National Recovery Administration and Gianluigi Buffon: Difference between pages

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{{Otheruses4|the Italian goalkeeper|other uses|Buffon (disambiguation)}}
[[Image:NewDealNRA.jpg|thumb|right|NRA [[Blue Eagle]] poster. This would be displayed in store windows, on packages, and in ads.]]The '''National Recovery Administration''' (NRA), created in the [[United States of America]] under the 1933 [[National Industrial Recovery Act]], was one of the [[New Deal]] programs of [[President of the United States|President]] [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] and his administration. The NRA allowed industries to create "codes of fair competition," which were intended to reduce "destructive competition" and to help workers by setting minimum wages and maximum weekly hours. It also allowed industry heads to collectively set minimum prices. In 1935, the [[United States Supreme Court]] unanimously declared the NRA as unconstitutional in the court case of ''[[Schechter Poultry Corp. v. US]]'', on the grounds that it violated the Constitution's [[separation of powers]].<ref> [http://www.supremecourthistory.org/02_history/subs_history/02_c11.html The Supreme Court Historical Society.]</ref> The NRA quickly stopped operations, but many of its labor provisions reappeared in the [[Wagner Act]] of 1935.
{{Infobox Football biography
| playername = Gianluigi Buffon
| image = [[Image:Buffon.jpg|275px]]
| fullname = Gianluigi Buffon
| nickname = ''Gigi''
| height = {{height|m=1.91}}
| dateofbirth = {{birth date and age|1994|1|28}}
| cityofbirth = [[Carrara]]
| countryofbirth = [[Italy]]
| currentclub = [[Juventus F.C.|Juventus]]
| clubnumber = 1
| position = [[Goalkeeper (football)|Goalkeeper]]
| youthyears = 1991&ndash;1995
| youthclubs = [[Parma F.C.|Parma]]
| years = 1995&ndash;2001<br />2001&ndash;
| clubs = [[Parma F.C.|Parma]]<br />[[Juventus F.C.|Juventus]]
| caps(goals) = 168 (0)<br />226 (0)
| nationalyears = 1997&ndash;
| nationalteam = [[Italy national football team|Italy]]
| nationalcaps(goals) = {{0}}89 (0)
| pcupdate = [[September 17]] [[2008]]
| ntupdate = [[September 17]] [[2008]]
}}


'''Gianluigi "Gigi" Buffon''', [[Italian orders of merit|Cavaliere OMRI]]<ref>[http://www.fifa.com/en/organisation/president/index/0,4095,129202,00.html?articleid=129202 FIFA.com]</ref><ref>[http://www.ascotsportal.com/news/newsdtl.aspx?PID=89262e2c-3beb-4080-bd5e-949f498ecbcc&CID=4ca0fc99-f8bf-4260-b379-ee5bca3085eb&NID=e47baa4d-fe98-4feb-a0ff-a007b8e62e87 AscotSportal.com]</ref> is an [[Italy|Italian]] [[FIFA World Cup]]-winning [[goalkeeper]] who currently plays for Italian [[Serie A]] club [[Juventus F.C.]] and the [[Italy national football team|Italian national team]]. He and [[Peter Schmeichel]] share the number-one spot on the [[IFFHS]]' list of the world's best goalkeepers of the past twenty years, which was released on January 15, 2008.<ref>[http://www.channel4.com/sport/football_italia/jan15q.html Channel4.com]</ref>
The NRA, symbolized by the blue eagle, was popular with workers. Businesses that supported the NRA put the symbol in their shop windows and on their packages. Though membership to the NRA was voluntary, businesses that did not display the eagle were very often boycotted--making it seem to many mandatory for survival.


==Early life and family==
==Background==
Gianluigi Buffon was born into a sporting family. His mother, Maria Stella, was a [[discus throw]]er, his father, Adriano, a [[Weightlifting|weightlifter]], his two sisters Veronica and Guendalina played [[volleyball]] and his uncle, Angelo Masocco, played [[basketball]]. He is also a nephew of goalkeeping legend [[Lorenzo Buffon]] (a cousin of Gianluigi's grandfather). Buffon is engaged to Czech model [[Alena Šeredova]]. Šeredova gave birth to son Louis Thomas on [[December 28]] [[2007]]. <ref>[http://goal.com/en/Articolo.aspx?ContenutoId=528832 Goal.com - Juventus - Buffon Becomes A Father<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
[[Image:Roosevelt inauguration 1932.jpg|right|thumb|President and Mrs. Roosevelt on Inauguration Day, 1933. The NRA, as part of the NIRA, would be enacted in the First Hundred Days.]]As part of the "First New Deal", the NRA was based on the idea that the [[Great Depression]] was caused by market instability and that government intervention was necessary to balance the interests of farmers, business and labor. The NIRA, which created the NRA, declared that codes of fair competition should be developed through public hearings, and gave the Administration the power to develop voluntary agreements with industries regarding work hours, pay rates, and price fixing.<ref>[http://www.bartleby.com/65/na/NatlReco.html National Recovery Administration. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-07<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>


