Geography of the Mark Brandenburg

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The Mark Brandenburg in the borders of 1618 (reddish in the background) transferred to today's German state borders along with Polish voivodeships

The geography of the Mark Brandenburg describes the natural features and structures on the territory of the medieval and early modern Mark Brandenburg from a historical perspective.

Position and extent

Area of ​​the Mark Brandenburg, 1571
position landscape (historical)
square miles (before 1811)		 km²
1 Altmark 82 4,510
2 Mittelmark 250 13,750
3 Uckermark 68 3,740
4th Prignitz 61 3,355
Sum 1-4 Kurmark 461 25,355
5 Neumark 220 12,100
Sum 1-5 Mark Brandenburg 681 37,455

The Mark Brandenburg was in the north of Central Europe . Neither the low local plateaus and hill countries nor the rivers Elbe and Oder stood in the way of the margraves' sovereignty . The construction began in the Ascanian homeland (later called Altmark ). They worked their way eastward by peaceful and military means. Therefore, in contrast to the state of Brandenburg , the Mark was stretched in a west-east direction and compressed in a north-south direction. There were over 400 kilometers between Salzwedel in the west and Schivelbein in the east. After the acquisition of the Mark Lausitz (later Lower Lusatia , 1302/1304) and the states of Budissin and Görlitz (later Upper Lusatia without the southern part, after 1233), the largest expansion was achieved. The Lusatian highlands in the south and the Baltic Sea in the north (half of Wolgast , from 1230 to 1250) only served as geographic barriers for a time. The marrow was unable to develop fixed, permanent natural boundaries. After the end of the Askanian period , the territory shrank again.

With an area of ​​37,455 km², the Margraviate of Brandenburg has been one of the largest territories of the Holy Roman Empire in quantitative terms since the 16th century, comparable to the Electorate of Saxony , which had around 35,000 km² and is larger than the Duchy of Bavaria in 1801 with 590 square miles (32,450 km²), somewhat smaller than Kurhannover, enlarged in 1741 with 700 square miles (38,500 km²).

Anno 1350 bordered the Electorate of Brandenburg:

Mecklenburg Pomerania ,
Ruppin 		Teutonic Order State
Braunschweig-Lüneburg Neighboring countries of the Electorate of Brandenburg in 1350 Poland
Erzmagdeburg ,
Anhalt 		Saxony-Wittenberg ,
Lausitz 		Silesia

Over the centuries the names, dimensions and numbers of the neighboring countries changed steadily. At the time shown above, too, the situation was more differentiated. The Teutonic Order and Kingdom of Poland were outside, all others within the Holy Roman Empire . Formally , the three Hochstifte Brandenburg , Havelberg and Lebus were directly imperial . The duchies of Braunschweig-Lüneburg and Pomerania were divided into several parts. The first division of Mecklenburg's main state did the same. Most of the duchies in Silesia were already part of the countries of the Bohemian Crown , the Lausitz region later followed, etc.

In addition to the natural landscape features, the Margraviate of Brandenburg was primarily a region that only became a historically overgrown region after a prolonged process. Located in the peripheral north-east of the empire in the transition area to East Central Europe , the region was far from being perceived as a unit. Until the 16th century, the residents of the Mark had only a vague idea of ​​the spatial and political nature of the Mark.

Natural spaces and landscapes

The chronicler Johann Christian Gottfried Dressel , who traveled through the southern Mark from Brück to Potsdam at the end of the 18th century, compared the landscape there with an “Arabian desert” and referred to the widespread description of the “Holy Roman Empire”. The latter formed a popular topos for describing the Brandenburg landscapes.

However, the Mark also formed a multiform conglomerate of rooms that had their own characteristics and attracted those travelers who kept an open eye for nuances. The barren areas of the Mittelmark and the Uckermark were contrasted in the historical descriptions of the landscape of travelers passing through, for example, with the flourishing Altmark landscape, in which, just as in the fertile Havelland , intensive grain cultivation was possible.

In terms of nature, the Margraviate of Brandenburg was part of the Central European Lowland , a plain that stretches from the Netherlands to the north of present-day Poland and has no special structural features. The majority of the area was covered by monotonous forests of birch and pine , as it was then . The author of an early description of Brandenburg, the topographer Nikolaus Leutinger , wrote in 1598 of a "flat, wooded country with many swamps". Sand, plains, swamps, and uncultivated areas are recurring terms in all early accounts, even the most benevolent. The reports changed little in this regard until the middle of the 19th century. An Englishman who approached Berlin from the south in the summer reported areas full of bare, hot sand; in between here and there a village and forests of stunted pines, which stand on bleached grounds, thickly covered with reindeer moss.

