History of Pinkafeld
The story Pinkafeld began about 6000 years ago. With the help of finds and documents, the history of the town of Pinkafeld can be traced from the Neolithic Age to the Romans and Celts, the rule of Charlemagne and the time under the Habsburgs in the Kingdom of Hungary. Pinkafeld has belonged to Austria since 1920 and has since developed into a school and university town.
Prehistory and Antiquity
The oldest prehistoric finds from the Pinkafelder urban area date from the Neolithic Age (in Central Europe from 5600/5500 BC to the end of the 3rd millennium BC). During excavations in the summer of 2002, 6000-year-old finds were unearthed, which testify that the area was inhabited as early as the Neolithic Age. There are currently no known finds from the Bronze Age related to Pinkafeld. In the Iron Age , the Celts left traces in the municipality. Their settlement was in the area of what is now the Pinkafeld train station. In the La Tène period (5th - 1st century BC) the Celts operated an iron smelting plant, the remains of which have been preserved in the Lamplfeld.
This system was taken over by the Romans in antiquity and is likely to have been integrated into an old street from Königsdorf in the Vienna Basin . Coming from the south, the road ran - almost entirely at the same time as the roads and streets that exist today - along the eastern edge of the Lafnitz valley via Dobersdorf and Rudersdorf to the Wolfau parish church , then east of the Stögersbach via Kitzladen , Loipersdorf to Grafenschachen and then probably roughly along the route of the Change street .
In Roman times the area of today's Burgenland was the heartland of the province of Pannonia (9 to 433). There are still many barrows around Pinkafeld, for example in the wooded city park behind the former ice pond, they are still very well recognizable and are silent witnesses of this era. When they were opened in the 1920s, these tombs contained mostly bones, a few fragments of vessels and a Roman coin.
middle Ages
Early middle ages
Nothing is currently known about Pinkafeld at the time of the Great Migration (375-568). From the 6th century to the 8th century ( early Middle Ages ) the Avars ruled over what is now Burgenland. Under their rule there was a settlement with the tributary Slavs . As we know from namology , the river name "Pinka" comes from the Slavic language. Between 791 and 803, Charlemagne subjugated the Avars after numerous campaigns. Christianization of the area began even during the Avar Wars . After conquering the Avar ring, the area around Lake Balaton was given to the Salzburg Church for mission and after 803 Bishop Arn sent his priests to Lower Pannonia. In the interests of Salzburg, however, no separate bishop was installed in Pannonia.
Pinkafeld was now part of the Frankish Empire under Charlemagne, who set up a number of brands to secure his border areas . Pinkafeld belonged to the Bavarian Ostland, also called Marcha orientalis , which had its own prefect based in Lorch . Initially, the area around Pinkafeld was owned by the Carolingian kings. The kings gave large parts of the conquered land to deserving nobles, churches or monasteries as fiefs or property. As a result of these donations of land, numerous Franconian settlers (mainly from Bavaria ) and, for the first time, the German language came to what was later to become Burgenland.
In the year 830, the King of Bavaria, Ludwig the German, established the Raab as the church border between Salzburg (north of the Raab) and Passau (south of the Raab) as part of a church reorganization , so that Pinkafeld remained with the diocese of Salzburg. After the division of the Franconian Empire between Karl's grandchildren with the Treaty of Verdun in 843, Pinkafeld became East Franconian . The secular administration of the Pinkafelder area was subordinate to the Lord of the County of Steinamanger Rihheri and from 860 Odalrich. Well-known feudal owners of the lands around Pinkafeld were Isaak and Engildeo. The fief of Engildeo was originally under the influence of the Balaton Principality of Pribina and Kocel . Erinpert, the Lord of the Church at Pinkafeld, received this fief from Kocel while his father Pribina was still alive and passed it on to the diocese of Salzburg.
In the course of the armed conflict between Prince Karlmann , who was striving for more power in the Bavarian Ostland, against his father, who is now King of Eastern Franconia Ludwig the German , the present-day city was (presumably) first mentioned in a document . On November 20, 860, King Ludwig gave the Archbishop of Salzburg Adalwin (Adaluuinus), among other things, the estate "ad Peinicahu", which she had previously held as a fief. With this donation, the king wanted to strengthen his position vis-à-vis the rebellious son. It is controversial among historians whether the named place Peinicahu is actually today's Pinkafeld. In this case it would be the oldest document naming a place in today's Burgenland. Isaac's fief (with Oberwaldbauern, Unterwaldbauern or in Sinnersdorf) was possibly also given by King Arnulf of Carinthia in 891 to the Salzburg Archbishopric. The relevant document is, however, a forgery.
Around 900 the Magyar horsemen took possession of the area. Since that time the area of today's Burgenland and thus also the Pinkafeld area belonged mainly to the Kingdom of Hungary for over 1000 years . To secure the Hungarian Empire, a chain of Hungarian border guards was established in the area of today's Oberwart district . The border guards later created the villages of Oberwart and Unterwart, Oberschützen and Unterschützen , Siget in der Wart , Spitzzicken , Eisenzicken and Kotezicken . The Pinkafeld area was in no man's land ( Gyepűelve ) between these Hungarian outposts and the villages on the border with Carantania . After the so-called "land grab" by the Hungarians, there were a number of armed conflicts ( Hungarian invasions ) between the Magyars and their neighbors, which culminated in the battle on the Lechfeld (955). The king of Eastern Franconia, Otto the Great , defeated the Hungarian horsemen, who then settled down and withdrew their borders beyond the Vienna Woods .