==Club career==
The NRA was put into operation by an [[executive order]] after the passage of the NIRA.
At the age of just 17, Buffon made his Serie A debut for [[Parma A.C.]] in a 0-0 home draw against [[A.C. Milan]] on [[November 19]], [[1995]]. In his fourth season with the club, he won the [[UEFA Cup]]. He transferred from Parma to Juventus in 2001, for a world-record goalkeeper's fee of €52 million. In 2003, he received the UEFA ''Most Valuable Player'' and ''Best Goalkeeper'' awards, and was named by [[Pelé]] as one of the [[FIFA 100|top 125 greatest living footballers]] in March 2004. During the annual Luigi Berlusconi Trophy match against Milan in August 2005, Buffon collided with Milan midfielder [[Kaká]] while chasing a loose ball, and suffered a dislocated shoulder that required surgery. His operation was successful and he returned to the pitch in November, but played only once as another injury returned him to the sidelines until January. He recovered in time to help lead Juventus to their second consecutive ''Scudetto'' and his fourth overall with the club.
On May 12, 2006, Buffon, along with former Juventus goalkeeper [[Antonio Chimenti]] and many other players, were implicated as participants in illegal betting on Serie A matches while with Parma. The following day, he voluntarily allowed himself to be questioned by Turin magistrates in an attempt to clear his name. While admitting that he did bet on sports (until regulations went into effect in late 2005, banning players from doing so), he vehemently denied placing wagers on Italian football matches. Fears arose that he had jeopardized his chance of playing in the [[2006 FIFA World Cup]], but he was officially named Italy's starting goalkeeper on May 15. The players were cleared of all charges by the [[FIGC]] on June 27, 2007. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://mastertwg.sbs.com.au/italy/index.php?pid=st&cid=90834|title= Kalac in the clear|publisher=The World Game|accessdate=2007-12-25}}</ref>


Juventus were relegated to [[Serie B]] on July 14, 2006, and deducted thirty points as part of the verdict of the Italian [[Calciopoli|match-fixing scandal]]; the deduction was later reduced to 17 and then to 9 under appeal, but their last two ''Scudetti'' were erased from the record books. Rumors about a transfer for Buffon subsequently spread, and many teams became interested in his services.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,2093-2272166,00.html |title=Liverpool set for raid on Juve|publisher=''The Sunday Times| accessdate=2006-07-16}}</ref> However, no deals ever materialized as Buffon elected to remain with Juventus; his agent said, ''"[[Serie B]] is a division he has never won and he wants to try to do this."'' [[A.C. Milan]] vice-president [[Adriano Galliani]] stated in April 2007 that Buffon's decision to stay proved a catalyst in re-signing incumbent [[Nelson de Jesus Silva|Dida]]<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.acmilan-online.com/archive/arc3-2007.php |title=Galliani reveals transfer secrets |publisher=Football Italia |accessdate=2007-12-25 }}</ref>, though Buffon later denied having ever been contacted by Milan.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.goal.com/en/Articolo.aspx?ContenutoId=516897 |title=Staying At Juve Was The Best Choice, Says Buffon |publisher=Goal.com |accessdate=2007-12-25 }}</ref>
New Dealers whose government service dated back to the [[Woodrow Wilson]] Administration may have been influenced by their past efforts to mobilize the economy for [[World War I]]. They brought ideas and experience from the government controls and spending of 1917-18. Indeed, part of their beliefs was to duplicate the war-time collectivist drive during peace-time.


After Juventus won the ''[[Serie B|Cadetti]]'' and were promoted back into the top flight, Buffon signed a contract extension that will keep him at the club until 2012.<sup>[http://home.skysports.com/list.aspx?hlid=470792&CPID=21&clid=128&lid=2&title=Buffon+pledges+future+to+Juve]</sup>
In his June 16, 1933 "Statement on the National Industrial Recovery Act," President Roosevelt described the spirit of the NRA: "On this idea, the first part of the [[NIRA]] proposes to our industry a great spontaneous cooperation to put millions of men back in their regular jobs this summer."<ref>[http://www.fdrlibrary.marist.edu/odnirast.html Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum - Our Documents<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> He further stated, "But if all employers in each trade now band themselves faithfully in these modern guilds--without exception-and agree to act together and at once, none will be hurt and millions of workers, so long deprived of the right to earn their bread in the sweat of their labor, can raise their heads again. The challenge of this law is whether we can sink selfish interest and present a solid front against a common peril."<ref>[http://www.fdrlibrary.marist.edu/odnirast.html Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum - Our Documents<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Josh


