Zoophilia

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Classification according to ICD-10
F65.8 Other disorders of sexual preference
ICD-10 online (WHO version 2019)
Zoophilia, relief representation at the Lakshmana Temple

Zoophilia (from ancient Greek ζώον zṓon , German 'animal, living being' and -philia ) describes the sexual or romantic attraction to animals . Zoophilia can include sexual acts , but also preferences that are only secondary, sometimes even unconsciously , for the sexual satisfaction of humans. The term was first used in 1896 by the Viennese psychiatrist Richard von Krafft-Ebing in his work Psychopathia sexualis . The term is colloquially equated with sodomy .

Since the revised version of DSM- III (1987), zoophilia has been listed under the unspecified paraphilias (sexual deviations from the social norm ). According to ICD-10 (F65.8), zoophilia is a disrupted sexual preference . However, more recent studies now paint a more nuanced picture (see section Debate ).

The superficially very similar term theriophilia ( ancient Greek θηρίον theríon can also mean "animal") stands for animal-idealizing worldviews .

Terms

The terms in the word field “zoophilia” were and are not generally defined. An attempt to explain the terms and their development can be found at Rosenbauer, for example. The most common definition used by Miletski and Beetz today is: “Zoophilia describes an emotional bond with an animal that leads to the animal being preferred as a companion and / or sexual partner.” There are also more specific terms such as “cynophilia” as a designation for human controlled sexual acts between dog and person or the corresponding tendency. Terms such as “zoophilia”, “bestiality”, “zoosexuality”, “zooerasty” and the outdated and particularly fuzzy “sodomy” are also used in linguistic usage and discussion without prior clarification of the term content.

Three key terms commonly used for the topic are "zoophilia", "bestiality" and "zoosexuality". People who practice zoophilia are referred to as "zoophiles", "zoosexuals" or simply "zoos". Zooerasty or sodomy are less commonly used terms. “Bestiosexuality” was briefly discussed, but never established itself.

Zoophilia

The term "zoophilia" was introduced into the field of sexuality research in Psychopathia sexualis (1886) by Krafft-Ebing , who described a number of his cases as "animal abuse (bestiality)", and as "zoophilia erotica", which he called sexual Defined affinity for animal fur or skin. In common usage today, the term "zoophilia" refers to sexual activity between humans and non-human animals, to the desire for such activity or to specific paraphilia ( paraphilia , i.e. atypical arousal), which is a clear preference for non- human animals over humans as sexual partners. Zoophiles emphasize the social component of this bond. Although Krafft-Ebing also coined the term "Zooerastie" for the affinity directed exclusively to non-human animals, the term is usually no longer used.

Zoo sexuality

Color woodcut by Katsushika Hokusai , book illustration, known under the title The Dream of the Fisherman's Wife, around 1815

The term “zoosexual” was proposed by Hani Miletski in 2002 as a value-neutral term. The use of “zoosexual” as a noun (in relation to a person) is synonymous with zoophile, while the term as an adjective, e.g. B. within the expression "zoosexual act", a sexual activity between a human and a non-human animal. The derived noun "zoosexuality" is sometimes used by so-called zoophiles, both in support groups and in internet-based discussion forums, to assign themselves to a sexual orientation that is characterized by romantic or emotional involvement and / or sexual affinity for animals.

Bestiality

The English legal term "bestiality" has two pronunciations: "ˌbɛs'tiæ'lə'ti" or "ˌbis'tiæ'lə'ti", the latter predominating in the USA. In German there is no word with the same meaning, so that the English word is usually adopted. Some zoophiles and researchers distinguish between "zoophilia" and "bestiality". They use the first to describe the desire to have a sexual relationship with an animal and the second to describe the sexual act itself. Masters used the term "bestialists" specifically in his 1962 discussion of zoosadism, which derives from the satisfaction (not necessarily sexual satisfaction) of torturing animals.

Stephanie LaFarge, an assistant professor of psychiatry at New Jersey Medical School and director of counseling at ASPCA , writes that these two groups can be distinguished: "bestialists," who abuse or rape animals, and zoophiles, who have an emotional and sexual bond with one Animal die. Colin J. Williams and Martin S. Weinberg studied self-identifying zoophiles on the Internet and described their understanding of the term "zoophilia" as an implication of animal welfare, joy, and consensuality as opposed to the term used by this group " Bestialists "for people who are only focused on their own satisfaction. Williams and Weinberg also quoted a British newspaper saying that “zoophilia” is a term used by apologists for “bestiality”.

Zoosadism

Ernst Bornemann (1990, quoted by Rosenbauer, 1997) coined the special term "zoosadism" for people who obtain satisfaction - sexually or otherwise - by torturing animals. Zoosadism is an element of the Macdonald triad of precursors to sociopathic behavior .

Frequency of occurrence

The Kinsey Report found that 8% of men and 3.6% of women surveyed have had sexual interactions with animals. For people who lived on farms, the percentage rose to 40–50%, which some later authors doubt because the selection of respondents was not representative. There were disproportionately high numbers of prisoners ( sample distortion ). Martin Duberman , Kinsey's successor, removed the prisoners from the results and found that there was no significant change.

In 1974 the number of people living on the farm had decreased by 80% compared to 1940, reducing the possibility of living with animals; Hunt's 1974 study suggests that this demographic change has resulted in a significant change in the reported incidences of human-animal sexual contact. The percentage of men who reported sexual interaction with animals was 4.9% in 1974 (1948: 8.3%) and among women 1.9% (1953: 3.6%). Miletski believes this is not due to decreased interest, but rather to decreased opportunity.

Nancy Friday's 1973 book My Secret Garden describes approximately 190 fantasies by different women; of these, 23 involve zoosexual acts.

