Podolsk

city Podolsk Подольск flag coat of arms Federal district Central Russia Oblast Moscow Urban district Podolsk mayor Nikolai Pestov First mention 1627 City since 1781 surface 38  km² population 187,961 inhabitants (as of Oct. 14, 2010) Population density 4946 inhabitants / km² Height of the center 160  m Time zone UTC + 3 Telephone code (+7) 4967 Post Code 142100-142121 License Plate 50, 90, 150, 190, 750 OKATO 46 460 Website adm.podolsk.ru Geographical location Coordinates 55 ° 25 ′  N , 37 ° 33 ′  E Coordinates: 55 ° 25 ′ 0 ″  N , 37 ° 33 ′ 0 ″  E

Location in the western part of Russia

Location in Moscow Oblast

List of cities in Russia

Podolsk ( Russian Подо́льск , transliteration Podol'sk ) is a major Russian city ​​in Moscow Oblast , around 40 km south of Moscow . It is the administrative center of the same city district and has about 187,961 inhabitants (October 14, 2010).

Geography and climate

Podolsk is located in the center of the Eastern European level . The Pachra (a right tributary of the Moskva ) flows through the city . Moscow city center is about 43 km north of the city.

The climate is consistently continental . Influences from low pressure areas from the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea are also possible, so that it can become mild in winter and humid in summer.

The average temperature in January is around -10.5 ° C, while it is 17.5 ° C in July.

history

Early history

The region of today's Podolsk was populated as early as the Mesolithic (7th millennium BC). This is proven by excavations in the urban and urban district area, which were carried out from 1994 to 1997 and in which objects made of bones and stone were found. The first human settlement is believed to have been in Dubrovitsa at the confluence of the Desna and Pachra rivers . Today, in the protected area Podolje (Подолье) on the city limits, there is the only multi-layered archaeological monument in Moscow Oblast, where there are traces of human activity since the Mesolithic, including later epochs such as the Neolithic , Bronze , Iron and Early Russian periods.

In the Iron Age, Finno-Ugric peoples (including the Merja tribe ) and Baltic tribes settled in the area of ​​today's Podolsk. In the course of excavations on the left bank of the Pachra, clay and iron objects were found and dated to this epoch. The finds prove that clay dishes were made without a potter's wheel and burned in a campfire. Among the settlements of the Iron Age, the Finno-Ugric settlement Kuznetschiki stands out, which was located on the Petritsa , a tributary of the Motscha . Remnants of houses, fireplaces and ceramic products, all of which point to the Djakovskaya culture , have been found here. The Finno-Ugric influence is still visible in place names: the name of the river Pachra can be traced back to these prehistoric inhabitants.

In the ninth and tenth centuries, the territory of the later Podolski rajon was settled by Slavic tribes who lived in the neighborhood of the Finno-Ugres. Archaeological finds of rings, jewelry and ceramics made from gray and white clay on a potter's wheel show that the Slavic Vyatiches settled here in the 10th to 14th centuries . These inhabitants also coined place names: the names of the Desna and Motscha rivers come from this period. Desna means right in Old Russian , which suggests that the Slavs opened up the region from the mouth of the Pachra towards its source.

The question of the political affiliation of the area in the 11th and 12th centuries is controversial. In the 19th century, the historian PW Golubowski, after analyzing the founding and donation deeds of Prince Rostislav , concluded that the Pachra Basin was part of the Smolensk Principality in the 12th century . This conclusion is based on the assumption that the Pogost Dobryatina mentioned in the founding document is identical to the place Dobryatina on the outskirts of today's Podolsk. Against this version speaks that the place and princely seat ( Wotschina ) Dobryatina only emerged in the second half of the 14th century and owes its name to the Dobryatin beehive forests - at that time the farming was an important trade for the inhabitants of the region. In chronicles from the twelfth century there are reports about Vyatichian cities, especially about Peremyschl Moskovsky , which was located on the Motscha River and founded in 1152 by Yuri Dolgoruki and not far from today's Podolsk. By the 17th century this Peremyschl lost its importance and is then only referred to as a walled settlement , not a city, in the Russian land registers .

