Prudnik
| Prudnik Neustadt OS |
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| Basic data | |||
| State : | Poland | ||
| Voivodeship : | Opole | ||
| Powiat : | Prudnik | ||
| Gmina : | Prudnik | ||
| Area : | 20.48 km² | ||
| Geographic location : | 50 ° 19 ′ N , 17 ° 36 ′ E | ||
| Height : | 265 m npm | ||
| Residents : | 21,368 (Dec. 31, 2016) | ||
| Postal code : | 48-200 | ||
| Telephone code : | (+48) 77 | ||
| License plate : | OPR | ||
| Economy and Transport | |||
| Street : |
Głuchołazy - Kędzierzyn-Koźle / Nysa - Krnov |
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| Rail route : | Nysa – Kędzierzyn-Koźle | ||
| Next international airport : | Wroclaw | ||
| Administration (as of 2018) | |||
| Mayor : | Grzegorz Zawiślak | ||
| Address: | Kościuszki 3 48-200 Prudnik |
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| Website : | www.prudnik.pl | ||
Prudnik [ 'prudɲik ] ( German Neustadt OS , Czech Prudník , Schlonsakisch Prudńik ) is a city in the Polish Voivodeship of Opole . It is the seat of the town-and-country municipality of the same name with a little more than 27,157 inhabitants and the powiat Prudnicki .
geography
location
The city is located in the region of Upper Silesia between the Leobschützer Lößhügelland ( Płaskowyż Głubczycki ) and the ostsudetischem Opawskie Mountains ( Opawskie Mountains ) to 266 m above sea level. NHN , about 60 kilometers south of Opole . The border with the Czech Republic runs five kilometers south . The city is surrounded on three sides by the Prudnik River, into which the Złoty Potok flows.
Districts
- Górka
- Jasionowe Wzgórze
- Kolonia Karola Miarki
- Lipno ( Lindenvorwerk )
- Młyn Czyżyka ( Zeizig Mill )
- Osiedle Karola Miarki
- Osiedle Tysiąclecia
- Osiedle Wyszyńskiego
- Osiedle Zacisze
climate
According to the geographic location, Prudnik lies in the warm temperate middle latitudes with a continental heat balance and a semi-humid water balance. The average annual temperature is 8 ° C.
history
City foundation in the Middle Ages
The Prudnik area originally belonged to Northern Moravia , which was settled in the course of the expansion of the country into the Silesian-Moravian border forest. For this purpose, Colonel Marshal Wok von Rosenberg, who came from the Bohemian dynasty of the Witigonen, built the Wogendrossel castle at the foot of the Bischofskoppe as a base around the middle of the 13th century . Around 1279, his son Heinrich I von Rosenberg built the new town, which was first mentioned in a document in 1302 and is located in a loop of the Prudnik river, which was also called Prudnik after the river . It was laid out according to plan on a grid-shaped floor plan and had town charter from the start. The parish church belonging to the Olomouc bishopric is documented for the year 1321 and became the seat of an Archipresbyterate . The city's economic development was decisively promoted by its location on the important trade route from Neisse to Jägerndorf .
1337 King of Bohemia separated John of Luxembourg the precincts of New Town of Moravia and sold it for 2,000 marks to Duke Bolko II. Of Opole and Falkenberg, who already in 1327 paid homage to King John and his territories as a fief to the crown of Bohemia had passed. Subsequently, some of the Dukes of Opole used the title "Herr von Klein Glogau und Prudnik".
Prudnik in the early modern period
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Neustadt / Prudnik remained connected with Opole until the death of the Opole Duke Johann II in 1532, with whom the Opole line of the Silesian Piasts was extinguished, and then fell back to the Crown of Bohemia, which had been owned by the Habsburgs since 1526 . As an immediate city , Neustadt now belonged to the Hereditary Principality of Opole-Ratibor , with which it shared its further political affiliation and history.
