Chernivtsi

Chernivtsi is a redirect to this article. Further meanings are listed under Chernivtsi (disambiguation) .

Chernivtsi
Чернівці / Chernivtsi
	Chernivtsi
Basic data
Oblast :	Chernivtsi Oblast
Rajon :	District-free city
Height :	248 m
Area :	153.0 km²
Residents :	242,300 (2005)
Population density :	1,584 inhabitants per km²
Postcodes :	58000-
Area code :	+380 372
Geographic location :	48 ° 18 '  N , 25 ° 56'  E Coordinates: 48 ° 18 '0 "  N , 25 ° 55' 48"  E
KOATUU :	7310100000
Administrative structure :	3 city ​​racks
Mayor :	Oleksiy Kaspruk
Address:	площа Центральна 1 58000 м. Чернівці
Website :	www.city.cv.ua
Statistical information
Chernivtsi

Chernivtsi , also Tschernowitz ( Ukrainian Чернівці Tscherniwzi ; Russian Черновцы Tschernowzy , Romanian Cernăuți , Polish Czerniowce , Yiddish טשערנאָװיץ Tschernowitz , Hebrew צֶ׳רנוֹבִיץ Chernivtsi ), in the Western Ukraine is the capital of Chernivtsi Oblast and the traditional capital of the Bukovina .

geography

Chernivtsi is located 248 m above sea level in an area criss-crossed by hills with forests and fields. The city stretches mainly on the right bank of the Prut , on which the districts of Perschotrawnewyj and Shevchenko Raion are located. On the left bank of the river is the formerly Jewish district of Sadhora in Sadhora Rajon .

history

A fortified settlement on the left bank of the Prut comes from the time of the Kievan Rus and their subducation of Galicia-Volhynia . It was founded under the Rurikid prince Jaroslaw Osmomysl , who ruled between 1153 and 1187. In the chronicles the city is called Tschern (Black City) in its early days . This can be due to the black color of the city walls or to the black earth. After the Mongol invasion of the Rus , the rulers of Galicia-Volhynia were forced to destroy the remaining fortresses, including Chern, in 1259. However, the remains of the old Russian fortress continued to be used for defense purposes until the 17th century. After 1259 the development shifted to the strategically more favorable, higher right bank of the Prut.

From 1359 to 1774 the city and its surroundings belonged to the Principality of Moldova . The city was first mentioned in a document (October 8, 1408) in a trade letter between the Moldovan prince Alexandru cel Bun (Alexander the Good) and merchants from Lemberg (then in the Kingdom of Poland ) from this time.

Bucovina

Coat of arms of the city of Chernivtsi (1908)

In 1774, Chernivtsi was occupied by Austria like all of Bukovina and in 1775 it was officially part of the Habsburg monarchy . In this first part of the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria , the city only had 5,400 inhabitants in 1816. The Basilica of the Exaltation of the Cross was the first brick building in 1814. In 1849 the Duchy of Bukowina was constituted as its own crown land with the state capital Chernivtsi, and in 1861 the Bukovinian state parliament was established. In 1867 formed the dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary , the land belonged to 1918 to "the kingdoms and countries represented in the Reichsrat" ( Cisleithania ) with their common kk government in Vienna.

In 1875 Emperor Franz Joseph I founded a university with German as the language of instruction, the Franz Joseph University of Czernowitz, on the occasion of 100 years of membership in Austria . In 1893 it comprised a Greco-Oriental theological, a law and political science and a philosophy faculty and had a library with 50,000 volumes, a botanical garden, a chemical laboratory and a natural history museum. In 1892/93 40 teachers taught 281 students.

The majority of the Eastern Jewish population had already settled in Bukovina from Galicia between the end of the 18th and mid-19th centuries and assimilated from Yiddish to German. The German-speaking culture of Chernivtsi was mainly carried by the Jewish population. In 1880 around 30 percent of the population of Chernivtsi were Jews.