One study found that psychiatric patients had a statistically higher prevalence (55 percent) of reported zoosexuality (45% actual sexual contact, 30% sexual fantasy) than the control group (10 percent) and psychiatric staff (15%). Crépault and Couture (1980) reported that 5.3 percent of the men they interviewed had fantasized about sexual activity with an animal during heterosexual intercourse. A 1982 study suggested that 7.5% of 186 university students had sexually interacted with an animal.

Sexual fantasies of zoosexual acts can also occur in people who have no desire to experience them in real life. Nancy Friday notes that zoophilia as a fantasy may represent an escape from cultural expectations, restrictions, and judgments about sex. A common interest and sexual arousal in viewing animals while mating cites crowds as an indicator of latent zoophilia (1994). Masters (1962) says that some brothel owners exhibited animals when mating to encourage potential customers; and this has encouraged customers to be sexually active with animals.

Numerous studies have found that women show stronger vaginal responses to films of bonobo populations than to films without sexual stimuli.

Zoophiles have been described as a phenomenon that occurs in many different ethnic groups: "Whites, blacks, Asians, Mormons, Amish, Catholics, atheists, pagans, Jews, men and women." In addition, people who "live in a Growing up with animals in the area, do not become more zoophile than people who grow up in the city without them ”.

Perspectives on zoophilia

Art by Franz von Bayros

Psychological, psychiatric and research aspects

Zoophilia is dealt with within a number of scientific disciplines: psychology (the study of the human mind ), sexology (a relatively new discipline primarily concerned with human sexuality ), ethology (the study of animal behavior ), and anthrozoology (the study of interactions and attachments between humans and animals).

The nature of animal consciousness, animal thought processes and structures, animal self-perception , perception , emotions in animals and their "picture of the world" are explored within the framework of animal cognition and in various specialist areas of neuroscience , such as neuroethology .

In the DSM-III and IV classification, zoophilia is listed under "unspecified paraphilias ". The World Health Organization takes the same point of view and lists the sexual preference for animals in its ICD -10 as "other disorders of sexual preference". The DSM-IV (TR) (the Diagnostic Statistical Manual of the American Psychiatric Association ) describes the client with zoophilia as not in need of treatment, as is the case with most other paraphilias, as long as the paraphilia does not cause suffering or the normal life of the Client impaired.

Zoophilia also marginally affects other areas of science such as ethics, philosophy, law, animal rights, and animal welfare . The sociology deals with those whose behavior bay with other sexual abuse compares and examines the role of the animal as an aid and support in human life in the non-sexual zoophilia, which in the clinical context in the field of psychiatry falls. The Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine (Vol. 18, February 2011) states that sexual contact with animals is almost never in itself a clinically significant problem and that there are various forms of zoophilia:

  1. role player
  2. Romantic zoophiles
  3. Zoophile fantasists
  4. Tactile zoophiles
  5. Fetishistic zoophiles
  6. Zoosadists
  7. Zoophile opportunists
  8. Habitual zoophiles
  9. Exclusive zoophiles

It also mentions that categories 2, 3, and 8 zoophiles (romantic zoophiles, zoophile fantasists, and habitual zoophiles) are the most common, while categories 6 and 7 zoophiles (zoosadists and zoophile opportunists) are the least common.

Zoophilia can be child experimentation, sexual abuse, or lack of other opportunities for sexual activity. Exclusive affection for animals and no affection for humans is a rare paraphilia, and these clients often have other paraphilias as well. Zoophiles do not usually seek help and thus do not catch the psychiatrists' eye for their zoophilia per se.

The first detailed studies of zoophilia date before 1910. Peer-reviewed research on zoophilia itself began around 1960. However, some of the most cited papers, such as Miletski's, were not published in peer-reviewed journals. There are several relevant modern books from Masters (1962) to Beetz (2002); whose research results read something like this:

  • Most zoophiles have (or had) long-term relationships with humans at the same time or at the same time as the animal species. The animal partners are usually dogs or horses (Masters, Miletski, Beetz).
  • The feelings and appreciation of the zoophiles for the animals can be real, a partner bond, authentic and, within the framework of the animals' abilities, mutual. Not just a substitute or a means of articulating yourself. Beetz believes that zoophilia is not a propensity to choose.
  • In general, society is currently significantly disinformed about zoophilia, its clichés and their meaning. The distinction between zoophilia and zoosadism is a key point among these researchers and is emphasized in each of the studies. Masters (1962), Miletski (1999), and Weinberg (2003) all mention the social harm caused by these misunderstandings in society about zoophilia: "They destroy the lives of many people".

Beetz also notes the following:

"The taboo on sexual contact between humans and animals is beginning to break: they appear more and more often in scientific publications and the public is also confronted with it. [...] Sexual contact with animals - in the form of zoophilia or bestiality - must be discussed more publicly and by scientists different disciplines are researched: for example in animal ethics, animal behavior research, anthrozoology, psychology, mental hygiene, sociology and law. "

More recently, research has taken three other directions - the speculation that at least some animals seem to enjoy zoophilic relationships (assuming sadism is excluded) and that they can develop emotional bonds. Kinsey (quoted by Masters) and others made the same observations before his time. Miletski (1999) describes how information about sex with animals on the Internet often expresses very emphatically what zoophiles believe that their animals like it and how one can recognize consent . For example, Jonathan Balcombe says that animals do things for fun. He also says that pet owners will not be particularly interested in this because they have known that for a long time.

Beetz describes the phenomenon of zoophilia / bestiality as somewhere between crime, paraphilia and love, but points out that most research is based on criminological records, so violence and mental illness may be over-represented. She notes that very little, very new work is based on data collected from the community. Like all studies on volunteers, especially when it comes to sexuality, these studies run the risk of being non-unbiased through self-selection .

