Czestochowa

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Czestochowa
Coat of arms of Częstochowa
Częstochowa (Poland)
Czestochowa
Czestochowa
Basic data
State : Poland
Voivodeship : Silesia
Powiat : District-free city
Area : 160.00  km²
Geographic location : 50 ° 48 ′  N , 19 ° 7 ′  E Coordinates: 50 ° 48 ′ 0 ″  N , 19 ° 7 ′ 0 ″  E
Residents : 221,252
(Jun. 30, 2019)
Postal code : 42-200 to 42-229 and 42-280
Telephone code : (+48) 34
License plate : SC
Economy and Transport
Street : Katowice - Łódź
Rail route : Warsaw – Katowice
Kielce-Opole
Next international airport : Katowice
Gmina
Gminatype: city
Surface: 160.00 km²
Residents: 221,252
(Jun. 30, 2019)
Population density : 1383 inhabitants / km²
Community number  ( GUS ): 2464011
Administration (as of 2012)
City President : Krzysztof Matyjaszczyk
Address: ul. Śląska 11/13
42-217 Częstochowa
Website : www.czestochowa.pl



Czestochowa

Audio file / audio sample Częstochowa ? / I [ tʃɛstɔxɔva ],German Czestochowa(orCzęstochowa), in the southof Polandlocated, with over 230,000 inhabitants, according toKatowice (Katowice)second largest city in theprovince of Silesia.

The city on the Warta is around 220 km from Warsaw and is known worldwide for the icon of the Black Madonna of Czestochowa in the Jasna Góra (Heller Berg) monastery . The image of Mary is venerated by the Polish population as a national symbol and is the destination of several million pilgrims every year .

history

Częstochowa was first mentioned as a village in the Duchy of Krakow in 1220. The Pauline Monastery of Jasna Góra was founded in 1382 and two years later received the famous Black Madonna, which is venerated as the most sacred relic in Poland and is now one of the most important pilgrimage destinations. Already before 1377 Częstochowa was raised to the status of a city, which in 1502 received Magdeburg law . Administratively, the city belonged to the Lelów district of the Kraków Voivodeship , and around 1600 it was one of the largest cities in the Voivodeship with over 2,000 inhabitants. During the 17th century, the Jasna Góra monastery was expanded into a fortress. In the winter of 1655, during the Second Swedish-Polish War , the fortress survived a month-long siege by 3000 regular Swedish soldiers, who faced only about 260 defenders.

During the Napoleonic Wars , Częstochowa became part of the Duchy of Warsaw in 1807 and belonged to the Congress of Poland since 1815 . As the 19th century progressed, the city developed rapidly. In 1846 it was connected to the centers of Europe with the construction of the Warsaw-Vienna railway . After 1870, the industry developed through the mining of iron ore .

In 1918, after the end of the First World War and the collapse of the Austro-Hungarian monarchy, Częstochowa became part of Poland . In 1921 the capital of the Powiat Częstochowski of the Kielce Voivodeship had 4,132 houses with 80,473 inhabitants, besides Roman Catholic (56,527) Poles (62,228) there were 22,663 Jews (by religion, by nationality 17,360) and several hundred people of other nationalities or beliefs . In 1928, the Raków workers' settlement was incorporated. The city was economically one of the most successful in the voivodeship and during the Sanacja period there were controversial plans to incorporate the powiat into the autonomous Silesian Voivodeship .

Two days after the attack on Poland began , Wehrmacht troops marched into Częstochowa on September 3, 1939, a Sunday. The city was called Czestochowa and incorporated into the Generalgouvernement , while 60.4% of the previous Polish Powiat Częstochowski was assigned as the district of Blachstädt in the new " East Upper Silesia ". On the very next day, which went down in town history as “ Bloody Monday ”, about 150 Jews were shot by the Germans. On April 9, 1941, the occupying power established the Jewish Ghetto . During the entire Second World War , around 45,000 Jewish citizens and thus almost the entire Jewish population of Częstochowa were murdered and the synagogue destroyed (see Ernst Brückner and HASAG ). The Red Army captured the city on January 16, 1945 in the course of their Vistula-Oder operation , thus ending the period of German occupation .