High Middle Ages
The Hungarians now established peaceful and family relations with the West. On the initiative of the first Hungarian King Stephan I , other German-speaking settlers came to Burgenland. In the 11th century, at the heyday of western chivalry, feudalism and minnesong ( high Middle Ages ), King Stephen I in Hungary expanded the administration of the relatively young Hungarian state structure and established counties as secular and dioceses as ecclesiastical administrative districts. At this time, the Eisenburg county was established to which Pinkafeld mainly belonged until the Burgenland was established in 1921. In church terms, Pinkafeld was under the diocese of Raab from the 11th century .
The settlement of the neighboring (today's) Eastern Styria began around the year 1122 and was completed towards the end of the 13th century. The first settlers came from what is now Upper and Lower Austria. The actual Hungarian settlement area only began beyond their border posts, the no man's land in front of it was almost deserted. The settlement history of Pinkafeld could therefore be closely related to that of Eastern Styria and it is possible that these Upper and Lower Austrians also expanded the former Pinkafeld settlement from the Carolingian era.
Late Middle Ages
In the early late Middle Ages , when the Hungarian oligarchs developed their power , the settlement finally belonged to the Güssing counts . In the course of the Güssing feud (1289/90), Pinkafeld fell into the hands of the Austrian Duke Albrecht I of Habsburg, along with numerous other places in the region ( e.g. Ödenburg , Güns , Schlaining , Stegersbach ) . After the settlement and its fortifications ( fortified church , earthworks , palisades ) had been destroyed during the Güssing feud in 1289, it became part of the Bernstein rule from 1291 . In 1327 there was the battle of Güns between King Robert of Anjou and the Güssing counts. The castle and the rule of Bernstein and thus Pinkafeld came under King Ludwig the Great under the administration of the Hungarian crown.
Promoted by King Louis the Great of Hungary , the city achieved independence from amber in important areas in 1397. The new landlord in Bernstein, Nikolaus von Kanizsay , who in 1388 pledged the castle and lordship of Bernstein, granted Pinkafeld in 1397 a high and low jurisdiction independent of the castellan and the right to choose his judges himself. Thereupon he granted the market and toll rights and allowed the Pinkafeldern to redeem the robot duty with a one-time payment in cash. Pinkafeld became the trading center of the Bernstein rule. All subjects were allowed to trade on the Pinkafelder market without paying market duty here. The weekly markets lasted from Tuesday afternoon to Thursday.
In the 15th century, the thirtieth tariff (the border tariff was called "thirtieth" in Hungary) was an export and import tax that flowed into the king's treasure. The merchants had to deliver one thirtieth of the value of their stock of wagons to the customs office. Under the rule of the Polish-Lithuanian Jagiellonians in 1498 the network of royal collection agencies was regulated. In Pinkafeld as well as in Kaltenbrunn and Rudersdorf there were thirties . The main thirty office in Steinamanger was superordinate to these .
The above-average share of occupational names as family names (such as Lederer , Hafner , Müllner) indicates that in the Middle Ages, handicrafts were probably the dominant form of economy. The farmers' products were only used for self-sufficiency. Viticulture was widespread throughout the district. The wine from the Batthyanysche Hofkellereien in Pinkafeld was, in contrast to the wine of the rulers further east (such as Eisenberg ) , described in the 16th century as "very bad and low" and "may not even turn into vinegar".
In the second half of the 17th century, the grapevine retreated further and further east due to the deterioration in the climate. As early as 1710 there was no trace of the Pinkafelder vineyards. The bathhouse of the medieval Pinkafeld probably served primarily the physical well-being of the rulers.
The time in the House of Austria 1463–1644
Politics, Economy and Religion
King Friedrich III. In 1445 the village Pinkafeld received as a pledge . He confirmed the existing privileges and extended them to include duty-free. In the next few years he conquered the largest western Hungarian castle lords. Only shortly before, on February 17, 1459, elected by 25 oppositional Hungarian magnates at Güssing Castle as the Hungarian rival king, he was attacked on April 14, 1459 by the troops of the Hungarian King Matthias Corvinus on Lamplfeld in the south of today's city and thus decided to retreat Pinkafeld forced. Other Habsburg rulers who confirmed the Pinkafelder privileges included King Ferdinand I and Emperors Rudolf II (1580), Mathias (1610), Ferdinand II (1623) and Ferdinand III. (1638).
In 1463 the place and the Bernstein reign came back to Habsburg and then stayed with the House of Austria for almost 200 years. In 1517 the Königsbergers received the rule of Bernstein. The Königsberg knights were supporters of the Reformation and brought the Evangelical faith to Pinkafeld. Between 1576 and 1644 the previously Roman Catholic Pinkafelder parish was looked after by Protestant preachers.
As a result of the Counter Reformation around 1600, numerous Protestant emigrants came to Hungary from the neighboring Habsburg lands, where more favorable legal conditions prevailed for them. In addition to the larger cities such as Pressburg , Ödenburg and Kőszeg, Pinkafeld was also a destination for the Protestants. The Pinkafelder members of the Jewish people belonged to the Jewish community of Schlaining at that time . The settlement of Jews in Pinkafeld was temporarily prohibited by a municipal council resolution.