Medical tests suggest that some zoophiles can only be aroused by certain animal species (such as horses), that some zoophiles are excitable by different animal species (including humans or not), and that some zoophiles are not aroused by humans at all.

Historical and cultural aspects

Cave paintings , which possibly depict sexual contact between humans and animals, are known from the Bronze Age ( Sweden ) and the Iron Age ( Italy ). According to Rosenberger (1968), sexual human-animal contacts even lasted at least into the last Ice Age , i.e. up to 40,000 to 25,000 BC. BC back. There are doctrines that assume that these paintings are not actual actions, but depictions of mythological-depth psychological motifs. Others see the shaman's natural interaction with his power animal in the non-everyday consciousness.

Cave paintings in Kedareshvara Temple, Balligavi

Evidence of sexual contact between humans and animals can be found in the Bible. In the Old Testament , sexual intercourse with animals is forbidden ( 3 Mos 18.23  EU ) and designated as a crime worthy of death ( 2 Mos 22.18  EU ; 3 Mos 20.15–16  EU ). Those who commit zoophilia are cursed ( 5 Mos 27.21  EU ), i.e. H. Exposure and punishment of the offense are left to God.

In the Hittite legal books (16th century - 13th century BC), sexual acts with animals are generally punishable. The elements of the offense are contained in the named animal species and the offense is subsumed under the term “sin” or “jump over”. The respective legal consequences (death penalty or ostracism) depend on the king's judgment. In principle, crimes worthy of death are crimes involving cattle, pigs, sheep and a dog. Intercourse with a horse or a mule, on the other hand, only results in ostracism and the prohibition of holding a priesthood. If the active act of copulation (jumping on) is performed on a human by a cattle or pig, the cattle and sheep are killed instead of the human. There is no legal consequence in the aforementioned constellation with a pig.

On a cave painting from 8000 BC. A man is shown penetrating an animal in northern Italy ( Val Camonica ). Raymond Christinger interprets this as a sign of the chief's power, and we do not know whether this practice accepted at the time, whether what was depicted was ordinary, unusual, symbolic or imaginary. The book Cambridge Illustrated History of Prehistoric Art thinks that this scene could be humorous, because the penetrating man seems to be waving his arms happily during it. Potters seem to have spent a lot of time demonstrating this practice, but it could also be that they found the idea simply amusing. Dr. "Jacobus X", a pseudonym for a French author, says that this clearly happened "before we knew taboos against sex with animals". Marc Epprecht says that writers like Dr. Jacobus X deserve no respect because their methods are hearsay based and designed to satisfy the reader's voyeuristic desires. Masters says that since prehistoric people are prehistoric , it is evident that we know little about their sexual behavior and that cave paintings may only represent the artist's subjective thoughts and opinions.

Various explicit reports are known from classical antiquity , which clearly deal with sexual interactions with animals. In ancient Greece, for example, various deities were worshiped by practicing violent sexual intercourse with the animals that symbolized the deity. Human-animal contacts also play a role in Greek mythology (see Minotaur , Europa , Leda ). In ancient Rome there were brothels that bore the names of the animal species that were made available there for humans.

Masters suggests that zoophilia was widespread in ancient times, and believes it was often part of religious rituals. He believes that this was the case in ancient Egypt and that the zoomorphic forms of the Egyptian gods are a guarantee that sexual contact between humans and animals was part of the rituals. Zoomorphic figures of gods in themselves are not sufficient evidence, but Pindar, Herodotus and Plutarch report of ritual associations of the Egyptians with goats. However, such claims about foreign cultures do not necessarily have to mean that the author has evidence, but can also be an expression of xenophobia or simply propaganda, as in the case of the ritual murder legend .

Sexual contact between humans and animals has been accepted in some native cultures in North America and the Middle East. For some American Indian tribes (including the Hopi ), sexual intercourse between humans and animals was not uncommon. Voget describes the sex life of young Native Americans as "all-encompassing," including zoophilia. The Copper Inuit also had "no aversion to associating with live animals"

Numerous cultures built temples ( Khajuraho , India) or other structures ( Sagaholm , barrow , Sweden) with zoophile carvings on the outside. However, in Khajuraho these representations are not on the inside. Perhaps that means that things are assigned to the profane world and not to the spiritual world and therefore have to be left outside.

In the West, the most accurate records of human-animal sex are associated with reports of murderous sadism, torture and rape in the Colosseum and Circus Maximus (in which authors estimate that several hundred thousand people died). Masters believes that animals were specially trained to have intercourse with women: if the girl or woman were unwilling, the animals would try to rape her. A surprising variety of animals have been used for this purpose and trained in vaginal and anal copulation. Depictions of scenes from the sex life of the gods, such as B. Pasiphae and the bull were hugely popular, often resulting in extreme suffering, injury and death. Occasionally, more dangerous animals were allowed (if desired) to kill and devour their victims afterwards.

In Christian areas, from late antiquity to modern times, the Bible has largely determined how human-animal contacts are dealt with. In the Christian culture of the Middle Ages, zoophile activities with execution, typically cremation, were punished as "both a violation of biblical commandments and the degradation of man as a spiritual being by the purely animal and flesh", which included the death of the animal, either on the same way or by hanging the animal. Some witches have been accused of encountering the devil in the form of an animal. Since all of the allegations in the witch trials were made using torture to obtain confessions, their veracity cannot be measured. Harsh sentences including life imprisonment lasted until the mid-19th century. It is not uncommon for pig herders to be falsely suspected because by “riding on” the sow they determined whether the sow was ready to mate, because a female ready to mate presses against it, a female who is not ready to mate walks away. For inexperienced outsiders, the swineherd's test can act like a form of zoophilia.

Especially in the 18th century, lap dogs were trained for sexual purposes ( cunnilingus ).