There are basically three options for subdividing the Märkische landscape: 1) From a geomorphological point of view, the old moraine area differed from the young moraine area. 2) From a political point of view, since the new border was drawn in 1945, the North German region stretched west of the Oder and Lusatian Neisse , and the Polish lowlands to the east . 3) Over a large area, the marrow showed a striped pattern of a) the southern ridge (only marginal areas), b) the zone of lowlands and plateaus (the largest part), c) the northern ridge (the northeast) and d) the southern Baltic coastline (hardly worth mentioning) .

With the Sperenberg Gipsberg , layers from the Zechstein (250 million years old), with the Rüdersdorfer Kalkberg from the Muschelkalk (240 million years old) protruded from the surface. Mainly the Quaternary Ice Age , which has lasted to date, shaped the relief . Sufficient time was available in the old moraine region of the Elster and Saale glaciers for its periglacial leveling and reshaping . The young moraine land of the Vistula Glaciation showed relatively unchanged glaciers, i.e. H. Shapes deposited or formed directly by the ice: numerous large and small hollow shapes, abundance of lakes and a confusing network of waterways. The later the Fennoscan Ice Sheet retreated, the clearer the glacial series remained .

This established a model-like causal link. Viewed from the ice center out is lined moraine , terminal moraine , Sander and glacial valley in a row. The area of ​​the Mark Brandenburg showed a globally unique accumulation of the latter landscape form : Glogau-Baruther , Warsaw-Berliner , Thorn-Eberswalder , Netze-Randow- and Pommersches glacial valley . The four basic forms socialized. They complemented regionally characteristic landscape forms as well as influenced natural and human processes. This is how specific landscape types emerged:

Landscape types in the old and young moraine area
Landscape type description example
Landscape type of the ground moraine The fertile soils offered good to very good yield potential. The flat, undulating areas were more suitable for arable farming and the hilly areas for keeping animals . The former traversed the embankments resembling Oser . The soils often found in the latter stored the water and offered ecological niches . They made field work difficult. The drumlins piled up near terminal moraines . They afforded wide views over the open agricultural landscape , because it was barely stocked by forests . These loosened up more or less extensive drainage channels and damp, drainage-free sinks . Typical residents were skylark , gray crane and in the Söllen the fire-bellied toad .
Orchards in the Gatower Feldflur
 On the Nauener Platte thrived wheat and sugar beet . Andreas Sigismund Marggraf discovered the possibilities of the latter in 1747 .
Landscape type of terminal moraine The elongated chain of hills with their strongly leveled relief stood out clearly from the surroundings. In the northeast, hollow forms (brooks, small lakes ) and kettle bogs were embedded in the landscape. The boulder clay - or -lehm blanket was on the ice -facing side with increasing height ever shallower, on the opposite side it was totally absent. During the late medieval agricultural crisis , numerous villages fell completely or partially desolate . Forests spread again . Use as a hut forest ( agroforestry ) or forest (for wood production) corresponded more to the ecological potential.
The margrave stones in the Rauener Mountains are considered to be the largest boulders in the state of Brandenburg
 The Rauenschen Berge and the margrave stones that he brought here testified to the strength of the ice sheet
Sand landscape The inclined plane mostly fell flat. A higher angle of inclination could occur at the foot of the terminal moraine. Therefore, in the direction of the receiving waters (e.g. an glacial valley ), the fine grain and rounded edges of the fluvioglacial sediments increased. These deposits, caused by meltwater, consisted mainly of sand and gravel . The very low-yielding soils that developed on top were unsuitable for arable farming. They brought the Margraviate of Brandenburg the reputation of the "grit can of the Holy Roman Empire". Under certain conditions, a channel lake enriched the landscape: Before that, a drainage channel had to be subglacial (under the ice). After the ice sheet retreated, the deep notch was only partially backfilled. Particularly well-preserved gullies toteis the steep slopes.
Court hunt in the Letzlinger Heide around 1890
 In the Letzlinger Heide , Johann Georg had the Letzlingen hunting lodge built from 1559 to 1564 . His successors thanked him.
Landscape type of the great lowlands The mostly very wide glacial valleys and the broad, shorter glacial channels formed a grid-like structure. The valley slopes were different, sometimes terraces were formed . Where valley sand terraces have been drying out since the end of the Vistula Glacial Period , extensive dune complexes formed on the edge of the ice . Said sandy terraces had poorly yielding soils. Otherwise the great lowlands were among the most fertile areas of the march. In order to use them agriculturally, extensive amelioration and water regulation were required . The drainage and embankment of the Wische and Lenzer Wische - left and right of the Elbe - already took place in the High Middle Ages . The extensive reorganization of the Oderbruch began in 1748–1753 with the partial relocation of the Oder , thus falling into the final phase of the history of the Brandenburg region. The two streams mentioned, as well as the Warta and Netze , formed a sub-type - the floodplain . In addition to naturally occurring moors , u. a. the Mühlenstaue a man-made bog. The phenomenon was not limited to the great lowlands.
The Warta Estuary National Park was founded in 2001 in the west of the Warta River
 Parts of the Warta Quarry are under nature protection as the Narodowy Ujście Warty National Park ( Warta Estuary National Park )
Landscape type of the basin landscape Surrounding terminal moraines, more or less ground moraine areas, basins with enclosed tongue basin lakes and sandy deposits were created. Often there were accumulations of drumlins, smaller moors and boiler ponds or dead pits .
The Rheinsberger See in the lake area of ​​the same name, the southern branch of the Neustrelitz small lake area
 The Rheinsberger See , a Zungenbeckensee in the basin and lake area of the same name