On September 21, 2007, ''Football Italia'' reported that Buffon nearly signed with [[A.S. Roma]] in 2001 following his departure from Parma, but team president [[Franco Sensi]] instead opted for [[Atalanta B.C.]] keeper [[Ivan Pelizzoli]], who averaged less than fifteen appearances in five seasons with Roma. Buffon also claimed that he wouldn't have signed with Roma had he left Juventus in 2006. ''“That was never a possibility really...I don’t think that Roma had the finances to make an investment of such a nature.”''<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.channel4.com/sport/football_italia/sep21l.html|title=Roma nearly signed Buffon|publisher=Football Italia|accessdate=2007-12-25}}</ref>.
==Inception==
[[Image:1933.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Director Hugh S. Johnson on the cover of [[Time Magazine]] in 1933.]][[Image:NRA film 1934.JPG|thumb|right|200px|The film industry supported the NRA.]]The first director of the NRA was [[Hugh Samuel Johnson|Hugh S. Johnson]], a retired [[Brigadier General]] of the [[United States Army]] and a successful businessman. He was named [[Time Magazine]]'s [[Man of the Year]] in 1933. Johnson saw the NRA as a national crusade designed to restore employment and regenerate industry.


== International career ==
Johnson called on every business establishment in the nation to accept a stopgap "blanket code": a minimum wage of between 20 and 45 cents per hour, a maximum workweek of 35 to 45 hours, and the abolition of [[child labor]]. Johnson and Roosevelt contended that the "blanket code" would raise consumer purchasing power and increase employment.
Buffon was awarded his first cap for [[Italian national football team|Italy]] at the age of nineteen, as an injury replacement for [[Gianluca Pagliuca]] during a [[1998 FIFA World Cup]] play-off against [[Russia national football team|Russia]]. He was called up for the 1998 World Cup finals, but did not play a single game as Pagliuca remained first choice. He was a member of the Italy squad at the [[1996 Summer Olympics]], the [[2002 FIFA World Cup|2002 World Cup]] and [[2004 European Football Championship|Euro 2004]]. He was also the first choice goalkeeper for Italy at the [[2000 European Football Championship|Euro 2000]], but broke his hand in a friendly match against Norway just eight days before the tournament started, and had his starting place taken by [[Francesco Toldo]].


He kept five clean sheets in addition to a 453-minute scoreless streak during the 2006 World Cup finals; the only goals conceded were an own goal from teammate [[Cristian Zaccardo]] against the [[USA national soccer team|United States]], and a [[Zinedine Zidane]] penalty in the final against [[France national football team|France]], which ended 1-1 in extra time and led to a penalty shootout in which neither Buffon nor [[Fabien Barthez]] could make a save. The lone miss was [[David Trezeguet]]'s effort that clanged off the bottom of the crossbar and failed to cross the line, which enabled Italy to emerge victorious. Buffon received the [[FIFA World Cup awards#Yashin Award|Yashin Award]] for his accomplishments throughout the competition.
To mobilize political support for the NRA, Johnson launched the "NRA [[Blue Eagle]]" publicity campaign to boost his bargaining strength to negotiate the codes with business and labor.


Buffon was named Italy captain for [[UEFA Euro 2008|Euro 2008]] after incumbent [[Fabio Cannavaro]] was ruled out of the competition due to injury. In the second game of the [[UEFA Euro 2008 Group C|group stage]] against [[Romania national football team|Romania]] on June 13, he saved a penalty from [[Adrian Mutu]] in the 81st minute as the match ended 1-1. Italy were eliminated in the quarterfinals nine days later after a 4-2 penalty shootout loss to [[Spain national football team|Spain]] in which Buffon made one save.
Historian Clarence B. Carson noted:
<blockquote>
At this remove in time from the early days of the New Deal, it is difficult to recapture, even in imagination, the heady enthusiasm among a goodly number of intellectuals for a government [[planned economy]]. So far as can now be told, they believed that a bright new day was dawning, that national planning would result in an organically integrated economy in which everyone would joyfully work for the common good, and that American society would be freed at last from those antagonisms arising, as General Hugh Johnson put it, from “the murderous doctrine of savage and wolfish individualism, looking to dog-eat-dog and devil take the hindmost."<ref>Carson, Clarence B. [http://www.libertyhaven.com/theoreticalorphilosophicalissues/economichistory/relicsdeal.shtml ''The Relics of Intervention'' part 4. ''New Deal Collective Planning'']</ref>
</blockquote>