See also : Student associations in Chernivtsi

Diocese seat

→ Main article : Diocese of Bukovina and Dalmatia

According to Radautz , Chernivtsi was the seat of the Greek Orthodox diocese.

blossom

town hall

In 1895 a lexicon for Czernowitz noted a new Greek-Oriental cathedral church (completed in 1864), an Armenian- Catholic church (1875), a new Jesuit church , the Czernowitz Israelite temple , a Greek-Oriental archbishop's residence and 54,000 inhabitants (27,000 Germans , 10,000 Ruthenes , 8,000 Poles and 8,000 Romanians ), including 17,000 Jews . (In the literature it is pointed out for all areas in eastern Altösterreich that the residents with Yiddish as their mother tongue mostly indicated German as their mother tongue, since Yiddish was not recognized as a separate language.) A brewery, two steam mills, a sawmill, and one became an economy Oil factory, a machine factory and brisk trade, especially to Russia and Romania . An upper secondary school, an upper secondary school, a state trade school, teacher training institute and an agricultural training institute were registered at schools, and the state museum and a theater were listed for culture. In 1897 the Chernivtsi tram was also opened; this operated until 1967.

A multicultural urban population arose in Chernivtsi, consisting of Jews, Germans, Romanians, Ukrainians and Poles. The dominant language in public life and in business was German. In Chernivtsi, and also in other parts of Bukowina, a specific, German-speaking culture developed, which was particularly present in the cities and which existed until the 1940s. There was also a prosperous cultural life and numerous German-language press products.

During the First World War , the city was occupied three times by the Russian army for a total of around 19 months between August 1914 and August 1917 . The third occupation lasted from June 18, 1916 to August 3, 1917.

The writers and poets Paul Celan , Rose Ausländer , Selma Meerbaum-Eisinger , Klara Blum , Alfred Margul-Sperber , Ludwig Adolf Staufe-Simiginowicz , Immanuel Weissglas , Gregor von Rezzori , Aharon Appelfeld and the composer Ludwig were born or raised in Czernowitz Rottenberg or the opera singer Joseph Schmidt . Yiddish cultural life in the city also flourished; In 1908 the international conference for the Yiddish language took place in the city . With Olha Kobyljanska , one of the most important Ukrainian writers also lived in Chernivtsi.

See also : Ukrainian literature

Romania (1918–1940)

Coat of arms of the interwar period

Austria-Hungary disintegrated in late October 1918. Galicia joined the emerging Second Polish Republic ; the resistance of the Ukrainians (Ruthenians) of Eastern Galicia, who proclaimed their Western Ukrainian Republic (which should include parts of Bukovina), was finally militarily defeated by Poland (the division of Galicia, demanded by the Ukrainians, did not take place until 1944). Bukovina then became part of the Kingdom of Romania , which was also not wanted by the Ukrainians of the former crown country. The annexation to Romania was justified with the fear of being taken over by Soviet Russia and declared on November 28, 1918 (according to the Julian calendar November 15) in the residence of the Bukovinian archbishop and politician Basil von Repta . Romania had already been promised Bukovina by the Triple Entente in a secret treaty in August 1916 in order to induce the country to enter the war against Austria-Hungary.

On September 10, 1919, the takeover of the country by Romania was sanctioned in the Treaty of St. Germain . Chernivtsi was called Cernăuţi in Romanian. Greater Romania , as it was called from 1919, introduced Romanian as the language of instruction at the university at the beginning of the winter semester 1919/20, which led to the emigration of most of the German professors. The Romanian state tried to culturally Romanianize the entire Bukovina, but this was only partially successful.

For 1925 "about 90,000 inhabitants" are given in an urban area of ​​52 km², 40% of them Jews and 20% each German, Romanian and Ukrainian. At that time Tschernowitz was the capital of the Romanian district of the same name ( Județ ) and the seat of numerous authorities, including a railway directorate. At that time the economy included mills , breweries and alcohol factories as well as companies in the leather goods industry .

The upper and middle classes of the Czernowitz Jews still felt connected to Austria and its capital Vienna after 1918 and fought off attempts at Romanizing Greater Romania until the Soviet invasion in 1940.

Soviet Union (1940–1941)

As agreed in the so-called Ribbentrop-Molotov Pact between the German Reich and the Soviet Union on August 24, 1939, the city was occupied by the Soviet Union on June 28, 1940 and the majority of the German population, around 25,000, after negotiations with Germany " home to the empire ”. The city now became Chernovitsy / Черновицы in Russian , on August 9, 1944 it was renamed by ukase in Chernovtsy / Chernivtsi. The new Soviet rulers treated wealthy townspeople, including many Jews, as class enemies; around 3,500 Jews were deported in freight trains to Siberia and other remote areas of the Soviet Union.