The landscape types described represented an idealization. Although found at individual locations, combinations of them predominated. If the difference in relief was small, a trained eye was required to recognize the true character. Nevertheless, landscape structures , forms and types influenced the structure of the market inwardly, unlike externally, profoundly. According to one of the possible definitions of the term designed nature and man, the Brandenburg landscapes:

None of them belonged entirely to the Mark Brandenburg in terms of time and space. More were added at the edges. The difference between landscape and administrative unit had to be taken into account . Although the same proper names were often used for both , they only coincided gradually. The Schorfheide naturally belonged to the Uckermark, but administratively at times to the Barnim.

Floors

Due to the various ice age deposits in the Mark Brandenburg, different types of soil were predominant (valley sands, loam soils, high sands). The productivity ranged from extremely low in nutrients and sterile to very fertile. The soils of the Altmark were dominated by nutrient-poor sandy and loamy soil types. In central Brandenburg, especially in the Havelland and the Zauche , the nutrient-poor sandy soils dominated. The term "sand can" was only partly correct. If larger parts of it had not been profitable, Emperor Charles IV would not have tried so persistently for the Mark Brandenburg and had his land register drawn up to record the income.

On the mountain ranges there was generally fertile clay soil up to a height of about 100 meters (export: Berlin rye). Above the 100 meters, the high sands containing gravel dominated, where the dominant agriculture in the Mark Brandenburg was not worthwhile. There was initially no clearing , which was carried out in the 13th century , so that in addition to agricultural cultivation areas, the mountain ranges remained overgrown with pine and heather . When after about 1300 the cultivation areas became less, settlements were established here. In the time of the devastation from around 1350, these villages were the first to fall desert because of the low yields. The valley sandy soils are less productive. That only changed from the 18th century when they were transformed into meadows and pastures as part of amelioration measures.

Waters

Karl Heffner : Märkische landscape
Carl Gustav Wegener : Havel landscape mills by moonlight, 1838, Potsdam Museum

The two rivers Elbe and Oder divide the country into three main parts and provide access to the North and Baltic Sea regions. The North Sea-Baltic Sea watershed runs between the two . There are also other important rivers, including the Havel , Spree and Dahme , Warthe , Netze and Drage and Uecker . The natural waterways connect several canals. The Finow Canal is considered to be the oldest, still operated artificial waterway in Germany.

literature

  • Gerd Heinrich (Ed.): Berlin and Brandenburg. 3rd edition, Alfred Kröner Verlag, Stuttgart 1995, ISBN 3-520-31103-8 , II. Geographical basics
  • Carl Beierkuhnlein, Dominik Faust, Cyrus Samimi, Ludwig Zöller: The physical geography of Germany. Ed .: Ludwig Zöller. Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, Darmstadt 2017, ISBN 978-3-534-26868-9 , 1 The demarcation of Central Europe. 1.1 Geomorphological criteria
  • Gerd W. Lutze (author), Lars Albrecht, Joachim Kiesel, Martin Trippmacher (landscape visualization): Natural spaces and landscapes in Brandenburg and Berlin. Structure, genesis and use. Be.Bra Wissenschaft Verlag, Berlin 2014, ISBN 978-3-95410-030-9 , an overview of the natural space and landscape in Brandenburg and Berlin. Overview - natural space and landscape structure Brandenburg and Berlin