==Career statistics==
Roosevelt replaced Johnson in September 1934, reassigning him to a [[Works Progress Administration]] position.
{{Football player statistics 1|NY}}
{{Football player statistics 2|ITA|NY}}
|-
|[[Serie A 1995-96|1995-96]]||rowspan="6"|[[Parma F.C.|Parma]]||rowspan="6"|[[Serie A]]||9||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||9||0
|-
|[[Serie A 1996-97|1996-97]]||27||0||colspan="2"|-||1||0||28||0
|-
|[[Serie A 1997-98|1997-98]]||32||0||6||0||8||0||46||0
|-
|[[Serie A 1998-99|1998-99]]||34||0||6||0||11||0||51||0
|-
|[[Serie A 1999-00|1999-00]]||32||0||0||0||9||0||41||0
|-
|[[Serie A 2000-01|2000-01]]||34||0||2||0||7||0||43||0
|-
|[[Serie A 2001-02|2001-02]]||rowspan="8"|[[Juventus F.C.|Juventus]]||rowspan="5"|[[Serie A]]||34||0||1||0||10||0||45||0
|-
|[[Serie A 2002-03|2002-03]]||32||0||0||0||15||0||47||0
|-
|[[Serie A 2003-04|2003-04]]||32||0||0||0||6||0||38||0
|-
|[[Serie A 2004-05|2004-05]]||37||0||0||0||11||0||48||0
|-
|[[Serie A 2005-06|2005-06]]||18||0||2||0||4||0||24||0
|-
|[[Serie B 2006-07|2006-07]]||[[Serie B]]||37||0||3||0||colspan="2"|-||40||0
|-
|[[Serie A 2007-08|2007-08]]||[[Serie A]]||34||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||35||0
|-
|[[Serie A 2008-09|2008-09]]||[[Serie A]]||2||0||0||0||3||0||5||0
|-
{{Football player statistics 3|1|Juventus}}226||0||7||0||53||0||286||0
{{Football player statistics 5}}396||0||22||0||89||0||507||0
|}


===New Chairman===
==Honours==
===Club===
In early 1935 the new chairman, [[Samuel Williams]] announced that the NRA would stop setting prices, but businessmen complained. Chairman Williams told them plainly that, unless they could prove it would damage business, NRA was going to put an end to price control. Williams said, "Greater productivity and employment would result if greater price flexibility were attained."{{Fact|date=February 2008}} Of the 2,000 businessmen on hand probably 90% opposed Mr. Williams' aim, reported ''Time'' magazine: "To them a guaranteed price for their products looks like a royal road to profits. A fixed price above cost has proved a lifesaver to more than one inefficient producer."{{Fact|date=February 2008}}


The business position was summarized by George A. Sloan, head of the Cotton Textile Code Authority: <blockquote>"Maximum hours and minimum wage provisions, useful and necessary as they are in themselves, do not prevent price demoralization. While putting the units of an industry on a fair competitive level insofar as labor costs are concerned, they do not prevent destructive price cutting in the sale of commodities produced, any more than a fixed price of material or other element of cost would prevent it. Destructive competition at the expense of employees is lessened, but it is left in full swing against the employer himself and the economic soundness of his enterprise....But if the partnership of industry with Government which was invoked by the President were terminated (as we believe it will not be), then the spirit of cooperation, which is one of the best fruits of the NRA equipment, could not survive.<ref> "Dollar Men & Prices" ''Time'' (Jan 21, 1935) [http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,787937,00.html online] </ref></blockquote>


==The NRA in practice==
==== Juventus ====
*[[Serie A]]: [[Serie A 2001-02|2001-02]], [[Serie A 2002-03|2002-03]] [[Serie A 2004-05|2004-05]], [[Serie A 2005-06|2005-06]]
[[Image:US Manufacturing Employment Graph - 1920 to 1940.svg|thumb|400px|Chart 3: Manufacturing employment in the United States from 1920 to 1940]]The NRA negotiated specific sets of codes with leaders of the nation's major industries; the most important provisions were anti-deflationary floors below which no company would lower prices or wages, and agreements on maintaining employment and production. In a remarkably short time, the NRA won agreements from almost every major industry in the nation. Six months after the NRA went into effect, industrial production dropped twenty-five percent. According to some economists, the NRA increased the cost of doing business by forty percent.<ref name="Reed">Reed, Lawrence W. [http://www.mackinac.org/archives/1998/sp1998-01.pdf ''Great Myths of the Great Depression''] Mackinac Center for Public Policy.</ref> Donald Richberg, who soon replaced Johnson as the head of the NRA said:
*[[Coppa Italia]]
<blockquote>
**Runner-up: [[Coppa Italia 2001-02|2002]], [[Coppa Italia 2003-04|2004]]
There is no choice presented to American business between intelligently planned and uncontrolled industrial operations and a return to the gold-plated anarchy that masqueraded as "rugged individualism."...Unless industry is sufficiently socialized by its private owners and managers so that great essential industries are operated under public obligation appropriate to the public interest in them, the advance of political control over private industry is inevitable.<ref>Arthur Meier
*[[Supercoppa Italiana]]: 2002, 2003
Schlesinger, Jr. The Coming of the New Deal, Houghton Mifflin Books (2003), p. 115</ref>
**Runner-up: 2005
</blockquote>
*[[UEFA Champions League]]
**Runner-up: [[UEFA Champions League 2002-03|2003]]
*[[Serie B]]: [[Serie B 2006-07|2006-07]]