Romania (1941–1944)

From 1941 to 1944 Chernivtsi belonged again to Romania, which was allied with the German Reich. During this time, a large part of the Jewish community was murdered and deported. The first units of the Romanian army invaded the city on July 5, 1941, after killing thousands of Jews in Storoschynez and in the southern area of ​​Chernivtsi. The next day the first members of the German Einsatzkommando 10b appeared and began to arrest and murder Jews. In September 1941 the number of Jews in Czernowitz was 45,759 (over 58% of the population) according to German sources and 41,118 (52%) according to Romanian sources. Jewish men and women were forced to do heavy slave-like work without pay under the supervision of Romanian police officers. In September 1941, plans to set up a ghetto for the Jews were discussed.

From August 1941 to June 1942 Traian Popovici (1892-1946) was mayor of Chernivtsi. The Israeli Yad Vashem memorial posthumously honored him with the title Righteous Among the Nations for his dedication to saving the lives of many Jews . On October 10, 1941, he received an order, which goes back to Ion Antonescu , to set up a ghetto in the city, which he was unable to oppose despite violent objections. Corneliu Calotescu (1889–1970), the military governor of Bukovina, announced the decision to deport all Jews from the city from October 14th. This order was changed on October 15 to keep 15,000 to 20,000 Jews who were considered "economically valuable" because they were needed for industrial production. While Calotescu urged that the list of "valuable" Jews to be excluded from deportation, including 256 doctors, be cut, Popovici and his town hall employees were accused of being corrupted by the Jews because they presented the largest possible list.

In mid-October 1941, the deportation of Jews from the ghetto began with freight trains via the intermediate station Otaci or Mărculeşti towards Transnistria . By November 15, 1941, when the deportations were suddenly stopped, 33,891 Jews had been deported from Czernowitz and, according to an estimate, just over 20,000 had remained in the city. In February 1942, over 21,000 Jews lived in Czernowitz, 16,391 of them had a certificate of residence issued by the Popovici administration, the remaining 5,000 Jews were classified as "economically useless". To protect them, Popovici also issued them certificates. Because Popovici had exceeded his authority, he was deposed in June 1942 and exchanged for a staunch anti-Semite. In June 1942 the deportations to Transnistria were resumed, the first freight train left Czernowitz on June 8th with 1781 Jews. On the fourth train on June 26th, 11,110 Jews were deported. The deportations were suspended on October 13, 1942. The situation for the remaining Jews eased when Governor Calotescu was deposed in March or April 1943.

Soviet Union (1944–1991)

When the Red Army took the city again on March 29, 1944 and reinstalled the Ukrainian Socialist Soviet Republic , the remaining German residents of the city were expelled, and a large part of the Romanian-speaking population left Chernivtsi. Thousands of Ukrainians and Russians now settled in the city. The city's formerly German-speaking culture almost completely disappeared.

Ukraine (since 1991)

Since the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, the city as Chernivtsi has been part of Ukraine, which has become independent. On March 21, 2014, the OSCE sent observers to the city in connection with the Crimean crisis .

Sports history

Until the Second World War there were a number of sports clubs in Czernowitz, many of which had their origins in the Austro-Hungarian monarchy and in which the individual nationalities could be found. These included Dowbusch (Ukrainian), Dragoș Vodă (Romanian), Hakoah (Jewish), Jahn (German), Makkabi (Jewish) and Polonia (Polish). The increasing importance of sport after the First World War also led to the establishment of sports clubs for workers ( IASK ) and railroad workers ( CFR ), which also took part in the national championship operation. In addition to soccer, ice hockey was the most important sport, which was also crowned by the Romanian championship title in 1937/38.

The most important sports club today is the FSK Bukowina Chernivtsi .

population

The Chernivtsi Jewish cemetery is one of the largest in Europe

→ Main article : History of the Jews in Chernivtsi

Ukrainians / Ruthenians , Romanians / Moldovans , Poles , Jews , Roma , Austrians and Bukowina Germans lived in Chernivtsi . The city experienced its cultural heyday when it belonged to Austria-Hungary as the capital of the crown land of Bukovina . Chernivtsi was famous for its painting and literature - and still is today for its architecture . In 1890 the city had 54,171 inhabitants (27,256 Germans, 10,384 Ruthenians, 7,624 Romanians, 7,610 Poles), including 17,356 Israelites.

