SOIUSA
The SOIUSA , acronym from the Italian Suddivisione Orografica Internazionale Unificata del Sistema Alpino , German International Unified Orographic Division of the Alps ( IVOEA ), is a system of geographical classification of the Alps that was developed and proposed by the Italian Alpine researcher Sergio Marazzi .
History and goals
The SOIUSA system is an attempt to work out a uniform division of the Alps that is valid in all Alpine states . To this day, the division is based on two historical systems, the division into two parts (Western and Eastern Alps) common in German, Austrian, Slovenian and South Tyrol, and the Italian and French division into three parts (Western, Central and Eastern Alps), each in East-West Direction.
SOIUSA strives for harmonization between the most widespread divisions in Alpine literature, the
- Alpine club division of the Eastern Alps (abbreviated AVE) by Franz Grassler (version 1984),
and the previous classifications
- Moriggl classification of the Eastern Alps from 1928 and
- Reinhard Mang improved the geographical division of Austria , and the
- Partizione delle Alpi of the 9th Italian Geographical Congress of 1924.
The AVE classification, conceived only for the work area of the German and Austrian Alpine Association, only extends into the eastern Swiss Alps , which means that it was never used here, and no uniform names have been established for the central area of the Alps in German either.
The SOIUSA division combines the Italian-French system of division of the Western Alps with the Slovenian / Austrian division of the Eastern Alps . It is based on a fundamental dichotomy, but within the Swiss-Lombard area the groups come together in such a way that the three-way concept remains manageable and transferable.
Since 2005, since the publication of Marazzi's Orografischer Atlas der Alpen, SOIUSA (Italian Atlante Orografico delle Alpi. SOIUSA ), the SOIUSA has been recognized internationally, and by the CAI , the Italian Alpine Association, has been positively assessed as a possible replacement for the outdated scheme. The CAI now also offers the SOIUSA atlas on its website for sale through its sections as well as the various tour guides.
During the long-term development of SOIUSA, the various alpine clubs and also scientists such as some Swiss cartographers, the international mountaineering association UIAA (based in Bern), the author of the alpine association classification of the Eastern Alps, Franz Grassler, in Austria the geographer Josef Breu , the Italian glaciologist Giuseppe Nangeroni , and in France the glaciologist Claude Meyzenq and Robert Vivian , the former director of the Institut de geographie alpine and the CNRS laboratory of the Alps, participated.
structure
The structure of the structure follows this system:
- Large structure ( Italian raggruppamenti di grado superiore ), which is based on morphological - orographic criteria and takes into account the traditional classifications
- 2 parts ( French grandes parties ); ( Italian parti ); ( Slovenian dela )
- Western Alps and Eastern Alps
- 5 sectors ( French grands secteurs ); ( Italian grande settore alpino ); ( slovenian velikih sektorjev )
- The Western Alps are divided into the two sub-parts Southern Western Alps and Northern Western Alps
- The Eastern Alps are divided into the 3 sectors Central Eastern Alps , Northern Eastern Alps and Southern Eastern Alps
- 36 sections ( French sections ); ( Italian sezioni ); ( Slovenian sekcij )
- 132 subsections ( French sous-sections ); ( Italian sottosezioni ); ( Slovenian podsekcij )
- 2 parts ( French grandes parties ); ( Italian parti ); ( Slovenian dela )
- Small structure ( Italian raggruppamenti di grado inferiore ), which represents an alpine structure
An example is the following:
level | example | number | Explanation |
---|---|---|---|
part | Western alps | I. | western part of the Alps, one of 2 parts |
sector | Northern Western Alps | I / B | north-eastern sector of the Western Alps, one of 2 sectors |
section | Lepontine Alps | 10 | one of 14 sections of the Western Alps |
Subsection | Adula Alps | 10.III | one of 3 subsections of the Lepontine Alps |
Upper group | Adula Group (iaS) | 10.III.B | includes the groups of the Rheinwaldhorn , Güferhorn , Zapporthorn and Fraciòn |
group | Rheinwaldhorn group (Adula group i. E. S.) | 10.III.3 | includes the central group of the Rheinwaldhorn, and the secondary ridges of the Pinaderio and Gana Bianca |
Subgroup | Rheinwaldhorn Central Group (Adula Central Range) | 10.III.3.a | Main ridge of the Adula, with peaks such as Grauhorn, Rheinwaldhorn, Vogelberg , Rheinquellhorn |
The sections are numbered from 1 to 36 across all parts and sectors, so it is no longer necessary to specify part and sector from this level. Likewise, all groups within a subsection are numbered, for this reason there is no need to specify the main group from this level onwards.
