-depiction of Allah and Mohammed in Islam

Mohammed positions the black stone on the Kaaba; Illustration to the universal history of Raschid Al-Din, Tabriz approx. 1315, at the time of the Sunni Muzaffarid dynasty

In large parts of the Islamic world , images of Allah , Mohammed and other Islamic prophets in human form are currently prohibited. The Koran forbids However, strictly speaking, as the Tanakh and the Bible , not the image itself, only their worship in the sense of idolatry . So a was prohibition of images of Islam are not always applied strictly, as many pictorial representations of the Prophet Mohammed in the Islamic art show. Allah himself is never depicted in human form in Islam.

Criticism of the cartoons

The criticism on the Muslim side was primarily directed against an anti-Islamic attitude in the West, which is growing in the opinion of Danish imams, by serving prejudices , such as equating Islam with terrorism .

Liberal critics pointed out that the Mohammed caricatures were harmless compared to the anti-Semitic jokes and papal caricatures that regularly appear in the Arab media . The excitement is therefore not only artificially kindled and tends to be reactionary, but disproportionate.

In Denmark, relations between the Muslim minority and the Danish majority have also deteriorated in recent years due to a heated debate on foreigners and a restrictive immigration policy. This is particularly true under the then minority government of Anders Fogh Rasmussen ( Cabinet Rasmussen II ), which consisted of the right-wing liberal Venstre party and the Conservative People's Party and which ruled with tolerance by the national-conservative Danish People's Party . For example, members of the Danish People's Party described Islam as a “cancer” and a “terrorist movement”.

Legal dispute

On October 27, 2005, eleven representatives of Danish Islamic organizations filed criminal charges against Jyllands-Posten on the basis of Section 140 of the blasphemy paragraph in the Danish Criminal Code. The spokeswoman for the complainant Asmaa Abdol-Hamid said: "We believe that the intention of the newspaper was to mock and mock."

So it was less about the drawings themselves than about the editorial context. In addition to the caricatures, a text by Flemming Roses was printed in which he explained the background to the print. He cited several examples of supposed self-censorship by artists with regard to Islam - besides the fact that an illustrator only wanted to illustrate a children's book about the Prophet anonymously, for example the decision by the Tate Gallery in London to postpone the attacks on the London underground Bahn 2005 to remove a work of art from their rooms, which showed the Bible, Talmud and Koran under a glass plate.

Here is the translation of the passage in question with the subheading "Latterliggørelsen" ("The ridicule"):

" Ridiculousness
Modern secular society is rejected by some Muslims. They demand a special position if they insist on special consideration for their own religious feelings. This is incompatible with secular democracy and freedom of speech, in which one must be prepared to be exposed to scorn, ridicule and ridicule. That is certainly not always pleasant and beautiful to look at, and it does not mean that religious feelings should always and in any case be mocked, but that is of secondary importance in this context. "

- Flemming Rose in Jyllands-Posten

An editorial by the then editor-in-chief Carsten Juste with the headline “Danger from the Dark” was also perceived as problematic on the same day. It said:

“The Muslims who represent Islam in public - there is hopefully a large, silent and more sensible majority - all have something in common: a monumental arrogance. This high-handedness also includes an almost nauseating oversensitivity to any contradiction that is immediately taken as a provocation. A provocation against one of these high-handed imams or crazy mullahs is immediately interpreted as a provocation against the prophet or the holy book, the Koran, and then we have a problem. "

The Danish blasphemy paragraph reads:

"§ 140. Anyone who publicly mocks or mocks the doctrine or worship of any religious community legally existing in this country is sentenced to a fine or imprisonment of up to four months."

On January 6, 2006, the public prosecutor in Viborg closed the case on the grounds that there was no evidence of a criminal offense under Danish law. This decision was confirmed on March 15, 2006 by the Director of the Danish Public Prosecutor's Office and explained in detail with reference to the cartoons.

The last conviction on the basis of Section 140 was pronounced in Denmark in 1938 against a group of Danish National Socialists for anti-Semitism .

The Danish Parliament abolished Section 140 of the Criminal Code, which had existed since 1866, and with it the prosecution for blasphemy on June 2, 2017.

Danish Imams' dossier and subsequent escalation

In a 42-page dossier prepared by the Danish imams Ahmad Abu Laban and Ahmed Akkari in November and December 2005 for a trip to Egypt and Lebanon, which was presented to representatives of the Arab League as well as Muslim clerics and academics , three newspaper articles were included additional illustrations listed. Among other things, an alienated agency photo of a comedian imitating a pig was reported as an alleged Mohammed caricature in the dossier. The additional images were perceived as particularly offensive, but were neither commissioned nor published by the newspaper. These new drawings were sometimes referred to in the reports in the Arab press.

