Predatory plants

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Predatory plants
Common adder head (Echium vulgare), flower

Common adder head ( Echium vulgare ), flower

Systematics
Eudicotyledons
Nuclear eudicotyledons
Asterids
Euasterids I
Order : Leaf-like
Family : Predatory plants
Scientific name of the  order
Boraginales
Yuss. ex Bercht. & J. Presl
Scientific name of the  family
Boraginaceae
Yuss.

The Boraginaceae or borage plants (Boraginaceae) are a family of angiosperms (Magnoliopsida). The Boraginaceae s. l. contains 148 to 156 genera with about 2740 species and is represented worldwide from the temperate latitudes to the tropics .

description

Appearance and leaves

They are annual to perennial herbaceous plants , shrubs , trees or, rarely, lianas . The name Raublattgewächse indicates the characteristic hairiness of the leaves and stems that many of the Central European species have. The mostly alternate leaves are simple and have entire margins.

Throat scales and stamens
Common comfrey

Inflorescence, flowers and fruits

The central European species generally have a inflorescence in the form of a double roll, which together with the hair a relatively good determination of the Central European species of this family allowed.

The flowers are hermaphroditic and usually radial symmetry and usually five-fold. In Echium , however, the flowers are slightly zygomorphic . The sepals (sepals) are at the base and the petals (petals) are completely fused together and form tubular or salver-shaped flowers. Often the petals are turned inwards to form so-called pharyngeal scales, which close or at least narrow the corolla tube. There is only one circle with mostly five fertile stamens (pentacyclic flower). The stamens are fused with the petals and usually set on half the length of the petals. The two (rarely four to five) carpels form the upper ovary ; it is divided into four bays by false partitions.

Klaus fruit of ordinary dog tongue ( Cynoglossum officinale )

The flower formula is:

The fruit is usually four single-seeded Klausen , which are developed like a nut. Stone fruits or capsule fruits are seldom formed.

Systematics

The family was set up in 1789 under the name "Borragineae" by Antoine Laurent de Jussieu in Genera Plantarum , page 128. Type genus is Borago L. Synonyms for Boraginaceae Juss. are: Anchusaceae Vest , Buglossaceae Hoffmanns. & Link nom. illeg., Cordiaceae R.Br. ex dum. , Ehretiaceae Mart. , Heliotropiaceae Schrad. , Hoplestigmataceae Gilg , Hydrophyllaceae R.Br. , Lennoaceae Solms , Onosmaceae Martinov. , Sebestenaceae Vent. nom. illegal., Wellstediaceae Novák .

External system

The Boraginaceae are the only family of the order Raublattartige (Boraginales) within the Euasteriden I .

Tribus Boragineae: Borage ( Borago officinalis )
Tribus Boragineae: Brown monk's herb ( Nonea pulla )
Tribus Boragineae: Nodular Comfrey ( Symphytum tuberosum )
Tribus Lithospermeae: Alkanna orientalis
Tribus Lithospermeae:
Blue-red stone seeds ( Buglossoides purpurocaerulea )
Tribus Lithospermeae: Large wax flower ( Cerinthe major )
Tribus Lithospermeae: Wild prets adder head ( Echium wildpretii )
Tribus Lithospermeae: Stone seed ( Lithospermum officinale )
Tribus Lithospermeae: Moltkia suffruticosa
Tribus Lithospermeae: Adderhead Lotwurz ( Onosma echioides )
Tribe Asperugeae: asperugo ( Asperugo procumbens )
Tribus Cynoglosseae: Cretan dog's tongue ( Cynoglossum creticum )
Tribe Cynoglosseae: Amsinckia intermedia
Tribe Cynoglosseae: Cryptantha confertiflora
Tribus Myosotideae: Forest forget-me-nots ( Myosotis sylvatica )
Tribus Omphalodeae: Myosotidium hortensia
Tribus Omphalodeae: spring umbilical nuts ( Omphalodes verna )
Tribus Rochelieae: Herald of Heaven ( Eritrichium nanum )
Tribus Rochelieae: Common hedgehog ( Lappula squarrosa )
Trichodesmeae tribe: Caccinia crassifolia

Internal system

The Boraginaceae family is divided into six subfamilies in 2009 and contains 148 to 156 genera with around 2740 species :