In addition to the 5 major sectors of the Alps (ST_PT), the term sector also includes other unsystematic intermediate groupings of different levels, which mostly serve to ensure compatibility with other systems and the embedding of local group names. They are indicated with uppercase letters on the upper levels and lowercase letters on the lower levels. The following are defined for the entire Alpine region:
- 31 sectors of sections ( Italian Settore di sezion, SR_SZ )
- 30 sectors of subsections ( Italian Settore di sottosezione , SR_STS )
- 18 sectors of main groups ( Italian Settore di Supergruppi, SR_SPG )
- Italian Settore di Gruppi, SR_GR ) 7 sectors of groups (
- Example: Central Swiss Prealps I / B-14 / B - The two sectors B represent the alternative division of the Swiss Alps according to the Swiss Alpine Club : Sector B, which follows the basic section I Western Alps of SOIUSA, denotes the Northern Western Alps for Switzerland, so that they fit into the common three-way structure of the Alps (western, central, eastern Alps); Sector B, following section 14 of the Swiss Prealps, is the SAC system, where the group is led by A.2 (A: Swiss Prealps ), the other part would then be I / B-14 / A Western Swiss Prealps (SAC A.1) .
In addition, the sectors of subgroups ( Italian Settore di sottogruppo, SR_STG ) serve to subdivide the lowest level. These sectors are noted with an attached lower case letter. There are a total of 409 such subgroup sectors; they are not defined for all code points.
- In the Dachstein massif , for example, the Gjaidstein group is coded 25.I.3.h, and section 3.h / a is the Gjaidstein massif itself, 3.h / b the Zwölferkogel - Hirlatz side ridge . Of the remaining subgroups of the Dachstein stock (3.a to i), only one more is also subdivided more finely.
In principle, all classes of sectors are added with “/”, while the basic SOIUSA code groups are combined with “.”.
Classification of the Alps according to SOIUSA
Western alps
Southern Western Alps
6 sections:
- (1) Ligurian Alps ( Punta Marguareis , 2,661 m)
- (2) Maritime Alps iwS ( Monte Argentera , 3,297 m)
- (3) Provencal Alps and Prealps ( Tête de l'Estrop , 2,961 m)
- (4) Cottian Alps ( Monviso , 3,841 m)
- (5) Dauphiné Alps ( Barre des Écrins , 4,102 m)
- (6) Dauphiné Pre-Alps ( Obiou , 2,790 m)
Northern Western Alps
The SOIUSA categorization tries to overcome the canton division for the Swiss Alps by grouping orographically connected mountains. The canton-specific names according to the Swiss Alpine Club are largely retained as subsections.
8 sections:
- (7) Graian Alps ( Mont Blanc , 4,810 m)
- (8) Savoy Prealps ( Haute Cime des Dents du Midi , 3,257 m)
- (9) Pennine Alps ( Monte Rosa , 4,634 m) with the subsections Grand Combin , Weisshorn Group / Cervino , Monte Rosa Group , Mischabel Group / Weissmies Group
- (10) Lepontine Alps ( Monte Leone , 3,552 m) with the sub-sections Adula Alps , Monte Leone-Sankt Gotthard Alps and the Ticino Alps and Verbano
- (11) Lugano Pre-Alps (also: Eastern Lombard Pre-Alps, Pizzo di Gino , 2,245 m) with the subsections of the Como Pre-Alps and the Varese Pre-Alps
- (12) Bernese Alps in the broader sense ( Finsteraarhorn , 4,274 m) with the subsections Bernese Alps in the narrower sense, the Urner Alps and the Vaud Alps
- (13) Glarus Alps in the broader sense ( Tödi , 3,620 m) with the sub-sections Urner-Glarus Alps and the Glarus Alps in the narrower sense
- (14) Swiss Pre-Alps ( Schilthorn , 2,970 m) with the subsections of the Bernese Pre-Alps , the Pre-Alps of Vaud and Friborg , the Lucerne and Unterwaldner Pre-Alps , the Schwyz and Uri Pre-Alps and the Appenzell and St. Gallen Pre-Alps
Eastern Alps
The concept of the Eastern Alps corresponds to the custom of a dichotomy. The SOIUSA names many mountain groups known after the AVE and calls them subsections . She in turn combines these subsections into common sections . In the subdivision of the AVE groups, it is primarily based on the modern regional classifications of natural areas and other scientific systems.