According to the imams, these images are anonymous letters to outraged Muslim letters to the editor from Jyllands-Posten. The fake agency photo is said to have been sent anonymously to the Danish Muslims as a mockery of Mohammed, said Ahmed Akkari. Seven years later Akkari admitted that his behavior at the time was a "manipulation": "Nobody explained the difference to the caricatures or pointed out the origin of the other three pictures."

Only after this trip and in response to inquiries from journalists and after the Christian Norwegian newspaper Magazinet reprinted the caricatures on January 10, 2006, there were protests from outraged Muslims around the world who perceived the caricatures as blasphemy. After the Egyptian daily Al Fager had already printed some of the cartoons on October 17, 2005, including the one of the prophet with the bomb in his turban, there had been no particular reaction.

International protests with dead

On October 19, 2005, three weeks after the publication on September 30, 2005, eleven ambassadors of Islamic states asked Danish Prime Minister Anders Fogh Rasmussen for a meeting, which he refused on the grounds that he could not discuss the ambassadors' demands. The ambassadors had previously called for all possible steps to be taken within the framework of the country's laws (“take all responsible to task under law of the land”) and wanted to discuss the anti-Islamic mood in general in addition to the article.

The publications led to the boycott of Danish and Norwegian goods in some Arab states since January 26, 2006. Libya closed its embassy in Copenhagen on January 29, 2006 , and Saudi Arabia withdrew its ambassador. For its part, the EU threatened to appeal to the WTO if Arab governments supported the boycott. In Tunis , the interior ministers of 17 Arab states passed a resolution on January 31, 2006, according to which the Danish government must "severely punish" the authors of the cartoons.

On January 31, the editor-in-chief apologized for hurting the feelings of many Muslims. However, he did not want to apologize for publishing the pictures. This apology from the editor-in-chief has been rejected by various Islamic associations in Denmark as insufficient.

Also on January 31, 2006, the Arab television station al-Jazeera broadcast a speech by the leader of the Muslim Brotherhood , Mouhammed Fouad al-Barazi, who is known in the Muslim world and who lives in Denmark, who tearfully claimed that in Denmark there was an SMS calling for to burn the Koran. In fact, there was a corresponding announcement by the Danish Front , which pretended to want to carry out such a Koran burning at one of their demonstrations. The broadcast sparked outrage across the Islamic world.

The reactions of the Islamic clergy were sharp. The cartoons were not shown in Arab and other Islamic countries. However, various scholars took a position by calling for resistance to the campaign allegedly directed by Jews and Americans. For example, Ali Muhi Al-Din Al-Qardaghi , a lecturer at the University of Kuaatar, broadcast on Al-Jazeera that it was a “crusader Zionist campaign”. The author of the children's book about Mohammed is himself a Jew; the book says that the Prophet Mohammed was a Nazi who carried out the first Holocaust .

Ayatollah Seyyed Alī Chāmene'ī claimed on Iranian television that the cartoonists were paid by Jews. The whole campaign is controlled by "dirty Zionists" who not only have the newspapers and media, but also the US government "fully under their control".

Radical Islamists in Iraq issued a call to attack Danish soldiers.

On January 31, 2006, an EU office in Gaza was stormed, as well as bomb threats and the subsequent evacuation of editorial offices in Aarhus and Copenhagen .

On February 2, 2006, the EU closed its office in Gaza after it was besieged by Palestinian extremists. Meanwhile, al-Aqsa Brigades and Islamic Jihad threatened to kidnap nationals from five European countries (including France , Norway , Denmark and Germany ) in the West Bank . In fact, a German was kidnapped, but soon released.

On February 3, 150 demonstrators stormed the grounds of the Danish embassy in Jakarta . Among other things, they shouted: "We are not terrorists, we are not anarchists, but we are against people who offend Islam". At the same time, the posters carried read: “We are ready for jihad” and “Let's slaughter the Danish ambassador”. The Danish ambassador reassured the demonstrators by explaining the newspaper's apology and the government's stance.

On the same day, al-Jazeera broadcast a sermon by Hamas leader Khaled Mash'al in the great mosque of Damascus, in which he asked Europeans to apologize. There is no law above that of Allah. "Our nation will not forgive ... Tomorrow we will sit on the world throne ... excuse yourselves today before it is too late ... Before Israel dies, it will be humiliated ..." The visitors to the mosque replied: "Death Israel, death America".

On February 4, the Danish and Norwegian embassies in the Syrian capital Damascus were set on fire by demonstrators. The Swedish and Chilean embassies , which are in the same building as the Danish embassy, ​​also went up in flames.

In Gaza the German cultural center was attacked and the German national flag was burned.
Danish and Norwegian citizens have been asked by their governments to leave Syria. The US accused Syria of having tolerated the attacks on the Danish embassy.

The Iran announced economic sanctions against European countries where the cartoons were published.

