Audi A4 B5

Audi
	Audi A4 sedan (1994–1999)
A4 B5 (type 8D)
Production period:	1994-2001
Class :	Middle class
Body versions :	Limousine , station wagon
Engines:	; Petrol engines : 1.6–2.8 liters ; (74–280 kW) ; Diesel engines : ; 1.9–2.5 liters ; (55–110 kW)
Length:	4448-4479 mm
Width:	1733-1799 mm
Height:	1415-1419 mm
Wheelbase :	2607-2617 mm
Empty weight :	1170-1620 kg
Previous model	Audi 80 B4
successor	Audi A4 B6

The first B5 series (type 8D or 8D2 for the sedan or 8D5 for the Avant) of the Audi A4 was presented in autumn 1994 as the successor to the Audi 80 . The middle class vehicle developed with nearly 1.7 million vehicles produced one of the biggest-selling models of the brand Audi .

Model history

In addition to significantly more rounded proportions, a sideline rising towards the rear and flowing transitions between the various body surfaces, the outwardly completely newly developed Audi mid-range moved away from the design of the Audi 80 from the 1980s. This was particularly evident at the rear, with the new exterior mirrors and the redesigned front section. In terms of external and internal dimensions, the A4 hardly differed from the Audi 80. The new model was only slightly wider, which benefits the driving stability.

The interior got a new design; The materials used appear more valuable than on the Audi 80. Only a few controls on the A4 are similar to those on the Audi 80. The A4 has smaller body gaps than the Audi 80; Audi first realized these gap dimensions in 1990 in the Audi 100 C4 .

An important technical innovation in the A4 was the four-link front axle , which is now standard in all Audi cars with a longitudinally installed engine. This should improve the steering behavior and minimize the effects of uneven road surfaces on the steering. The revised torsion beam rear axle for front-wheel drive models has been retuned and made lighter. Vehicles with quattro all-wheel drive received the rear axle with double wishbones , which was already familiar from the Audi 80 .

The first Audi A4 was based on the then new B5 platform (PL45). This was later also the basis for the VW Passat B5 (type 3B), Audi A6 C5 and Skoda Superb I . The Passat and in particular the Superb offered significantly more space in the rear than the Audi A4 due to a different structure . The engines, transmission and drive of the Passat and Superb, however, corresponded to the A4 B5. The engine of the Passat and Superb is also installed lengthways - like that of the A4. The Audi quattro all-wheel drive system was adopted in the Passat.

The range of engines on offer consisted of three new four-cylinder gasoline engines and two V6 petrol engines, known from the Audi 100. The four-cylinder all had the now - depending on the engine either Simos or Motronic - called motor control from Bosch and a cross-flow cylinder head . A special feature was the five-valve cylinder head used in both 1.8-l engines : with two exhaust and three intake valves, an improved performance curve was to be achieved with simultaneously reduced fuel consumption. The "5-valve engines" were available as naturally aspirated engines and as "1.8 T" with a turbocharger .

From model year 1996, the 2.8-liter V6 (128 kW / 174 hp) also had the five-valve technology of the four-cylinder and developed 142 kW (193 hp). The 2.6-l V6 engine (110 kW / 150 PS) familiar from the Audi 80 was replaced in 1997 by the 2.4-l variant with 121 kW (165 PS), also with five-valve technology. All V6 engines, including the TDI units, have an angle of 90 ° between the cylinder banks , which indicates the structural relationship to the V8 engines from the Audi V8 from which they were created. However, with the exception of the 2.6-liter engine and unlike these first V8 engines, they had variable intake manifolds with electronic valve control.

Rear view
Audi A4 Avant (1996–1999)
Rear view
Audi A4 in US specification with yellow indicator glass

Body styles

The Audi A4 is offered as a sedan (four doors) and as a station wagon (five doors) under the name A4 Avant .

The convertible version of the Audi 80 continued to be built parallel to the Audi A4 until summer 2000. The sport versions of the previous model (S2 and RS2) were produced until the end of 1995. The A4 B5 Avant was also introduced with a delay to the sedan and did not replace the Audi 80 Avant until the beginning of 1996.

construction time

Sedan : November 1994 to October 2000
Station wagon : January 1996 to September 2001

During the six-year construction period of the B5, 1,680,989 vehicles rolled off the assembly line, including around 510,720 Avant models (which corresponds to a share of 30.4%).