Towards the end of the 16th century, the Pinkafelder craftsmen joined the “ main shop ” of Vienna or Wiener Neustadt, whose catchment area exceeded the sovereign and state borders, and adopted their craft regulations. The craftsmen sold their goods at the annual and weekly markets in Pinkafeld and supplied markets in the Hungarian lowlands such as Jánosháza, Káld and Sárvár . It was not until the end of the 18th century, after Steinamanger was elevated to the status of a bishopric, that the predominant position of the Pinkafelder (and Rechnitz ) craftsmen declined. The first home pharmacies of the rule are documented for the 17th century.
Time of the Turkish Wars
From September 21 to October 15, 1529 the Turkish army besieged the city of Vienna without success. The withdrawal from this first Turkish siege of Vienna took place via Hungary to the south. Turkish troops, who pushed into the interior of the country apart from the main army, set fire to farms, stole cattle, in some places killed the residents or abducted them into slavery. As members of the so-called feudal riding, they were mainly out for looting, as they did not receive a fixed pay. Pinkafeld was also sacked during the withdrawal of the Turkish army in 1529.
In 1532 the Turks moved again with more than 100,000 men via Steinamanger to Vienna. From August 5th they besieged the city of Güns ( Siege of Güns ). Again Turkish troops marched through the surrounding area and fought with Styrian and Hungarian troops who tried to stop the Turkish units. The garrison of Güns defended itself successfully and long enough that a large army could be formed against the Turks around Vienna. Now Sultan Suleyman I decided to stop the advance on Vienna and turned west with his 100,000 men. This march also went through Pinkafeld. Only at Kirchberg an der Raab did the army move south.
The devastation caused can be read in the historical work of Deschelalsade Nisandschibaschi: "The German land was burned and scorched all around, the clear air of heaven mixed with thick smoke, and every refuge of unbelieving prayers devastated and turned into a desert place." Christoph Ramschüssel von Schönegg wrote on August 23, 1532 about the penetration of a 3,000-strong Turkish force on August 20 into northeast Styria: "The five Eigen on the Hungarian, Pinkafeld and the Schachen are all gone, as is Stegersbach, including what is near the castle, all gone. ”Pinkafeld was completely destroyed in 1532.
In connection with the armed conflicts of the Habsburg era, there is also the collapse of the peasant economic structure, which was promoted by the plague and swarms of locusts (1477, 1478 and 1480).
The time in the Kingdom of Hungary 1644–1918
The manor Batthyány
Towards the end of the Thirty Years War , the frontier rulers were re-incorporated into the Hungarian crown. After about 200 years of Habsburg rule , Ádám Batthyány acquired amber from the Königsbergers on July 28, 1644. Initially, however, the area remained with Austria until on June 10 and 14, 1649, the Bernstein reign and Pinkafeld were solemnly transferred to the Hungarian Empire . Ádám Batthyány also confirmed the old freedoms of the Pinkafelder citizens.
The Batthyány family split into two lines three years after Ádám's death († 1659) in 1662 and the family's goods were divided between the two lines with the exception of the Güssing fortress . Paul I von Batthyány took over the rule Pinkafeld in addition to Bernstein . The Batthyány Castle became the center of the rule. The villages of Riedlingsdorf , Unterschützen , Kroisegg , Jormannsdorf , Bergwerk , Neustift , Aschau , Grodnau , Goberling , Holzschlag , half Günseck and half Grafenschachen belonged to the rule Pinkafeld under Paul Batthyány . In the 17th century Pinkafelder emerged rotting settlements Gfangen and forest farmers.
In 1669 the Bernstein rule was divided into the Bernstein (Christoph Batthyány) and Pinkafeld rule under Paul Batthyány for economic reasons. From 1674, the Pinkafeld rule was administered by Count Ladislaus Csáky as custodian. This resulted in disputes between Csáky and the Pinkafeld community. The community intervened then to Emperor Leopold I . The administration of the Pinkafeld dominion subsequently passed to Christoph Batthyány.
1696/97 the privileges of the city of emperors Leopold I. confirmed. In 1698 there was another division of the Batthyányschen dominions. The brothers Franz and Sigismund Batthyány shared the rulership of Pinkafeld. Pinkafeld much to Sigismund, who confirmed the old rights of the Pinkafeld. However, since Sigismund repeatedly disregarded the promised rights, tensions arose with the Pinkafelder citizens, who then turned to the emperor. In fact, Sigismund was punished by a court in 1716 (drawn by Emperor Charles VI ). The legal disputes between Count Sigismund and the Pinkafelder citizens were processed literarily by Josef Karl Homma in the historical novel The Struggle for Law .
In 1717 Sigismund Batthyány died and the Pinkafeld rule was reunited. There were renewed disputes about the freedom of the Pinkafeld market in 1736. The royal land table in Pest , presumably at the instigation of the Pinkafeld manor, had completely overturned the earlier provisions on the rights and duties of the landlord and the privileged market. The Pinkafelder turned to Maria Theresa and her husband, Emperor Franz I Stephan . The matter was investigated many times and imperial orders were issued to the landscape , but unsuccessful from the point of view of the Pinkafelder citizens. Emperor Joseph II also had to deal with the matter. In 1768, after repeated negotiations, a judgment was finally made in favor of the Pinkafelder.