On February 5, the Danish embassy in Beirut was set on fire by demonstrators after security forces failed to disperse the demonstrating crowd. However, some of the protesters disagreed with the arson and tried to demonstrate peacefully. The Lebanese Interior Minister Hassan al-Sabaa then resigned.

In Trabzon , Turkey, the 16-year-old Oğuzhan Akdin shot and killed the Catholic priest Andrea Santoro. The perpetrator named the publication of the Mohammed cartoons in various European countries as a motive. On October 10, 2006, the young Akdin was sentenced by the Grand Criminal Chamber in Trabzon to a prison term of 18 years, ten months and 20 days and a judicial fine of 250 YTL for murder, among other things  . The Turkish Court of Cassation upheld the judgment.

The Iranian government announced that it intends to withdraw its ambassador from Denmark.

An Iraqi terrorist group with ties to al-Qaida threatened to kill all Danes.

On February 6, violent demonstrators attacked the Austrian embassy in Tehran . A German and an Austrian national flag were burned. Two people were killed in clashes with security forces in Afghanistan . In Iraq, Shiite protesters called for a fatwa against the Danish cartoonists .

In Pakistan , Muslim doctors boycotted drugs from European countries because of the Mohammed cartoons. The boycott was directed against Denmark, Norway, France, Germany and Switzerland. Flags of European countries were burned in many Islamic countries, especially the flags of Denmark, Norway and Germany. In Austria, 30 Muslim newspaper messengers refused to deliver the Kleine Zeitung , which had printed the caricatures . In Turkey , demonstrators trampled the EU flag .

On February 7, at least four Muslims were killed in an attack on Norwegian ISAF soldiers in Maimana, Afghanistan . The UN announced the withdrawal of employees.

On February 8, four protesters in Afghanistan were shot dead by security forces near a US base. The largest demonstration to date took place in Lebanon on February 9 , where up to 250,000 demonstrated largely peacefully.

Speaking to hundreds of thousands of Shiites in Beirut on February 9, Sayyid Hassan Nasrallah , Hezbollah leader , urged US President George W. Bush and US Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice to "shut up" on the conflict a ban on insulting the Prophet by the European governments. He threatened: "We will defend the Messenger of God not only with our voice, but also with our blood".

On February 10, protesters damaged the French embassy in Tehran; the Danish ambassador has been withdrawn from Syria because the Syrian state is not taking sufficient care of its security; in Nairobi one was correspondent of ARD of demonstrators attacked.

On February 11, around 5000 Muslims demonstrated peacefully in Germany against the depiction of the caricatures; the Turkish Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan offered to mediate in the conflict.

On February 17, 11 people were killed in protests against the cartoons in front of the Italian embassy in Libya . Before that, the Italian reform minister Roberto Calderoli had shown himself in a T-shirt with Mohammed cartoons. The then Prime Minister of Italy, Berlusconi , called on the minister to resign, which he submitted the following day.

Violent attacks on churches and Christian businesses in northern Nigeria on February 18 killed 16 people, mainly from the Christian minority, including three children and a Catholic priest. A total of 18 churches were destroyed in Nigeria. In addition, the house of the Catholic Bishop of Maiduguri was burned down. Violence triggered by the cartoons killed at least 123 people in Nigeria within four days.

According to a detailed listing on the Cartoon Body Count: Death by Drawing website, 139 people were killed and 823 injured in connection with the cartoon dispute as of February 22, 2006.

On April 14, in Alexandria, Egypt, a 67-year-old Coptic Christian was stabbed to death by a 25-year-old Muslim while attacking believers in a Coptic church. At the same time, other fanatics attacked two other churches and injured a total of more than ten Christians. According to press reports referring to circles of the Egyptian Ministry of the Interior, the perpetrator wanted to take revenge for Danish caricatures of the prophet Mohammed.

On May 3, the 28-year-old Pakistani Aamir C., who was armed with a knife and wanted to break into the publishing house of the newspaper Die Welt and attack editor-in-chief Roger Köppel for publishing the Mohammed cartoons, went to his cell in the remand prison in Berlin- Moabit himself hanged. The transfer of his body to Pakistan led to mass rallies there and the burning of German flags. Although two high-ranking Pakistani police officers were also present at the first autopsy, doubts about the suicide were expressed by the Pakistani parliament and requested a new autopsy.

Reactions

Media reactions

Jyllands-Posten

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Jyllands-Posten is considering a joint declaration with the Danish imams, the editor-in-chief of the newspaper Carsten Juste said on Danish radio that a corresponding proposal from the Muslim side was “definitely worth considering”. Arab newspapers are also trying to de-escalate, the supraregional Asharq al-Awsat commented that the initially spontaneous campaign against the caricatures had meanwhile been instrumentalized by extremists: “Strike without a specific goal, that doesn't make sense” and “We can do the western ones Do not regard states as enemy territory ”.