Together with the hereditary principality, Neustadt was pledged from 1532 to 1543 to the Jägerndorfer Duke Georg von Brandenburg-Ansbach and then to his son Georg Friedrich I until 1551 . During their reign, the Reformation spread in Neustadt and the surrounding area . In 1554 the parish church was handed over to the Protestants, two years later the city was granted patronage rights . Like the Hereditary Principality, Neustadt was pledged to the Hungarian Queen Isabella between 1552 and 1557 . In 1558 the pledge of Neustadt was sold by the Bohemian sovereign to Conrad Saurma , from whom it acquired the town in 1562, initially as a pledge and hereditary for 60,000 thalers in 1597, which the town bailiff had already bought in 1570. The surrounding villages of Schnellewalde, Dittmannsdorf, Riegersdorf , Siebenhuben, Leuber, Dittersdorf, Jassen, Wildgrund , Kotzem and Neu Kotzem as well as Zeiselwitz and Schweinsdorf from 1700 belonged to the territory of the Neustadt rulership at that time, which had sovereign rights .
Neustadt was badly damaged during the Thirty Years War . In 1625 the plague raged . In 1629 the Neustadt area, which had previously belonged to the Diocese of Olomouc, was attached to the Diocese of Wroclaw and counter-Reformation measures were taken. The founding of the Capuchin monastery in 1654 also served this purpose . In 1708, an imperial decree gave Neustadt the designation Royal Neustadt . In 1766 the Brothers of Mercy established a branch in Neustadt, and in 1852 the Franciscan monastery was built.
Under Prussian rule
After the First Silesian War in 1742, Neustadt, like almost all of Silesia, fell to Prussia . During the Second Silesian War there was fighting between Prussians and Austrians in Neustadt in 1745. In 1779 the city was set on fire by the Austrian General Wallis . In 1797 Neustadt received a garrison. In the course of secularization , the Capuchin monastery was dissolved in 1810. In 1815 Neustadt became the seat of the district of Neustadt OS , which, in addition to Neustadt, also included the cities of Zülz and Oberglogau .
In addition to agriculture, the weaving mill, which has been in operation since the Middle Ages, and the imperial privilege for the yarn trade, which had existed since 1638, followed by the imperial privilege of founding a linen factory in 1727, were of economic importance. After the transition to Prussia, the production of cloth and woven goods was subsidized by the state. The Fränkel factory , built in 1855 , had exemplary welfare institutions. The higher education institute founded in 1847 was expanded into a grammar school in 1869. In the 19th century, the city walls and ramparts, as well as the castle, were torn down, except for small remains, in order to gain more land for housing. In 1876 Neustadt was connected to the railway network with the Neisse – Cosel rail link, and in 1883 a sugar factory was built.
At the beginning of the 20th century Neustadt had one Protestant and four Catholic churches, a synagogue , a grammar school, a monastery of the Barmherzigen Brüder and a hospital, a carpet weaving school for oriental carpets , a damask and linen factory (3000 workers), a leather and shoe factory, a brewery, a main customs office and was the seat of a local court . In 1908 Neustadt i. If. Schles. in Neustadt OS In the 1920s several settlements were built.
The townspeople did not take part in the referendum on the state belonging to Upper Silesia in the 1921 Treaty of Versailles , only the eastern part of the district was part of the Neustadt constituency, in which 85.68% of the electorate (32,722 votes) voted to remain in Germany . 11.72% of the electorate (4,476 people) voted for Poland. 2.6% of eligible voters did not take part in the vote or cast an invalid vote. During the subsequent division of Upper Silesia, the city remained with Germany.
The synagogue on Hindenburgstrasse was destroyed during the pogroms in November 1938.
1945 to the 2010s
At the end of the war in 1945 the city of Neustadt suffered severe damage. As a result of the Second World War , the city came under Polish administration in 1945 and was renamed Prudnik . The German population was largely expelled . Some of the newly settled residents were displaced from eastern Poland . The use of the German language and the Silesian dialect was forbidden until 1989 and was punished as an offense.