  • Subfamily Boraginoideae Arn. : In 2016 it contains only about 40 genera with only about 606 species. They are all herbaceous plants that are mainly native to the temperate areas of the northern hemisphere . A large number of the species in this subfamily change the color of the petals as they age (from pink to blue, or from yellow to pink and then blue, or from yellow to white). Many species of these subfamilies have the characteristic hairiness of leaves and stems:
    • Tribe Boragineae Bercht. & J.Presl (Syn .: Anchuseae DC. ): It has been divided into two sub-tribes since 2012 and contains around 17 genera with around 160 species:
      • Subertribus Boragininae G.Don (Syn .: Anchusinae Dumort. , Pulmonarinae Dumort. , Symphytinae D.Don ): It contains about 15 genera with about 140 species:
        • Ox tongues ( Anchusa L. , Syn .: Buglossum Mill. ): The 30 to 50 species are mainly found in the Mediterranean area, but also in the rest of Europe, in western Asia, in North and South Africa.
        • Anchusella Bigazzi , E. Nardi & Selvi : It was established in 1997 and only two species that occur in the central-eastern Mediterranean region.
        • Borage ( Borago L. , Syn .: Buglossites Moris ): It is divided into two subgenera and its five species occur in the southwestern Mediterranean region.
        • Brunnera Steven : The three to four species are distributed from western Asia over the Caucasus region to Siberia ; for example:
        • Cynoglottis (Guşul.) Vural & Kit Tan : Up to four species are common in Southeastern Europe and Turkey .
        • Gastrocotyle Bunge : The only two types are distributed from North Africa to the Indian subcontinent and western China.
        • Hormuzakia Gusul. : Up to three species are native to the Mediterranean.
        • Lycopsis L. (Syn .: Buglossa Gray , Echioides Fabr. , Oskampia Baill. Nom. Illeg. Non Oskampia Moench ): It contains, for example:
        • Melanortocarya Selvi, Bigazzi, Hilger & Papini : It was established in 2006.
        • Monk herbs ( Nonea Medik. , Syn .: Elizaldia Willk. , Massartina Maire , Nephrocarya P.Candargy ): The approximately 35 species in Central and South Eastern Europe and North Africa and eastward into southern Siberia , western China and the Himalayan region spread. Including:
        • Pentaglottis exchange (Syn .: Caryolopha Fisch. & Trautv. Nom. Illeg. Superfl.): It contains only one species:
        • Phyllocara Guşul. : It contains only one type:
        • Lung herbs ( Pulmonaria L. , Syn .: Bessera Schult. , Paraskevia W.Sauer & G.Sauer ): The approximately 14 to 20 species are common in Europe and Central Asia.
        • Comfrey ( Symphytum L. , Syn .: Procopiania Guşul. , × Procopiphytum Pawł. ): The 40 or so species are mainly found in Eurasia and North Africa.
        • Stomotechium clay. : It contains only one type:
        • Trachystemon D.Don (Syn .: Nordmannia Ledeb. Ex Nordm. , Psilostemon DC. ): It contains only one species:
          • Trachystemon orientalis ( L. ) G.Don (Syn .: Nordmannia cordifolia Ledeb. Ex Nordm. , Psilostemon orientalis (L.) DC. ): It is widespread in Southeastern Europe, Turkey and the Caucasus region.
      • Subertribus Moritziinae Weigend : It was set up in 2016 and contains only two categories:
    • Tribus Lithospermeae Dumort. (Syn .: Alkanninae Popov ex Riedl , Cerintheae Dumort. , Echieae Dumort. , Echiinae DC. , Moltkiopsidinae Riedl ): In 2016 it contains about 25 genera with only about 460 species left.
  • Subfamily Cynoglossoideae Weigend : It was set up in 2016 and contains about eight tribes:
    • Tribe Asperugeae Zakirov ex Ovczinnikova (Syn .: Asperuginae Riedl , Anoplocaryinae Ovczinnikova ): It was established in 2007 and contains four genera in 2016:
      • Anoplocaryum Ledeb. : It contains about five types.
      • Asperugo L .: It contains only one species:
        • Hogweed ( Asperugo procumbens L. ): It is widespread in Eurasia as well as in North Africa.
      • Memoremea Otero, Jim.-Mejías, Valcárcel & P.Vargas : It was drawn up in 2014 and contains only one species that was separated from Omphalodes :