German media

The January issue of the small magazine Heretic's Letters showed a caricature ("Mohammed with a bomb"). On February 1, 2006, some European newspapers then printed one or more of the controversial caricatures. In Austria these appeared in the Kronen Zeitung , the Kleine Zeitung and the Sonntags-Rundschau. In Germany , Die Welt published all twelve caricatures, Die Zeit , FAZ , Tagesspiegel , Berliner Zeitung and taz some of the caricatures, while Bild and Spiegel Online refused to print them. The news channel n-tv quoted an editor of the world as saying "This is a political process". Six of the cartoons were available online for the daily newspaper Die Welt . The online magazine Perlentaucher also published the caricatures.

Later, the two magazines Der Spiegel and Focus published some cartoons in the course of reporting, whereupon Egypt banned the sale of the current issues.

In July 2005, a 60-year-old early retiree in North Rhine-Westphalia had sent toilet paper rolls with the inscription “Koran, the Holy Qur'an” to Muslim communities and various media and stated in an attached letter that the Koran was a “cookbook for terrorists ". During the cartoon discussion in February 2006, the trial against the man took place at the Lüdinghausen district court and therefore received enormous attention across Germany. The charges included insulting religious denominations. The court of lay judges followed the prosecution's request and imposed a one-year suspended prison sentence. The process was held under the strictest security precautions. The man had received numerous death threats in advance.

The March 2006 issue of the satirical magazine Titanic addressed the cartoon controversy. Two of the caricatures were also printed and commented on in the “Critique of Humor” section.

The writer and winner of the Literature - Nobel Prize Grass condemned the action of the Danish newspaper: "It was a conscious and planned provocation of a Danish right leaf" and "But they have gone ahead because they are right-wing and xenophobic". He also criticized the Western media's reference to freedom of expression as hypocrisy .

Ulrich Wickert Jyllands-Posten defended against this in the show Menschen bei Maischberger on February 7, 2006 by saying that the cartoons in a Danish daily newspaper were primarily intended for Danish and not for Muslim readers, as the proportion of the Muslim population in Denmark was is very small. That is why they were not published with the evil intention of attacking the Muslim people in Denmark, but to settle in the western tradition of satirical caricatures. The presentation of the caricatures to Danish imams had also come from other newspapers and not from Jyllands-Posten.

Hendrik Zörner, spokesman for the German Association of Journalists (DJV), criticized the reprint of the caricatures in some German newspapers; According to section 10 of the press code of the German Press Council , "publications in words and pictures which can significantly offend the moral or religious feelings of a group of people in terms of form and content cannot be reconciled with the responsibility of the press". The DJV chairman Michael Konken contradicted the and defended the emphasis: "The reproduction of the cartoons in German newspapers is a necessary contribution to the formation of opinions , the aim was not hurting religious feelings." At the same time DJV chairman condemned the dismissal of the chief editor of France Soir sharp and demanded its reinstatement. - In order to avoid the decision as to whether there was a violation of religious feelings, the German Press Council changed section 10 of its press code at the end of 2006 to: “The press refrains from reviling religious, ideological or moral convictions.” This changed the criterion from the Readers and their religious sentiments shifted to the subjective intentions of journalists.

The publicist and columnist for the weekly magazine Der Spiegel , Henryk M. Broder , made the cartoon controversy one of the subjects of his controversial book Hurray, We Surrender! , in which he sharply criticized the violent reactions from parts of the Muslim world and the subsequent appeasement of numerous western media and politicians. The cartoons themselves are "shockingly harmless".

French media

The French France Soir headlined “Yes, we have the right to caricature God!” A representative of French Muslims then spoke of a “horrific process”. The following day, France-Soir editor-in-chief Jacques Lefranc was fired by the newspaper's owner, Raymond Lakah , who, however, could not prevent the newspaper from appearing with the headline “ Help Voltaire , they have gone crazy!”. It is noteworthy in this context that, according to Focus, the dismissed person was one of the few within the editorial team who had spoken out against the printing of the caricatures. His successor in the office of editor-in-chief resigned shortly afterwards after protests by the editorial team. It is also noteworthy that Lakah is usually referred to as an Egyptian in the German-language press - in addition to the Egyptian he also has French citizenship and is Roman Catholic . Since February 3, 2006, the France Soir newspaper's website has been down for a while. The Jewish website Hagalil was also hacked from Qatar and its content and that of over 62 other domains were completely deleted.

Charlie Hebdo 2006

On February 8, 2006, a special edition of the French satirical magazine Charlie Hebdo was published , which also showed several other cartoons. On the title page there was an image of Muhammad who claps his hands over his face and says: "C'est dur d'être aimé par des cons." - "It is hard to be loved by idiots."