In 1950 she came to the Katowice Voivodeship . From 1975 to 1998 it became the capital of the Częstochowa Voivodeship , from 1998 in the Silesian Voivodeship. The majority of the city's residents, however, still identify with the historical Lesser Poland landscape , but less with the administrative union with Upper Silesia than in Jaworzno . In order to emphasize the historical-cultural connections with Lesser Poland, the city administration joined the Stowarzyszenie Gmin i Powiatów Małopolski ([Voluntary] Association of Municipalities and Powiate of Lesser Poland) in 2007 .

Population numbers

Population poem in the districts
  • 1600: over 2,000
  • 1808: 3.349
  • 1827: 6.168
  • 1861: 9.511
  • 1880: 18.147
  • 1897: 45.130, including many Israelites
  • 1914: 94.181
  • 1921: 80.473
  • 1939: 137.623
  • 1945: 124.525
  • 1975: 200.324
  • 1993: 259.864
  • 2014: 231,527

German-Polish past

Lutheran Church from 1913 in Częstochowa

Although the city of Czestochowa has never been under German administration except for two episodes, a German minority has existed in the city since the land conquest of German farmers in Germania Slavica , to which some of the city's sons and daughters bear testimony. During the South Prussian period, German farmers settled in the area in the colonies of Hilsbach ( Czarny Las ), Kuhlhausen ( Węglowice ) and Heilmannswalde ( Puszczew ). In 1854 the seat of the Evangelical-Augsburg branch parish was moved from Czarny Las to Czestochowa on the new Warsaw-Vienna railway, which in 1905 became an independent parish. The German minority did not completely abandon their mother tongue or cultural traditions until the 20th century. In 1921 only 70 residents declared themselves German, although the majority of the 472 Lutherans were of German origin. At present, the ethnic Germans who remained in the Silesian Voivodeship after 1945 have organized themselves into minority associations, and in their statutes they anchored understanding with the Polish majority as a goal.

Culture and sights

and display information about the image
Panorama of Częstochowa as seen from Jasna Góra

Jasna Gora

The mountain is one of the most important pilgrimage sites of the Roman Catholic Church and is visited by millions of pilgrims every year.

Pauline monastery

The Black Madonna of Czestochowa

The most important structural complex in Częstochowa is the heavily fortified Pauline Monastery on the hill known as Jasna Góra to the west of the city, which survived the siege of Jasna Góra by Swedish troops for several weeks during the Swedish invasion in 1655 . A 106 m high monastery tower and a chapel with the famous icon of the Black Madonna adjoin the monastery church with its baroque interior . The monastery attracts hundreds of thousands of pilgrims to high church festivals .

Statue of Pope John Paul II

On April 13, 2013, a 14 meter high statue of the former Pope John Paul II was unveiled and inaugurated by the local Archbishop Wacław Depo . The monument with a total weight of five tons is a steel structure covered with styrofoam and fiberglass . The statue is located in the Park for Sacred Miniatures and, following online protests, is now looking towards the Jasna Góra pilgrimage hill instead of away from it. The operators of the privately run park are hoping for an entry in the Guinness Book of Records for the largest papal statue in the world.

Museums

Match fuse head production plant

The museum of the former match factory shows a production line from the 1930s. The factory was founded by Julian Huch and Karol von Gehlig in 1882 and produced standard “Black Cat” matches.

traffic

Częstochowa is located on the Warsaw – Katowice and Kielce – Vossowska railway lines .

The public transport in the city is the Miejskie Przedsiębiorstwo Komunikacyjne with their bus and tram lines settled.