        • Forest umbilicus , also umbilical nut or Gedenkemein ( Memoremea scorpioides (Haenke) Otero, Jim.-Mejías, Valcárcel & P.Vargas , Syn .: Cynoglossum scorpioides Haenke , Omphalodes scorpioides (Haenke) cabinet ): It occurs in Europe.
      • Blue of the valley ( Mertensia Roth nom. Cons., Syn .: Casselia Dumort. , Cerinthodes Kuntze , Hippoglossum Hartm. , Oreocharis Lindl. , Platynema Schrad. , Pneumaria Hill , Steenhammera Rchb. , Winkleria Rchb. ): The approximately 40 species are in Asia Widespread , Eastern and Northwestern Europe and North America; for example with:
    • Tribe Craniospermeae DC. ex Meisn. (Syn .: Craniosperminae DC. ): It contains only one genus:
      • Craniospermum clay. (Syn .: Diploloma Schrenk ): The six or so species are common in Central Asia.
    • Tribus Cynoglosseae WDJKoch (Syn .: Harpagonelleae Baill. , Cryptantheae Brand ): It is divided into four sub-tribes:
      • Subertribus Cynoglossinae Dumort. (Syn .: Rinderinae G.Don ): It contains only two genera:
        • Dog tongues ( Cynoglossum L. s. L., Syn .: Anchusopsis Bisch. , Bilegnum fire , Cerinthopsis Kotschy ex Paine , Crucicaryum fire , Cynoglossopsis fire , Cyphomattia Boiss. , Ivanjohnstonia Kazmi , Kuschakewiczia rule & M.Smirn. , Lindelofia clay. , Mattia Schult. , Mattiastrum (Boiss.) Brand , Paracaryum Boiss. , Paracynoglossum Popov , Pardoglossum Barbier & Mathez , Rindera Pall. , Solenanthus Ledeb. , Trachelanthus Kunze ): The approximately 75 species occur in temperate to subtropical areas worldwide.
        • Microparacaryum (Popov ex Riedl) Hilger & Podlech (Syn .: Brandella R.R.Mill )
      • Untertribus Bothriosperminae ( Riedl ): It contains about five genera:
        • Antiotrema Hand.-Mazz. (Syn .: Henryettana Brand ) It contains a type:
          • Antiotrema dunnianum ( Diels ) Hand .-- Mazz. : It thrives at altitudes of 1,600 to 2,500 meters in the southwestern Chinese provinces of Guangxi, Guizhou, Sichuan and Yunnan.
        • Bothriospermum Bunge : The fiveor sospecies are distributed from Afghanistan and Tajikistan east to Russia's Far East and south to Malesia .
        • Nihon Otero, Jim.-Mejías, Valcárcel & P.Vargas : It was established in 2014 and contains around four Japanese species thatwere spun offfrom Omphalodes .
        • Sinojohnstonia Hu
        • Thyrocarpus Hance : The three or so species occur in China and Vietnam.
      • Subertribus Microulinae Weigend : It was set up in 2016 and contains about three genera:
        • Adelocaryum Brand (Syn .: Paracaryopsis (Riedl) RRMill ) :: There are about four types.
        • Afrotysonia Rauschert (Syn .: Tysonia Bolus nom. Illeg. Non Tysonia Fontaine ): The three or so species are distributed in tropical eastern and southern Africa.
        • Microula Benth. (Syn .: Actinocarya Benth. , Glochidocaryum W.T.Wang , Metaeritrichium W.T.Wang , Schistocaryum Franch. , Tretocarya Maxim. ): The approximately 29 species occur in Bhutan , Nepal , Sikkim , China and northern India.
      • Untertribus Amsinckiinae Brand (Syn .: Harpagonelleae Baill. , Allocaryinae Grig. Ex Ovczinnikova ): In 2016 it contains about ten genera:
        • Adelinia J.I. Cohen : It was set up in 2015.
        • Andersonglossum J.I. Cohen : It was established in 2015.
        • Amsinckia clay. nom. cons .: The 20 or so species are common in the New World.
        • Cryptantha clay. ex G.Don (Syn .: Eremocarya Greene , Greeneocharis Gürke & Harms , Hemisphaerocarya Brand , Johnstonella Brand , Krynitzkia Fisch. & Mey. , Oreocarya Greene , Piptocalyx Torr. , Wheelerella G.B.Grant )
        • Dasynotus I.M.Johnst. : It contains only one type:
        • Harpagonella A. Gray
        • Nesocaryum I.M.Johnst.
        • Pectocarya DC. ex Meisn. (Syn .: Ctenospermum T. Post & Kuntze , Gruvelia A.DC. , Ktenospermum Lehm. ): The approximately 15 species occur in the USA, northwestern Mexico and South America.
        • Oncaglossum Sutorý