On March 1, 2006, Charlie Hebdo published the Manifesto of the 12 , in which twelve intellectuals (including Ayaan Hirsi Ali and Salman Rushdie ), predominantly from the Islamic cultural area, address Islamism as a “new global totalitarian threat”. This manifesto makes express reference, among other things, to "the recent events following the publication of the Mohammed cartoons in European newspapers".

In the meantime, the French Muslim umbrella organization ( Conseil français du culte musulman , CFCM), whose president is the liberal rector of the Paris mosque Dalil Boubakeur, has sued the editor-in-chief of Philippe Val for the caricatures of the founder of the religion. The magazine rejected the allegations and spoke in front of the press of a "medieval trial". Philippe Val said that the cartoons were by no means intended to attack Muslims, but rather terrorists. "No provocation, it was satire. So that freedom of expression is clearly defined by the legislature and not by religious fanatics, we printed it!" There was a trial of three cartoons before the 17th Paris Criminal Court. The left-liberal Liberation reprinted the controversial caricatures on the first day of the trial in solidarity with Charlie Hebdo . In court, Charlie Hebdo was supported by prominent witnesses, such as the party leader of the Social Democrats François Hollande , partner of Ségolène Royal and the liberal presidential candidate François Bayrou . On Thursday, March 3, 2007, Val was acquitted. The court recognized that the main purpose of the cartoons was to fight terrorist Islamism.

Charlie Hebdo 2011 and subsequent arson attack
Rubbish cleared on the street after the arson attack on the editorial building of Charlie Hebdo magazine

On November 3, 2011, an issue of the magazine "Charlie Hebdo" appeared under the title "Charia Hebdo" (an allusion to the Sharia laws of Islam), which was "edited" by a "guest editor Mohammed", who " said ”:“ 100 coups de fouet, si vous n'êtes pas morts de rire! ”(German translation:“ 100 lashes with the whip if you don't die of laughter! ”). The front page of the issue was drawn by cartoonist Luz .

In the early morning hours of November 2, 2011, as a result of the announced issue, there was an arson attack on the editorial office of the magazine "Charlie Hebdo" in the 20th arrondissement of Paris using a Molotov cocktail . The cover of the issue had been shown on social media days before.

Charlie Hebdo 2012

On September 19, 2012, Charlie Hebdo released new Mohammed cartoons. For details see: Charlie Hebdo

Islamic media

A Cairo newspaper printed the Mohammed cartoons in October - without any reaction. FAZ.NET wrote: “However, not every publication of the caricatures in the Islamic world has had such consequences. There was no reaction when the enfant terrible of the Egyptian press, Adel Hammouda, reprinted the caricatures in his weekly Al Fagr (The Dawn) on October 17th, that is, in the fasting month of Ramadan. ”In the Islamic world, publications came in two Jordanian newspapers, including Shihan . In the article An Islamic Intifada  - Against the Danish Insult to Islam , three cartoons were shown and commented: “What is worse? Such pictures or suicide attacks? ”The editor-in-chief of Shihan was then fired by his publisher and the entire edition was withdrawn.

The largest Iranian newspaper Hamshahri later announced that it would award prizes to the twelve best Holocaust caricatures in a Holocaust caricature competition . According to Farid Mortazavi, head of the graphics department, this is intended to put the western understanding of press freedom to the test. The website of the Arab-European League has also started a so-called “Freedom of Expression Campaign” to “break taboos in Europe”.

After authorities intervened against newspapers in Egypt and Jordan, the closure of the weekly newspaper Al-Hurya ("Freedom") was ordered in Yemen after it had reprinted the cartoons. An arrest warrant was issued against the publisher.

In a CNN interview on February 8 , culture editor Flemming Rose announced that Jyllands-Posten would seek a collaboration with the Iranian newspaper Hamshahri to depict the Holocaust cartoons. Later editor-in-chief Carsten Juste denied this, however, that it was "a misunderstanding and an exaggeration". Flemming Rose was then initially sent on vacation, as his suggestion was seen as a sign that the situation was too overwhelming.

Political reactions

Danish government

The Danish government believes that it does not need to apologize for any press releases. That is also the opinion of the majority of the Danish population. In a poll published by Danmarks Radio on February 2, 2006 , 79% of respondents said that Denmark should not apologize. At the same time, more than two thirds of Danes consider the reaction of the Arab countries to be unacceptable.

German government

German politicians emphasized both freedom of expression and freedom of the press as well as a willingness to engage in dialogue. As in Denmark, an apology from the government is refused. The German Interior Minister Wolfgang Schäuble said on February 2nd in the world : “Why should the government apologize for something that happened in exercising freedom of the press? If the state interferes, then that is the first step towards restricting the freedom of the press. ”The executive director of the Greens in the Bundestag, Volker Beck , said:“ Muslims have to endure criticism and satire just like the Christian churches and Jews. ” Paul Spiegel (1937–2006), then chairman of the Central Council of Jews in Germany , said the controversy over the caricatures was terrible evidence of the failure of political and interreligious dialogue between different cultures in recent years.