Demographics
| year | population | Remarks |
|---|---|---|
| 1534 | 114 | including 25 Jews |
| 1754 | 2905 | |
| 1764 | 2722 | |
| 1774 | 3048 | |
| 1784 | 3326 | without the garrison (staff and four Campania cuirassiers ) |
| 1803 | 3684 | |
| 1816 | 3780 | |
| 1825 | 4377 | 809 Protestants, 98 Jews |
| 1831 | 4862 | |
| 1840 | 6246 | with the garrison (2nd squadron and staff of the 6th Hussar Regiment, 188 men), of which 671 were Protestants, 5429 Catholics, 146 Jews |
| 1855 | 6909 | |
| 1861 | 7953 | thereof 813 Evangelicals, 6961 Catholics, 179 Jews; according to other sources 8464 inhabitants, of which 8105 civilians and 359 from the military |
| 1867 | 9623 | on December 3rd |
| 1871 | 10,941 | with the garrison (two squadrons of hussars No. 6), including 1,100 Protestants and 280 Jews; according to other information 10,939 inhabitants (on December 1), of which 1227 Protestants, 9548 Catholics, four other Christians, 160 Jews |
| 1890 | 17,577 | thereof 2,111 Protestants, 15,258 Catholics, 164 Jews |
| 1905 | 20,187 | with the garrison (a field artillery regiment No. 57), including 2,859 Evangelicals, 117 Jews |
| 1910 | 18,856 | on December 1st |
| 1925 | 17.052 | including 2603 Evangelicals, 14,245 Catholics, no other Christians, 110 Jews |
| 1933 | 17,738 | including 2704 Evangelicals, 14,807 Catholics, no other Christians, 101 Jews |
| 1939 | 16,937 | including 2380 Evangelicals, 14.291 Catholics, five other Christians, 31 Jews |
| year | Residents | Remarks |
|---|---|---|
| 1946 | 10,886 | |
| 1956 | 14,900 | |
| 1962 | 18,200 | |
| 1980 | 22,402 | |
| 1995 | 26,400 | |
| 2000 | 23,800 | |
| 2005 | 23,234 |
- Bar chart of the population to date
politics
coat of arms
The first documented use of a coat of arms dates back to 1399. The coat of arms shows a red open city gate on a blue background. These heraldic colors are also the city colors and can be found in the flag of the city of Prudnik. There is a watchtower on both sides of the gate . When the city paid homage to Emperor Rudolf II in 1607 , he allowed the coat of arms to be extended. This gave the previous coat of arms a silver helmet on which the previous coat of arms was once again. But now there was still a golden lion between the upper watchtowers. The appearance has been slightly modified over the centuries. The last change was in 1990.
Town twinning
- since 1990: Northeim , Germany
- since 2000: Bohumín , Czech Republic
- since 2000: Nadwirna , Ukraine
- since 2002: Krnov , Czech Republic
- since 2002: San Giustino , Italy
City leaders
Until 1945
- 1809–1815: Emanuel Weidinger
- 1815–1816: Karl Diebiutsch
- 1816–1821: Gottfried Schultze
- 1821–1833: Karl von Adlersfeld
- 1833–1837: Julius Richter
- 1837–1842: Josef Spillmann
- 1842–1847: Eduard Kutzen
- 1847–1849: Johann Memler
- 1849–1852: Emanuel Bock
- 1852–1862: Paul Bielau
- 1863: Eduard Diebitsch
- 1863–1876: Josef Kammler
- 1876–1904: Heinrich Engel
- 1904–1909: Heinrich Metzner
- 1909–1920: Paul Lange
- 1920–1932: Robert Rathmann
- 1934–1945: Felix Scholz
Since 1945
_(Grzegorz_Zawi%C5%9Blak).jpg)
- 1945: Antoni Błaszczyński
- 1945–1946: Franciszek Sowiński
- 1947– ?: Edward Nowak
- 1973: Józef Zamojski
- 1973-1975: Marian Stradel
- 1975– ?: Alojzy Kanik
- ? –1990: Tadeusz Balcerkowicz
- 1990–1998: Jan Roszkowski
- 1998-2006: Zenon Kowalczyk
- 2006–2018: Franciszek Fejdych
- since 2018: Grzegorz Zawiślak
Attractions
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Castle tower
The castle tower to the west of the ring originally belonged to the castle complex of Wogendrossel Castle, which was built by Wok von Rosenberg in 1264 and is no longer preserved. It was increased in the 15th century.