Religious Aspects

Two verses from Leviticus 18 (Lev 18:23: "23 You shall not lie with any cattle to defile yourself with them. And no woman should stand before a cattle to get involved with him; it is a shameful defilement! ") And 20: 15-16 (" 15 If a man lies with an animal, he must be killed and the animal should be killed. 16 If a woman approaches any animal to get involved with it, then you should you kill the woman and the animal too; they should absolutely be killed; their blood be on them! ") are cited by Jewish, Christian and Muslim theologians as evidence for the condemnation of sexual contact between humans and animals. However, it is interpreted by some experts that New Testament teachings do not specifically prohibit such contact.

In Part II of his Summa theologica , the medieval philosopher Thomas Aquinas ranked various “unnatural vices” (sexual acts that serve “lust” but not procreation) according to the degree of sinfulness and concluded that the most serious sin was the Bestiality. Some Christian theologians extend Matthew's view that even the thought of adultery is a sin to conclude that the thought of having sex with an animal is also a sin.

Man has traffic with a horse, relief on the outer wall of a temple in Khajuraho

There are a few references in Hindu scriptures to supernatural beings having symbolic sex with animals, as shown on the outside of the temple complex in Khajuraho in the sculptures of the "ways of life" of normal people in thousands of detailed representations. These representations are more symbolic illustrations of the sexual aspects of some animals and are not meant as they appear. According to the Hindu tradition of erotic pictures and sculptures, sex with an animal is a symbol of the union of a person with a god incarnated in an animal body. After all, according to Hindu scriptures such as the Bhagavatapurana and the Devi Bhagavata , sex with animals, especially cows, leads directly to hell , where people are tortured by rubbing their bodies over trees with razor-sharp spikes.

health and safety

Infections that can be transmitted from animals to humans are called zoonoses . Some zoonoses can be transmitted through simple contact, others are far more likely to be transmitted through activities in which humans come into contact with semen , vaginal fluids, urine , saliva , feces and animal blood. Examples of zoonoses are brucellosis , Q fever , leptospirosis and toxocariasis . Therefore, in some cases, sexual contact with animals is a very risky activity. Allergic reactions to animal semen are uncommon, including anaphylaxis . Bite and scratch wounds as well as penetration injuries can also occur.

Zoophiles

Non-sexual zoophilia

The love for animals is not necessarily sexual in nature. In psychology and sociology , the word “zoophilia” is often used without sexual implication. Being fond of animals, especially pets, is generally accepted in Western society and is usually tolerated and respected. The word zoophilia, however, usually also denotes a sexual preference for animals, which makes it a paraphilia . Some zoophiles do not live out this sexual attraction. People who see themselves as zoophiles often feel a more romantic than sexual connection to the animal and claim that this sets them apart from those who are only interested in the fully sexually motivated act of "bestiality".

Zoophile community

Some companies offer dildos in the shape of animal penises, both realistic and fictional in nature. This is based on a dog penis .

An online survey of participants from all over the world showed that before the advent of a comprehensive computer network, most zoophiles had no contact with other zoophiles and kept their inclinations and actions secret. Only a few friends, family members or their partners sometimes confided in them. The Internet and its predecessors enabled people to find information on topics that were otherwise not easily accessible, and also made it possible to communicate with relative security and anonymity. Because of the diary-like intimacy of blogs and the anonymity of the Internet, zoophiles were able to address their sexuality "openly". As with other alternative lifestyles, larger networks formed around the 1980s when participation in online communities at home or elsewhere became possible. Such developments in general were described by Markoff in 1990; connecting computers meant people thousands of miles away could feel the same intimacy as if they were in a small village together.

The popular newsgroup alt.sex .beastiality was said to be in the top 1% of the most sought-after newsgroups (around 50th place out of around 5,000 active groups), and it supposedly started out as a funny newsgroup. Together with personal internet forums and talkers , of which Sleepy's multiple worlds , Lintilla and Planes of Existence are particularly noteworthy , which were among the first group media of this kind for zoophiles in the late 1980s and early 1990s. These groups quickly attracted zoophiles, some of whom also created personal and community websites and internet forums . By 1992–1994 the social network had developed further. In the beginning, everything revolved around the aforementioned newsgroup , alt.sex.beastiality, which developed into a discussion and support group during the years after 1990. The newsgroup included information on relevant health tips, zoophilia laws, a bibliography on the subject, and community events.

Weinberg and Williams observe that the Internet can socially integrate an astonishingly large amount of people. In the days of Kinsey, animal-loving contacts were far more local and limited to male rural residents of a region. Since the farm boys Kinsey studied were part of a rural community in which sex with animals played a role, that sex does not describe the zoophile community in general. The zoophile community is not known to be particularly large among the subcultures that make use of the Internet, so Weinberg and Williams assumed that their goals and thoughts would likely change little as the community grew. The activists on the Internet were certainly not aware of the existence of a larger subculture, because there is hardly any. Weinberg and Williams therefore assumed that the virtual group of zoophiles on the Internet would shape the further development of the subculture.

There are also websites whose aim is to provide zoophile support and social assistance (including resources to help and save abused animals), but these are usually not well known. Such work is often done by individuals and their friends and disseminated through social networks and word of mouth. A remarkably early attempt to create a zoophilic social structure specializing in social and psychological support was the soc.support.zoophilia newsgroup, which was proposed in 1994, but nearly failed because of the 2/3 majority required. There was also a German support group outside the Internet called the “Interest Group for Zoophile People”.