On the occasion of the attack by radical Palestinians on a German cultural center in Gaza, the German Chancellor Angela Merkel also expressed her lack of understanding: The fact that one's religious feelings are hurt does not legitimize violence. At the same time, she stressed that the freedom of the press is an essential part of democracy.

Frank-Walter Steinmeier , Foreign Minister from 2005 to 2009, expressed concern that the efforts to release the German hostages in Iraq had been strained by the cartoons. He went on to say at the Munich Conference on Security Policy : “We have not yet had a clash of cultures , but we are further removed from the desired dialogue than we would like”.

Vatican state

A spokesman for the Vatican described the publication as an “unacceptable provocation” and at the same time condemned all acts of violence. The Italian Cardinal Achille Silvestrini said that one could satire about Christian priests and the customs of the Muslims , but not about God , the Koran or Mohammed.

In 2008, at a two-day meeting between the Vatican, represented by the Pontifical Council for Interreligious Dialogue under Cardinal Jean-Louis Tauran and the highest authorities of Sunni Islam at al-Azhar University in Cairo, the republication of the Muhammad cartoons was condemned. Representatives of the Islamic University complained of a growing number of attacks on Islam and its prophet, as well as other attacks against religions. In a joint statement, both sides called for more respect for religious symbols.

United Nations

The then UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan expressed concern. He said, among other things, that freedom of the press should not be a pretext to insult religious communities: "Freedom of the press should always be applied in a way that fully respects the beliefs and teachings of all religions".

U.S. government

The spokesman for the US State Department Sean McCormack and the British Foreign Secretary Jack Straw described the cartoons as "insulting". Every democracy includes "in addition to freedom of expression, aspects such as the promotion of understanding and respect for minority rights".

US Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice later said that radical Islamists were using the cartoons as an opportunity to stir up conflict with Western countries. In Syria in particular , radical Islamists tried to use the conflict for their own cause. Here, as in the autonomous Palestinian territories, the conflict is being instrumentalized in order to destabilize the respective state. These statements are denied and rejected by Iranian Vice President Maschai, among others .

Further international reactions

The Norwegian Prime Minister Jens Stoltenberg condemned the publication. It is paradoxical that with "Magazinet" a Christian magazine reprinted the caricatures.

The Turkish Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan described the behavior of the cartoonists as a mistake and intolerable; Violence in response is also a mistake. The problem cannot be solved on the street with violence, but only politically.

In 2006, following the Islamic Friday prayer in Meerut, the Indian politician and minister for the Muslim minority in Uttar Pradesh , Haji Yakub Qureshi , offered a bounty of almost 10 million euros for the murder of one of the Danish cartoonists of the Mohammed caricatures.

Denmark tried to appease and de-escalate the crisis. The Danish government has now turned to visitors on the Foreign Ministry's website in English and Arabic . Prime Minister Anders Fogh Rasmussen's interview with the Arab broadcaster Al Jazeera can also be found there as a transcript. Denmark has also offered help for the ferry accident in the Red Sea .

On February 6, the General Secretariat of the Arab League issued a statement calling for dialogue and moderation. The Greens requested a current hour in the Bundestag.

On February 7, the former Danish Foreign Minister Uffe Ellemann-Jensen called for the resignation of Carsten Juste, editor-in-chief of Jyllands-Posten. This rejected the request as "strange".

According to a report by tagesschau.de, Pakistan's Minister of Health, Nasir Khan , announced that it would ban the importation of drugs from the European countries in which the cartoons were published.

On March 21, Swedish Foreign Minister Laila Freivalds resigned, according to press reports, for campaigning for the closure of a far-right website that published the Mohammed cartoons and encouraged the submission of more cartoons.

The Danish Prime Minister Anders Fogh Rasmussen defended his government's position in his New Year's address: "We have protected freedom of expression because it is the most precious freedom we have."

The renowned peace researcher Johan Galtung described the real problem as “not the caricatures, but the Danes' no to start a dialogue”. In February 2006, Galtung tried to mediate between Islamic clergy and the Danish government. “After the government had invited people to speak, the arson attacks against Danish facilities stopped. The media just had no interest in reporting on it. "

Reactions of Western Islamic Studies

The ban on the representation of the Prophet Mohammed is not directly documented in the Koran and was only later established by Muslim legal scholars. However, numerous images of the prophet exist. According to Stephan Rosiny , an employee of the Institute for Islamic Studies at the Free University of Berlin , the so-called blasphemy paragraph could not be invoked. Since it says in the Koran in Sura 18 : 110: "Say: I am only a person like you" and the Koran only depicts Mohammed as a person, it is questionable to what extent the blasphemy is fulfilled. Rosiny warned that Muslims in secular societies could not simply assume that people of other faiths would submit to their religious ideas.