Rudniki Airport ( ICAO code EPRU and IATA airport code CZW) with a 2000 meter long runway is located in the city. The nearest airport with scheduled international connections is Katowice Airport .

The city is located on the national roads 1 from Katowice to Warsaw , 43 (to Wieluń ), 46 (to Opole ) and 91 (to Piotrków Trybunalski ).

Sports

politics

City President

At the head of the city administration is a city ​​president who is directly elected by the population. Since 2010 this has been Krzysztof Matyjaszczyk from Sojusz Lewicy Demokratycznej (SLD).

In the 2018 election, Matyjaszczyk ran for the SLD's electoral alliance with Lewica Razem . The vote brought the following result:

Matyjaszczyk was thus re-elected in the first ballot.

City council

The city council consists of 28 members and is directly elected. The 2018 city council election led to the following result:

Town twinning

As part of the “ Shrines of Europe ” collaboration , Częstochowa has been connected to five other Marian shrines since 1996 ; In 2017 Einsiedeln became the seventh member. The partner locations are:

A town partnership in a secular sense exists with

  • GermanyGermany Pforzheim (Germany)
  • Palastina autonomous areasPalestine Bethlehem (Palestinian Territories)

sons and daughters of the town

Others

  • In 1991 in Częstochowa the VI. World Youth Day with over a million participants.

literature

Web links

Commons : Częstochowa  - album with pictures, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b population. Size and Structure by Territorial Division. As of June 30, 2019. Główny Urząd Statystyczny (GUS) (PDF files; 0.99 MiB), accessed December 24, 2019 .
  2. ^ Henryk Rutkowski (editor), Krzysztof Chłapkowski: Województwo krakowskie w drugiej połowie XVI wieku; Cz. 2, Komentarz, indeksy . Institute of History of the Polish Academy of Sciences, 2008, p. 72–73 (Polish, online ).
  3. ↑ Główny Urząd Statystyczny: Skorowidz miejscowości Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej. Tom III. Województwo kieleckie . Warszawa 1925, p. 11 [PDF: 17] (Polish, online [PDF]).
  4. ^ Dariusz Majchrzak: Śląska autonomia dla Zagłębia Dąbrowskiego? Sprawa włączenia Zagłębia Dąbrowskiego do województwa śląskiego w II RP (Polish)
  5. ^ Martin Gilbert: "The Holocaust: a history of the Jews of Europe during the Second World War", Macmillan, 1987, p. 87
  6. ↑ Kamil Nowak, Wpływ przebiegu granic województw na tożsamość regionalną oraz postrzeganie regionów Małopolski i Śląska [The impact of the voivodeship boundaries on regional identity and perception of the Małopolska and Śląsk regions] (Polish)
  7. ^ Brockhaus' Konversations-Lexikon . 14th edition, Volume 4, Leipzig and Vienna 1898, p. 667.
  8. ↑ Zbigniew Kurcz in: “V. Barbian et al. (Ed.): Experienced neighborhood. Aspects of German-Polish relations in the 20th century. ”Harrassowitz Verlag, Wiesbaden, 1999, p. 144
  9. ^ Sächsische Zeitung: Sächsische Zeitung: Giant statue of John Paul II inaugurated in Poland ( Memento from May 20, 2014 in the Internet Archive ). Article from April 13, 2013 on www.sz-online.de. Retrieved April 13, 2013.
  10. ^ Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung: John Paul II will tower over Czestochowa . Article dated April 8, 2013. Retrieved April 13, 2013.
  11. ↑ A pontiff made of fiberglass . Article from March 15, 2013 on dradio.de. Retrieved April 13, 2013.
  12. ↑ Muzeum Produkcji Zapalek (Polish)
  13. ^ Result on the website of the election commission, accessed on July 26, 2020.
  14. ^ Result on the website of the election commission, accessed on July 26, 2020.
  15. ↑ Bethlehem Twinning Cities (English)