Countess Franziska Batthyány moved in 1805 as the new lady of the castle in Pinkafelder Castle . In 1808 her husband Nikolaus Batthyány received power in the Pinkafeld rule.
Times of war
From the middle of the 17th century to the beginning of the 18th century, Pinkafeld suffered from the ongoing armed conflict with the Turks. On August 10, 1664, at the time of the 4th Austrian Turkish War , Turkish troops tried to plunder the village. There was a slaughter with Pinkafelder troops, who had holed up on what was then the cemetery hill north of the Catholic Church. The Turkish attackers were able to flee.
During the second Turkish siege of Vienna in 1684, the Batthyány paid homage to the "arch enemy" with the aim of protecting their possessions from the worst. In fact, in contrast to many places around Vienna, which were razed to the ground by the Turks during the siege, the Batthyány area was largely spared from the Turks. Batthyanysche peasants and Warter freemen even occasionally joined the Turks and their allied Kuruzzen on forays into neighboring Styria. The Styrians retaliated with revenge campaigns on Batthyánysches territory and attacked Pinkafeld.
In the course of the Kuruzzen incursions in 1704 and 1708/09, Pinkafeld was also plundered.
In 1804 a division of Croatian soldiers entered the market and stayed for 14 days. The cholera brought in by these soldiers cost the lives of many Pinka fields. The Pinkafelder pastor Franz Schrattenthaler died of cholera in 1805. His successor was Joseph Michael Weinhofer , who subsequently became important for Pinkafeld .
The coalition wars also claimed many victims from Pinkafeld. A few hundred French men moved through the village from 1806 to 1809, who camped in Styria and on the Pinkafelder municipality. Pinkafelder citizens went to Hungarian regiments as voluntary recruits and they delivered fruit, cattle and cloth to the French troops. However, the deliveries were properly paid for and it is generally said that the French behaved properly at Pinkafeld.
The First World War brought suffering for the population on the one hand, but brought a brief boom in the Pinkafelder textile industry as a result of orders from the military.
religion
After the takeover by Count Batthyány, the congregation was recatholicized, but there were still a considerable number of Protestants in Pinkafeld. From 1777 the Roman Catholic parish Pinkafeld belonged to the diocese of Steinamanger. In 1808 the Pinkafeld deanery was established.
In 1852 Countess Franziska Batthyány founded a monastery and called the Sisters of Charity to Pinkafeld for this purpose . In 1856 a parish school was established in the monastery, which existed until 1967. The rectory of the Catholic Church, which still exists today, was built in 1910.
Witch trials and high justice
In 1688, a witch trial against the "old Thurl" took place in front of the Pinkafelder Hochgericht . Among other things, she was accused of having enchanted a cow and smeared milk cream on the bell rope of the church. The trial ended with the defendants being justified by Freimann von Güns in Pinkafeld. The two witch trials in 1699 also ended with the conviction of two women, namely Veronica Samerin, who confessed she had become involved with the devil, and Rosina Hörbmannin, who also confessed. It is not known whether the two women were ultimately executed. The files on the interrogations and testimony of witnesses in the context of these witch trials are preserved in the Pinkafeld city archive. These are the only surviving original documents of witch trials in today's Burgenland.
From 1776 to 1780 the whole area was kept upset by a band of robbers. The gang had blocked all access roads to Pinkafeld and forced the population to pay tribute in the form of goods and money. The band of thieves was eventually caught off guard by a detachment of hussars sent to the population by the county authorities to help them. The gang was tried in Pinkafeld. Two men died on the gallows and one woman died by the sword.
Another band of robbers, the Stradafüßler under their leader Nikolaus Schmidhofer alias Holzknechtseppl , terrorized the border area between Styria, Lower Austria and Burgenland from 1822 onwards in such a way that even Emperor Franz II / I. 1826/27 saw compelled to set up a commission in the Batthyany castle to end the activities of the criminal gang. In this case, too, Pinkafeld was the scene of the execution of the death sentence on a total of four gang members.
economy
In 1645 the brick kiln of the rule in Pinkafeld is mentioned for the first time, which was operated until the late 18th century and in the 18th century received a certain amount of competition from the brick kiln of the Pinkafeld community. In the course of the 17th century, the Burgenland guilds were represented in different regions in terms of raw material sources and mineral resources. In Pinkafeld (as well as in Lockenhaus and Rechnitz ) the cloth makers were numerically predominant. The cloth-making in Pinkafeld and Güns was later promoted by Maria Theresa and her son Emperor Josef II. An iron hammer had existed in Pinkafeld since the 17th century (perhaps since the Middle Ages) . The products of this iron hammer were mainly work and kitchen tools. The first half of the 18th century was characterized by disputes over privileges with the Batthyánys. The economy was on the up.