Around the 1870s, the eastern part of the Smolensk Principality , including today's Podolsk, fell to the Moscow Principality . In 1559 Dobryatino and its villages (80 villages and two Pogoste ) were given to the Danilov Monastery . The deed of donation issued by Tsar Ivan the Terrible is the first historical document that gives information about the settlements in the area of ​​today's Podolsk. Among these settlements is the forerunner of the city of Podolsk, a village called Podol.

The exact time of the creation of this place is unknown, because no excavations have been carried out in the places where the oldest cultural objects from Podolsk's history are believed to be. Nonetheless, one can assume that this happened at the turn of the 15th to the 16th century or perhaps even before that. All that is known is that the village was about 50–80 m upriver from the frequent road bridge over the Pachra. The deed of donation from 1559 shows that some wooden courtyards in the place called Anders Strelnikowo had been torn down. Furthermore, one can conclude from this document that the future Podol would be composed of three parts: the actual village Podol, the Pogost on the Pachra with the Christ Resurrection Church and a post office.

The village of Podol

During the time of the Smuta , the village of Podol was also the scene of acts of war. Although documentary evidence from this period is sparse, a report from 1606 reports a battle between government troops and Ivan Bolotnikov's rebel army : there was a battle with predatory people on the Pachra, and the predatory people were defeated . Documents received from the registry office indicate that in November 1606, one month after the battle, the clergyman from Podol, Elisej, and the farmer of the Danilov monastery, Danil Mitrofanow, were among the prisoners. The first written mention of the village of Podol comes from this year 1606.

According to the cadastral entries for the years 1626–1628, Podol was already a large settlement within the possessions of the Danilov Monastery on the Pachra, and it doubled the extent of the farmland of Dobryatino, which was the center of the monastic property. Given that the farmland of Podol was ten times the size of an ordinary village, it can be assumed that the place and its lands were formed up to the 1950s and that it enjoyed exceptional stability. In the middle of the 16th century, Podol consisted of one street, the great Serpukhovsk Street, on which there were farms on both sides and which was crossed in the middle by the Pachra River. The church and the pogost were located within the village, a little to the east on a higher bank section (apart from the church, there were also up to three courtyards of the priests and hermits). The administrative relationship with the Pogost stems from the growth of the Podol village, which is how the settlement was formed.

The further growth and development of Podol, which became part of the Molotsker Stans in Moscow's Ujesd , was directly connected to Serpukhovsk Street, which ran through the place. In this way Podol emerged as a street village . In addition to farming and growing vegetables, the residents also engaged in the haulage industry, worked as ferrymen across the Pachra, ran hostels and restaurants, and extracted building materials, stone and Podolsk marble . They mainly transported food to Moscow, and brought back manufactured products from Moscow.

In the following years the road to Serpukhov gained strategic importance due to the conflict with the khanate of Crimea and became a so-called ambassador road. The importance of the place Podol as a distribution center grew. On March 30, 1687, in the heat of the Crimean War, it was ordered to set up a postal connection from Moscow to Okhtyrka and Kolomak , the first post station being in the Moscow Kremlin, the second on the Pachra and the third in Podol under the name Pachra Tulskaja . In 1696, when the construction of the Russian fleet began in the Voronezh shipyards , a new post line was established between Moscow and Voronezh, which in turn had a station in Podolsk. Podol's role as a transshipment point was retained until the middle of the 18th century. In the years 1743 and 1744, for example, plans were made to build a travel palace for Tsarina Elisabeth to travel to Kiev. However, it was decided to limit the construction work in favor of food stores.

The favorable location of the place helped Podol to grow rapidly. From 1678 to 1704 the number of farms grew from 43 to 78; from 1626 to 1766 the area of ​​Podol increased four times. The population grew very steadily in a natural way and not through immigration.