Rosiny sees the violent reaction as the result of numerous humiliating events for which the Muslims believed the West alone was responsible. In Rosiny's view, the intensity of the protests remains incomprehensible without taking the Iraq war into consideration , for example .

Reactions from Muslims

Public protests against the caricatures in Paris on February 11, 2006 ( Further media files on this protest )

The Lebanon-born professor of politics Gilbert Achcar at the University of Paris VIII is not astonished at the outbreak in the Islamic countries, but at the insignificant cause. According to Achcar, it's not really about the cartoons, but rather the outbreak is also a consequence of what he believes is the hypocritical position of the Western world with regard to democracy and human rights in the Middle East.

According to the Dutch writer and columnist Mohammed Benzakour , the anger in the Arab countries has little to do with the cartoons. He sees feelings of political powerlessness, frustration and a lack of self-confidence as the causes of the outbreaks of violence. He believes that only a political analysis can clear up the matter.

Impact on the food industry

On February 16, 2006, Al Jazeera reported that so-called “Danish Danish pastries” had to be referred to as “Mohammed's roses” ( Persian : gul-e-muhammadi ) in Iran . The pastries are made within the country. Iran stopped importing Danish products after the cartoons were published.

Further development

At the beginning of February 2006, the Danish newspaper Politiken reported that Jylland-Posten rejected other caricatures showing Jesus Christ shortly before the publication of the “Mohammed cartoons” . The reason was that they would probably not please the readers of the newspaper and could “cause an outcry”, which Jylland-Posten accused of double standards. In a press conference, the editor of Jyllands-Posten contradicted this claim ("it is a lie"). A caricature showing Jesus on the cross with dollar bills on his eyes and by the same artist as the picture of Muhammad with a bomb in his turban was printed without any protests.

2008

On February 12, 2008, the Danish police arrested three people in Aarhus who were alleged to have planned an attempt to kill Kurt Westergaard , one of the cartoonists. According to the newspaper Jyllands-Posten , the murder plans were relatively concrete; the cartoonist should therefore be killed in his own house. According to official information, the men are a Danish of Moroccan origin and two Tunisians. All Folketing parties condemned the attempted assassination as an attack on democracy and freedom of expression. One day after the plans were uncovered, leading Danish newspapers again demonstratively published Westergaard's controversial caricature depicting Mohammed with a bomb in his turban.

On June 2, 2008, an attack was carried out on the Danish embassy in Islamabad, Pakistan, in which at least six people were killed. The terrorist organization al-Qaeda claimed responsibility for the attack and gave the Danish caricatures as the motif.

2009

When the then Danish Prime Minister Anders Fogh Rasmussen came up in 2009 as a candidate for the post of NATO Secretary General, objections arose from the Muslim world with regard to the cartoon dispute. For a long time, NATO member Turkey resisted Rasmussen's nomination, although Rasmussen's concerns about Turkey's accession to the EU may also play a role here. Ultimately, the Turkish government was persuaded to accept Rasmussen.

In August 2009, the decision by Yale University Press to publish the documentation by Yale professor Jytte Klausen The Cartoons that Shook the World without reprinting the Mohammed cartoons and other historical Mohammed illustrations was criticized as self-censorship .

2010

On January 1, 2010, a Somali broke into the house of the draftsman Kurt Westergaard . Armed with an ax and a knife, he stormed the house, shouting the words "revenge" and "blood". The rushing police were able to stop the man in time so that Westergaard was not injured. The 28-year-old Somali had connections to the Somali terrorist group al-Shabaab and to East African al-Qaeda leaders. The offender was sentenced to ten years' imprisonment with subsequent deportation.

On December 29, 2010, the Swedish and Danish secret services jointly uncovered an Islamist attack plan targeting the editorial offices of the Politiken newspaper and the Jyllands-Posten . The alleged perpetrators, who came from various Arab countries, had planned to use submachine guns to storm the press center in Copenhagen City Hall Square and cause a bloodbath. However, it has not yet been clarified to what extent there were links to international terrorist networks.

2012

On May 5, 2012, the pro NRW party held a demonstration in Bonn shortly before the state elections in North Rhine-Westphalia in 2012 . 30 demonstrating supporters of pro NRW showed, among other things, election posters of the party with the inscription or demand "Minaret ban also for NRW". According to the police, these protesters faced 500 to 600 Salafist counter-demonstrators. Some pro-NRW supporters showed the other side caricatures critical of Islam.

There were serious riots by violent Islamist criminals. 29 police officers were injured; 109 suspected violent criminals were arrested. The police had seized knives, striking tools and a sling (" Zwille ") with steel balls. An arrest warrant was issued against a 25-year-old Islamist for attempted three murders. He stabbed three police officers, two of them seriously.