        • Plagiobothrys fish. & CAMey. (Syn .: Allocarya Greene , Allocaryastrum Brand , Echidiocarya A. Gray ex Benth. & Hook. F. , Echinoglochin Brand , Glyptocaryopsis Brand , Maccoya F. Muell. , Sonnea Greene )
    • Tribe Lasiocaryeae Weigend : It was established in 2016 and contains about three genera:
      • Chionocharis I.M.Johnst. : It contains only one species.
      • Lasiocaryum I.M.Johnst. (Syn .: Oreogenia I.M.Johnst. Nom. Illeg. Non Orogenia S.Watson , Setulocarya R.R. Mill & DGLong ): It contains only three species.
      • Microcaryum I.M.Johnst. : It contains only one species.
    • Tribe Myosotideae Rchb. f. (Syn .: Myosotidinae Kitt. , Pseudomertensiinae Riedl , Zoellerieae Gürke ):
      • Brachybotry's Maxim. ex Oliv. : It contains only one type:
      • Decalepidanthus Riedl (Syn .: Pseudomertensia Riedl , Scapicephalus Ovcz. & Czukav. ): It contains about seven species.
      • Forget-me-not ( Myosotis L. ) (Syn .: Echioides Moench nom. Illeg. Non Echioides Fabricius , Exarrhena R.Br. , Gymnomyosotis (A.DC.) ODNikif. , Scorpioides Gilib. , Strophiostoma Turcz. , Trigonocaryum Trautv. ): The 80 to 100 species are distributed in Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia and North America and with only one species in South America.
      • Omphalotrigonotis W.T.Wang : The only two species occur in China.
      • Trigonotis Steven (Syn .: Endogonia Lindl. , Havilandia Stapf , Pedinogyne Brand , Stephanocaryum Popov , Zoelleria Warb. ): The approximately 60 species are common in Eastern Europe and Asia.
    • Tribus Omphalodeae Weigend : It was established in 2016 and contains about six genera:
      • Gyrocaryum Valdés : It contains only one species:
      • Iberodes M.Serrano, R.Carbajal & S.Ortiz : It was set up in 2016. Originally it only occurs in Portugal, Spain and France.
      • Mimophytum Greenm. : The tenor sospecies occur from southern Texas to northeastern Mexico.
      • Umbilicus ( Omphalodes Mill. S. Str., Syn .: Picotia Roemer & Schultes nom. Superf., Cynoglossum sect. Omphalium Wallr. Nom. Illeg. Superfl., Omphalium (Wallr.) Roth , Picotia Roem. & Schult. , Umbilicaria Heist. Ex Fabr. ): The 20 to 30 species are common in North America, Mexico and western Eurasia, mainly in the Mediterranean area, for example:
      • Myosotidium Hook. : It contains only one type:
      • Selkirkia Hemsl. (Syn .: Mapuchea M.Serrano, R.Carbajal & S.Ortiz ): It contains four types; Selkirkia berteroi Hemsl. is endemic to the Juan Fernández Islands and three other species occur on mainland South America.
    • Tribe Rochelieae A.DC. (Syn .: Eritrichieae Gürke , Heterocaryeae Zakirov ex Ovczinnikova ): It is divided into two sub- tribes :
      • Untertribus Eritrichiinae Riedl (Syn .: Echinosperminae Ovczinnikova , Rocheliinae Riedl ): In 2016 it contains about five genera:
        • Eritrichium Schrad. ex Gaudin (Syn .: Amblynotus I.M.Johnst. , Sauria Bajtenov , Tianschaniella B.Fedtsch. ): The over 70 species have an original distribution mainly in Asia; some species also grow in Europe and North America. For example:
        • Hackelia Opiz (Syn: Austrocynoglossum Popov ex RRMill , Embadium J.M.Black ): The approximately 45 species are widespread in the temperate areas of the northern hemisphere and in Central and South America.
        • Hedgehog seeds ( Lappula Moench , Syn .: Cynoglossospermum Kuntze , Echinospermum Sw. Ex Lehm. , Omphalolappula Brand , Sclerocaryopsis Brand ): The approximately 76 species are common in temperate and subtropical areas of the northern hemisphere. Including:
        • Lepechiniella Popov : The 16 or so species are mainly found in Central Asia.
        • Rochelia Rchb. nom. cons. (Syn .: Cervia Rodr. Ex Lag. , Maccoya F. Muell. , Raclathris Raf. ): The 15 or so species are distributed from central to southwest Asia, Europe and Australia.
      • Untertribus Heterocaryinae Riedl : In 2016 it contains about two genera:
        • Heterocaryum A.DC. : The seven or so species are distributed from central to south-western Asia.
        • Suchtelenia Kar. Ex Meisn. : It contains only one type:
    • Trichodesmeae Zakirov ex Riedl : It contains about two genera:
      • Caccinia Savi (Syn .: Anisanthera Raf. ): The six or so species are common in southwest and central Asia.
      • Trichodesma R.Br. nom. cons. (Syn .: Boraginella Siegesb. Ex Kuntze , Boraginodes T. Post & Kuntze , Borraginoides Moench , Friedrichsthalia Fenzl , Lacaitaea Brand , Leiocarya Hochst. , Octosomatium Gagnep. , Pollichia medic. Nom. Rej., Spiroconus Stev. , Streblanthera Steud. ) : The 40 or so species are common in Africa, tropical Asia and Australia.
  • Subfamily Echiochiloideae Weigend (Syn .: Echiochilinae Riedl ): It was established in 2016:
    • It is not divided into tribes and contains about three genera with a total of about 30 species:
      • Antiphytum DC. ex Meisn. (Syn .: Amblynotopsis J.F. Macbr. , Amphibologyne Brand , Chamissoniophila Brand ): The approximately 13 species occur in Mexico and in tropical America.
      • Echiochilon Desf. (Syn .: Chilechium Pfeiff. , Chilochium Raf. , Echiochilopsis Caball. , Exioxylon Raf. , Leurocline S.Moore , Sericostoma Stocks , Tetraedrocarpus O.Schwartz ): The approximately 15 species arewidespreadfrom North Africa via the Arabian Peninsula to India.
      • Ogastemma Brummitt (Syn .: Megastoma (Benth. & Hook. F.) Coss. & Durieu ex Bonnet & Barratte nom. Illeg. Non Megastoma Grassi ): It contains only one species:
Tribus Heliotropieae: European solstice ( Heliotropium europaeum )
Tribus Heliotropieae: Tournefortia argentea
  • Subfamily Heliotropioideae (Schrad.) Arn. : As an exception, stone fruits are formed here. They are at home worldwide in the tropics to the warm temperate areas. It contains only one tribe:
    • Tribe Heliotropieae Dumort. : It contains four to eight genera and about 405 species:
      • Argusia Boehm. : It only contains two or three species.
      • Ceballosia Kunkel : It contains only one species:
        • Ceballosia fruticosa (Lf ex G.Kunkel ) G.Kunkel ex Förther : It occurs on all larger Canary Islands. It settles in locations at altitudes of 200 to 800 meters.
      • Euploca Nutt. : It comprises about seven species, which were previously mostly assigned to heliotropium .
      • Solstices ( Heliotropium L. ): It contains 250 to 300 species from the temperate areas to the tropics. Also called the heliotrope, a type of vanilla flower is the popular bedding and balcony plant.
      • Hilgeria Förther : It contains three species, one from the eastern tip of Cuba and two from the western part of Hispaniola (Haiti).
      • Ixorhea Fenzl : It contains only one species:
      • Nogalia Verdc. : It contains only one type:
      • Schleidenia Endl. : It is spread pantropically with six to eight species.
      • Tournefortia L .: The approximately 150 species are distributed in tropical and subtropical areas.
Tribus Cordieae: flowers of the tropical tree species Cordia boissieri
  • Subfamily Cordioideae Link : As an exception, drupes are formed here. The representatives of this subfamily are woody plants, including some common tropical tree species, some species are lianas . It contains only one tribe:
    • Tribus Cordieae Dumort. : It contains three to four genera and about 330 species:
      • Coldenia L. ( Syn . : Lobophyllum F. Mueller ): It contains only one species:
      • Cordia L .: It contains 200 to 300 (up to 325) species, including genera with only one to three species each (valid species names): Auxemma ( Cordia gardneriana , Cordia glazioviana , Cordia oncocalyx ), Patagonula ( Cordia americana , Cordia incognita ) . Some species are myrmecophilic . It has its greatest biodiversity in the Neotropics , especially on the Caribbean islands. (Sections: Cordia , Gerascanthus , Myxa , Physoclada , Pilicordia , Rhabdocalyx , Superbiflora )
      • Saccellium Humb. & Bonpl. : Some authors put these species in the genus Cordia . For example Saccellium lanceolatum Humb. & Bonpl.
      • Varronia P.Browne : With more than 100 kinds, some authors put these kinds also to the genus Cordia .