In 1764 the ferry across the Pachra was replaced by a floating bridge. In the same year the monastic territories were secularized and placed under the administration of the state economic college (1764–1781). The inhabitants thus fell into the category of economic farmers, which significantly improved their living conditions compared to their previous status as serf farmers, as their taxes to the state were significantly lower than those to the church.

In the 18th century the first stone buildings were erected in Podol, above all the church. The Resurrection Church of the 16th and 17th centuries was made of wood and belonged to the simple type of church, which was based on a block construction with a gable roof. It burned down in 1722, so that in 1728 the head of the St. Danilov Monastery in Moscow, Igumen Gerasim, and his brothers asked the Synod Office to be allowed to build a new church made of white stone on the site of the former wooden church. However, the construction work dragged on for another 40 years. Until the 1780s, there was only one other stone building in the village, namely the malt house on the left bank of the Pachra next to the bridge.

Development of the city until the 20th century

Wooden bridge over the Pachra, early 20th century

Cement factory (1875) and railway bridge, early 20th century

The Singer factory at the beginning of the 20th century

The local history museum in the former official building and memorial for the Singer sewing machine

With a decree by Empress Catherine II of October 5, 1781, the municipality of Podol was elevated to the status of a city, under the name Podol-Pechra . It became the center of Podolsk District in Moscow Governorate. The locals and farmers were registered as merchants and citizens. At that time there were 108 courtyards and 856 townspeople in the city. One of the main occupations of the inhabitants was the extraction of crushed stone and stone , from which, for example, the famous Church of the Apparition of the Blessed Virgin in Dubrovitsy was built. At the end of 1781, the city got its coat of arms: two golden stonemasonry tools on sky-blue ground, as a sign that the residents are prospering with this trade. In 1782 the nobility elected Chamberlain Alexander Semjonowitsch Wasiltschikow as their representative, followed by Prince Pyotr Michailowitsch Volkonsky and Chamberlain Andrei Mikhailovich Katkow .

On January 16, 1784, Catherine II approved the draft of a city plan with a right-angled street network, which had been drawn up in Petersburg by a building commission and which was signed by the architect Ivan Lem . With this plan, the city was divided into 20 quarters. Although the plan was a professional work, the architects were unfamiliar with the relief around Podol and thus had no knowledge of the numerous ravines and slopes. At the initiative of Moscow Governor Lopukhin, corrections were made to the plan: the development was shifted 150 sashen (300m) to the left, where the city is level . The implementation of the general plan gave the city its characteristic appearance, as the existing Podol settlement continued unchanged, but new buildings were built outside on undeveloped land, above all public buildings such as the official building, the travel palace of Catherine II or the elementary school. Traces of the planning at the time are preserved on the right side of the Pachra, along Moskauer Strasse.

Despite its higher status, Podol-Pachra retained the character of a street settlement until the second half of the 19th century, and not that of a merchant and manufacturing town. Nevertheless, the new status led to the formation of administrative bodies and a new, educated class. The spread of education was encouraged by the establishment of the elementary school, one of the first public buildings in the city, built according to a decree of Catherine II. In 1796 Podol became an independent city by decree of Emperor Paul I , while the post office was relocated to Molodi . Only in 1801 did the city get a post office again and in 1802, as a result of a decree by Alexander I, it again became the seat of a Ujesd . During the Patriotic War and Napoleon's campaign in Russia , Field Marshal Kutuzov's Russian army camped from September 6 to 7, 1812 in Podolsk, in today's Kutusowo district. Shortly afterwards, the city was taken by French troops, where it was badly damaged. In memory of the victory in the Patriotic War of 1812, the Trinity Cathedral was built from 1819 to 1832 , which is located in today's city center opposite the Karl Marx Palace of Culture.

After the Napoleonic conquest, the spatial structure of the Podolsk city center finally emerged. For example, rows of markets were created in the area next to the cathedral. Stone architecture and social life flourished in the time of Count Arseni Sakrewski in the office of Moscow Governor General , who also owned Ivanovskye near Podolsk. Between 1894 and 1896 the city garden (today's culture and recreation park W. Talalichin) was open to the public after the first artificial plantings had been carried out in the city as early as 1849: by order of Sakrewski, the first tree, a silver poplar , was built in the city garden . set.