Around 1700 the citizen Michael Janos had leased the beer brewery from the rulers. Later, the rulers took the brewery back into their own administration. Around 20,000 liters of beer were produced annually in the Pinkafelder brewery. The Pinkafelder beer was primarily sold in the stately taverns in Pinkafeld and Riedlingsdorf. The net profit after deducting the costs was only 200 guilders , however. On the grounds of protecting themselves against competition from Jewish businessmen and traders, the Pinkafelder citizens signed a contract in 1840 not to sell the house to any Israelites and all heirs and sellers were to comply with this Contract. In 1883 the Pinkafelder brewery was finally given up due to the overwhelming competition from imported beers. Ádám von Batthyány built a tobacco mill before 1732, which, however , had enormous competition from the large tobacco factories in St. Gotthard and Fürstenfeld . The tobacco was delivered to Styria and Austria. The Oberschützen mineral water was traded under the name Pinkafelder Sauerbrunn . It was bottled in narrow, square earthenware bottles and drunk in large quantities, especially in Vienna. In 1784 the county chyrurge Adam Edenhofer founded the Salvator pharmacy .
With the establishment of the Alexander Putsch sheep wool and blanket factory in 1878, one of the largest companies in the region came into being. In the same year, the Pinkafelder cloth makers formed a cooperative. A large order from Bucharest in 1889 gave the Pinkafelder cloth makers' cooperative a considerable boost.
In the middle of the 19th century there were 661 registered masters in the more than 40 Pinkafelder guilds, 282 of which were incorporated as regional masters from abroad. Pinkafeld's craft was at its peak. The change from handicraft to industry took place in Pinkafeld in the last third of the century, in the age of the industrial revolution . Textile factories emerged from cloth mills, followed by a leather factory and a tannery. The brewery , pitch factory, match factory, paper mill and the iron hammer also contributed to economic prosperity .
Fires
At the beginning of the 19th century, the city fell victim to a series of devastating fires. The two fires in 1808 were previously announced by anonymous letters. In the second, 22 houses burned down. Three houses each fell victim in 1819 and 1812. In 1815 36 houses were on fire. But the worst was the fire in 1817. On February 2, the whole city burned down except for a few houses and ten people died. That year the arsonist was discovered, it is said to have been a fourteen-year-old boy. The inscription Zacharias Werner on the Marian column still reminds of these terrible events. Over the years, the city was ravaged by numerous fires. The closely built wooden houses with their thatched roofs were particularly at risk. The fire commissioners of the community were entrusted with the task of inspecting the houses due to the Pinkafelder fire extinguishing regulations , paying attention to the handling of open lights, the keeping of ashes, flax drying, pork singeing, grease draining and a lot more. They also had to control the extinguishing equipment such as the water supply, fire rod and bucket. Nevertheless, there were always devastating outbreaks of fire, not least because the population had regularly disregarded fire protection measures. On August 28, 1871, the volunteer fire brigade was founded in Pinkafeld. It was the second volunteer fire brigade in Eisenburger Komitat , which Pinkafeld belonged to at the time, and it is the oldest in today's Burgenland.
The revolution of 1848
The revolution that broke out in 1848 was also approved by parts of the Pinkafelder population. The army loyal to the emperor stationed in Pinkafeld took action against rebellious Hungarians in Oberwart by chastising ringleaders, looting their houses and imposing a fire tax of 20,000 guilders on the town. As a result of the revolution there was the so-called peasant liberation and basic relief, which also brought the Batthyány rulership in Pinkafeld to an end. The Batthyány became large landowners and their former subjects became free citizens. But the revolution also brought the end of the Pinkafeld blood jurisdiction and the gradual loss of the privileges of the privileged Pinkafeld market. In 1849 the administration in Hungary was restructured. From this year Pinkafeld was the suburb of 50 settlements with the newly created kk district commissioner Pinkafeld. After another administrative reform, Oberwart became a district suburb in 1954 . Pinkafeld retained the title of “Privileged Market”, but municipal autonomy was restricted.
Current affairs
In 1877 light came to the city by installing kerosene lamps to illuminate the place. On December 16, 1888, the Steinamanger –Altpinkafeld ( Pinkatalbahn ) local railway was officially opened. In 1894 the Roman Catholic journeyman's association Pinkafeld (today's Kolping Family ) was founded.
Since the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 Pinkafeld belonged to the Austro-Hungarian dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary . As early as the end of the 18th century, the nationalistic tendencies of the various ethnic groups were growing stronger. The Hungarians reacted and acted with what is now known as Magyarization , which expressed itself through more or less great pressure on the non-Hungarian population (e.g. Croats, Slovaks, Germans) to assimilate into the Hungarian nation. One of these Magyarization measures was the Law No. IV / 1898 “on the names of communes and other places”, which stated that each commune could only have one official name in Hungarian, which was determined by the Hungarian Central Statistical Office. On the basis of this law, only the Hungarian place name Pinkafő was allowed to be used for Pinkafeld from 1898 .
The Pinkafelder football club SC Pinkafeld has existed since 1912 , the first president of which was Franz Ulreich and the first sponsor was the company Hutter & Schrantz .
1918 until the end of the Second World War
Interwar period
The First World War ended in 1918. During the short period of the Hungarian Soviet Republic under Béla Kun from April to July 1919, communalization took place in Pinkafeld , which was later reversed. In 1919 the peace treaties of St. Germain and Trianon established the geographical and political reorganization of the losing states of Austria-Hungary. The two countries were separated and significantly reduced in size. German West Hungary and thus Pinkafeld was awarded to the newly founded Republic of Austria. Since the two peace treaties came into force in 1920, Pinkafeld has legally belonged to Austria and a thousand years of predominance in the Kingdom of Hungary came to an end.