Zoophiles often get their first zoosexual experiences during puberty and tend to keep them a secret, which hinders the formation of communities outside of the internet:

“I asked him [a zoophile] when he first noticed he was a zoophile. 'As a kid you don't notice the sexual attraction,' he said. 'But I've always been very interested in animals, it started around the age of 10. It went beyond my normal affection for our dog, and then I discovered my sexuality. He is male, I am male. I wanted to give him some pleasure. ' His attraction to dogs grew stronger in his teens and increased again when he was 20+. 'For many years I thought I was the only one doing that,' says James. 'I felt like there was no one to talk to about it. But I was absolutely certain that I couldn't tell my parents or friends about it, '[…]' It's not a fetish, 'said James of this attraction. 'It's a way of life, a lifestyle.' "

Legal

Situation in Germany

Legalization in 1968 in the GDR and 1969 in the FRG

Sexual contact between animals and humans was prohibited in Germany from 1871 and in the Federal Republic of Germany until 1969 by Section 175b of the Criminal Code :

The unnatural fornication committed by humans with animals is to be punished with imprisonment; Loss of civil rights can also be recognized.

In the GDR, in the version of § 175 of 1949, criminal liability was initially retained, but abolished in 1968 through the introduction of the new penal code. The criminal liability was lifted in the Federal Republic of Germany in 1969 by the great criminal law reform.

In addition, the Animal Welfare Act continues to set limits with the punitive prohibition of torturous or raw animal abuse and - in the case of an unfamiliar animal - the criminal liability of property damage ( Section 303 ).

The dissemination of pornographic writings that deal with sexual acts by humans with animals, as well as everything that aims to disseminate them (e.g. multiplying tens of times), are still punishable under Section 184a of the Criminal Code. However, mere possession is permitted.

Renewed illegalization as an administrative offense

History of origin

In April 2010, the then Hessian environment minister , Silke Lautenschläger , demanded that zoophilia should be punished again. As part of an upcoming amendment to the Animal Welfare Act in 2012, the German Federal Council issued a statement suggesting that it should be examined whether a ban on sodomy could be anchored in the Animal Welfare Act. The responsible committees of the Federal Council saw both animal welfare, in their opinion worthy of protection, and species-appropriate self-development violated by such actions. In addition, there would be a loophole , as the distribution of zoophile material is punishable, but not the act itself. Incidentally, the emergence of animal brothels is emerging in Germany , which must be counteracted in good time.

In a statement for the Bundestag, however, the individual expert Thorsten Gerdes saw no need for action on this point. In his view, the move is more an attempt to sanction deviating sexual behavior through the back door. He pointed out that there was a consensus among the scientists involved that social morality could not be enforced through criminal law and that they had not yet demanded that zoophilia should be punishable again. He considers the postulated establishment of animal brothels to be a “more theoretical scenario”.

Research by the Badische Zeitung in September 2012 came to the conclusion that there was no evidence of the existence of animal brothels. Such facilities are also not known to the German Animal Welfare Association . The claim that there are such animal brothels in Scandinavian countries goes back to a report in the newspaper 24timer, a paper distributed free of charge in Denmark .

In November 2012, under pressure from Hans-Michael Goldmann ( FDP ) , the coalition introduced a draft law into the Animal Welfare Act, which prohibits any sexually motivated act on or with animals. In December 2012, the German Bundestag passed a reform of the Animal Welfare Act , which, among other things, provides for the misdemeanor of sexual acts and which came into force on July 13, 2013 ( Section 3 sentence 1 number 13).

Current situation

With the amendment to the law of July 13, 2013 it is now forbidden to “use an animal for one's own sexual activities or to train or make available for sexual acts of third parties and thereby force it to behave contrary to species.” A violation will be prosecuted as an administrative offense.

On December 8, 2015, the Federal Constitutional Court rejected a complaint against Section 3 Sentence 1 No. 13 of the Animal Welfare Act. In the justification it made it clear that the prohibition anchored in the Animal Welfare Act only applies if the animal is forced to behave in a manner that is contrary to species . Accordingly, sexual intercourse with animals is not generally prohibited in Germany.

Immorality

The court refused entry in the register of associations , which among other things wanted to advertise sex with animals , because the intended purpose of the association was immoral. A complaint against it was unsuccessful.

Situation in other European countries

In Europe, only England, Wales and Northern Ireland have crimes criminalizing sodomy (zoophilia). In the other European countries, the respective animal welfare laws are now relevant. Austria, for example, punishes the execution of sexual acts on or with an animal in accordance with Section 5 (1) and 2 line 17 Animal Welfare Act . Sexually motivated acts with animals have been expressly prohibited in Switzerland since September 2008 ( Art. 16 Para. 2 lit. j TSchV); this restored criminal liability in Switzerland. The ban is based on the concept of animal dignity, which has been the basis of the Swiss Animal Welfare Act since 2008.

In Austria, according to Section 220a of the Criminal Code , anyone who disseminated writings encouraging or approving of “fornication with animals” was to be punished. This law was repealed by the Criminal Law Amendment Act 2015.

Most of the laws prohibiting sexual contact between humans and animals date from the 21st century. Zoophiles like to portray these laws as a result of a lack of knowledge and a rejection of the idea of ​​a union between humans and animals, embedded in a relational context and an effort to avoid abuse. Some authors see these laws as "irrational" and stress that they represent a "violation of personal freedom".