FAW-Volkswagen produced the Audi A4 B5 from 1998 to 2003 as the successor to the Audi 100 C3 for the Chinese market .

Facelift

During the construction period, the B5 underwent some technical and visual changes. In August 1996 the design of the tail lights on the sedan was changed. The keys were changed from outer to inner lane profile technology. This can be seen from the vertical slot in the lock cylinder . On the doors there were bumper strips above the sills . Vehicles with remote control for the central locking now use radio instead of infrared light for actuation. The central locking system received an operating switch in the driver's door as standard, and the manual heating and ventilation system received a recirculation mode .

At the beginning of 1997, the safety equipment was supplemented by standard side airbags (available from September 1996 at an additional cost). Around mid-1997, the Audi logo on the lower fender was omitted on both body variants . The instrument cluster received a modified design with LED lighting, recognizable by the non-linear scaling of the speedometer. A visually revised 4-spoke steering wheel was also introduced. In autumn 1997, the 2.5-liter V6 TDI engine, taken over from the Audi A6 C5 introduced in the same year, was offered in the A4 for the first time.

At the beginning of 1999 the actual facelift for the B5 appeared. As is customary in all Volkswagen Group companies, this was referred to internally as a “major product upgrade” (“GP” or “GPA”).

Major technical changes:

Introduction of the pump-nozzle diesel engine technology with a newly developed 1.9-liter four-cylinder with 85 kW (115 PS)
Magnetic switch for opening the trunk lid
CAN bus from July 1999

The most striking visual change features:

Headlights with modified optics, optionally with xenon gas discharge lamp (only for low beam )
Fog lights in the bumper
Rear lights with clear white reversing lights
New design of the center console and the climate control unit
New design of the outer door handles, the side indicators in front of the A-pillar in the fender, the trunk lid (sedan only), the handle strip on the same, and the bumper (now with a slight bead)
Washer nozzles no longer on the bonnet
Transition to white speedometer lighting (from July 1999)

The chassis and the body reinforcement have also been revised . With the introduction of the CAN bus for the facelift, ESP also found its way into the middle class from Audi. The safety equipment could be supplemented with the sideguard head airbag system for the front and rear seats for a surcharge ( standard on the sporty S4 and RS4 models ).

Audi A4 sedan (1999–2000)
Rear view
Audi A4 Avant (1999-2001)
Rear view

Model variants

As a sportier, more powerful variant of the B5, the S4 model with 195 kW (265 PS) was offered from September 1997 and the RS4 Avant station wagon with 280 kW (380 PS) from June 2000 . Both models draw their power from a 2.7-liter V6 engine with double turbocharging (biturbo).

In addition to significantly more performance, these variants stand out from the series models thanks to a changed look. For example, the design of the bumpers was changed. Like the side skirts, these are painted in the vehicle color as standard.

The exclusive RS4 Avant , which was only produced at the end of the construction period of the B5, mainly stands out due to its wider look and matt-gloss aluminum mirrors. Only 6030 copies were built by him until September 2001.

Audi RS4 Avant
Rear view
inner space

Technical specifications

The Audi A4 is equipped with front-wheel drive as standard . The quattro all-wheel drive system is also available on request in conjunction with various engines . All-wheel drive is standard in the S / RS variants. All engines are installed lengthways. A Torsen center differential serves as a differential lock on all B5 models, which as a central differential controls the power distribution between the front and rear axles in a slip-selective manner. If slip occurs on an axle - a speed difference between the drive axles - the differential transmits a higher torque to the axle with no / less slip without electronic intervention. When driving, the power distribution is 50:50.