The former Emperor of Austria-Hungary Karl I started two restoration attempts in Hungary in 1921 . Once he made his way to Budapest by carriage via Pinkafeld, where he stayed at the former Hotel Lehner. Both attempts failed.
The Hungarians, for whom the Treaty of Trianon is still considered a disgrace and humiliation, did not agree with the loss of German West Hungary. They therefore tried to take countermeasures on a political level. In 1921, with the tolerance of the Hungarian government, Hungarian nationalist militant associations were formed . The Austrian Gendarmerie , which was tasked with taking the land in Burgenland in August 1921, was ambushed by Hungarian militants in many places. In Pinkafeld there was fighting between Column 7 with 202 gendarmes and 22 customs officers and the irregulars. The gendarmerie finally had to withdraw again and prematurely end their mission. Only on December 5th, after increasing international political pressure on the government in Budapest, Burgenland was finally handed over to the Republic of Austria (see also History of Burgenland ). The connection to Austria also led to economic problems for the city, as the connection to the east meant that sales markets were lost.
In 1924, the Pinkafeld estate was sold and the cloth makers bought the company property that they had previously leased from the estate. On January 25, 1925, the railway connection between Altpinkafeld and Friedberg was opened as an extension of the Steinamanger - Altpinkafeld local railway . Pinkafeld was now connected to the Austrian capital Vienna by a continuous railway line via the Wechselbahn and Aspangbahn . With the integration into the Austrian railway network and the establishment of further textile factories, the Pinkafelder economy recovered.
The construction of the hunter barracks also had a positive effect on Pinkafeld's economic development. The laying of the foundation stone on July 21, 1929 was also attended by Defense Minister Carl Vaugoin , who had campaigned in advance for the construction of the barracks and was therefore made an honorary citizen .
On April 30, 1925, the Burgenland state parliament made Eisenstadt the "seat of the state government". In addition to Eisenstadt , Pinkafeld and Sauerbrunn were also candidates. Pinkafeld received seven of the 37 votes. Due to its legal and economic importance in the past, the formerly "privileged market" Pinkafeld was elevated to a town in 1937 during the time of the corporate state . The Great Depression in the 1930s also stopped the Pinkafelder economic boom.
During the Second World War
With the invasion of German troops on March 12, 1938, Austria was annexed to the National Socialist German Reich . Austria no longer existed as a sovereign state and was renamed "Ostmark" at Hitler's instigation , and finally in 1942 to " Danube and Alpenreichsgaue ". The Burgenland was divided into the Reichsgaue Niederdonau and Styria. Pinkafeld came to Styria together with the southern districts of Oberwart, Güssing and Jennersdorf . On September 1, 1939, German troops marched into Poland. The Second World War had begun.
The following information about the time of National Socialism in Pinkafeld can be found in the school chronicle of the Pinkafelder teacher Ferdinand Seper:
“On March 18, 1938, a follow-up party took place in Pinkafeld. On April 20, 1938, the birthday of the Führer Adolf Hitler was celebrated, after which there was no school. On May 31, 1938, an extraordinary conference was held in the secondary school on the cleansing of anti-German works from the students 'and teachers' library. The struggle of the National Socialists against the religious community is also reflected in the school. In the 1940/41 school year the priests were banned from school. From the school year 1941/42, there is no religious instruction at all. The subjects of schoolwork such as 'The Fuhrer's Baptism by Fire from Mein Kampf ' reflected the political change. A few months before the outbreak of war, a teacher took his class to Berchtesgaden . The promotion of various groups of the Hitler Youth was promoted by two task-free afternoons. At the beginning of the war (September 1939), the teachers had to devote at least a quarter of an hour to discussing the political events of the day and, in their history class, to deal in detail with the recent past and the tasks of the present. The students had to hand in their pedigree and the addresses of all relatives living abroad at the school. In 1943, a basement room in the secondary school was "pelted" and equipped with long benches. The room should serve as an air raid shelter. However, since he was too small, it was decreed that the children from the built-up area should be sent home in the event of an air raid . There were no bombs dropped over the built-up area of Pinkafeld. Evacuated families came to Pinkafeld from endangered areas. "
At the beginning of March 1940 , Joseph Ruf from Bad Saulgau came to Pinkafeld. Ruf is considered to be one of the few religiously motivated Catholic conscientious objectors known by name of the Second World War. He completed his basic training in Pinkafeld, but refused to obey Adolf Hitler and was executed on October 10, 1940 in the Brandenburg-Görden prison. In the fight against National Socialism, some resistance groups formed in Burgenland. In the south, this included the Pinkafeld-diving- Oberwart - Stegersbach group .
On April 6, 1941, the Balkan campaign began , which led to the German occupation of Yugoslavia and Greece . At dawn on April 7th, 23 Bristol Blenheim bombers of the 8th Bomber Regiment of the Yugoslav Air Force took off to carry out retaliatory attacks on several targets in Austria. Pinkafeld was assigned two of these machines as targets. Due to the bad weather, however, they could not find the city and therefore turned back without having achieved anything and landed unscathed at their home airport two hours later. Only a few kilometers away from Pinkafeld, a few hours later another machine of the 8th Bomber Regiment had to make an emergency landing, which Feldbach had actually been assigned as an order . Due to the bad weather and inadequate equipment, however, it attacked the Wiener Neustadt military airport and was so badly damaged by the anti-aircraft defense that it had to make an emergency landing on the way, about five kilometers southeast of Pinkafeld.