The German , favored by its position as an official language, was formed in the 19th century as a general colloquial language in Chernivtsi out and was also used as the language of interethnic communication. Around 1900, 52.4% of city residents spoke German as their mother tongue; 14.3% Romanian, 19.8% Ukrainian and 13.1% Polish. In the Austrian census, however, Yiddish-speaking Jews were included in the German-speaking population. Until 1918 the proportion of German speakers continued to rise; German was the undisputed dominant and official language of the multicultural city. When Chernivtsi fell to Romania after the First World War , Deutsch lost its official and privileged status. Romania tried to enforce the Romanian language as the only official language through a state policy of Romanization - with moderate success. After the First World War, Germans (around 15%) and the mostly German-speaking Jews (38%) together still made up the majority of the city's population; despite the onset of Romanization, the proportion of Romanians was only 27%, that of Ukrainians around 10% . In the Romanian census of 1930, which again led German and Yiddish separately, a population of around 112,000 was determined for the "Munizip Cernăuți". Of these, 29.1% of the population stated Yiddish as their mother tongue, 25.9% Romanian, 23.3% German, 11.3% Ukrainian and 7.4% Polish. Yiddish and German native speakers together made up 52.4% of the city's population. In a contemporary witness report it was described that German remained the common colloquial language in Czernowitz even in the 1930s and that it was often spoken among themselves by non-native speakers.

The multicultural tradition was largely lost after the Second World War due to the murder of the Jews , the Second World War and the resettlement and expulsion of entire ethnic groups, especially the Germans and Romanians. Ukrainians now represented by far the largest population group in the city, plus numerous immigrant Russians. Many Jews who had survived the Holocaust emigrated in the period that followed. The Jewish community of Chernivtsi in the diaspora still maintains contact with one another around the world through the voice newspaper . Numerous traces of the Jewish community can be found to this day, e.g. B. a large cemetery established in 1866 . Some of the buildings erected as sacred buildings are now used for other purposes, for example the rest of the synagogue , which houses a cinema. In 1989 Ukrainians made up 66.5% of the population, Russians were the second largest population group with 17.8%, followed by Romanians / Moldovans with 7.5% and Jews (6.1%). With the independence of Ukraine, the proportion of ethnic Ukrainians in the city increased to around 80% by 2001.

Jews in Chernivtsi
year	Ges.-Bev.	Jews	proportion of
1857	approx. 22,000	04,678	21.6%
1869	approx. 34,000	09,552	28.2%
1880	approx. 46,000	14,449	31.7%
1890	approx. 54,000	17,359	32.0%
1900	approx. 68,000	21,587	31.9%
1910	approximately 87,000	28,613	32.8%

	Chernivtsi (city)		Chernivtsi (rural communities)
year	Romanians	Ukrainians	Romanians	Ukrainians
1860	09,177	04.133	20,068	06,645
1870	05,999	05,831	28,315	35,011
1880	06,431	08.232	08,887	23.051
1890	07,624	10,385	11,433	34,067
1900	09,400	13,030	13,252	25,476
1910	13,440	15,254	18,060	22,351

Attractions

Olha Kobyljanska Street, former Herrengasse

Fedkovich Street

See also : Jewish cemetery (Czernowitz)

The most important sight of Chernivtsi is the former residence of the Orthodox Metropolitan of Bukovina, an imposing brick building on the "Bischofsberg". Construction began in 1864 during the tenure of Bishop Eugen Hakman , who became the first Metropolitan of Chernivtsi shortly before his death in 1873. The building was completed in 1882. The National Jurij Fedkowytsch University of Chernivtsi has been housed in it since the Soviet era . Before that, the university, founded in 1875, was located at 12 Universytetska Street, which is now the Faculty of Mathematics. On 29 June 2011, the complex was in the list of World Heritage of UNESCO added.

Furthermore, the domed structure of the Greek Orthodox cathedral on Franz-Josephs-Platz, built in the style of St. Petersburg 's Isaac's Cathedral and completed in 1864, and the theater should be emphasized.

The most important square is Austria-Platz with the Austria Monument, erected in 1875, lost in 1918 and only partially recovered in 2003, a marble figure of Austria on a base with bronze reliefs and inscriptions.