Brothers of Mercy Monastery
The Monastery of the Brothers of Mercy was built in the second half of the 18th century as a foundation of Colonel Friedrich Wilhelm von Röder and was secularized in 1810. In the convent building there is a chapel in the neo-baroque style.
The monastery church of St. Peter and Paul is a baroque hall building. The classicistic main altar with paintings of St. Peter and Paul as well as the pulpit with relief were created in the middle of the 19th century. The Way of the Cross was created in 1870 by the painter Joseph Fahnroth from Ziegenhals . Under the sacred building there are catacombs , which are divided into 16 sections. The graves of friars are also located here. The church is located on Piast Street (Polish: ulica Piastwoska ).
Parish Church of St. Michael
The later parish church of St. Michael , already mentioned as Marienkirche in 1321 , was rebuilt after a fire from 1612 to 1638. From 1730 to 1738 a new building was built in the late baroque style based on a design by the architect Johann Innozenz Töpper. The stone carving was done by Johann Georg Höhenstein, the wall paintings by Felix Anton Scheffler in 1735 . The frescoes in the sacristy, in the Weidinger chapel, in the choir and nave were created by the Frankenstein painter Josef Krachwitz from 1898–1900. The main altar with the statues of the four church fathers was created around 1740. The framed altar painting of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary is a foundation of the Leubus abbot Konstantin Beyer. It was painted by Christian Philipp Bentum . The pulpit with its angel-studded lid and statue of St. Barbara was also made around 1740; the way of the cross was created by the Neiss painter Ferdinand Winter in the second half of the 19th century. The patronage stalls come from the 17th century. The painting Christ in Prison was donated by Probst Heinrich Frosius in 1651.
town hall
The town hall stands in the middle of the ring. It was built in 1782 in the baroque style. The building was enlarged between 1840 and 1842. In 1856 the town hall received the tower built in the classicism style . The adjacent buildings date from 1779.
Jewish Cemetery
The Jewish cemetery was established around 1860. Around 140 tombstones are still preserved in the cemetery today , including family tombs of the factory owners Fränkel and Pinkus. In the cemetery there is also a memorial for the murdered Jewish prisoners of the Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration camp , who perished in January 1945 during the evacuation of the camp.
Marian column
The Marian column with a square base with four standing figures of the archangels and bas-reliefs was donated in 1694.
Others
- The city fortifications mentioned in 1327 were expanded and strengthened in 1556 and 1764 and removed after 1858. The Niedertorturm and two fortification towers have been preserved.
- The building complex , built in the Expressionist style, was built in 1928 as a teaching institution for girls and young farmers as well as poultry farmers. Today there is an agricultural school and the district office.
- The Eichendorff monument is located on the Heinrichshöhe.