Remarks

  1. ↑ a b Periglacial means 'on the edge of the ice'. The word is used to more closely characterize geological and geomorphological formations or processes. The criteria are that they arise or run off in front of the edge of ice sheets and glaciers or in climatic areas with low annual mean temperatures (−12 ° C to +3 ° C). Under these conditions there is permafrost (permanently frozen ground) or frost and thaw processes alternate.
  2. ↑ a b The state of Brandenburg has the same number of glacial valleys , the Breslau-Bremer replaces the Pomeranian . The ice age landscapes continue east of the federal border seamlessly. Therefore it helps to know the Polish words of the glacial series : morena denna 'ground moraine', morena czołowa 'end moraine', sandr 'sander', pradolina 'glacial valley'.
  3. ↑ Apart from the date, the details of the first official sacrament are unknown. The location is particularly controversial in research. (Compare to: Andreas Stegmann: Where did the first official Protestant Supper take place? On the status of the scientific discussion in the Reformation year 2017. In: Yearbook of the Association for the History of Berlin . 66th episode, Berlin 2017, pp. 35–50.)
  4. ↑ Heinrich von Antwerp , the only chronicler on this point, wrote: “But when (a lot) blood [post hinc inde sanguinis effusionem] was shed and those in the castle perceived that they could not escape the enemy's hands if they were too tightly enclosed , they had their skills secured by a handshake and surrendered to the margrave out of need. "(Quoted from: Winfried Schich, Jerzy Strzelczyk: Slawen und Deutsche an Havel and Spree . Hahn, Hannover 1997, ISBN 3-88304-124-6 , P. 39.)
  5. ^ The little country Löwenberg did not appear as a landscape in the Landbuch der Mark Brandenburg from 1375. Only the von Bredows united it with the Glien into an administrative unit. It initially stayed with the Havelland . Around 1660, the Glien-Löwenberg district was replaced. In 1993 he found a successor in the Oberhavel district through intermediate steps .
  6. ↑ According to the corresponding Wikipedia article, there was never a Saxon Ostmark .