Petrol engines

	1.6			1.8	1.8 T		2.4	2.6	2.8		S4	RS4
Construction period	11 / 1994-1997	03 / 1997-06 / 2000	06 / 2000-09 / 2001	11 / 1994-09 / 2001	02 / 1995-09 / 2001	08 / 1997-09 / 2001		11 / 1994-07 / 1997		03 / 1996-09 / 2001	10 / 1997-09 / 2001	06 / 2000-09 / 2001
Engine characteristics
Engine code	ADP	AHL, ARM, ANA	ALZ	ADR, APT, ARG, AVV	AEB, APU, ANB, AWT, ARK	AJL	AGA, ALF, APS, ARJ, AML	ABC	AAH	ACK, ALG, APR, AQD, AMX	AGB, AZB	ASJ, AZR
Motor type	Gasoline engine
Engine type	R4						V6
Number of valves per cylinder	2			5				2		5
Valve control	OHC			DOHC			2 x DOHC	2 x OHC		2 x DOHC
Camshaft drive	Timing belt			Toothed belt and timing chain			Toothed belt / timing chain	Timing belt		Toothed belt / timing chain
Mixture preparation	Manifold injection
Engine charging	-				Turbocharger , intercooler		-				Biturbo , 2 intercoolers
cooling	Water cooling
Bore × stroke	81.0 mm x 77.4 mm			81.0 mm × 86.4 mm			81.0 mm x 77.4 mm	82.5 mm × 81.0 mm	82.5 mm × 86.4 mm		81.0 mm × 86.4 mm
Displacement	1595 cc			1781 cc			2393 cc	2598 cc	2771 cc		2671 cc
Compression ratio	10.3: 1				9.5: 1		10.5: 1	10.0: 1	10.3: 1	10.6: 1	9.3: 1	9.0: 1
Max. Power at min ⁻¹	74 kW (101 PS) / 5300	74 kW (101 PS) / 5600	75 kW (102 PS) / 5600	92 kW (125 PS) / ⁽¹⁾ 5800	110 kW (150 PS) / 5700	132 kW (180 PS) / 6200	121 kW (165 PS) / ⁽²⁾ 6000	110 kW (150 PS) / ⁽³⁾ 5750	128 kW (174 hp) / ⁽⁴⁾ 5500	142 kW (193 PS) / ⁽⁵⁾ 6000	195 kW (265 PS) / 5800	280 kW (380 PS) / 6500
Max. Torque in min ^-1	140 Nm / 3800		148 Nm / 3800	168 Nm / 3500	210 Nm / 1750-4600	235 Nm / 2000-4600	230 Nm / 3200	225 Nm / 3500	245 Nm / ⁽⁶⁾ 3000	280 Nm / 3200	400 Nm / 1850-3600	440 Nm / 2500-6000
Power transmission
Drive, as standard	Front wheel drive										Quattro drive
Drive, optional	-			Quattro drive							-
Gearbox, as standard	5-speed manual transmission										6-speed manual transmission
Gearbox, optional	4- speed automatic transmission		-	4-speed automatic transmission	5-stage Tiptronic	-	5-stage Tiptronic				-
Measured values (sedan) ⁽⁷⁾
Top speed	191 km / h (185 km / h)	190 km / h (184 km / h)	191 km / h	205 km / h (198 km / h) [201 km / h]	221 km / h (214 km / h) [219 km / h]	231 km / h [230 km / h]	226 km / h (220 km / h) [224 km / h] [(218 km / h)]	220 km / h (214 km / h) [218 km / h]	230 km / h [229 km / h]	240 km / h (235 km / h) [238 km / h] [(233 km / h)]	[250 km / h] ⁽⁸⁾	-
Acceleration, 0-100 km / h	11.9 s (14.6 s)	12.4 s (14.9 s)	11.9 s	10.6 s (12.3 s) [11.0 s]	8.4 s (9.6 s) [8.6 s]	7.9 s	8.4 s (9.8 s) [8.4 s] [(10.4 s)]	8.7 s (9.8 s) [8.8 s]	8.2 s	7.4 s (8.8 s) [7.3 s] [(9.3 s)]	[5.6 s]	-
Measured values (Avant) ⁽⁷⁾
Top speed	187 km / h (181 km / h)	186 km / h (180 km / h)	186 km / h	201 km / h (194 km / h) [197 km / h]	217 km / h (210 km / h) [215 km / h]	231 km / h [227 km / h]	222 km / h (216 km / h) [224 km / h] [(214 km / h)]	216 km / h (210 km / h) [214 km / h]	226 km / h (219 km / h) [225 km / h] [(216 km / h)]	236 km / h (231 km / h) [234 km / h] [(229 km / h)]	[250 km / h] ⁽⁸⁾
Acceleration, 0-100 km / h	12.5 s (15.3 s)	12.1 s (15.0 s)	12.1 s	11.0 s (12.6 s) [11.3 s]	8.6 s (9.8 s) [8.7 s]	7.9 s [8.0 s]	8.6 s (10.1 s) [8.4 s] [(10.7 s)]	8.9 s (10.0 s) [8.9 s]	8.3 s (9.7 s) [8.2 s] [(10.4 s)]	7.6 s (8.8 s) [7.5 s] [(9.5 s)]	[5.7 s]	[4.9 s]

^Note: The availability of the engines depended on the model, equipment and market.