The Warsaw or Brest-Litowsker Chaussee, laid out between 1844 and 1847, supported the development of the city even more. The construction of the bridge over the Pachra was a significant event. Until now, the Pachra has been crossed on a ferry in the summer, and the wagons crossed the ice in the winter. A single span bridge was planned from 1844 to 1845, and in 1862 War Minister Malyutin personally supported its construction. The wooden bridge built in 1864 only lasted a year before it collapsed. The construction that followed the system of the American engineer Gow then lasted for 60 years. In the middle of the 19th century the area of ​​the city had grown to 106 hectares, and in 1866 the city's economic development received a further boost with the construction of the Moscow-Kursk railway line .

The income from trade that the existing farms generated led to the establishment of the first factories. The most famous of these were the candle and leather factories, which were established in 1843, and the brewery and malting factories, which were established in 1849. In the first half of the 19th century Podolski remained largely a town of merchants and petty bourgeoisie, so trade still played a key role. However, in the second half of the 19th century, after enough capital had accumulated, a stormy development of the industry began.

In 1871 the company Gubonin, Porochowstschikow & Co. was founded to build a cement factory and a brick factory. Its owners were two Moscow entrepreneurs: the owner of the quarries on the right Pachra Rufer in the Dobryatinsker Volost of the Podolsk Uest , Gubonin and the architect and builder Porokhovstschikov . In 1875 the factories that had been built on 36 hectares in the village of Wypolsowo were put into operation. Although the factories were unprofitable in the first few years of operation, business gradually improved and by the end of the century the output had grown 17-fold. Cement was the most important product, so that in 1913, cement accounted for 95% of the goods transported from Podolsk. Podolsk cement was used to build the grandstands on Red Square in Moscow, the historical museum and the Moscow City Duma .

In 1900 the American sewing machine manufacturer Singer acquired a plot of land in Podolsk and built its first plant in Russia there. Until now, the company, which has been active on the Russian market since the 1860s, had imported its devices, which made the machines significantly more expensive; The motive for Singer to settle in Podolsk was to make the production cheaper. The first machine was delivered in 1902. The plant grew rapidly until the revolution of 1917, so that in 1917 there were already 37 factory halls in which more than 5,000 employees worked. In 1915, the Semgor ammunition factory , which had been evacuated from the Baltic states due to the war, was quartered in one of the factories . The construction of a cable factory began in 1917, but was not completed due to the revolution.

In parallel with the growth of industrial production, the population also grew, so that of the cities of the Moscow governorate, Podolsk had the highest population growth. The higher population and especially its density enabled the development of social institutions, especially in the health and education sectors. The earliest mention of the Podolsk Ujesd Hospital dates back to 1866. However, it was small and only had 42 beds. After the cholera epidemic of 1871, a second hospital was added in 1880 and another hospital in 1882, the latter having five independent departments, including one for obstetrics. The first Progymnasium for girls opened in 1887 and the Koslow School of Applied Arts in 1895.

The construction of the Singer factory and the further increase in industrial production in Podolski allowed the construction of further facilities, mainly in stone buildings: the city Duma and a bank in 1910, a girls' high school in 1903, the Krasnie Rjadi building, the artist -Cino of the merchant Tolkuschew, the first power station in 1914, the water supply network and in 1917 the water tower built according to designs by Vladimir Shukhov .

Revolutionary years

Lenin's House in the Podolje Historical and Nature Park

Despite economic success, the social and political situation in Podolsk at the end of the 1910s was as tense as in the rest of Russia. The reorientation of the economy towards war goods, the extension of the working day, interruptions in the food supply and other factors led to growing dissatisfaction among workers. Bolshevik ideas came to the city via health insurance companies, theater groups and cooperatives . On the night of February 28, 1917, the first news of the overthrow of the monarchy reached Podolsk, so that on the following day around 7,000 people demonstrated for the workers of Petrograd and Moscow.