In 1904 the construction of the new theater building in Chernivtsi, planned by the Viennese architects Fellner & Helmer, began. As in many other theaters of the time, its front is emphasized by an arched portal architecture. The opening took place after only 14 months of construction on October 3, 1905 as the "Czernowitz German City Theater". From 1907 to 1922 there was a monument by Friedrich Schiller in front of the theater.

In 1922 it became the “Romanian National Theater”. Since 1940 or 1944 it has been the "Ukrainian musical-dramatic Olha Kobyljanska Theater". A monument to the Ukrainian national poet Olha Kobyljanska has stood in front of the building since 1980 . The theater is located in the middle of what was then a new district on the former "Elisabeth-Platz", today "Theaterplatz", and is surrounded by a park. An almost identical “twin” is the Fürth City Theater in Bavaria.

The shopping street Wulyzja Olhy Kobyljanskoii (Olha – Kobyljanska – Straße), the former “Herrengasse”, was the city's promenade as early as the 19th century and has preserved the closed street image of the second half of the 19th century to this day.

Museums

Museum of Jewish History and Culture of Bukovina in the Palace of Culture

• Regional State Museum of Folk Architecture and Customs (Чернівецький обласний державний музей народної архітектури та побуту), opened in 1986
• Museum of the Military History of Bukovina (Музей військової історії Буковини), opened in 2008
• Museum for Jewish History and Culture of Bukovina in the former Jewish National House on Theaterplatz, opened in 2010

music

→ Main article : Chernivtsi Philharmonic

Newspapers

→ Main articles : Czernowitzer Allgemeine Zeitung  and Czernowitzer Morgenblatt

economy

The city's economy is determined by companies in the food, textile and wood industries.

traffic

Chernivtsi: Central Station (1909)

Chernivtsi is an important transport hub in the south-west of Ukraine, through which most of the country's traffic to Romania is handled.

The European route 85 runs through the city from Klaipėda in Lithuania to Alexandroupoli in Greece. Other important road connections exist in the direction of Ivano-Frankivsk - Lemberg , Khmelnytskyi and Vyshnytsya in the Carpathian Mountains.

In addition, the international railway line from Lviv or Kiev to Suceava - Bucharest runs through the city .

Chernivtsi International Airport is located in the southeast of the city .

In addition to several bus routes, urban local transport is handled by an O-bus network that opened in 1939 to replace the tram . Long-distance buses run from the central bus station in the south of the city.

Town twinning

Chernivtsi lists the following eleven partner cities :

city	country	since
Bălți	Moldova	2013
Bryansk	Central Russia, Russia
Iași	Romania	2012
Klagenfurt	Carinthia, Austria	1992
Konin	Greater Poland, Poland	1994
Nof HaGalil	Israel	1997
Podolsk	Moscow, Russia	2001
Salt Lake City	Utah, United States	1989
Saskatoon	Saskatchewan, Canada	1991
Suceava	Romania	2003
Timișoara	Romania	2010

Personalities

→ Main article : List of personalities from the city of Chernivtsi

Movies

• Mr. Zwilling and Mrs. Zuckermann. Germany 1998/1999, documentary, 132 min., Director: Volker Koepp
• This year in Chernivtsi. Germany 2003/2004, documentary, 134 min., Director: Volker Koepp
• Chernivtsi, former Kronstadt of the KK Austria-Hungarian monarchy. Germany 2006, documentary film, 80 min., Producer: Oksana Czarny, b. Nakonechna and Reinhold Czarny - RCP
• Bukovina Style - Chernivtsi, yesterday and today. Germany 2008; media educational documentary film project 36 min. Director: Stefan Koeck, screenplay and editing: Michael Petrowitz
• 3rd generation - on the trail of our ancestors. Germany, Ukraine, Russia 2017; Documentary film project 62 min. Producers and screenplay: Alexander Stoler, Sergij Kolesnikow, David Vataman and director: Anatoli Nat Skatchkov

Quotes

Chernivtsi was also referred to as Little Vienna , Babylon of southeastern Europe , Jerusalem on the Prut , Alexandria of Europe and Chernopol .

"Chernivtsi, that was a pleasure steamer that cruised between West and East under the Austrian flag with Ukrainian crew, German officers and Jewish passengers."