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Gerhard Köbler: Historical Lexicon of the German Lands - the German territories from the Middle Ages to the present, CH Beck, 7th edition, Munich 2007, p. 85
  2. ↑ 1 mile before 1811: = 7.414,975 km
  3. ↑ (conversion of square miles to km²: 7.414 x 7.414 = factor: 1 square mile = 54.967 km²)
  4. ↑ including the lordships of Cottbus and Peitz
  5. ↑ a b c d Gerd Heinrich (Ed.): Berlin and Brandenburg . 3rd edition, Alfred Kröner Verlag, Stuttgart 1995, ISBN 3-520-31103-8 , II. Geographical Basics, pp. XVI – XIX.
  6. ↑ Carl Beierkuhnlein , Dominik Faust , Cyrus Samimi , Ludwig Zöller : The physical geography of Germany . Ed .: Ludwig Zöller. Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, Darmstadt 2017, ISBN 978-3-534-26868-9 , 1 The demarcation of Central Europe. 1.1 Geomorphological criteria, pp. 8–9.
  7. ↑ a b c Gerd W. Lutze (author), Lars Albrecht, Joachim Kiesel, Martin Trippmacher (landscape visualization): Natural spaces and landscapes in Brandenburg and Berlin. Structure, genesis and use . Be.Bra Wissenschaft Verlag, Berlin 2014, ISBN 978-3-95410-030-9 , an overview of the natural space and landscape in Brandenburg and Berlin. Overview - Natural area and landscape structure Brandenburg and Berlin, p. 21.
  8. ^ A b Jan Winkelmann: The Mark Brandenburg of the 14th century . 1st edition, Lukas Verlag, Berlin 2011, ISBN 978-3-86732-112-9 , Herrschaft in Brandenburg. What does the margrave rule over? The territorial expansion and structure of the Mark Brandenburg, pp. 108–111.
  9. ^ Lutz Partenheimer: The emergence of the Mark Brandenburg . Böhlau Verlag, Cologne 2007, ISBN 978-3-412-17106-3 , outlook on the further development of the Mark Brandenburg and the Ascanians. The expansion of the young Mark Brandenburg, pp. 78–81.
  10. ↑ Johannes Schultze: The Mark Brandenburg. 1st volume . 4th edition, Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 2011, ISBN 978-3-428-13480-9 , 18th Otto IV. And Hermann (1300-1308), pp. 198–205, Mark Lausitz: pp. 199–200.
  11. ↑ Johannes Schultze: The Mark Brandenburg. 1st volume . 4th edition, Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 2011, ISBN 978-3-428-13480-9 , 16. The mark among the sons of Johann I and Otto III. until the death of Johann II September 1281. c) Relations with Thuringia and Bohemia, pp. 185–186, Bautzen and Görlitz states: p. 186.
  12. ^ Felix Escher:  Otto III. In: New German Biography (NDB). Volume 19, Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 1999, ISBN 3-428-00200-8 , p. 676 f. ( Digitized version ).
  13. ↑ Johannes Schultze: The Mark Brandenburg. 1st volume . 4th edition, Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 2011, ISBN 978-3-428-13480-9 , 15th Johann I. and Otto III. (1220-1267). a) The time of common government, pp. 136–154, Wollgast: pp. 140–143; Bautzen and Görlitz: p. 140.
  14. ^ Gerhard Köbler: Historical Lexicon of the German Lands - the German territories from the Middle Ages to the present, CH Beck, 7th edition, Munich 2007, for Bavaria: p. 50, for Kurhannover: p. 252
  15. ^ Gerd Heinrich (arrangement), K. Bremer, H.-J. Nitschke, Ch. Tolkmitt (cartography), G. Preuss (cartolithography and reproduction): Die Mark Brandenburg 1319–1575. Territorial development. Scale 1: 650,000. Department III, In: Historical Commission to Berlin at the Friedrich-Meinecke-Institute of the Free University of Berlin (Ed.): Historical hand atlas of Brandenburg and Berlin. Walter de Gruyter & Co., Berlin 1971.
  16. ↑ Wolfgang Neugebauer: Prussian history as a social event: Historiography from the Middle Ages to the year 2000, Verlag Ferdinand Schöningh, 2018, p. 38
  17. ↑ Cornelia Klettke, Ralf Pröve: Focal points of cultural encounters on the way to a modern Europe, identities and alterities of a continent, writings of the early modern center Potsdam, V&R unipress, Göttingen 2011, p. 170
  18. ↑ Cornelia Klettke, Ralf Pröve: Focal points of cultural encounters on the way to a modern Europe, identities and alterities of a continent, writings of the early modern center Potsdam, V&R unipress, Göttingen 2011, p. 174