The Altpinkafeld station was the target of Allied fighter-bomber attacks several times . In one of these attacks, a young boy was killed by a cannon projectile. The boy and some friends had visited the flak soldiers who were supposed to protect the station from low-flying attacks and could no longer escape behind the protective station buildings in time. On May 10, 1944, an American Boeing B-17 bomber was shot down in the airspace over Pinkafeld . Eight out of ten crew members managed to parachute out of the burning machine. They went down in the villages around Pinkafeld and were taken prisoner. A fortnight later, at around twelve o'clock, a German fighter that had been shot down by an American plane crashed on Lamplfeld on the border between Pinkafeld and Riedlingsdorf and hit a deep crater in the area. The pilot managed to save himself and jumped off with the parachute.
The Pinkafeld Feldjäger Battalion was incorporated into the German Wehrmacht . Pinkafeld's men went to war. Many of them died or were taken prisoner of war. When the Rotee Army approached, numerous Pinkafelder women and men for construction of border walls in were Schachendorf and Rechnitz and a tank ditch south of Riedlingsdorf used, including Serbian Muslims who were housed in the main school.
On Maundy Thursday, April 5, 1945, Soviet troops marched into Pinkafeld. Before the Red Army marched in, the Pinkabrücke in Bruckgasse had been blown up by the German Wehrmacht, which demolished a large number of the neighboring houses. A Soviet headquarters was established in the Edenhöfer house on the main square (at that time it was called Adolf Hitler-Platz). The Soviet commandant appointed the then municipal treasurer Josef Hofmeister as mayor. On May 7, 1945, Dönitz, chosen by Hitler as his successor, offered the Allies unconditional total surrender, which came into effect two days later. This ended the Second World War.
Post-war to the present
From 1945 to 1955 Pinkafeld was in the Soviet occupation zone. The Pinkabrücke, which was destroyed at the end of the war, was rebuilt in 1950. In 1954, the Pinkafelder city games were introduced, but they could not survive as a permanent institution. A first step in the direction of the school town was wanted in 1956, when efforts were in vain to establish a business academy. In 1960, on the occasion of the municipality's 1100th anniversary, the SOS Children's Village Pinkafeld was founded, which is home to around 70 children. It is located on a hill with a beautiful view of the city. In 1993, the SOS youth center was opened in Siemensstrasse, a facility for older children. It offers 16 childcare places for girls and boys from the age of 13. In 1960 the Pinkafeld sports flying club was also founded. In the same year, the Austrian Federal President Adolf Schärf and the founder of SOS Children's Villages Hermann Gmeiner laid the foundation stone for the SOS Children's Village in Pinkafeld as part of the 1100th anniversary of Pinkafeld. The first houses in the children's village were settled in 1963. The Pinkafelder Eisteich started operations in 1965.
The establishment of the HTBL Pinkafeld in 1967 was a decisive milestone on the way to becoming a school town . In 1970, Hochart was incorporated into the Pinkafeld community by state law. The kindergarten in the SOS Children's Village was also opened in 1970. The European textile crisis led to the closure of two large textile factories in Pinkafeld in 1966. Due to the poor order situation, the traditional Pinkafelder family business Alexander Putsch was liquidated in 1970. In 1972 the secondary school, indoor swimming pool and a multi-purpose hall for 2000 visitors in the Martinihof, the so-called Martini Hall, were opened. In 1978 the first state table tennis championships were held in Pinkafeld in the Martinihalle. Brigitte Gropper from Vienna and Erich Amplatz from Lower Austria were crowned Austrian champions .
In 1997 the erotic fair made its international tour stop in Pinkafeld.
On December 4, 2002, the local council unanimously passed the relevant decision in principle to join the Climate Alliance . In 2002 Pinkafeld took part in the European flower decoration competition Entente Florale Europe and won gold. In 2003 Pinkafeld received the approval to erect a notice board with the inscription "Pinkafeld most beautiful city in Europe 2002" on the autobahn, which has since been set up on the Austrian south autobahn . In 2002, in Pinkafeld, which is traditionally dominated by the ÖVP, the SPÖ gained a majority in the local council for the first time and has since provided the mayor.
The Turba barracks , the foundation stone of which was laid on July 21, 1929, was sold to a bidding consortium consisting of the municipality of Pinkafeld, the Oberwart settlement cooperative and a Pinkafeld company as part of the austerity measures taken by the army in 2014 . A second settlement cooperative left the bidding consortium shortly before the bid was submitted. The 19 Jäger Battalion stationed in the barracks had previously been transferred to the newly expanded Montecuccoli barracks in Güssing . The area of around five hectares that has become free was divided up between the members of the bidding consortium. The municipality took over part of the north-west of the area and will build a new fire station there. The old residential buildings of the armed forces in the eastern part are being renovated by the Pinkafelder and the Oberwart settlement cooperative wants to build apartments and semi-detached houses on the remaining area. The district should be ready by 2021.