In France, the penal code of 1791, enacted by the legislature, abolished the offenses of sodomy and bestiality, following the line of the classic criminal lawyers ( Beccaria , Bentham  ...) and thus fully compliant with the declaration of 1789 that freedom consists in that everyone can do what he wants, as long as it does not harm anyone else (Art. 4). The secularization of the law and the liberal thoughts of the revolutionaries have led to homosexuality and zoophilia being punished. Napoléon confirmed this impunity in his penal code of 1810. During the 19th and 20th centuries, the criminal justice system could convict violent sexual acts on animals on the basis of cruel or poor treatment of a pet or farm animal. Until March 2004 there was no law against sexual contact between humans and animals, except in cases where the animal had to endure severe suffering as a result. Law 2004-204 of March 9, 2004, on the adaptation of the legal situation to the evolution of crime, added the specification “or sexual nature” to Article 521-1 of the code pénal . It now says that the one who

"Public or not, an animal seriously 'or sexually abused' or perpetrated cruel acts on an animal that is kept at home, in use or in captivity, with two years imprisonment and a fine of 30,000 euros ."

is punished. As part of the additional punishment, a lifelong or temporary ban on keeping animals can be imposed. The amendment to the law was approved unanimously by the National Assembly and the Senate. On September 4, 2007, the Cour de cassation (roughly equivalent to the Federal Court of Justice) confirmed a judgment of January 27, 2006 that sentenced a person to one year probation and a life-long ban on keeping animals because this person had anal intercourse with their pony.

USA and Canada

There is no federal law in the United States that prohibits zoophilia. In January 2012, 34 states had specific laws that made sexual contact between humans and animals punishable (often in connection with anal intercourse). Nine states have recently introduced such paragraphs: Oregon, Maine, Iowa, Illinois, Indiana, Missouri, Arizona, Alaska, and Florida. In some states it is believed that if anal intercourse is not prohibited (generally in the context of male homosexuality ) then zoophilia cannot be illegal either. However, it has been shown in Florida , where there was no specific legislation against the application of the laws against cruelty to animals (see the Randol Mitchell case ).

Sexual contact between humans and animals is an offense in 17 states: Alaska , Arkansas , Florida , Iowa , California , Louisiana , Maryland , Maine , Minnesota , Missouri , Nebraska , New York , North Dakota , Oregon , Pennsylvania , Utah, and Wisconsin . They are a crime in seventeen other states: Arizona , North Carolina , South Carolina , South Dakota , Delaware , Georgia , Idaho , Illinois , Indiana , Massachusetts , Michigan , Mississippi , Oklahoma , Rhode Island , Tennessee , Virginia, and Washington . Until 2005, there was a farm near Enumclaw , Washington, described as an "animal brothel," where people paid to have sex with animals. After the incident on July 2, 2005, in which the zoophile Kenneth Pinyan was pronounced dead in the emergency room of the Enumclaw Community Hospital after his bowel was torn off during passive anal intercourse with a stallion, this farm came under the focus of the police. The legislature of the State of Washington , which had previously been one of the few states in the US without special legislation against sex with animals, passed a law against bestiality within six months; Arizona, Alaska, and Florida now prohibit zoosexual contact. When such laws are introduced, they are never questioned or debated. However, laws that condemn consensual sex between humans and animals have also been criticized as unjust, discriminatory and unconstitutional.

The other 16 states (including Washington, DC ) have no law prohibiting sexual contact between humans and animals. In Puerto Rico , however, zoophilia is a crime. Zoophilia falls under "crimes against nature" in Louisiana and North Carolina

In Canada , Article 160 (1) of the Criminal Code , Part 5, prohibits sexual contact between humans and animals.

Other countries

In the UK , a sex crimes law that came into force in 2003 prohibits human anal or vaginal penetration of a live animal, as well as the introduction of a live animal's penis into a human's anus or vagina. Anyone who violates it faces a prison sentence of a maximum of two years.

In Spain there is no special law against sexual acts between humans and animals, but there are laws against cruelty to animals.

In Belgium zoosex acts were legal until 2007. However, videos of such acts are now illegal since the 2006 case of a man who had sexual relations with dogs at the shelter he worked for. He was convicted not of cruelty to animals, but of harassment for posting these images through his website. The Belgian animal rights organization Gaia went into revision, but without success.

In the Netherlands , zoosex acts have been illegal since 2010.

In Hungary , zoosexual acts are legal as long as the animal is not physically harmed.

They are illegal in Norway . A corresponding law came into force in November 2008.

Sexual acts with animals have been illegal in Denmark since April 2015. Until the law was passed, zoophilia was considered a legal act in Denmark as long as it did not harm the animal. Activists criticized this elaboration, however, because it is difficult to provide evidence for the welfare or suffering of the animals. The previous law also increased "sex tourism" with animals. The sentences range from one year in prison for first-time offenders to two years for repeat offenders.

In Finland , zoosex acts are legal as long as the animal is not physically harmed; an existing ban was lifted in 1971. Sharing animal porn is allowed, but not commercial trade.

In Switzerland , Articles 135 and 197 of the Criminal Code prohibit the possession and distribution (since 2001 ) of pornographic or depictions of violence involving animals.

In Sweden , in 2005 the Swedish Animal Welfare Society expressed concern to the government about the increase in reports of horse ripper incidents. The society took the view that the existing legislation was no longer sufficient to protect the animals effectively and should actually be tightened, but that, after weighing all the circumstances, it would not be enough for a ban.

In Australia , animal cruelty laws are part of national law. Until 2011, zoosex relationships were considered legal in Canberra and Jervis Bay Territory . In the meantime, zoosexual acts are prohibited by federal law, but any state can override this legislation if it so wishes.

In India , zoosex acts are illegal. According to Article 377 of the CPI (Indian Penal Code), it is illegal for a human to have a sexual relationship with an animal.

In Japan , zoosex acts are legal.

In Mexico , zoosex acts are legal.

In Zambia , zoosex acts are illegal. Article 115 of the Criminal Code prohibits "acts against nature", specifically "sexual intercourse with an animal".

They are illegal in Ghana . The "unnatural carnal knowledge" is not allowed under the Ghanaian penal code.

In Ethiopia , zoosex acts are illegal and punishable by law (“punie par la loi”).

In New Zealand , the 1989 criminal reform bill considered abolishing zoosexual activity as a criminal offense and treating it as a mental illness, but it did not and people can still be persecuted for it today. Under Section 143 of the Criminal Code of 1961, individuals can be sentenced to up to 7 years for "animal abuse" and the crime is deemed complete when penetration has occurred.