  19. ↑ Christopher Clark: Prussia - Aufstieg und Niedergang 1600–1947, Pantheon Verlag, 2006, p. 21
  20. ^ A b c Carl Beierkuhnlein , Dominik Faust , Cyrus Samimi , Ludwig Zöller : The physical geography of Germany . Ed .: Ludwig Zöller. Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, Darmstadt 2017, ISBN 978-3-534-26868-9 , 5 Geomorphological overview - formation under the tropical climate up to the ice ages. 5.1 Central European lowlands, pp. 50–60.
  21. ^ Friedhelm Pelzer: Poland. Geographical regional studies (= Werner Storkebaum [Hrsg.]: Wissenschaftliche Länderkunden . Volume 36). Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, Darmstadt 1991, ISBN 3-534-09160-4 , 2. Structures: suitability and disadvantage of space. 2.2 Nature and landscape. 2.2.2 The treasure trove of relief forms. 2.2.2.2 Form forces and form treasure trove of the lowland regions, p. 31–34 (see also Fig. 9: Relief genesis and periglacial zoning, p. 35).
  22. ↑ Dagmar Haase: Poland currently . Ed .: Alf Droth, Frank-Dieter Grimm, Annegret Haase (= Alois Mayr , Frank-Dieter Grimm [Ed.]: Data - Facts - Literature on the geography of Europe . Issue 6). Self-published institute for regional geography Leipzig, Leipzig 2000, ISBN 3-86082-038-9 , II. The natural spaces of Poland. 1. The landscape structure of Poland, pp. 12-14.
  23. ^ Lieselott Enders : The Altmark. History of a Kurmark landscape in the early modern period (end of the 15th to the beginning of the 19th century) (= Klaus Neitmann [Hrsg.]: Publications of the Brandenburg State Main Archives . Volume 56). Berliner Wissenschafts-Verlag, Berlin 2008, ISBN 978-3-8305-1504-3 , introduction. Physico-geographical nature of the Altmark, pp. 28–29.
  24. ↑ Gerd W. Lutze (author), Lars Albrecht, Joachim Kiesel, Martin Trippmacher (landscape visualization): Natural spaces and landscapes in Brandenburg and Berlin. Structure, genesis and use . Be.Bra Wissenschaft Verlag, Berlin 2014, ISBN 978-3-95410-030-9 , Mittelbrandenburgische Platten and Niederungen. Scenic features. Sperenberg - salt dome and gypsum hat, p. 68.
  25. ↑ Gerd W. Lutze (author), Lars Albrecht, Joachim Kiesel, Martin Trippmacher (landscape visualization): Natural spaces and landscapes in Brandenburg and Berlin. Structure, genesis and use . Be.Bra Wissenschaft Verlag, Berlin 2014, ISBN 978-3-95410-030-9 , Barnim, Lebus and Oderbruch. Scenic features. Rüdersdorfer Muschelkalk, pp. 94–95.
  26. ^ Kristine Jaath: Brandenburg. On the way between the Elbe and the Oder . 1st edition, ISBN 978-3-89794-150-2 , Trescher Verlag, Berlin 2010, Märkisch Oderland, Dahme-Seen and Oder-Spree-Seengebiet. Erkner and the surrounding area. Woltersdorf and Rüdersdorf. Rüdersdorf, p. 244.
  27. ^ Gerd W. Lutze: Natural spaces and landscapes in Brandenburg and Berlin. Structure, genesis and use . Be.Bra Wissenschaft Verlag, Berlin 2014, ISBN 978-3-95410-030-9 , small glossary. glazigen, p. 148.
  28. ↑ Wolfgang Fraedrich: Traces of the Ice Age. Landforms in Central Europe . 2nd edition, Springer Spectrum, Berlin / Heidelberg 2016, ISBN 978-3-662-46259-1 , 6 The Influence of Glacier Meltwater. 6.6 Form societies of glacial and fluvio-glacial formation. 6.6.3 Society of forms in the model - the glacial series, pp. 81–82.
  29. ^ Friedhelm Pelzer: Poland. Geographical regional studies (= Werner Storkebaum [Hrsg.]: Wissenschaftliche Länderkunden . Volume 36). Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, Darmstadt 1991, ISBN 3-534-09160-4 , 2. Structures: suitability and disadvantage of space. 2.2 Nature and landscape. 2.2.1 The geological-tectonic structure. 2.2.1.3 The Ice Age events, pp. 23–26.
  30. ↑ a b c Gerd W. Lutze (author), Lars Albrecht, Joachim Kiesel, Martin Trippmacher (landscape visualization): Natural spaces and landscapes in Brandenburg and Berlin. Structure, genesis and use . Be.Bra Wissenschaft Verlag, Berlin 2014, ISBN 978-3-95410-030-9 , an overview of the natural space and landscape in Brandenburg and Berlin. Landscape types, pp. 17–18.
  31. ↑ a b Heinz-Dieter Krausch (arrangement), H.-J. Nitschke, Ch. Simon (cartography): Natural vegetation . Scale 1: 650,000. Department I, In: Historical Commission to Berlin at the Friedrich Meinecke Institute of the Free University of Berlin (ed.): Historical hand atlas of Brandenburg and Berlin . Walter de Gruyter & Co., Berlin 1965.