On the same day the Podolsk Soviet, consisting of 150 deputies, was founded, the first chairman of which was the Bolshevik NG Chizhow. However, Mensheviks , Social Revolutionaries, and anarchists were also elected to the Soviet. With the help of soldiers, the police were disbanded and replaced by a people's militia. On March 22nd, the Soviet introduced the 8-hour working day and works committees were established. When the Provisional Government refused to finance the work of the Soviet, self-taxation was introduced in Podolsk, under which workers paid 0.5 to 2% into the Soviet fund. The Provisional Government also founded a power body in Podolsk: the Ujesd Committee of Social Organizations .

At the same time, the Bolsheviks consolidated their position and their following increased. At the beginning of March, the founding of the Ujest Committee of the Russian Social Democratic Workers' Party was decided and implemented in mid-March. Thus here too the revolution took a turn from a bourgeois-democratic to a socialist direction. In July the first party newspaper, today's Podolsker Arbeiter , appeared with the news from the Podolsk Workers and Soldiers Soviet .

The revolutionary tendencies of the workers intensified during the summer, to which most entrepreneurs in the Moscow region responded by closing their factories. Against this background, the Podolsk Soviet decided on June 8, 1917 a series of crisis measures, including a labor exchange. At the same time there was a deterioration in relations between the Bolsheviks and Mensheviks, who had hitherto been passive. The final break came on July 7th, when the Podolsk Mensheviks approved the shooting at a peace demonstration in Petrograd.

In September 1917 elections for the Zemstvo des Ujesdes were held in Podolsk. The Bolsheviks won 15 of the 42 Zemstvo seats, with three quarters of the votes in the city of Podolsk. The power of the Soviet, and with it the Bolsheviks who controlled it, gradually grew. This exacerbated the contradictions with the opponents of the revolution. For example, Uest Commissar Gruglikov threatened to arrest the Bolshevik faction in Uest Zemstvo and made attempts to disarm them. On the night of October 25, the Podolsk deputy telegraphed to the Second All-Russian Meeting of Workers and Soldiers' Soviets that the socialist revolution had begun. On October 25, at a meeting of the Podolsk Workers and Soldiers Soviet, it was decided to overthrow the bourgeois Provisional Government and transfer all power to the Soviets. At the same meeting, a revolutionary committee was elected to work out a plan to seize power. This plan was implemented without resistance, but in Moscow the Provisional Government was still able to hold on to power. The Podolsk Revolutionary Committee decided not to bow to ultimatums from Moscow and stopped all attempts by officials of the deposed government to regain control of the city. On October 29, all industrial plants were shut down and a group of volunteers was sent to Moscow to fight. Only when the Soviets had taken power in the capital could they finally assert themselves in Podolsk.

Soviet period

The first years after the overthrow of the monarchy were quite difficult for Podolsk: industrial production fell, unemployment grew, and problems in the food supply and transportation remained unsolved. The Communist Party's Podolsk Ujest Committee took control of the local industrial plants through the Soviets. The development of the socialist economy meant nationalization for the Podolsk companies. The SINGER company rented its factory to the Provisional Government in 1917 , and in November 1918 it was nationalized by the Soviet government, which led to production being interrupted. The first Soviet sewing machines were not delivered until 1924. The cement and ammunition factories were also nationalized.

A reprocessing plant for spent nuclear fuel is operated in Podolsk . The city is also the seat of the nuclear reactor design office OKB Gidropress .

Population development

Lenin Square in the present

Restored buildings in the historic city center

year	Residents
1897	3,798
1926	19,793
1939	72,409
1959	129,429
1970	168,706
1979	201,769
1989	209.178
2002	180.963
2010	187.961

Note: census data

In 2007 children were born in Podolsk in 1972, of which 1040 were girls and 932 were boys. The average life expectancy in the city was 67 years. Women lived to an average of 73 and men 61 years of age.

traffic

Podolsk railway station in 1889.