Some countries once had laws against the coexistence of single men with female animals such as alpacas. Sex with an alpaca is still illegal in Peru today.

pornography

Commons : Zoophilia in art  - collection of images, videos and audio files
Greek shepherd associates with a goat , from De Figuris Veneris by Friedrich Karl Forberg , illustrated by Édouard-Henri Avril

Pornography with animals is generally illegal, even in countries that do not specifically prohibit sexual contact with animals.

In the United States , animal pornography is considered obscene if it does not meet the guidelines of the Miller Test and therefore cannot be publicly sold, mailed, distributed, or taken across state lines to states where it is prohibited. Transmission over the Internet counts as proliferation under US law. Production and pure possession appear to be legal, although if in doubt a court in United States v. Extreme Associates suspected the dissemination of sexual or obscene material and banned its possession (decision was overturned by the appellate body in December 2005).

The same restrictions apply in Germany.

In New Zealand , possession, production or distribution of zoosexual material is illegal.

The potential as a topic for pornographic films has been recognized since the beginning of the silent film era. Polissons and Galipettes (re-released as The Good Old Naughty Days in 2002 ) is a collection of early French silent films for brothel use containing some animal pornography, dating from 1905 to 1930.

Animal pornography is readily available on the Internet because it is easy to produce and because production and sale are legal in countries like Denmark . Before the advent of mass market magazines like Playboy , so-called Tijuana Bibles were a form of pornographic literature that was popular in America. They were sold as underground fonts and typically contained a stack of comics with characters or celebrities. The appearance of "stars" began with the Danish Bodil Joensen in the period from 1969 to 1972, together with other porn film actors such as the Americans Linda Lovelace ( Dogarama , 1969), Chessie Moore (several films, around 1994), Kerri Downs (three Films, 1998) and Calina Lynx (aka Kelly G'raffe) (two films, 1998). Another early film that enjoyed great wickedness was Animal Farm , which was smuggled into the UK around 1980 with no indication of producer or origin. The film was later exposed as a wild compilation of Bodil Joensen's Danish films from the 1970s.

In the 1980s, the Dutch took over and invented characters like “Wilma” and the “Dutch Sisters”. In the 1980s “bestiality” became a topic in Italian adult films with actresses like Denise Dior, Francesca Ray, and Marina Hedman , for example in the soft- core strip Bestialità from 1976.

Today production in Hungary , where there are no restrictions, has become a serious industry producing numerous films and magazines for Dutch companies such as Topscore and Book & Film International . The genre has stars like "Hector", a Great Dane who has starred in some films. Many Hungarian actors played anonymously in animal porn at the beginning of their careers.

In Japan, Japanese and Swedish female models are often used to perform fellatio on animals, because oral penetration of a non-human penis is not one of the criteria of the otherwise very conservative Japanese censor. Sakura Sakurada is a porn star known to have starred in animal porn , specifically in the 2006 video The Dog Game . Although it mostly happens underground, there are quite a number of animal porn actresses who specialize in animal porn . A box office hit from the 1980s, 24 Horas de Sexo Explícito , also shows zoosexual contacts.

The UK, under Section 63 of the Criminal Justice and Immigration Act of 2008, criminalizes possession of realistic pornographic images with zoosexual depictions, including fake images and simulated acts, as well as images of sex with dead animals that were produced without breaking the law. The sentence goes up to two years in prison, in 2011 a sentence of 12 months was imposed.

Pornography this kind is certain to business means Spamer as Jeremy Jaynes and owners of some Fake TGPs who want to arouse the interest of users "extreme" with the promise of material.

debate

The subject of zoophilia is controversial, there are arguments against as well as for sexual contact between humans and animals based on religious, moral, ethical, psychological, medical and social considerations.

Sexual relationships with animals are taboo in Western culture for moral reasons - apart from a few literary mentions such as in the myth of the Minotaur , Europe , Leda . It is also believed that whoever uses an animal as a means of sexual satisfaction is violating its dignity , regardless of whether the animal suffers pain or damage (see Martin Liechti: The dignity of the animal ). This is one of the reasons why zoophilia has become the field of intensive and discussed research in recent years.

Leda with the swan , Michelangelo , 16th century

Hani Miletski, a sex therapist , stated in her 1999 dissertation that there was evidence that zoophilia, like heterosexuality and homosexuality, was a real sexual orientation , contrary to the doctrine that classifies it as paraphilia .

In the summary of her research, Andrea Beetz writes in 2002 that zoophilia can be an expression of love, affection and sexual attraction and is not necessarily an expression of aggression or the urge to dominate , as previously generally assumed.

For both studies, zoophile women and men were examined with the help of questionnaires and personal interviews. While sexual human-animal contacts were generally still regarded as violent without exception , these studies attempt to paint a more differentiated picture. Joseph R. Rosenberger sees approval in passive behavior on the part of the animal. Other authors believe that animals could enjoy the sexual act (Miletski / Beetz) or even induce it themselves ( Midas Dekkers , 1994). A common case, used as an example for this, are males who instinctively try to rub their master's or mistress' leg, following their affection, whereby the dog owner grants or - usually prevents this.

The utilitarian philosopher and animal rights author Peter Singer argues that zoophilia is not unethical as long as the animal is not harmed or abused in any way. In the Heavy Petting article, Singer explains that sexual contact between humans and animals does not necessarily have to be abusive and that relationships could develop that are mutually satisfying. Singer and others argue that sodomy is rejected in part because of irrational, speciesist and anthropocentric views. However, Singer does not rule out that there could be other reasons that prohibit sexual contact between humans and animals.

Sexual contact between humans and animals is a controversial topic. Arguments for and against have emerged. These arguments arise from religious, moral, ethical, psychological, medical and social beliefs, among other things.