Central Eastern Alps
6 sections:
- (15) Western Rhaetian Alps ( Piz Bernina , 4,049 m) with Rätikon , Silvretta , Münstertal Alps , Plessur Alps , Albula Alps , Platta Group , Bernina Alps and Livigno Alps
- (16) Eastern Rhaetian Alps ( Wildspitze , 3,772 m)
- (17) Western Tauern Alps ( Großglockner , 3,798 m), subsections are Zillertal Alps , the Hohe Tauern , the Villgratner Mountains , the Kreuzeck group
- (18) Eastern Tauern Alps ( Hochgolling , 2,863 m), subsections are Radstädter Tauern , Schladminger Tauern , Rottenmanner and Wölzer Tauern , Seckauer Tauern
- (19) Styrian-Carinthian Alps (also: Noric Alps , Italian Alpi Noriche, Eisenhut , 2,441 m)
- (20) Steirisches Randgebirge (Styrian Voralpen, Ameringkogel , 2,184 m), which also contains the Lavanttal Alps as a subsection
Northern Eastern Alps
7 sections:
- (21) North Tyrol Limestone ( Parseierspitze , 3,040 m) with the sub-sections Lechtal Alps , Lechquellengebirge , Wettersteingebirge , Karwendel , Brandenberger Alps and Kaiser mountains
- (22) Bavarian Alps ( Large Krottenkopf , 2,657 m) with the sub-sections Bregenzerwald mountains , Allgäu Alps , Ammergau Alps , Wallgauer Alps , Mangfallgebirge , Bavarian Alps
- (23) Tyrolean Slate Alps ( Lizumer Reckner , 2,884 m)
- (24) Salzburg Northern Alps ( Hochkönig , 2,941 m) including the Berchtesgaden Alps
- (25) Upper Austria-Salzkammergut Alps ( Hoher Dachstein , 2,993 m)
- (26) Styrian Northern Alps ( Hochtor , 2,369 m) with the subsections Ennstal Alps and northeastern mountains of Styria , which in turn are in Hochschwab ; Mürzsteger Alps and Rax-Schneeberg-Gruppe are further divided
- (27) Lower Austrian pre-Alps ( Hochstadl , 1,919 m) with subsections Türnitz Alps , Ybbstal Alps and Gutenstein Alps / Vienna Woods
Southern Eastern Alps
9 sections:
- (28) Southern Rhaetian Alps ( Ortler , 3,905 m)
- (29) Bergamasque Alps and Pre-Alps (also: Central Lombard Pre-Alps, Pizzo di Coca , 3,052 m)
- (30) Brescians and Lake Garda Pre-Alps (also: Eastern Lombard Pre-Alps, Monte Baldo , 2,218 m)
- (31) Dolomites ( Marmolada , 3,342 m)
- (32) Venetian Pre-Alps ( Vicentine and Belluno Pre-Alps , Col Nudo , 2,472 m)
- (33) Carnic Alps i. w. S. ( Carnic and Gailtal Alps , Hohe Warte , Italian Monte Coglians, 2,780 m)
- (34) Julian Alps i. w. S. (Julian High Alps and Julian (Friulian) Pre-Alps , Triglav , 2,863 m)
- (35) Carinthian-Slovenian Alps ( Grintovec , 2,558 m) with u. a. the Karawanken and Steiner Alps
- (36) Slovenian Pre-Alps ( Porezen , 1,630 m) with the Bacher Mountains
literature
- Sergio Marazzi: The orographic divisions of the Alps and the "IVOEA" (International, unified orographic division of the Alps). A specific proposal for standardization. In: P. Grimm, CR Mattmüller (Ed.): The mountain groups of the Alps. Views, systematics and methods for the division of the Alps (= Scientific Alpine Club Sheets. No. 39). Munich 2004, pp. 69-96.
- Sergio Marazzi : Atlante orografico delle Alpi. SOIUSA - Suddivisione orografica internazionale unificata del Sistema Alpino . 1st edition. Priuli & Verlucca, Scarmagno 2005, ISBN 88-8068-273-3 (Italian, abstract [PDF; 1.6 MB ; accessed on December 26, 2016]).
Web links
Individual evidence
- ^ After Marazzi, French Subdivision Orographique Internationale Unifiée du Système Alpin (SOIUSA) , Slovenian Enotna Mednarodna Orografska Razdelitev Alp (EMORA) , English International Standardized Mountain Subdivision of the Alps (ISMSA)
- ↑ Lo Scarpone 9, 2005; La Rivista 10/2005, both CAI Vittorio Serafin: SOIUSA cos'è? (No longer available online.) Club Alpino Italiano di Vittorio Veneto, January 2006, archived from the original on May 8, 2006 ; Retrieved December 18, 2009 (Italian). Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ^ SOIUSA on the website of the Club Alpino Italiano
- ^ President of the Geographical Society. Specialties: Southeast Europe, geographical name research
- ↑ ( page no longer available , search in web archives: Università Cattolica di Milano )
- ↑ Claude Meyzenq: Pays de transition entre Alpes du Nord et Alpes du Sud
- ^ Marazzi: La Suddivisione ... p. 2 .
- ↑ “ suddivisi con un criterio morfologico-altimetrico, tenendo conto delle regioni storico-geografiche alpine ”. Marazzi: La Suddivisione ... p. 2 , col. 2 .
- ↑ “ suddivisi con un criterio alpinistico ”. Marazzi: La Suddivisione ... p. 2 , col. 3 .