Podolsk was connected to the capital in 1865 with the construction of the Moscow-Kursk railway line , which was completed in 1871. The stone railway station, which was only built in 1898 two kilometers from the city near the village of Shepchinky , today one of the districts of Podolsk, according to plans by EJ Skornjakow, replaced a wooden building that existed at that time. The construction of the railroad had a great impact on the development and economy of the city. The horse-drawn carriage business dwindled, a paved road was laid from the train station to the city proper, and the development of industry received an impetus.

Today the Moscow-Kharkov-Crimea railway line runs through Podolsk, with the Silikatnaja and Kutuzovskaya stops and the Podolsk train station in the city . All regional trains stop in Podolsk, some lines end in the city. There are direct connections beyond Moscow in the direction of Riga and Smolenskoye, as well as to Belarus . The journey from Podolsk Station to Tsaritsyno Station (the closest station with a connection to the Moscow Metro ) takes 25 to 30 minutes. Long-distance trains do not stop in Podolsk.

On the station forecourt is the bus station, from which buses and shared taxis depart for Moscow to a number of metro stations. In addition, there are lines that directly connect the individual districts of the city with Moscow. Buses to other cities in Moscow Oblast and districts of Moscow such as Domodedovo , Troitsk , Shcherbinka , Widnoje , Chekhov and villages in the Podolsk district continue to leave the bus station . The M2 "Krim" main line runs one kilometer east of Podolsk, while the old Warsaw road runs through the city.

Podolsk has public transport with buses and trolley buses. Podolsk is one of the few cities in Russia where trolleybus lines are currently being built: the trolleybus service was opened on May 1, 2001 with a connection from the Podolsk train station to the Jubilejny suburb. Today there are four trolleybus routes and a few dozen bus routes. In 2008 the Podolski Trolleybus company carried 13.3 million people, including 6.9 million people with reduced fare. The leading public transport companies in the city are Awtokolonna 1788 , a subsidiary of Mostransawto , Podolski Trolleybus and Awtomig . In 2008 they carried more than 30 million people, including 11.8 million passengers with reduced fares. The total length of the urban public transport network at the same time was 1137.9 km.

Religions

The Russian Orthodox Trinity Cathedral in Podolsk

A church in Podolsk

There are some religious communities in Podolsk, most of them are of Christian denomination. By far the largest Christian denomination in the city is the Russian Orthodox Church . The Russian Orthodox churches in Podolsk are subject to the Moscow eparchy.

Other Christian denominations represented in Podolsk are Seventh-day Adventists and The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints .

Since 1998 there has been a Russian-speaking Islamic community called “Rachman” in Podolsk , which is subordinate to the spiritual administration of the Muslims of the European part of Russia (Muftirate) . The mosque of this community was opened on June 4, 2010.

Twin cities

National

• Engels , Saratov Oblast

International

• Amstetten , Austria
• Baryssau , Belarus
• Vanadzor , Armenia
• Kawarna , Bulgaria
• Kladno , Czech Republic
• Niederkartlien , Georgia (economic cooperation)
• Sukhumi , Abkhazia , Georgia
• Saint-Ouen-sur-Seine , France
• Verbandsgemeinde Trier-Land , Germany
• Hengyang , People's Republic of China
• Chernivtsi , Ukraine (economic, educational and cultural cooperation)
• Shumen , Bulgaria

sons and daughters of the town

• Valentin Turtschin (1931-2010), Soviet and later American mathematician and computer scientist
• Wiktor Arbekow (1942–2017), motocross racing driver and world champion
• Igor Sergun (1957-2016), Colonel General
• Andrei Smolyakov (born 1958), actor
• Sergei Makarow (* 1973), javelin thrower
• Mikhail Sergejewitsch Puljajew (* 1987), judoka
• Iouri Podladtchikov (* 1988), Swiss snowboarder
• Viktorija Kuleschowa (* 1992), boxer
• Roman Safiullin (* 1997), tennis player

Sports

One of the city's most famous sports clubs is the HK Vitjas Podolsk ice hockey club , which takes part in the continental hockey league (KHL) . Its home arena is the multi-purpose hall Eispalast Vitjas , which was completed in 2000 and has almost 5,500 seats and is used not only for ice hockey games but also for concerts and other public (sports) events with a capacity of up to 6,800 seats.