  32. ^ A b c Heinz-Dieter Krausch : Oderbruch - Märkische Schweiz - Eastern Barnim . Ed .: Fritz Brose, Johannes H. Schroeder (= Guide to the Geology of Berlin and Brandenburg . No. 9). 1st edition, self-published Geoscientists in Berlin and Brandenburg, Berlin 2003, ISBN 3-928651-11-0 , I basics. 8 History of settlement and use. 8.2 Development of land use from the Middle Ages to the present day, pp. 147–150.
  33. ^ Annette Zwahr (editorial management): The Brockhaus in three volumes. Volume 3: Pai-Z . In: The Brockhaus in three volumes . 3 volumes. 3rd, completely revised edition, F. A. Brockhaus, Leipzig 2004, ISBN 3-7653-0093-4 , Zucker, p. 843.
  34. ↑ Bernd Eitel, Dominik Faust : The physical geography of Germany . Ed .: Ludwig Zöller. Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, Darmstadt 2017, ISBN 978-3-534-26868-9 , 9 Soil geographic overview of Central Europe. 9.4 Soils and basins in lowlands. Glacial landscapes in Central Europe. Fig.9.6, p. 187.
  35. ↑ Wolfgang Fraedrich: Traces of the Ice Age. Landforms in Central Europe . 2nd edition, Springer Spectrum, Berlin / Heidelberg 2016, ISBN 978-3-662-46259-1 , glossary. Boulder clay, p. 147.
  36. ↑ Frauke Gränitz, Luise Grundmann on behalf of the Leibniz Institute for Regional Geography Leipzig and Saxon Academy of Sciences in Leipzig (ed.): To Eberswalde, Chorin and the Werbellinsee. A geographical inventory in the area of ​​Eberswalde, Hohenfinow and Joachimsthal (= landscapes in Germany. Values ​​of the German homeland . Volume 64). Böhlau Verlag, Cologne / Weimar / Vienna 2002, ISBN 3-412-02401-5 , Schorfheide, pp. 78–86.
  37. ↑ Pharus map GeoLand discovery map. East Brandenburg 1: 300,000 . Pharus-Plan, Berlin 2016, ISBN 978-3-865-14212-2 , Markgrafensteine.
  38. ↑ a b Gerd W. Lutze (author), Lars Albrecht, Joachim Kiesel, Martin Trippmacher (landscape visualization): Natural spaces and landscapes in Brandenburg and Berlin. Structure, genesis and use . Be.Bra Wissenschaft Verlag, Berlin 2014, ISBN 978-3-95410-030-9 , an overview of the natural space and landscape in Brandenburg and Berlin. Landscapes, pp. 15–17.
  39. ↑ Wolfgang Fraedrich: Traces of the Ice Age. Landforms in Central Europe . 2nd edition, Springer Spectrum, Berlin / Heidelberg 2016, ISBN 978-3-662-46259-1 , 6 The Influence of Glacier Meltwater. 6.4 Analysis methods for the investigation of gravel pit outcrops, pp. 73–76.
  40. ↑ Wolfgang Fraedrich: Traces of the Ice Age. Landforms in Central Europe . 2nd edition, Springer Spectrum, Berlin / Heidelberg 2016, ISBN 978-3-662-46259-1 , 6 The Influence of Glacier Meltwater. 6.3 Fluvioglacial deposits, pp. 72–73, Sander and gravel plains: p. 72.
  41. ^ Elisabeth Lichtenberger : Europe. Geography history economy politics . Scientific book society , Darmstadt 2005, ISBN 3-89678-543-5 , nature and society. The relief landscapes of Europe. Lowlands and basins. The Central European Lowlands, pp. 52–55, sand can: p. 55.
  42. ↑ Wolfgang Fraedrich: Traces of the Ice Age. Landforms in Central Europe . 2nd edition, Springer Spectrum, Berlin / Heidelberg 2016, ISBN 978-3-662-46259-1 , 6 The Influence of Glacier Meltwater. 6.2 Fluvioglacial erosion forms, pp. 69–72.
  43. ^ Lieselott Enders : The Altmark. History of a Kurmark landscape in the early modern period (late 15th to early 19th century) . Berliner Wissenschafts-Verlag, Berlin 2008, ISBN 978-3-8305-1504-3 , V. Manorial and estate management. 4. Social and individual conditions of the manorial families. c) Signatures of the standard of living. Wohnhöfe, pp. 751–755, Jagdschloss Letzlingen: p. 752.
  44. ^ Lieselott Enders : The Altmark. History of a Kurmark landscape in the early modern period (end of the 15th to the beginning of the 19th century) (= Klaus Neitmann [Hrsg.]: Publications of the Brandenburg State Main Archives . Volume 56). III. The living conditions of the villagers. 2. The peasants and cottagers. c) The landlord taxes. Zehnt, pp. 307-310, Wische: p. 307.