- Georg Heinzen , Rheinischer Merkur, February 1, 1991

Climate table

Chernivtsi
Climate diagram
J F. M. A. M. J J A. S. O N D.     32   -2 -9     32   -1 -7     36   5 -3     58   14th 3     77   20th 9     105   23 12     103   26th 14th     61   25th 13     51   20th 9     33   13 4th     36   5 -1     37   0 -6 Temperature in ° C ,  precipitation in mm Source: wetterkontor.de

Average monthly temperatures and precipitation for Chernivtsi Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Max. Temperature ( ° C ) −2.4 −0.5 5.3 13.7 20.2 23.3 25.6 24.9 20.2 13.4 5.1 0.1 O 12.5 Min. Temperature (° C) −8.8 −7.2 −2.7 2.9 8.9 12.3 14.2 13.1 8.6 3.8 −0.7 −5.6 O 3.3 Precipitation ( mm ) 32 32 36 58 77 105 103 61 51 33 36 37 Σ 661 Hours of sunshine ( h / d ) 2.1 2.7 4.0 5.4 7.1 7.8 8.0 7.9 6.3 4.5 2.3 1.7 O 5 Rainy days ( d ) 7th 7th 7th 9 10 11 11 8th 7th 6th 7th 8th Σ 98 Humidity ( % ) 84 84 78 69 69 70 71 72 74 79 87 88 O 77.1 Source: wetterkontor.de

Designations

In 1953, a street in the southern Hessian city of Darmstadt was named after the city of Chernivtsi, the Czernowitzer Strasse .

literature

• Gregor Gatscher-Riedl : imperial and imperial place of longing Czernowitz: "Little Vienna" on the eastern edge of the monarchy. Kral-Verlag, Berndorf 2017, ISBN 978-3-99024-690-0 .
• Chernivtsi small writings. Series of publications by the Traditionsverband Katholischer Pennäler . 28 publications (1995-2015): DNB 96268354X ; including:
  • Hugo Weczerka : Chernivtsi. Urban development in Austrian times . Traditional Association of Catholic Czernowitz Pennäler (ed.), Innsbruck 2000.
  • Raimund Lang : Chernivtsi - mon amour! Traditional Association of Catholic Czernowitz Pennäler (ed.), Innsbruck 2007.
• Ernst Trost : That stayed with the double-headed eagle. On the trail of the sunken Danube monarchy. Fritz Molden, Munich 1966; Deutscher Taschenbuchverlag , dtv 561, Munich 1969, p. 52 ff.
• Martin Pollack : To Galicia. From Hasids, Hutsuls, Poles and Ruthenians. An imaginary journey through the vanished world of Eastern Galicia and Bukovina. Christian Brandstätter, Vienna 1984; 3rd edition 1994, ISBN 3-85447-075-4 , p. 131 ff.
• Andrei Corbea-Hoișie (ed.): Jüdisches Städtebild Czernowitz . Frankfurt 1998.
• Andrei Corbea-Hoișie: Chernivtsi stories. About an urban culture in Central Eastern Europe . Böhlau, Vienna 2003. ISBN 978-3-205-77034-3 .
• Andrei Corbea-Hoișie: Politics, press and literature in Czernowitz 1890-1940. Cultural-historical and imagological studies . Stauffenburg, Tübingen 2013. ISBN 978-3-86057-498-0 .