⁽¹⁾ For some export countries 85 kW (115 PS) or 88 kW (120 PS)

⁽²⁾ For some export countries 110 kW (150 PS) or 120 kW (163 PS)

⁽³⁾ For some export countries 102 kW (139 PS)

⁽⁴⁾ For some export countries 120 kW (163 PS)

⁽⁵⁾ For some export countries 140 kW (190 PS)

⁽⁶⁾ With Super Plus (98 RON): 250 Nm

⁽⁷⁾ Values in round brackets “()” for automatic transmission and in square brackets “[]” for all-wheel drive

^(8th) Electronically limited

Diesel engines

	1.9 TUE	1.9 TDI		1.9 TD I ⁽¹⁾				2.5 TDI
Construction period	03 / 1996-11 / 1998	01 / 1995-09 / 2001	04 / 1997-09 / 2001	02 / 1996-10 / 2000	08 / 1999-06 / 2000	12 / 1999-09 / 2001		11 / 1997-09 / 2001
Engine characteristics
Engine code	AFF	1Z, AHU	AHH	AFN	AVG	AJM	ATJ	AFB, AKN
Motor type	Diesel engine
Engine type	R4							V6
Number of valves per cylinder	2							4th
Valve control	OHC							2 x DOHC
Camshaft drive	Timing belt							Gear wheels / toothed belts
Mixture preparation	Direct injection					Pump-nozzle system		Direct injection
Engine charging	-	Turbocharger, intercooler
cooling	Water cooling
Bore × stroke	79.5 mm × 95.5 mm							78.3 mm x 86.4 mm
Displacement	1896 cc							2496 cc
Compression ratio	19.5: 1					18.0: 1		19.5: 1
Max. Power at min ⁻¹	55 kW (75 PS) / 4000	66 kW (90 PS) / 4000		81 kW (110 PS) / 4150		85 kW (115 PS) / 4000		110 kW (150 PS) / 4000
Max. Torque in min ^-1	150 Nm / 1500-3200	202 Nm / 1900	210 Nm / 1900	225 Nm / 1700-3000	235 Nm / 1900	285 Nm / 1900	310 Nm / 1900	310 Nm / 1500-3200
Power transmission
Drive, as standard	Front wheel drive						Quattro drive	Front wheel drive
Drive, optional	-			Quattro drive		-		Quattro drive
Gearbox, as standard	5-speed manual transmission						6-speed manual transmission
Gearbox, optional	-	4- speed automatic transmission				5-stage Tiptronic	-	5-stage Tiptronic
Measured values (sedan) ⁽²⁾
Top speed	170 km / h	182 km / h (175 km / h)	184 km / h (177 km / h)	195 km / h (192 km / h) [192 km / h]	196 km / h (194 km / h) [194 km / h]	200 km / h (196 km / h)	[196 km / h]	220 km / h (214 km / h) [216 km / h] [(212 km / h)]
Acceleration, 0-100 km / h	16.1 s	13.5 s (14.6 s)	13.3 s (14.6 s)	11.3 s (12.8 s) [12.0 s]	11.3 s (12.5 s) [11.7 s]	10.5 s (11.9 s)	[10.9 s]	9.0 s (9.8 s) [9.4 s] [(10.4 s)]
Measured values (Avant) ⁽²⁾
Top speed	166 km / h	178 km / h (171 km / h)	180 km / h (173 km / h)	191 km / h (188 km / h) [188 km / h]	192 km / h (190 km / h) [190 km / h]	196 km / h (192 km / h)	[192 km / h]	216 km / h (210 km / h) [212 km / h] [(208 km / h)]
Acceleration, 0-100 km / h	16.5 s	13.8 s (15.1 s)	13.6 s (15.0 s)	11.7 s (13.0 s) [12.2 s]	11.5 s (12.8 s) [11.9 s]	10.7 s (12.2 s)	[11.1 s]	9.2 s (10.0 s) [9.6 s] [(10.6 s)]

^Note: The availability of the engines depended on the model, equipment and market.