According to APG III, the Hoplestigma genus, which was formerly part of a family of its own, also belongs to the vicinity of or in the subfamily Cordioideae .

Tribus Ehretieae: Ehretia dicksonii with fruits
Tribus Ehretieae: Fukientee ( Ehretia microphylla )
  • Subfamily Ehretioideae (Mart. Ex Lindl.) Arn. : The species of this subfamily are mostly woody plants, a few species are herbaceous plants. These taxa are native to almost the entire tropical belt. With the only tribe:
    • Tribus Ehretieae Dumort. : It contains eight to eleven genera with around 170 species (selection):
      • Bourreria P.Browne : The approximately 50 species are widespread in the Neotropic.
      • Cortesia Cav. : The roughly two species thrive in temperate areas in South America.
      • Ehretia P.Browne (Syn .: Cortesia Cav. , Carmona Cav. , Gaza Terán & Berland. , Rhabdia Mart. , Rotula Lour. , Traxilum Raf. ): The 50 to 75 species are mainly found in Africa and southern Asia, However, individual species also occur in other subtropical to tropical areas worldwide, for example:
        • Fukientee ( Ehretia microphylla Lam. , Syn .: Carmona heterophylla Cav. , Carmona microphylla (Lam.) G.Don , Carmona retusa (Vahl) Masam. , Cordia coromandeliana Retz. Ex A.DC. , Cordia retusa Vahl , Ehretia buxifolia Roxb . , Ehretia coromandeliana Retz. Ex A.DC. , Ehretia dentata Courchet ex Gagnep. , Ehretia heterophylla Spreng. , Ehretia monopyrena Gottschling & Hilger , Lithothamnus buxioides Zipp. Ex Span. ): The distribution area extends from the Japanese Ryūkyū Islands across Taiwan and southern China to Indonesia and Australia.
      • Halgania Gaudich. : The approximately 18 species occur only in Australia.
      • Lepidocordia Ducke : The roughly two species are common in northern tropical South America.
      • Menais Loefl. : It contains only one type:
      • Rochefortia Sw. : The three to ten species occur mainly in the Neotropic.
      • Rotula Lour. : The only three species are common in Brazil, Africa and tropical Asia.
      • Tiquilia Pers. : The approximately 27 species thrive in desert areas of the New World.
Tribus Hydrophylleae: Emmenanthe penduliflora
Tribus Hydrophylleae: Nama demissum
Tribus Hydrophylleae: Büschelschön ( Phacelia tanacetifolia )
  • Water leaf family (Hydrophylloideae Burnett ): It contains 17 genera with 225 species that are common in the New World with a focus on dry areas in the western United States. Their fruits are capsules. This family / subfamily is counted among the Boraginaceae (exact position not yet confirmed). It contains only one tribe:
    • Tribus Hydrophylleae Rchb. : It contains 17 genera with about 225 species:
      • Codon L .: The only two species are common in southern Africa.
      • Draperia Torr. : It contains only one type:
      • Ellisia L .: It contains only one species:
      • Emmenanthe Benth. : It contains only one type:
      • Eriodictyon Benth. : The eleven or so species are found in the southwestern United States and Mexico.
      • Eucrypta Nutt. : The only two species are only found in the southwestern United States.
      • Hesperochiron S. Watson : The only two species occur in the western United States and in northern Mexico.
      • Hydrophyllum L. (Syn .: Decemium Raf. ): The eight or so species are common in North America.
      • Nama L. (Syn .: Andropus Brand , Conanthus S.Watson , Lemmonia A.Gray ): The approximately 55 species occur in the southwest USA, in the Neotropic and on Hawaii.
      • Nemophila Nutt. : The eleven or so species are found in the southeastern USA and western North America. Varieties of a few species are used as ornamental plants.
      • Phacelia Juss. (Syn .: Eutoca R.Br. , Miltitzia A.DC. , Whitlavia Harv. ): There are around 170 to 200 species in the New World. One species, tansy phacelia ( Phacelia tanacetifolia ), is widely used as a green manure .
      • Pholistoma Lilja : There are three species in the western United States and in Baja California, Mexico.
      • Romanzoffia Cham. : The five or so species are common in the western United States.
      • Tricardia Torr. : It contains only one type:
      • Turricula J.F. Macbr. : It contains only one type:
        • Turricula parryi (A.Gray) JFMacbr. : It occurs only in California and Baja California, Mexico.
      • Wigandia Kunth : The only two or three species are common in the Neotropic.
Tribe Lennoeae: Pholisma arenarium
  • Subfamily Lennooideae Craven (Syn .: Lennoaceae Solms-Laubach : exact taxonomic position is not yet established). The two or three genera with about seven species are native to the southwest USA and northern South America. They are chlorophyllless, herbaceous root parasites.
    • Tribe Lennoeae Baill. : It contains two or three genera with seven species:
      • Lennoa Lex .: It contains only one species:
      • Pholisma Nutt. ex Hook. (Including Ammobroma Torr. ): The three to five species come from the southwestern United States to northern South America and are not common anywhere.
  • Subfamily Wellstedioideae Pilg. :
    • It is not divided into tribes and contains only one genus, which some authors consider to be the only genus in its own family:
      • Wellstedia Balf. f. : Of the roughly six species, five occur in Ethiopia, Somalia and Socotra and one species occurs only in southern Africa with two subspecies.
  • All other genera without known subfamily assignment of this family:
    • All other genera without known tribe assignment of this family:
      • Chionocharis I.M.Johnst. : It contains only one type:
      • Echidiocarya A. Gray (including Allocaryastrum Brand ): The three or so species are common in North America.
      • Embadium J.M.Black : The three or so species are native to southern Australia.
      • Heliocarya Bunge : It contains only one species:
      • Lasiocaryum I.M.Johnst. : The approximately five species are distributed in Bhutan, China, India, Pakistan in southwest Asia.
      • Microcaryum I.M.Johnst. : The roughly three species occur in China and northeastern India.
      • Nogalia Verdc. : It contains only one type:
      • Omphalolappula Brand : It contains only one species:
      • Oxyosmyles Speg. : It contains only one type:

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literature

  • Gelin Zhu, Harald Riedl, Rudolf V. Kamelin: Boraginaceae. In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven (Ed.): Flora of China . Volume 16: Gentianaceae through Boraginaceae . Science Press / Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing / St. Louis 1995, ISBN 0-915279-33-9 , pp. 329 (English, online - PDF file ). (Sections Description and Systematics)
  • Hartmut H. Hilger, Marc Gottschling, Federico Selvi, Massimo Bigazzi, Elisabeth Långström, Elke Zippel, Nadja Diane, Maximilian Weigend: The Euro + Med treatment of Boraginaceae in Willdenowia 34 - a response. In: Willdenowia. Volume 35, No. 1, 2005, pp. 43-48, doi: 10.3372 / wi.35.35101 . (Section systematics)
  • E. Långström, MW Chase: Tribes of Boraginoideae (Boraginaceae) and placement of Antiphytum, Echiochilon, Ogastemma and Sericostoma: A phylogenetic analysis based on atpB plastid DNA sequence data . In: Plant Systematics and Evolution . tape 234 , no. 1–4 , 2002, pp. 137-153 , doi : 10.1007 / s00606-002-0195-z .

Individual evidence

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  6. ^ Vascular Plant Families and Genera - Family Index. Boraginaceae. In: Kew Data & Publications Databases. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, 1992, accessed February 25, 2012 (data records from 1992).
  7. a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz da db dc dd de df dg dh di dj dk dl dm dn do dp dq dr ds dt Juliana Chacón, Federico Luebert, Hartmut H. Hilger, Svetlana Ovchinnikova, Federico Selvi, Lorenzo Cecchi, C. Matt Guilliams, Kristen Hasenstab-Lehman, Karel Sutorý, Michael G. Simpson, Maximilian Weigend: The borage family (Boraginaceae s. Str.): A revised infrafamilial classification based on new phylogenetic evidence, with emphasis on the placement of some enigmatic genera. In: Taxon , Volume 65, Issue 3, 2016, pp. 523-546. doi : 10.12705 / 653.6 PDF.
  8. a b c d HH Hilger, F. Selvi, A. Papini, M. Bigazzi: Molecular Systematics of Boraginaceae Tribe Boragineae Based on ITS1 and trnL Sequences, with Special Reference to Anchusa sl In: Annals of Botany. Volume 94, No. 2, 2004, pp. 201-212, doi: 10.1093 / aob / mch132 .
  9. ^ F. Selvi, A. Coppi, M. Bigazzi: Karyotype Variation, Evolution and Phylogeny in Borago (Boraginaceae), with Emphasis on Subgenus Buglossites in the Corso-Sardinian System. In: Annals of Botany. Volume 98, No. 4, 2006, pp. 857-868, doi: 10.1093 / aob / mcl167 .
  10. ^ Pentaglottis sempervirens at Plants For A Future
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  12. Anchystrocarya in the Flora of Japan . ( Memento of the original from July 24, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / foj.cu-tokyo.ac.jp
  13. a b Daniel C. Thomas, Maximilian Weigend, Hartmut H. Hilger: Phylogeny and systematics of Lithodora (Boraginaceae — Lithospermeae) and its affinities to the monotypic genera Mairetis, Halacsya and Paramoltkia based on ITS1 and trnLUAA-sequence data and morphology . In: Taxon . tape 57 , no. 1 , 2008, ISSN  0040-0262 , p. 79-97 ( abstract ).
  14. a b c d Ana Otero, Pedro Jiménez-Mejías, Virginia Valcárcel, Pablo Vargas: Molecular phylogenetics and morphology support two new genera (Memoremea and Nihon) of Boraginaceae ss In: Phytotaxa , Volume 173, Issue 4, 2014, p. 241 -277. doi : 10.11646 / phytotaxa.173.4.1 online.
  15. ^ Mare Nazaire, Larry Hufford: A Broad Phylogenetic Analysis of Boraginaceae: Implications for the Relationships of Mertensia. In: Systematic Botany. Volume 37, No. 3, 2012, pp. 758-783, doi: 10.1600 / 036364412X648715 , PDF file.