• Harald Heppner (Ed.): Czernowitz. The story of an unusual city. Böhlau, Cologne 2000, ISBN 3-412-04900-X .
• Cecile Cordon and Helmut Kusdat (eds.): At the edges of times. Chernivtsi and Bukovina. History - Literature - Persecution - Exile. Theodor Kramer Society , Vienna 2002, ISBN 3-901602-16-X .
• Florence Heymann: Le crépuscule des lieux. Identités juives de Chernivtsi. Paris 2003.
• Gaby Coldewey (Ed.): Between Pruth and Jordan, Memoirs of Czernowitz Jews. Cologne 2003.
• Kurt Scharr: Urban transformation processes in western Ukraine since independence in 1991 using the example of the development of Chernivtsi. An inventory. Communications from the Austrian Geographical Society, No. 146 (2004), pp. 125–146.
• Helmut Braun (Hrsg.): Chernivtsi: The history of a submerged cultural metropolis. Christian Links, Berlin 2005, ISBN 3-86153-374-X .
• Othmar Andrée: Chernivtsi walks. Approaches to the Bukovina . 2008.
• Christel Wollmann-Fiedler: "Czernowitz is my home". Conversations with the contemporary witness Hedwig Brenner . Munda, Brugg, 2009, ISBN 978-3-9523161-5-3 .
• Martin Pollack, Helmut Kusdat, Ioan-Constantin Lihaciu, Andrei Corbea-Hoișie, Gaby Coldewey, Isabel Röskau-Rydel, Jurko Prochasko, Mariana Hausleitner , Sergij Osatschuk: Mythos Czernowitz. A city reflected in its nationalities . German Cultural Forum for Eastern Europe e. V., Potsdam 2008, ISBN 978-3-936168-25-9 .
• Victoria Popovici, Wolfgang Dahmen , Johannes Kramer (eds.): Lived multiculturalism. Chernivtsi and Bukovina . Peter Lang, Frankfurt am Main 2010, ISBN 978-3-631-56484-4 .
• Ranner Gertrud, Halling Axel, Fiedler Anja (eds.): ... "and it makes my heart heavy". Czernowitz Jews remember. German Cultural Forum for Eastern Europe V., Potsdam 2009, ISBN 978-3-936168-28-0 .
• Martin A. Hainz : Nostallergy. The Chernivtsi incongruence compensation competence . In: CAS Working Paper 1/2010 ( http://www.fu-berlin.de/sites/cas/forschung/publikationen/working-papers/cas-wp_no_1-09.pdf )
• Dirk Schümer : Black Milk . In: Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung , September 18, 2010, p. 44 (report on the first poetry festival in Czernowitz).
• Raimund Lang: Couleur in Chernivtsi . WJK-Verlag, Hilden 2013
• Zvi Yavetz: memories of Chernivtsi. Where people and books lived. Beck, Munich 2007, ISBN 3-406-55747-3 .
• Peter Rychlo , Oleg Liubkivskyj: Czernowitz City of Literature , 2nd, improved edition. Chernivtsi 2009.
• Ion Lihaciu: Chernivtsi 1848–1918. The cultural life of a provincial metropolis . Parthenon Verlag, Kaiserslautern 2012, ISBN 978-3-942994-00-2 .