  45. ^ Lieselott Enders : The Prignitz. History of a Kurmark landscape from the 12th to the 18th century . In memory of Johannes Schultze (= Klaus Neitmann [Hrsg.]: Publications of the Brandenburg State Main Archives . Volume 38). 1st edition, Verlag für Berlin-Brandenburg, Potsdam 2000, ISBN 3-935035-00-4 , A. Formation of rule and settlement. II. Course of rule formation and settlement. 2. Other traces of domination and settlement. c) The terra Lenzen, pp. 59–61 (see also p. 37 for chronological classification).
  46. ↑ Winfried Schich : The Havelland mill Klinke and the early days of the watermills in the Mark Brandenburg . In: Felix Biermann , Ulrich Müller , Thomas Terberger (eds.): Observing things ... Archaeological and historical research on the early history of Central and Northern Europe. Festschrift for Günter Mangelsdorf for his 60th birthday (= Felix Biermann, Thomas Terberger and Historical Commission for Pomerania [Hrsg.]: Archeology and History in the Baltic Sea Region . Volume 2). Verlag Marie Leidorf, Rahden in Westfalen, 2008, ISBN 978-3-89646-462-0 , pp. 437-450, Mühlenstau: p. 438.
  47. ↑ Gerd W. Lutze (author), Lars Albrecht, Joachim Kiesel, Martin Trippmacher (landscape visualization): Natural spaces and landscapes in Brandenburg and Berlin. Structure, genesis and use . Be.Bra Wissenschaft Verlag, Berlin 2014, ISBN 978-3-95410-030-9 , Ruppin and Oberhavel. Rheinsberger Becken, pp. 116-117.
  48. ^ Karl Brunner : Small cultural history of the Middle Ages . original edition, Verlag C. H. Beck, Munich 2012, ISBN 978-3-406-63715-5 , VI cultural landscapes. Landscape and Worldview, pp. 217–219.
  49. ^ Gerd Heinrich (arrangement), K. Bremer, H.-J. Nitschke, Ch. Tolkmitt (cartography), G. Preuss (cartolithography and reproduction): Die Mark Brandenburg 1319–1575. Territorial development. Scale 1: 650,000. Department III, In: Historical Commission to Berlin at the Friedrich-Meinecke-Institute of the Free University of Berlin (Ed.): Historical hand atlas of Brandenburg and Berlin. Walter de Gruyter & Co., Berlin 1971.
  50. ^ Rosemarie Baudisch: Brandenburg history. Akademie Verlag, Berlin 1995, ISBN 3-05-002508-5 , Geographical basics and historical-political structure of Brandenburg. Landscapes, pp. 22–32.
  51. ↑ Gerd W. Lutze (author), Lars Albrecht, Joachim Kiesel, Martin Trippmacher (landscape visualization): Natural spaces and landscapes in Brandenburg and Berlin. Structure, genesis and use . Be.Bra Wissenschaft Verlag, Berlin 2014, ISBN 978-3-95410-030-9 , Fläming to Uckermark, Eberswalder Urstromtal and Unteres Odertal, pp. 35–138 (each chapter on location and naming; see also map on p. 22).
  52. ↑ Gerd W. Lutze (author), Lars Albrecht, Joachim Kiesel, Martin Trippmacher (landscape visualization): Natural spaces and landscapes in Brandenburg and Berlin. Structure, genesis and use . Be.Bra Wissenschaft Verlag, Berlin 2014, ISBN 978-3-95410-030-9 , an overview of the natural space and landscape in Brandenburg and Berlin. On the methodology of the natural space and landscape structure, pp. 19–20.
  53. ^ Gerd Heinrich (arrangement), H.-J. Nitschke, W. Scharfe (cartography), S. Merz, G. Preuß, F. Staratzke (cartolithography and reproduction): Verwaltungsgliederung 1608–1806. Mounted and circles of the Altmark, Kurmark and Neumark . Scale 1: 500,000. Department II, In: Historical Commission to Berlin at the Friedrich Meinecke Institute of the Free University of Berlin (Ed.): Historical hand atlas of Brandenburg and Berlin . Walter de Gruyter & Co., Berlin 1969.
  54. ^ Ulrich Waack: Church building and economy . Lukas Verlag, Berlin 2009, ISBN 978-3-936872-73-6 , introduction. Issues and delimitation, pp. 15–22, here pp. 15–16.
  55. ^ Rosemarie Baudisch: Brandenburg history . Akademie Verlag, Berlin 1995, ISBN 3-05-002508-5 , Geographical basics and historical-political structure of Brandenburg. Geography. Wasserstrassen, pp. 19–2.
  56. ^ Egmont Hamelow : The upper Havel and the Finow Canal . Sutton Verlag, Erfurt 2015, ISBN 978-3-95400-575-8 , greetings. [Greetings from the first councilor of the Oberhavel district], p. 8, "The listed canal is the oldest artificial waterway in Germany that is still in operation."