- Nepomuk column from 1733 with two angel figures
- Eagle fountain with a bowl carried by atlases on which there is a double-headed eagle
- Kapellenberg with pilgrimage chapel from 1750
Sports
- MKS Pogoń Prudnik Football Club
- KS Pogoń Prudnik basketball club
- Archery Club KS Obuwnik Prudnik
- SPS Prudnik volleyball club
- Karate club LKS Zarzewie Prudnik
- LKJ Olimp Prudnik riding club
- MKS Sparta Prudnik football club
Economy and Infrastructure
Zakłady Przemysłu Bawełnianego Frotex SA , textile factory (largest local employer and largest towel producer in Poland). In the station Prudnik branches the passenger former disused Neustadt-Gogoliner railway from the railway line Katowice-Legnica from.
media
- Tygodnik Prudnicki
- Prudnik24
- Express Prudnicki
- Neustädter Heimatbrief
- Nowa Trybuna Opolska
- Polskie Radio Opole
Personalities
sons and daughters of the town
politic and economy
- Kurt von Ohlen and Adlerskron (1846–1900), member of the Reichstag and Landtag
- Carl Metzner (1846–1909), member of the Reichstag and Landtag
- Max Pinkus (1857–1934), German textile entrepreneur (S. Fränkel) and patron
- Karl Bahlmann (1859–1922), German civil servant and politician
- August Wilde (1868–1940), politician and member of the state parliament
- Josef Siegnoth (1886–1964), politician
- Wilhelm Heerde (1898–1991), German sculptor and politician (NSDAP)
- Alfons Kaps (1901–1943), German communist and resistance fighter
- Anni Gondro (1919–2014), trade unionist and women's rights activist
- Margarete Müller (* 1931), SED functionary
- Walter Odersky (* 1931), President of the Federal Court of Justice
- Georg Stolle (1938–2020), politician
- Lukasz Gadowski (* 1977), German-Polish internet entrepreneur, founder and venture capitalist
Art, literature and music
- Thomas von Schröer (1588–1641), German lawyer and poet
- Matthäus Apelt (1594–1648), composer
- Karl Heinisch (1847–1923), painter
- Paul Bahlmann (1857–1937), German writer
- Franz Goerlich (* before 1866–1908), publisher and bookseller
- Artur Schneider (1876–1945), philosopher
- Hans Hoffmann (1902–1949), singer, musicologist and city music director in Bielefeld
- Bernd Scholz (1911–1969), composer
- Dietrich Unkrodt (1934-2006), tuba player and double bass player
- Egbert Greven (1941–2018), German caricaturist, graphic artist and gallery owner
Science, technology and research
- Karl Dziatzko (1842–1903), German classical philologist and librarian
- Eugen Fraenkel (1853-1925), German pathologist and bacteriologist
- Erhard Hischer (1925–2005), psychologist and professor of social education
- Hartmut Greven (* 1942), German biologist and zoologist
- Bogusław Pawłowski (* 1962), biologist
Others
- Nicolaus Henel von Hennenfeld (1582–1656), chronicler and historian
- Daniel Löbrinus Novoměstský (1585–1623), Czech preacher and religious writer
- Klara Wolff (1805-1853), founder of the women's order of the Gray Sisters of St. Elisabeth
- Carl Seltmann (1842–1911), Catholic theologian
- Emil von Scotti (1848–1929), Prussian lieutenant general
- Otto von Garnier (1859–1947), general
- Rudolf Schneider (1875–1956), German lawyer
- Felice Bauer (1887–1960), fiancee of Franz Kafka
- Hellmuth Reymann (1892–1988), German officer, most recently lieutenant general in World War II
- Kurt Wintgens (1894–1916), German fighter pilot
- Karl Streibel (1903–1986), SS-Sturmbannführer
- Peter Peschel (* 1972), German soccer player
Other personalities associated with the city
- Wok von Rosenberg (1210-1262), Chief Marshal of the Czech Kingdom and Governor of Styria
- Bolko V. (Opole) (1400–1460), Duke
- Johann Ernst von Schmettau (1703–1764), Prussian major general, died in Neustadt
- Anton Johann Gareis (1793–1863), painter, trained temporarily in Neustadt