In the evaluation, Federal Interior Minister Hans-Peter Friedrich described the Salafists involved as "ideologues who endanger our free and democratic basic order " and announced that the bans on Salafist associations in Germany would be examined. The Central Council of Muslims in Germany condemned the violence of the Islamist demonstrators. The General Secretary of the Central Council Nurhan Soykan said: "We expressly distance ourselves from violent Muslims who incite vigilante justice and attack the police."

2013

On February 5, 2013, the Danish critic of Islam, Lars Hedegaard, was the target of an attempted attack. An assassin disguised as a postman (who was able to escape) shot the seventy-year-old once, but missed him.

2015

On January 7, 2015, several armed Islamists stormed the editorial offices of Charlie Hebdo and opened fire with shouts such as “Allah is great” and “we have avenged the Prophet”. Twelve people were killed in the attack, including four illustrators from the magazine. The journalist Stéphane Charbonnier , who was one of the murdered , had two days earlier completed a manuscript that was posthumously published as the book Lettre aux escrocs de l'islamophobie qui font le jeu des racistes ("Letter to the pretenders of Islamophobia who play the racist game"; German translation: Letter to the hypocrites: And how they play into the hands of the racists ) was published. In it he referred to the interpretation of the caricature from Jyllands-Posten, which shows Mohammed with a bomb on his head, as a denunciation of the "instrumentalization of religion by terrorists".

2020

On September 2, 2020, at the start of the court hearings against alleged accomplices in the attack on Charlie Hebdo , the satirical magazine published the Mohammed cartoons again in a special issue.

In an attack in Conflans-Sainte-Honorine on October 16, 2020, the 47-year-old history teacher Samuel Paty was beheaded in the street with a knife by an 18-year-old with Russian-Chechen roots. The teacher had shown and treated the Mohammed cartoons in his history class.

After French President Emmanuel Macron defended the publication of cartoons of Mohammed with a view to freedom of expression at Samuel Paty's funeral , this led to numerous reactions: the leaderships of Saudi Arabia , Iran , Pakistan , Egypt and Turkey protested on record. In Pakistan, the Tehreek-e-Labbaik jihadist party organized a demonstration. The Islamic party Islami Andolan organized protests in the capital of Bangladesh . In Jordan , Kuwait and Qatar , traders took French goods out of their stores. Turkish President Recep Erdoğan called for a boycott of French goods, labeled European leaders as fascists and claimed that Muslims in Europe were exposed to a lynching campaign similar to the persecution of Jews before World War II . In France, dozens of websites of pensioners' associations, companies and smaller towns have been covered with Islamist propaganda by hacker attacks . A few days later, on October 29, died in an attack in Nice several people after knife attack, the suspects "according to a statement of the mayor akbar Allahu called". A few hours later, a man with an identity jacket in Avignon threatened a man with North African roots, which the media brought into connection with the events in Nice.

literature

  • Ursula Baatz : Picture Controversy 2006: Freedom of the Press? Blasphemy? Global Politics? Picus, Vienna 2006, ISBN 3-85452-522-2 .
  • Siegfried Jäger: The cartoon controversy in the “right-center-left” discourse in German print media. In: Siegfried Jäger, Dirk Halm (Hrsg.): Medial barriers. Racism as an obstacle to integration. Unrast, Münster 2007, ISBN 978-3-89771-742-8 .
  • Thomas Knieper, Marie-Theres Tinnefeld: The cartoon controversy in the secularized state - How far do freedom of expression and tolerance go? In: Erich Schweighofer, Anton Geist, Gisela Heindl, Christian Szücs (eds.): Complexity Limits of Legal Informatics. Proceedings of the 11th International Legal Informatics Symposium IRIS 2008. Richard Boorberg Verlag, Stuttgart u. a, pp. 473-482.
  • Marion Müller, Esra Özcan: The Political Iconography of Muhammad Cartoons: Understanding Cultural Conflict and Political Action. In: PS: Political Science and Politics. 2007, pp. 287-291. doi: 10.1017 / S104909650707045X
  • Jana Sinram: Freedom of the press or xenophobia? The dispute over the Mohammed cartoons and Danish immigration policy. Campus, Frankfurt am Main / New York 2015, ISBN 978-3-593-50309-7 .

Web links

 Wikinews: Category: The 12 Faces of Muhammad  - In The News

References and comments

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  5. ↑ translation into Jana Sinram: press freedom or xenophobia? The dispute over the Mohammed cartoons and Danish immigration policy. Campus, Frankfurt am Main / New York 2015, ISBN 978-3-593-50309-7 , p. 258.
  6. ↑ Bekendtgørelse af straffeloven (Danish Criminal Code)
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