=== International ===
By the time it ended in May 1935, industrial production was 22% higher than in May 1933. On [[May 27]] [[1935]], the NRA was found to be unconstitutional by a unanimous decision of the U.S. Supreme Court in the case of ''[[Schechter v. United States]]''. On that same day, the Court unanimously struck down the Frazier-Lemke Act portion of the New Deal as unconstitutional. Some libertarians such as [[Richard Ebeling]] see these and other rulings striking down portions of the New Deal as preventing the U.S. economic system from becoming a [[planned economy]] corporate state.<ref> [http://64.233.161.104/search?q=cache:fHF_o54pFCEJ:www.fee.org/pdf/the-freeman/1005RME "When the Supreme Court Stopped Economic Fascism in America"]. By Richard Ebeling, president of [[Foundation for Economic Education]]. Oct. 2005.</ref> Governor [[Huey Long]] of [[Louisiana]] said, "I raise my hand in reverence to the Surpreme Court that saved this nation from [[fascism]]."<ref>Arthur Meier Schlesinger, Jr. The Politics of Upheaval: 1935-1936, the Age of Roosevelt, Volume III, Houghton Mifflin Books, page 284</ref>
*[[UEFA Under-21 European Championship]]: [[1996 UEFA European Under-21 Football Championship|1996]]
*[[FIFA World Cup]]: [[2006 FIFA World Cup|2006]]


=== Personal ===
Employment in private sector factories recovered to the level of the late 1920s by 1937 but did not grow much bigger until the war came and manufacturing employment leaped from 11 million in 1940 to 18 million in 1943.
*[[FIFA 100]]
*[[FIFA World Cup awards#Yashin Award|Yashin Award]]: 2006
*[[2006 FIFA World Cup]] [[2006 FIFA World Cup#All star team|All-Star Team]]
*[[UEFA Euro 2008]] [[UEFA Euro 2008#Awards|Team of the Tournament]]
*[[European Footballer of the Year]] (Silver Ball): 2006
*[[Serie A Goalkeeper of the Year]]: 1999, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2005, 2006
**Runner-up: 1997, 1998
*[[Bravo Award]]: 1999
*[[UEFA Champions League Most Valuable Player]]: 2003
*[[UEFA Club Football Awards]] Best Goalkeeper: 2003
*[[IFFHS World's best goalkeeper|IFFHS Best Goalkeeper]]: 2003, 2004, 2006, 2007
*[[FIFPro|FIFPro Goalkeeper of the Year]]: 2006, 2007
*[[Onze d'Or]] (Best Goalkeeper): 2003, 2006
*[[UEFA Team of the Year]]: 2003, 2004, 2006


== References ==
About 23,000,000 people worked under the NRA fair code. However, violations of codes became common and attempts were made to use the courts to enforce the NRA. The NRA included a multitude of regulations imposing the pricing and production standards for all sorts of goods and services. Individuals were arrested for not complying with these codes. For example, a man named Jack Magid was jailed for violating the "Tailor's Code" by pressing a suit for 35 rather than NRA required 40 cents. Roosevelt supporter-turned-critic [[John T. Flynn]], in ''The Roosevelt Myth'' (1944), wrote: {{Cquote|''The NRA was discovering it could not enforce its rules. Black markets grew up. Only the most violent police methods could procure enforcement. In Sidney Hillman’s garment industry the code authority employed enforcement police. They roamed through the garment district like storm troopers. They could enter a man’s factory, send him out, line up his employees, subject them to minute interrogation, take over his books on the instant. Night work was forbidden. Flying squadrons of these private coat-and-suit police went through the district at night, battering down doors with axes looking for men who were committing the crime of sewing together a pair of pants at night. But without these harsh methods many code authorities said there could be no compliance because the public was not back of it.''}}
{{Reflist}}


== External links ==
The NRA was famous for its bureaucracy. Journalist Raymond Clapper reported that between 4,000 and 5,000 business practices were prohibited by NRA orders that carried the force of law, which were contained in some 3,000 administrative orders running to over 10,000 pages, and supplemented by what Clapper said were "innumerable opinions and directions from national, regional and code boards interpreting and enforcing provisions of the act." There were also "the rules of the code authorities, themselves, each having the force of law and affecting the lives and conduct of millions of persons." Clapper concluded: "It requires no imagination to appreciate the difficulty the business man has in keeping informed of these codes, supplemental codes, code amendments, executive orders, administrative orders, office orders, interpretations, rules, regulations and [[obiter dicta]]."<ref>Claper in ''Washington Post,'' Dec. 4, 1934, quoted in Best, 79-80 (1991).</ref>
{{wikiquote}}
* [http://www.gianluigibuffon.it Official Website]
* [http://www.cabinetmagazine.org/issues/19/deball.php An interview with Buffon]
* [http://www.footballdatabase.com/site/players/index.php?dumpPlayer=40 FootballDatabase profile and career stats]