- Carl Fuchs (1801–1855), lawyer and politician, 1832–1836 district and city court director in Neustadt
- Samuel Fränkel (1801–1881), German entrepreneur, founder of the textile factory ( S. Fränkel ) in Prudnik, today Frotex SA
- Otto Kähler (1830–1885), Prussian major general and Ottoman lieutenant general, lived temporarily in Neustadt
- Joseph Fahnroth (1838–1895), church painter , trained in Neustadt
- Oscar Theodor Baron (1847–1927), Silesian lepidopterologist, attended the Neustädter Gymnasium
- Eduard Beyer (1854–1926), lawyer and politician, councilor at the Neustadt District Court
- Franz Hubert von Tiele-Winckler (1857–1922), large landowner, District Administrator, Neustadt district
- Paul Kollibay (1863-1919), ornithologist and lawyer, attended the Neustädter Gymnasium
- Hermann von Choltitz (1868–1947), politician, from 1907 to 1920 District Administrator in Neustadt
- Chrysogonus Reisch (1870–1923), Franciscan and historian, Guardian of the convent in Neustadt
- Waldemar Otte (1879–1940), politician, attended the Neustädter Gymnasium
- Hans Deloch (1881–1956), administrative lawyer, attended the Neustädter Gymnasium
- Erich Klausener (1885–1934), representative of political Catholicism, employed at the Neustadt District Office
- Felix A. Voigt (1892–1962), Germanist and grammar school teacher, lived temporarily in Neustadt
- Karl Ferdinand Edler von der Planitz (1893–1945), administrative lawyer, worked at the main customs office in Neustadt
- Dietrich von Choltitz (1894–1966), infantry general in World War II and, in 1944, city commander of Greater Paris
- Paul Heinrich Theodor Müller (1896-?), The protective custody camp in Auschwitz
- Stefan Wyszyński (1901–1981), Primate of Poland
- Ursula Gärtner (1901–1989), politician, practiced as a midwife in Neustadt
- Alfred Schneider (1907–1994), politician, attended the Neustädter Gymnasium
- Harry Thürk (1927–2005), writer, lived temporarily in Neustadt
- Jochen Kusber (1928–2020), painter and sculptor, lived temporarily in Neustadt
- Gerard Bernacki (1942–2018), priest and auxiliary bishop, died in Prudnik
- Lukas Klemenz (* 1995), soccer player, player with Sparta Prudnik
local community
The urban and rural community of Prudnik has around 30,000 inhabitants on an area of 122.13 km².
traffic
The city is connected to the road network via the state roads 40 and 41 .
literature
- Felix Triest : Topographical Handbook of Upper Silesia , Wilh. Gottl. Korn, Breslau 1865, pp. 1042-1049 .
- Johann Georg Knie : Alphabetical-statistical-topographical overview of the villages, towns, cities and other places of the royal family. Preusz. Province of Silesia. 2nd Edition. Graß, Barth and Comp., Breslau 1845, pp. 885-886 .
- Hugo Weczerka (Hrsg.): Handbook of the historical places . Volume: Silesia (= Kröner's pocket edition . Volume 316). Kröner, Stuttgart 1977, ISBN 3-520-31601-3 , pp. 353-355.
- Dehio Handbook of Art Monuments in Poland, Silesia. Deutscher Kunstverlag, Munich / Berlin 2005, ISBN 3-422-03109-X , pp. 768–771.
- Johannes Chrząszcz : The City Book of New Town O.-S. (Entries from 1537 to 1542). (Special print from the monthly Oberschlesien ) Verlag Gebrüder Böhm, Kattowitz 1912. ( digitized version )
- Johannes Chrząszcz: History of the city of Neustadt in Upper Silesia. Neustadt O / S 1912. Digitized
- Karl Ondrusch: The family names in Neustadt O.-S. In: Annual report of the Royal High School in Neustadt, Ob.-Schles. 1894; 1899 ( digitized version ) (volume 1894)
- Augustin Weltzel : History of the town of Neustadt in Upper Silesia , 1870. → Polish translation: Dzieje miasta Prudnika na Górnym Śląsku , 2005.
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c Meyer's Large Conversation Lexicon . 6th edition, Volume 14, Leipzig / Vienna 1908, pp. 578-580, paragraph 19 .