Settlement history
From the 9th century, settlement cells can be found in the area of today's Catholic Church. In the High Middle Ages , this area was followed by a market settlement with small town shapes. There were houses on both sides of the main square and the Bruckgasse as well as on both sides of the main street and in the Quergassen (Am Platzl, Kreuz- and Mariengasse, Rathner- and Kirchengasse). A part of the settlement that was called Neustift in the 17th century was located along the Mühlkanal, which was derived from the Pinka at the Wehrwinkel, ran in the area between Hauptstraße and Pinkaarm and reunited with the Pinka at the Meierhof area. In Neustift there were mainly farms and businesses such as mills, leather workshops and the like. The market square (today the main square) is said to have been a distorted rectangular square in the Middle Ages and two thirds of it was built up in the late Middle Ages . In modern times , the settlement was expanded to the south with the focus on the Batthyány Castle, which was built in the 17th century.
Individual evidence
- ↑ Josef Stern: Paths around the Amber Road. In: Burgenland homeland sheets . Issue 4/2008, ed. from the Landesarchiv and Landesmuseum Burgenland, Eisenstadt 2008, p. 196ff, PDF on ZOBODAT
- ↑ Herwig Friesinger, Brigitte Vacha: The many fathers of Austria. Romans · Teutons · Slavs. A search for clues. , Compress Verlag, Vienna 1987, ISBN 3-900607-03-6
- ^ A b Alfred Ratz: Development of the parish network and the Carolingian era in southern Burgenland , Burgenland research, 1950
- ^ Herwig Wolfram: Salzburg, Bavaria, Austria. The Conversio Bagoarium et Carantanorum and the sources of their time , Verlag Oldenbourg, Vienna, Munich, Oldenbourg 1996
- ^ Ernst Dümmler: History of the East Franconian Empire, Volume 1 , Verlag Duncker & Humblot, Frankfurt am Main 2009, ISBN 978-3-7749-3663-8 , p. 400ff
- ↑ Document: Salzburg, Cathedral Chapter (831-1802) AUR 0860 XI 20 (document dated November 20, 860: King Ludwig the German gives the Salzburg church at the request of Archbishop Adalwin the city of Steinamanger) in the European document archive Monasterium.net .
- ^ Franz Kugler: History of the city of Pinkafeld with consideration of the parish , owner, publisher and publisher: Dean Franz Kugler, Pinkafeld 1973
- ^ Family Batthyány 17th century on the homepage of the Batthyány family www.batthyany.at, accessed on October 16, 2010
- ^ Nursing home of the Merciful Sisters Pinkafeld: History ( Memento of the original from June 24, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (accessed on October 23, 2008)
- ^ Josef Karl Homma: The witch trials of Pinkafeld. In: Burgenland homeland sheets . Issue 1/1947, ed. from the State Archives and State Museum Burgenland, Eisenstadt 1947, pp. 121–130, PDF on ZOBODAT
- ↑ Christoph Tepperberg: Der Holzknechtseppl from Festschrift 680 Jahre Marktgemeinde Riedlingsdorf pages 20 to 23 , Riedlingsdorf 2011, publisher Marktgemeinde Riedlingsdorf
- ↑ Emperor Karl's stay in western Hungary in March 1921 , website regiowiki.at, accessed on January 21, 2015
- ^ Josef Karl Homma, Harald Prickler, Johann Seedoch: Geschichte der Stadt Pinkafeld , p. 93, Pinkafeld 1987, publisher Stadtgemeinde Pinkafeld
- ↑ The time from 1921 to 1945. (No longer available online.) Hauptschule and Polytechnische Schule Pinkafeld, archived from the original on March 18, 2014 ; accessed on March 18, 2014 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ BRISTOL BLENHEIM The Yugoslav Story 1937–1958, pages 68 to 69, editor Aleksandar M. Ognjević - Zemun, Serbia, ISBN 978-86-917625-0-6
- ^ Emergency landing of a Bristol Blenheim near Markt Allhau in March 1941 , website regiowiki.at, accessed on November 7, 2014
- ↑ Shooting of a B-17 over Riedlingsdorf 1944 , website regiowiki.at, accessed on November 7, 2014
- ^ Shooting of a Me 109 over Riedlingsdorf in 1944 , website regiowiki.at, accessed on November 7, 2014
- ^ Chronicle of the Burgenland table tennis association. Burgenland Table Tennis Association, accessed on March 18, 2014 .
- ↑ Turba-Kaserne goes to bidding group , website mein district.at, accessed on November 7, 2014
- ^ Jägerbataillon 19. In: Website Austrian Armed Forces. Retrieved May 31, 2015 .
- ↑ Former barracks becomes a new, modern district . ( bvz.at [accessed on August 8, 2018]).
literature
- Josef Karl Homma : History of the City of Pinkafeld , 1987.
- Pinkafeld 1945–1987 , City of Pinkafeld, Pinkafeld 1987, ISBN 3-486-54071-8 .
- August Ernst: History of Burgenland , Oldenbourg, Munich 1991, ISBN 978-3-486-54072-7 .
- Hungarian Media and Information Center (UMIZ): The history of the Burgenland Hungarians , Unterwart
- Chronicle of the Pinkafeld fire brigade , Pinkafeld 1996.