{{Navboxes
==Judicial review==
|title=Gianluigi Buffon - Navigation boxes and awards
In 1935, in the court case of ''[[Schecter Poultry Corp. v. US]]'' [[Case citation|295 U.S. 495]] (1935), the Supreme Court declared the NRA as unconstitutional because it gave the President too much power. Also in the 1930's, the [[Agricultural Adjustment Act]] (AAA) suffered a similar fate, as it too was declared unconstitutional.<ref> [http://www.supremecourthistory.org/02_history/subs_history/02_c11.html The Supreme Court Historical Society.]</ref> Chief Justice [[Charles Evans Hughes]] wrote for a unanimous Court in invalidating the industrial "codes of fair competition" which the NIRA enabled the President to issue. The Court held that the codes violated the [[United States Constitution]]'s [[separation of powers]] as an impermissible delegation of legislative power to the executive branch. The Court also held that the NIRA provisions were in excess of congressional power under the [[Commerce Clause]].
|list1=
{{Italy Squad 1998 World Cup}}
{{Italy Squad 2002 World Cup}}
{{Italy Squad 2004 UEFA Euro}}
{{Italy Squad 2006 World Cup}}
{{Italy Squad 2008 Euro Cup}}
{{Juventus Squad}}
{{IFFHS World's Best Goalkeeper}}
{{start box}}
{{s-ach}}
{{succession box|
before={{flagicon|ITA}} [[Angelo Peruzzi]]||
title=[[Serie A Goalkeeper of the Year]]||
years=1999|
after={{flagicon|ITA}} [[Francesco Toldo]]||
}}
{{succession box|
before={{flagicon|ITA}} [[Francesco Toldo]]||
title=[[Serie A Goalkeeper of the Year]]||
years=2001-2003|
after={{flagicon|BRA}} [[Dida (goalkeeper)|Dida]]||
}}
{{succession box|
before={{flagicon|GER}} [[Oliver Kahn]]||
title=[[IFFHS World's Best Goalkeeper]]|
years=2003 &ndash; 2004|
after={{flagicon|CZE}} [[Petr Čech]]||
}}
{{succession box|
before={{flagicon|GER}} [[Oliver Kahn]]|
title=[[Best European Goalkeeper|UEFA Goalkeeper of the Year]]|
years=2003|
after={{flagicon|POR}} [[Vitor Baia]]||
}}
{{succession box|
before={{flagicon|FRA}} [[Zinedine Zidane]]|
title=[[UEFA Champions League Most Valuable Player|UEFA Footballer of the Year]]|
years=2003|
after={{flagicon|POR}} [[Deco]]||
}}
{{succession box|title=[[FIFA World Cup awards#Yashin Award|Yashin Award]]|before={{flagicon|GER}} [[Oliver Kahn]] |after=Incumbent|years=2006}}
{{succession box|
before={{flagicon|CZE}} [[Petr Čech]]||
title=[[IFFHS World's Best Goalkeeper]]|
years=2006 & 2007|
after=Incumbent||
}}
{{end box}}
}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Buffon, Gianluigi}}
The Court distinguished between direct effects on interstate commerce, which Congress could lawfully regulate, and indirect, which were purely matters of state law. Though the raising and sale of poultry was an interstate industry, the Court found that the "stream of interstate commerce" had stopped in this case--Schechter's slaughterhouses bought chickens only from intrastate wholesalers and sold to intrastate buyers. Any interstate effect of Schechter was indirect, and therefore beyond federal reach.
[[Category:Italian footballers]]
[[Category:Italy international footballers]]
[[Category:Italy under-21 international footballers]]
[[Category:Parma F.C. players]]
[[Category:Juventus F.C. players]]
[[Category:FIFA 100]]
[[Category:Olympic footballers of Italy]]
[[Category:Footballers at the 1996 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:UEFA Euro 2004 players]]
[[Category:UEFA Euro 2008 players]]
[[Category:1998 FIFA World Cup players]]
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[[Category:2006 FIFA World Cup players]]
[[Category:Football (soccer) goalkeepers]]
[[Category:Serie A players]]
[[Category:FIFA World Cup-winning players]]
[[Category:People from Carrara]]
[[Category:1978 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]


[[ar:جانلويجي بوفون]]
Specifically, the Court invalidated regulations of the poultry industry promulgated under the authority of the National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933, including [[price fixing|price]] and [[wage fixing]], as well as requirements regarding a whole shipment of chickens, including unhealthy ones, which has led to the case becoming known as "the sick chicken case." The ruling was one of a series which overturned elements of President [[Franklin Delano Roosevelt|Franklin D. Roosevelt]]'s [[New Deal]] legislation between January 1935 and January 1936, and which ultimately caused Roosevelt to attempt to [[Judiciary Reorganization Bill of 1937|pack the Court]] with judges that were in favor of the New Deal.
[[bn:জিয়ানলুইজি বুফঁ]]

[[be:Буфон Джанлуіджы]]
Subsequent to the decision, the NRA quickly stopped operations, but many of the labor provisions reappeared in the [[Wagner Act]] of 1935.
[[bg:Джанлуиджи Буфон]]

[[ca:Gianluigi Buffon]]
==Notes==
[[cs:Gianluigi Buffon]]
<references />
[[da:Gianluigi Buffon]]

[[de:Gianluigi Buffon]]
==Satire==
[[et:Gianluigi Buffon]]
*Humorist [[Richard Armour (poet)|Richard Armour]], who was in his late twenties when the NRA began, stated in his mock American history book, ''It All Started with Columbus'', that the primary goal of the NRA was "to save the rare Blue Eagle."
[[es:Gianluigi Buffon]]