- ↑ hkknos.eu
- ^ Territorial.de: District Neustadt OS
- ^ Territorial.de: Neustadt OS
- ↑ From the history of the Jewish communities in the German-speaking area: Neustadt (Oberschlesien)
- ^ Franz-Josef Sehr : Professor from Poland in Beselich annually for decades . In: Yearbook for the Limburg-Weilburg district 2020 . The district committee of the district of Limburg-Weilburg, Limburg-Weilburg 2019, ISBN 3-927006-57-2 , p. 223-228 .
- ↑ Demografia | Wirtualny Sztetl. Retrieved March 9, 2020 .
- ↑ a b c d Friedrich Gottlob Leonhardi : Earth Description of the Prussian Monarchy , Volume 3, Part 1, Halle 1792, p. 91.
- ↑ a b c Felix Triest : Topographisches Handbuch von Oberschlesien , Wilh. Gottl. Korn, Breslau 1865, p. 1045 .
- ↑ Alexander August Mützell and Leopold Krug : New topographical-statistical-geographical dictionary of the Prussian state . Volume 3, Kr – O , Halle 1822, p. 282, item 1260 .
- ↑ Johann Georg Knie : Alphabetical-statistical-topographical overview of the villages, spots, cities and other places of the royal family. Prussia. Province of Silesia, including the Margraviate of Upper Lusatia, which now belongs entirely to the province, and the County of Glatz; together with the attached evidence of the division of the country into the various branches of civil administration. Melcher, Breslau 1830, pp. 982-1011 .
- ^ Johann Georg Knie : Alphabetical-statistical-topographical overview of the villages, spots, cities and other places of the royal family. Preusz. Province of Silesia. 2nd Edition. Graß, Barth and Comp., Breslau 1845, pp. 885-886 .
- ↑ a b Felix Triest : Topographisches Handbuch von Oberschlesien , Wilh. Gottl. Korn, Breslau 1865, p. 1039, number 1 .
- ^ A b Royal Statistical Bureau: The municipalities and manor districts of the province of Silesia and their population. Based on the original materials of the general census of December 1, 1871. Berlin 1874, pp. 382–383, item 2 .
- ^ Gustav Neumann : The German Empire in geographical, statistical and topographical relation . Volume 2, GFO Müller, Berlin 1874, pp. 182-183, item 14 .
- ↑ a b c d M. Rademacher: German administrative history from the unification of the empire in 1871 to the reunification in 1990. (Online material for the dissertation, Osnabrück 2006)
- ↑ gemeindeververzeichnis.de
- ↑ Główny Urząd Statystyczny Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej: Rocznik statystyczny. R. 11, 1947 . Warszawa, 1947 ( cyfrowemazowsze.pl [accessed March 9, 2020]).
- ↑ a b Demografia | Wirtualny Sztetl. Retrieved March 9, 2020 .
- ^ LUDNOŚĆ W 1980 R. Spia treśol. x Uwagi ogólne Ludność ... 4 s # 2. Ruch naturalny ludności PDF Free Download. Retrieved March 9, 2020 .
- ↑ a b c Prudnik (opolskie) »mapy, nieruchomości, GUS, noclegi, szkoły, regon, atrakcje, kody pocztowe, bezrobocie, wynagrodzenie, zarobki, edukacja, tabele, demografia, przedszkola. Retrieved March 9, 2020 (Polish).
- ↑ Beata Lejmann: Philip Christian Bentum malarz Śląskiego baroku . ISBN 978-83-7543-033-2 , p. 205.
- ↑ Anna Będkowska-Karmelita, Ewa Brosz, Tomasz Szwaja, et al .: Travel guide through the Opole region. Alkazar, Oppeln 2009, ISBN 978-83-925591-3-9 , p. 101.
Oberglogau / Głogówek | Lubrza (Leuber) | Prudnik (Neustadt OS) | Zülz / Biała