⁽¹⁾ The TDI logo for distributor injection pump engines with 81 kW (110 PS) and for pump-nozzle engines with 85 kW (115 PS) could be recognized by the red "I"

⁽²⁾ Values in round brackets “()” for automatic transmission and in square brackets “[]” for all-wheel drive

Plug-in hybrid

In October 1997, the Audi duo based on the A4 Avant appeared, which was equipped with a hybrid drive and is the first series vehicle from a German manufacturer with a hybrid drive. In addition to the well-known TDI engine with a displacement of 1.9 liters and 66 kW (90 hp), an electric motor with 21 kW (29 hp) is used. Customers were also cautious because of the price of around DM 60,000. Not even 100 vehicles were sold. Production of the vehicle was stopped in June 1998.

literature

Automobile revue. Catalog 1996 and 2000
Hans-Rüdiger Etzold : That's how it's done . Volume 98: Audi A4 from 11/94 to 9/01. Delius Klasing, 5th edition 2002. ISBN 3-7688-0898-X .
Eberhard Kittler: German Cars since 1990, Volume 5: Audi, BMW, Smart, VW and small series. Motorbuch Verlag, 1st edition, Stuttgart 2001, ISBN 3-613-02052-1 .
Audi A4 owner's manual. Audi AG, September 1994. 951.561.8D0.00.
Audi A4 / S4 owner's manual. Audi AG, August 1999. 201.561.8D0.00.
Audi A4 Avant owner's manual. Audi AG, December 1995. 961.561.8D5.00.
Audi A4 Avant / S4 Avant Owner's Manual. Audi AG, August 1999. 201.561.8D5.00.

Web links

Commons : Audi A4 B5 - collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Audi A4 B5 . In: Audi.de
Cult car of the 90s - 25 years of the Audi A4 . In: Audi.com
Audi A4 B5 . In: Autobild.de
Holger Ippen: Audi A4 B5 is a solid companion . In: Autozeitung.de , September 26, 2018

Individual evidence

↑ The Audi A4 B5 in the Euro NCAP crash test , 1997 (English)
↑ The new Audi A4: Development and Technology. Special edition ATZ / MTZ. Vieweg Verlag, ISBN 978-3-8348-0399-3 <, pp. 15-17.
↑ Audi Q7 hybrid concept - hybrid history. ( Memento from January 10, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) Audi.de
↑ Brochure for the Audi duo. ( Memento from June 2, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF; 2.4 MB) Der-B5.de
↑ The burden of two hearts . In: Berliner Zeitung , April 21, 2007
↑ Hybrid-Autos.info: Audi Duo Hybrid 1997