[[eo:Gianluigi Buffon]]
==External links==
[[fr:Gianluigi Buffon]]
* [http://www.archive.org/details/National1933 1933 Promotional Video for National Recovery Administration]
[[ko:잔루이지 부폰]]
* [http://eh.net/encyclopedia/article/alexander.nra Article on the NRA from EH.NET's Encyclopedia]
[[hr:Gianluigi Buffon]]
* [http://64.233.161.104/search?q=cache:fHF_o54pFCEJ:www.fee.org/pdf/the-freeman/1005RMEColumn.pdf ''When the Supreme Court Stopped Economic Fascism in America''] by [[Richard Ebeling]]
[[id:Gianluigi Buffon]]
* [[Jimmy Durante]] [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WJTxhz2dBCk singing a promotion for the NRA]
[[it:Gianluigi Buffon]]

[[he:ג'אנלואיג'י בופון]]
==References==
[[ka:ჯანლუიჯი ბუფონი]]
* Best; Gary Dean. ''Pride, Prejudice, and Politics: Roosevelt Versus Recovery, 1933-1938.'' Praeger Publishers. 1991
[[lv:Džanluidži Bufons]]
* Hawley, Ellis W. ''The New Deal and the Problem of Monopoly'' Princeton UP (1968)
[[lt:Gianluigi Buffon]]
* Johnson; Hugh S. ''The Blue Eagle, from Egg to Earth'' 1935, memoir by NRA director
[[hu:Gianluigi Buffon]]
* Lyon, Leverett S., Paul T. Homan, Lewis L. Lorwin, George Terborgh, Charles L. Dearing, Leon Marshall C.; ''The National Recovery Administration: An Analysis and Appraisal'' The Brookings Institution, 1935 .
[[nl:Gianluigi Buffon]]
*Ohl, John Kennedy. ''Hugh S. Johnson and the New Deal'' (1985), academic biography.
[[ja:ジャンルイジ・ブッフォン]]
* Schlesinger, Arthur Meier. ''The Coming of the New Deal'' (1958) pp 87-176 [http://image.ulib.org/cgi-bin/handlers/handle8?call=15522.20704 online version]
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{{New Deal}}
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[[Category:1933 establishments]]
[[ru:Буффон, Джанлуиджи]]
[[Category:1935 disestablishments]]
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[[Category:National Recovery Administration| ]]
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[[de:National Recovery Administration]]
[[sr:Ђанлуиђи Буфон]]
[[fr:National Recovery Administration]]
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[[th:จานลุยจี บุฟฟอน]]
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[[zh:詹路易吉·布冯]]

Revision as of 20:52, 11 October 2008

This article is about the Italian goalkeeper. For other uses, see Buffon (disambiguation).
Gianluigi Buffon
Personal information
Full name Gianluigi Buffon
Height 1.91 m (6 ft 3 in)
Position(s) Goalkeeper
Team information
Current team
 Juventus
Number 1
‡ National team caps and goals, correct as of September 17 2008

Gianluigi "Gigi" Buffon, Cavaliere OMRI[1][2] is an Italian FIFA World Cup-winning goalkeeper who currently plays for Italian Serie A club Juventus F.C. and the Italian national team. He and Peter Schmeichel share the number-one spot on the IFFHS' list of the world's best goalkeepers of the past twenty years, which was released on January 15, 2008.[3]

Early life and family

Gianluigi Buffon was born into a sporting family. His mother, Maria Stella, was a discus thrower, his father, Adriano, a weightlifter, his two sisters Veronica and Guendalina played volleyball and his uncle, Angelo Masocco, played basketball. He is also a nephew of goalkeeping legend Lorenzo Buffon (a cousin of Gianluigi's grandfather). Buffon is engaged to Czech model Alena Šeredova. Šeredova gave birth to son Louis Thomas on December 28 2007. [4]

Club career

At the age of just 17, Buffon made his Serie A debut for Parma A.C. in a 0-0 home draw against A.C. Milan on November 19, 1995. In his fourth season with the club, he won the UEFA Cup. He transferred from Parma to Juventus in 2001, for a world-record goalkeeper's fee of €52 million. In 2003, he received the UEFA Most Valuable Player and Best Goalkeeper awards, and was named by Pelé as one of the top 125 greatest living footballers in March 2004. During the annual Luigi Berlusconi Trophy match against Milan in August 2005, Buffon collided with Milan midfielder Kaká while chasing a loose ball, and suffered a dislocated shoulder that required surgery. His operation was successful and he returned to the pitch in November, but played only once as another injury returned him to the sidelines until January. He recovered in time to help lead Juventus to their second consecutive Scudetto and his fourth overall with the club. 