With FK Awangard Podolsk and FK Vitjas Podolsk , the city had two football clubs that played in the 2nd division .

The 2005 women's boxing world championships were held here.

Individual evidence

1. ↑ ^{a b} Itogi Vserossijskoj perepisi naselenija 2010 goda. Tom 1. Čislennostʹ i razmeščenie naselenija (Results of the All-Russian Census 2010. Volume 1. Number and distribution of the population). Tables 5 , pp. 12-209; 11 , pp. 312–979 (download from the website of the Federal Service for State Statistics of the Russian Federation)
2. ↑ ^{a b c d e f} Podolsk Museum of Local History (Подольский краеведческий музей): Archaeological past (Археологическое прошлое) , visited on October 2, 2008 ( Archive on August 18, 2011 ( Memento of 18 August 2011 Webcite ))
3. ↑ ^{a b c} I. Romankjewitsch (Романкевич И.): It all started from a settlement ... (Начиналось всё с селища… (Начало)) (PDF; 2.3 MB) , in: Подольский рабоч12, 190 (19012, no. 53 ), P. 15, visited on October 17, 2011. ( Archive from October 17, 2011 ( Memento from October 17, 2011 on WebCite ))
4. ↑ ^{a b c d e} A. A. Jarzewa: Село Пахрино. Из книги А.А.Ярцева “Подмосковные прогулки” ( memento from October 17, 2011 on WebCite ) , visited on November 1, 2008
5. ↑ ^{a b} W. A. Pozeluew and IW Petreew (В.А. Поцелуев И.В. Петреев): The lands of Podolsk (Подольские окрестности) , visited on November 1, 2008 ( Archive on August 18, 2011 ( Memento from August 18, 2011 on WebCite ))
6. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l} I. Romankjewitsch (Романкевич И): Podol an der Pachra (Подол на Пахре) (PDF; 2.0 MB) , in: Подольский рабочий, №252-253 (18335 -18336) of November 9, 2006, pp. 4–5, visited on October 17, 2011 ( archive from October 17, 2011 ( memento from October 17, 2011 on WebCite ))
7. ↑ SW Schpoljanski (С.В. Шполянский): Peremyshl Moskovsky Перемышль Московский (к проблеме возникновения и роли города в системе обороны границ Московского княжества ) , visited on November 1, 2008 ( Archive on August 18, 2011 ( Memento from August 18, 2011 on WebCite ))
8. ↑ ^{a b c d} I. Romankjewitsch (Романкевич И.): Подол, что «на речке на Пахре (PDF; 3.9 MB) , in: Подольский рабочий , No. 54 (19013) from July 20, 2011, visited on July 20, 2011 October 17, 2011. ( Archive from October 17, 2011 ( Memento from October 17, 2011 on WebCite ))
9. ↑ ^{a b} I. Romankjewitsch (Романкевич И.): Спасители отечества (Savior of the Fatherland) (PDF; 1.0 MB) , in: Подольский рабочий , No. 2 (18674), p. 7 from January 15, 2009, visited on October 17, 2011. ( Archive from October 17, 2011 ( Memento from October 17, 2011 on WebCite ))
10. ↑ Подольское благочиние (Podolsk Church District): Храм Воскресения Христова г. Подольска (Church of the Resurrection of Christ Podolsk) , visited on November 3, 2008 ( Archive from August 18, 2011 ( Memento from August 18, 2011 on WebCite ))
11. ↑ ^{a b c d} Подол - Подольский - Подольск. История Подольска: «Подольск и окрестности». Archived from the original on January 30, 2010 ; Retrieved November 15, 2008 . 
12. ↑ ^{a b c d e} Dimitri Pankow (Дмитрий Панков): Токмо Отечество моё мне нравится ... (PDF; 2.3 MB) , in: Подольский рабочий , 6 of September 13, 2008 (18627) –7, visited on October 18, 2011. ( Archive from October 18, 2011 ( Memento from October 18, 2011 on WebCite ))
13. ↑ Наша малая родина - Кутузово (PDF). 2 сентября 2006, p. 3. Archived from the original on October 16, 2011. 
14. ↑ Podolsk.org: Подольский мост (Podolsk Bridge) , visited on October 18, 2011 ( archive ( memento from October 18, 2011 on WebCite ) from October 18, 2011).