Web links

Commons : Chernivtsi  - Collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Wiktionary: Chernivtsi  - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations

Wikivoyage: Chernivtsi  - travel guide

• Internet presence of the city of Chernivtsi
• Othmar Andrée: Chernivtsi Bukowina - Where people and books lived. (private website about the literary Chernivtsi). 
• Sergij Osatschuk: Chernivtsi today and dealing with the common cultural heritage. In: czernowitz.de. Contribution to the conference "The Myth of Chernivtsi", September 17, 2004 . 
• Helmut Braun: Ice sheets on fields - a long night over the Jewish cultural metropolis of Chernivtsi. In: Deutschlandfunk broadcast “Long Night”. February 19, 2000 . 
• Peter Rychlo : Поетична Атлантида Буковини. Poetic Atlantis Bukovina. In: czernowitz.de. 2002 . 

Individual evidence

1. ↑ according to the Byzantine calendar: October 8, 6916. Since it is not certain whether the Moldovan year begins on September 1 or March 1, it could also have been October 8, 1407. Cf. F. Kaindl: History of Czernowitz. Chernivtsi 1908, note 2/5.
2. ^ F. Kaindl: History of Chernivtsi. Chernivtsi 1908, p. 23.
3. ^ ^{A b c} Meyers Konversations-Lexikon , 5th edition, Bibliographisches Institut, Leipzig and Vienna 1895, 4th volume, p. 459 f.
4. ^ ^{A b} Joseph W. Moser: Chernivtsi - The western cultural metropolis in the east of the Danube monarchy . In: Dagmar Lorenz and Ingrid Spörk (eds.): Concept Eastern Europe - The "East" as a construct of external and self-determination in German-language texts of the 19th and 20th centuries . Königshausen & Neumann, 2011, ISBN 978-3-8260-4539-4 , p. 13 and 14 .
5. ^ Jews & Slavs - Festschrift Professor Jacob Allerhand , Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities, 2001, p. 265
6. ↑ Ion Lihaciu: The Development of the Music Scene in Bukovina (pdf, 2011)
7. ↑ ^{a b} Article "Czernowitz" in: Der Große Brockhaus, 15th edition .
8. ^ Andrei Corbea-Hoisie: Chernivtsi Stories: About an Urban Culture in Central Eastern Europe , p. 150 ( online ). Böhlau 2003, ISBN 978-3-205-77034-3 .
9. ^ Zbyněk A. Zeman: The collapse of the Habsburg Empire , Verlag für Geschichte und Politik, Vienna 1963, p. 205; Original: The Break-Up of the Habsburg Empire, Oxford University Press, 1961
10. ↑ Johannes Uray (2011)
11. ↑ УКАЗ от 9 августа 1944 года Об уточнении наименований городов: Тарнополь, Черновицы, Камерьска
12. ↑ Helmut Braun (ed.): Chernivtsi: The history of a submerged cultural metropolis. 2005, p. 176.
13. ↑ Vladimir Solonari: Purifying the Nation. Population Exchange and Ethnic Cleansing in Nazi-Allied Romania . The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore 2010, pp. 216-218
14. ^ Jean Ancel : The History of the Holocaust in Romania. (The Comprehensive History of the Holocaust) University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, and Yad Vashem, Jerusalem 2011, pp. 270f, 279f
15. ↑ Vladimir Solonari: Purifying the Nation, 2010, p. 218
16. ↑ Helmut Braun (ed.): Chernivtsi: The history of a submerged cultural metropolis. 2005, p. 73
17. ↑ Vladimir Solonari: Purifying the Nation, 2010, pp. 220f
18. ^ Crimean crisis: OSCE sends 100 observers to Ukraine , Spiegel Online on March 22, 2014
19. ↑ OSCE sends observer mission to Ukraine , RIA Novosti on March 22, 2014
20. ^ Brockhaus' Konversations-Lexikon . 14th edition, Volume 4, Berlin and Vienna 1898, p. 668.
21. ↑ http://www.novadoba.org.ua/sites/default/files/files/razom_na_odniy_zemli/2.5.pdf
22. ↑ Helmut Braun (Ed.): Czernowitz. The history of a lost cultural metropolis , ISBN 978-3-86153-374-0 , p. 63.
23. ↑ http://archive.org/stream/recensamntulgene02inst#page/120/mode/2up
24. ^ Carl Hirsch: A life in the twentieth century , p. 20
25. ↑ Cinemagogue in Multicultural Memory and Persistence of Traces in Chernivtsi ( Memento of the original from July 18, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. 
26. ↑ Helmut Braun (Ed.): Czernowitz. The history of a lost cultural metropolis , p. 78, ISBN 978-3-86153-374-0
27. ^ Results of the censuses of the KK Statistische Central -ommission u. a., in: Anson Rabinbach : The Migration of Galician Jews to Vienna. Austrian History Yearbook, Volume XI, Berghahn Books / Rice University Press, Houston 1975, pp. 46/47 (Table III)
28. ↑ The metropolitan seat of Chernivtsi was established because the other two of the Danube Monarchy were in the Transleithan, i.e. Hungarian, part of the empire. The Archbishop of Chernivtsi was the head of all the Cisleithan Orthodox, including the Orthodox Dalmatians. Like the seats of Herrmannstadt and Karlowitz, Czernowitz was also autocephalous , confirmed by the Patriarch of Constantinople . See Hubert Jedin (ed.): Handbuch der Kirchengeschichte, Vol. VI / 2, Freiburg 1973, p. 156.
29. ↑ Ukraine-Nachrichten: UNESCO has added the university building of Chernivtsi / Chernivtsi to the list of world cultural heritage
30. ^ Austria Forum: The Austria statue of Czernowitz and its prehistory . 2015
31. ↑ Website of the Museum of the Military History of Bukovina
32. ↑ Website of the Museum of Jewish History and Culture in Bukovina
33. ↑ City website (English version, accessed January 2, 2013)
34. ↑ побратими «Офіційний портал Чернівецької міської ради. Retrieved December 11, 2016 . 
35. ^ Th. Faulhaber: Klein-Wien am Pruth. Facets of the old kk Chernivtsi
36. ^ Gregor von Rezzori : An ermine in Chernopol. Novel. Goldmann-Verlag, Munich 1989, ISBN 3-442-07115-1 .
37. ^ Street naming of the city of Darmstadt ( Memento from May 28, 2016 in the Internet Archive ). Here Czernowitz was erroneously called an East German city .