On May 12, 2006, Buffon, along with former Juventus goalkeeper Antonio Chimenti and many other players, were implicated as participants in illegal betting on Serie A matches while with Parma. The following day, he voluntarily allowed himself to be questioned by Turin magistrates in an attempt to clear his name. While admitting that he did bet on sports (until regulations went into effect in late 2005, banning players from doing so), he vehemently denied placing wagers on Italian football matches. Fears arose that he had jeopardized his chance of playing in the 2006 FIFA World Cup, but he was officially named Italy's starting goalkeeper on May 15. The players were cleared of all charges by the FIGC on June 27, 2007. [5]

Juventus were relegated to Serie B on July 14, 2006, and deducted thirty points as part of the verdict of the Italian match-fixing scandal; the deduction was later reduced to 17 and then to 9 under appeal, but their last two Scudetti were erased from the record books. Rumors about a transfer for Buffon subsequently spread, and many teams became interested in his services.[6] However, no deals ever materialized as Buffon elected to remain with Juventus; his agent said, "Serie B is a division he has never won and he wants to try to do this." A.C. Milan vice-president Adriano Galliani stated in April 2007 that Buffon's decision to stay proved a catalyst in re-signing incumbent Dida[7], though Buffon later denied having ever been contacted by Milan.[8]

After Juventus won the Cadetti and were promoted back into the top flight, Buffon signed a contract extension that will keep him at the club until 2012.[1]

On September 21, 2007, Football Italia reported that Buffon nearly signed with A.S. Roma in 2001 following his departure from Parma, but team president Franco Sensi instead opted for Atalanta B.C. keeper Ivan Pelizzoli, who averaged less than fifteen appearances in five seasons with Roma. Buffon also claimed that he wouldn't have signed with Roma had he left Juventus in 2006. “That was never a possibility really...I don’t think that Roma had the finances to make an investment of such a nature.”[9].

International career

Buffon was awarded his first cap for Italy at the age of nineteen, as an injury replacement for Gianluca Pagliuca during a 1998 FIFA World Cup play-off against Russia. He was called up for the 1998 World Cup finals, but did not play a single game as Pagliuca remained first choice. He was a member of the Italy squad at the 1996 Summer Olympics, the 2002 World Cup and Euro 2004. He was also the first choice goalkeeper for Italy at the Euro 2000, but broke his hand in a friendly match against Norway just eight days before the tournament started, and had his starting place taken by Francesco Toldo.

He kept five clean sheets in addition to a 453-minute scoreless streak during the 2006 World Cup finals; the only goals conceded were an own goal from teammate Cristian Zaccardo against the United States, and a Zinedine Zidane penalty in the final against France, which ended 1-1 in extra time and led to a penalty shootout in which neither Buffon nor Fabien Barthez could make a save. The lone miss was David Trezeguet's effort that clanged off the bottom of the crossbar and failed to cross the line, which enabled Italy to emerge victorious. Buffon received the Yashin Award for his accomplishments throughout the competition.

Buffon was named Italy captain for Euro 2008 after incumbent Fabio Cannavaro was ruled out of the competition due to injury. In the second game of the group stage against Romania on June 13, he saved a penalty from Adrian Mutu in the 81st minute as the match ended 1-1. Italy were eliminated in the quarterfinals nine days later after a 4-2 penalty shootout loss to Spain in which Buffon made one save.

Career statistics

Template:Football player statistics 1 Template:Football player statistics 2 |- |1995-96||rowspan="6"|Parma||rowspan="6"|Serie A||9||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||9||0 |- |1996-97||27||0||colspan="2"|-||1||0||28||0 |- |1997-98||32||0||6||0||8||0||46||0 |- |1998-99||34||0||6||0||11||0||51||0 |- |1999-00||32||0||0||0||9||0||41||0 |- |2000-01||34||0||2||0||7||0||43||0 |- |2001-02||rowspan="8"|Juventus||rowspan="5"|Serie A||34||0||1||0||10||0||45||0 |- |2002-03||32||0||0||0||15||0||47||0 |- |2003-04||32||0||0||0||6||0||38||0 |- |2004-05||37||0||0||0||11||0||48||0 |- |2005-06||18||0||2||0||4||0||24||0 |- |2006-07||Serie B||37||0||3||0||colspan="2"|-||40||0 |- |2007-08||Serie A||34||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||35||0 |- |2008-09||Serie A||2||0||0||0||3||0||5||0 |- Template:Football player statistics 3226||0||7||0||53||0||286||0 Template:Football player statistics 5396||0||22||0||89||0||507||0 |}

Honours

Club

Juventus

International

Personal

References

  1. ^ FIFA.com
  2. ^ AscotSportal.com
  3. ^ Channel4.com
  4. ^ Goal.com - Juventus - Buffon Becomes A Father
  5. ^ "Kalac in the clear". The World Game. Retrieved 2007-12-25.
  6. ^ "Liverpool set for raid on Juve". The Sunday Times. Retrieved 2006-07-16. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  7. ^ "Galliani reveals transfer secrets". Football Italia. Retrieved 2007-12-25.
  8. ^ "Staying At Juve Was The Best Choice, Says Buffon". Goal.com. Retrieved 2007-12-25.
  9. ^ "Roma nearly signed Buffon". Football Italia. Retrieved 2007-12-25.

External links

Wikiquote has quotations related to Gianluigi Buffon.
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