15. ↑ ^{a b} E. F. Sun (Сун Э. Ф): Moscow Aktiengesellschaft for the production of cement and other building materials, as well as trafficking (historic memorandum) (Московское Акционерное Общество для производства цемента и других строительных материалов и торговли ими (историческая записка)). Единый информационный портал Подольского региона "Подольские Новости", archived from the original on October 23, 2011 ; Retrieved October 23, 2011 . 
16. ↑ ^{a b c} История швейных машин Зингер и New Home (The history of the sewing machines from Singer and New Home). Торговый дом "Зигзаг" (Zigzag Company), archived from the original on August 18, 2011 ; Retrieved November 15, 2008 . 
17. ↑ ^{a b} Подольск накануне революции (Podolsk on the eve of the revolution). Podolsk.biz, archived from the original on January 30, 2010 ; Retrieved November 15, 2008 . 
18. ↑ Решение мегазадачи. Эксперт. Оборудование, archived from the original on August 18, 2011 ; Retrieved November 15, 2008 . 
19. ↑ О нас. МУЗ "Подольская Городская Клиническая Больница", archived from the original on October 23, 2011 ; Retrieved October 23, 2011 . 
20. ↑ Константин Голосов (Konstantin Golosow): Влияние промышленного капитала на рост города Подольска (The influence of industrial capital on the growth of Podolsk. Историко-экономический очерк Подольского уезда (Overview of the History and Economy of the Podolsk Ujesdes), archived from the original on October 23, 2011 ; Retrieved October 23, 2011 . 
21. ↑ Дмитрий Панков (Dimitri Pankow): Владимир Григорьевич Шухов (Vladimir Grigoryevich Schuchow). Подольский рабочий, №33 (18562), April 3, 2008, p. 11 , archived from the original on October 23, 2011 ; Retrieved October 23, 2011 . 
22. ↑ ^{a b} Образование Подольского совета рабочих и солдатских депутатов. Podolsk.biz, archived from the original on January 30, 2010 ; Retrieved November 15, 2008 . 
23. ↑ ^{a b c d} Большевизация совета Подольска (The Bolshevikization of the Podolsk Soviet). Podolsk.biz, archived from the original on January 30, 2010 ; Retrieved November 15, 2008 . 
24. ↑ Большевики Подольска (The Bolsheviks of Podolsk). Podolsk.biz, archived from the original on January 30, 2010 ; Retrieved November 15, 2008 . 
25. ↑ ^{a b c d} Подольск в дни октябрьской революции (Podolsk in the days of the October Revolution). Podolsk.biz, archived from the original on August 20, 2011 ; Retrieved November 16, 2008 . 
26. ↑ Podol.ru: Город Подольск во 2-ю половину XIX века и в начале XX века (The city of Podolsk from the second half of the 19th century to the beginning of the 20th century) ( Memento from June 2, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) , visited on August 22, 2011
27. ↑ ^{a b} Подольский рабочий: Итоги социально-экономического развития города Подольска за 2008 год. Транспорт. (Assessment of the city's social and economic development in 2008. Traffic.)  ( Page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 4.8 MB)   , February 3, 2009, visited on July 22, 2009
28. ↑ Арбеков Виктор Михайлович , infosport.ru (Russian)
29. ↑ Кулешова Виктория Игоревна , infosport.ru (Russian)

Web links

Commons : Podolsk  - collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Wiktionary: Podolsk  - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations

• Official website of the city of Podolsk (Russian)
• Podolsk on mojgorod.ru (Russian)
• Podolsk - a series of photos by Vladimir Ivanchenko (Russian)