  16. Dasynotus at USDA.
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  20. N. Holstein, Juliana Chacón, Hartmut H. Hilger, Maximilian Weigend: No longer shipwrecked — Selkirkia (Boraginaceae) back on the mainland with generic rearrangements in South American “Omphalodes” based on molecular data. In: Phytotaxa , Volume 270, Issue 4, 2016, pp. 231-251. doi : 10.11646 / phytotaxa.270.4.1
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  25. Gelin Zhu, Harald Riedl, Rudolf V. Kamelin: Boraginaceae. In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven (Ed.): Flora of China . Volume 16: Gentianaceae through Boraginaceae . Science Press / Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing / St. Louis 1995, ISBN 0-915279-33-9 , Coldenia , pp. 337 (English, online - PDF file ).
  26. Gelin Zhu, Harald Riedl, Rudolf V. Kamelin: Boraginaceae. In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven (Ed.): Flora of China . Volume 16: Gentianaceae through Boraginaceae . Science Press / Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing / St. Louis 1995, ISBN 0-915279-33-9 , Cordia , pp. 331 (English, online - PDF file ).
  27. Angiosperm Phylogeny Group : An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III. In: Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. Volume 161, No. 2, 2009, pp. 105-121, doi: 10.1111 / j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x .
  28. K. Ruengsawang, P. Chantaranothai: A revision of Boraginaceae subfamily Ehretioideae in Thailand. In: Thai Journal of Botany. Volume 2, No. 2, 2010, pp. 113-125, PDF file.
  29. ^ E. Retief, AE Van Wyk: The genus Wellstedia (Boraginaceae: Wellstedioideae) in southern Africa. In: Bothalia: African Biodiversity & Conservation , Volume 38, Issue 1, 2008, pp. 57–63. doi : 10.4102 / abc.v38i1.261 full text PDF.
  30. Mehdi Yousefi: Morphological and Anatomical Study of Threatened Endemic Heliocarya monandra Bge. (Boraginaceae) in Iran . In: Iranian Journal of Botany . tape 16 , no. 2 , 2010, ISSN  1029-788X , p. 273–281 (English, PDF file; 347.15 kB ).

further reading

  • Svetlana Ovchinnikova: On the position of the tribe Eritrichieae in the Boraginaceae system . In: Botanica Serbica . tape 33 , no. 2 , 2009, ISSN  1821-2158 , p. 141–146 ( PDF file; 460.39 kB ).
  • Maximilian Weigend, Marc Gottschling, Federico Selvi, Hartmut H. Hilger: Fossil and Extant Western Hemisphere Boragineae, and the Polyphyly of “Trigonotideae” Riedl (Boraginaceae: Boraginoideae). In: Systematic Botany. Volume 35, No. 2, 2010, pp. 409-419, doi: 10.1600 / 036364410791638423 .
  • JI Cohen: A phylogenetic analysis of morphological and molecular characters of Boraginaceae: evolutionary relationships, taxonomy, and patterns of character evolution. In: Cladistics , Volume 30, Issue 2, 2013/2014, pp. 139–169. doi : 10.1111 / cla.12036
  • RE. Irimia, Marc Gottschling: Taxonomic revision of Rochefortia Sw. (Ehretiaceae, Boraginales). In: Biodiversity Data Journal , Volume 4, 2016, e7720. doi : 10.3897 / BDJ.4.e7720
  • Boraginales Working Group: Federico Luebert, Lorenzo Cecchi, Michael W. Frohlich, Marc Gottschling, C. Matt Guilliams, Kristen E. Hasenstab-Lehman, Hartmut H. Hilger, James S. Miller, Moritz Mittelbach, Mare Nazaire, Massimo Nepi, Daniele Nocentini, Dietrich Ober, Richard G. Olmstead, Federico Selvi, Michael G. Simpson, Karel Sutorý, Benito Valdés, Genevieve K. Walden, Maximilian Weigend: Familial classification of the Boraginales. In: Taxon , Volume 65, Issue 3, 2016, pp. 502-522. doi : 10.12705 / 653.5

Web links

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