Audi timeline

Timeline of the Audi models since 1965
Type	Current series	1960s					1970s										1980s										1990s										2000s										2010s										2020s
Type	Current series	5	6th	7th	8th	9	0	1	2	3	4th	5	6th	7th	8th	9	0	1	2	3	4th	5	6th	7th	8th	9	0	1	2	3	4th	5	6th	7th	8th	9	0	1	2	3	4th	5	6th	7th	8th	9	0	1	2	3	4th	5	6th	7th	8th	9	0	1
Small car	A1											50																								A2 (8Z)											A1 (8X)								A1 (GB)
Small car	A1 citycarver																																																							A1 citycarver (GB)
Compact class	A3																																A3 (8L)							A3 (8P)									A3 (8V)									A3 (8Y)
	S3																																			S3 (8L)							S3 (8P)							S3 (8V)								S3 (8Y)
	RS3																																															RS3 (8P)				RS3 (8V)
Middle class	A4	72/60/75/80 (F103)							80 (B1)						80 (B2)								80 (B3)					80 (B4)				A4 (B5)					A4 (B6)					A4 (B7)			A4 (B8)								A4 (B9)
	S4		Super 90 (F103)																		90 (B2)		90 (B3)							S2 (B4)				S4 (B5)						S4 (B6)			S4 (B7)			S4 (B8)							S4 (B9)
	RS4																														RS2					RS4 (B5)							RS4 (B7)						RS4 (B8)						RS4 (B9)
	A4 allroad																																													A4 allroad quattro (8K)							A4 allroad quattro (8W)
	A5																Coupé (B2)								Coupé (B3)																			A5 (8T)										A5 (F5)
	A5 Cabriolet																											Cabriolet											A4 Cabriolet (B6)				A4 Cabriolet (B7)			A5 Cabriolet (8F)								A5 Cabriolet (F5)
	A5 Sportback																																													A5 Sportback (8T)								A5 Sportback (F5)
	S5																quattro											Coupé S2																S5 (8T)										S5 (F5)
	S5 Cabriolet																																								S4 Cabriolet (B6)		S4 Cabriolet (B7)			S5 Cabriolet (8F)								S5 Cabriolet (F5)
	S5 Sportback																																													S5 Sportback (8T)								S5 Sportback (F5)
	RS5																																														RS5 (8T)							RS5 (F5)
	RS5 Cabriolet																																										RS4 Cabriolet (B7)							RS5 Cabriolet (8F)
	RS5 Sportback																																																							RS5 Sportback (F5)
upper middle class	A6				100 (C1)									100 (C2)						100 (C3)								100 (C4)			A6 (C4)			A6 (C5)							A6 (C6)							A6 (C7)							A6 (C8)
	S6															200 (C2)			200 (C3)									S4 (C4)			S6 (C4)				S6 (C5)								S6 (C6)						S6 (C7)							S6 (C8)
	RS6																																						RS6 (C5)						RS6 (C6)					RS6 (C7)						RS6 (C8)
	A6 allroad																																			Allroad quattro (C5)							A6 allroad quattro (C6)						A6 allroad quattro (C7)							A6 allroad quattro (C8)
	A7						100 Coupé S (C1)								100 (C2)																																A7 (C7)								A7 (C8)
	S7																																																S7 (C7)							S7 (C8)
	RS7																																																	RS7 (C7)						RS7 (C8)
Upper class	A8																									V8 (D11)						A8 (D2)							A8 (D3)								A8 (D4)								A8 (D5)
Upper class	S8																																	S8 (D2)									S8 (D3)						S8 (D4)							S8 (D5)
Coupes	TT																																		TT (8N)								TT (8Y)								TT (FV)
	TTS																																												TTS (8Y)						TTS (FV)
	TT RS																																													TT RS (8J)							TT RS (FV)
Roadster	TT																																			TT (8N)								TT (8Y)							TT (FV)
	TTS																																												TTS (8Y)							TTS (FV)
	TT RS																																													TT RS (8J)							TT RS (FV)
Sports car	R8																				Sport quattro																							R8 (42)								R8 (4S)
Sports car	R8 Spyder																																													R8 Spyder (42)						R8 Spyder (4S)
SUV	Q2																																																				Q2 (GA)
	SQ2																																																						SQ2 (GA)
	Q3																																															Q3 (8U)							Q3 (F3)
	Q3 Sportback																																																							Q3 Sportback (F3)
	RS Q3																																																	RS Q3 (8U)						RS Q3 (F3)
	RS Q3 Sportback																																																							RS Q3 Sportback (F3)
	Q5																																												Q5 (8R)									Q5 (FY)
	SQ5																																																SQ5 (8R)					SQ5 (FY)
	Q7																																										Q7 (4L)									Q7 (4M)
	SQ7																																																				SQ7 (4M)
	Q8																																																						Q8 (4M)
	SQ8																																																							SQ8 (4M)
	RS Q8																																																							RS Q8 (4M)
	e-tron																																																						e-tron (GE)
	e-tron Sportback																																																								e-tron Sportback (GE)
	e-tron S.																																																									e-tron S (GE)
	e-tron Sportback S.																																																									e-tron Sportback S (GE)

[1] The Audi A4 B5 in the Euro NCAP crash test , 1997 (English)

[2] The new Audi A4: Development and Technology. Special edition ATZ / MTZ. Vieweg Verlag, ISBN 978-3-8348-0399-3 <, pp. 15-17.

[3] Audi Q7 hybrid concept - hybrid history. ( Memento from January 10, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) Audi.de

[4] Brochure for the Audi duo. ( Memento from June 2, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF; 2.4 MB) Der-B5.de

[5] The burden of two hearts . In: Berliner Zeitung , April 21, 2007

[6] Hybrid-Autos.info: Audi Duo Hybrid 1997