Arguments against zoosexual contacts

Zoosexual contact is viewed by the UK government as a deeply dysfunctional behavior. (UK Home Office review on sexual offenses, 2002). Andrea Beetz notes that there is evidence of a zoosadistic type of sex with animals. She also argues that even non-violent human behavior could result in animal psychological trauma; However, it also says that in some cases, mutual consent can be pleasant for humans and animals.

Wesley J. Smith, chief scientist and advocate of intelligent design at the Center for Science and Culture of the conservative Christian Discovery Institute argues with human dignity: - “Such behavior is highly degrading and utterly subversive to the essential recognition that human beings are unique, special and the highest moral value in the known universe is - a concept called " Human Exceptionism " ... one of the reasons zoosexual behavior is condemned by the law is that such degrading behavior unacceptably undermines human dignity and is an attack on the inestimable importance and inherent moral value of the human race. "

Another prominent point of criticism is that zoosexual acts are harmful to the animals and in any case abuse, because animals are unable to show consent or disapproval.

The Humane Society of the United States (HSUS) has said that animals do not have the same capacity for thinking as humans and are therefore unable to show consent. The HSUS takes the position that all sexual contact between humans and animals is abuse, whether it involves physical harm or not. In his 1993 article, Frank Ascione stated that "zoosexual contact can be viewed as abuse even in cases where animals are not physically harmed." In a 1997 article, Piers Beirne, professor of criminology at the university, noted of Southern Maine, from the fact that "a real consent to a sexual relationship exists when ... both participants are consciously, fully informed and also want it."

Arguments for zoosexual contacts

Book illustration of woman with dog, Isfahan , Iran , ( Persian miniature from the 15th century)

Some advocates of zoosexual contacts argue that “consent” is irrelevant because other human actions (such as hunting, animal testing, artificial insemination and slaughtering animals for food) do not ask for consent either. Brian Cutteridge comments on this argument as follows:

“The sexual autonomy of animals is regularly violated by acts such as [artificial insemination and slaughter] for profit reasons. Such procedures may be a greater physical and psychological impairment than zoosexual acts, but consent is never an issue when discussing them. Restricting this 'right' of animals to zoosexual acts means making a law [against zoosexual acts] based not on reason but on the basis of moral prejudice and thus the constitutional right to a fair trial and equality before the law break. [...] Laws that zoosexual acts on the basis of social disgust for such acts and not because of the suffering actually caused by such acts are an unjust and unconstitutional restriction of individual freedom. "

Miletski believes "Animals are capable of sexual consent - even invitation - in their own way." It is not an uncommon practice for dogs to attempt copulation ("ramming") with the legs of people of both sexes. Rosenberger (1986) emphasizes that dogs do not need to be trained for cunnilingus and even Dekkers (1994) and Menniger (1951) admit that animals sometimes take the initiative on their own initiative. These supporters of zoosex acts even feel that animals sometimes even seem to enjoy this sexual affection or voluntarily initiate sexual activity with humans. Animals like dogs can willingly engage in sexual activity with humans and “appear to enjoy attention through sexual interaction with humans.” Pet owners usually know what their animals want and don't want. Many people recognize when an animal doesn't want to be petted the way it does at the moment, because it goes away. An animal that enjoys petting presses against the hand and appears to be enjoying it. For those defending zoosexual acts, this is the way animals show their consent or, for dogs, when they wag their tails.

Zoophiles insist that they don't abuse animals:

“In other recent studies, the majority of zoophiles scoffed at the comment that they abuse animals and said they didn't. Many see themselves not only as zoophiles, but also as animal rights activists. "

Jacob M. Appel has also pleaded for the decriminalization of zoosexual contacts, arguing that a lack of consent in the discussion of human / animal sexual contacts is not a target-oriented concept. He wrote that society did not see “keeping a dog as kidnapping, even if the dog only has to be in the house, which is clearly unethical for a person.” He states that animals do not “consent” to sex with one another. give. According to Appel, such relationships can be “neutral or even pleasant for the animals concerned” and they are only forbidden because of social taboos and legal snap-shots. He argues that there are no tenable philosophical reasons for enacting anti-zoophile laws prohibiting non-violent zoosexual contact and that such laws are unjust, irrational and discriminatory. He also contrasted the current negative attitudes towards zoosexuality with their acceptance in other cultures of the past. In 2011, US public prosecutor Carl Person counted bestiality among the " victimless crimes " which he believed should not be regulated by law. He later added that he did not practice or advocate zoosexuality and that he would "have thrown that into the debate just to fuel it."

Science has shown many times that animals can and do have sex for non-reproductive purposes. In 2006 the report of the Danish Animal Ethics Council recognized that ethical sexual contact can be a positive experience for all concerned and that some animals find people sexually attractive (for example dolphins ).

Media coverage

Because of the controversy of the issue, there have been various reactions from countries and governments to the bestiality debate. Dealing with sexual issues is often regulated by law. In 2005 the British broadcaster Ofcom renewed its code with the note that freedom of expression is particularly important to a democratic state. An adult audience should be informed about what they will see and hear while respecting the protection of minors. In addition to other measures, such contributions will be moved to the late-night program. Zoophile activity and other sexual issues can be discussed, but only in an appropriate manner. The ITP (British Censorship Authority, Indecent Publications Tribunal) has been replaced by institutions that are supposed to enable the discussion of such issues as well as finding consensus, and ownership, after the passage of the Films, Videos, and Publications Classification Act 1993 as well as providing questionable materials became a criminal offense.

Mention in the media is often humorous, allusions to zoosexuality are not uncommon in some forms of media, especially in adult cartoon series such as Family Guy and South Park , in satirical comedies such as Borat , and films (especially in shock) while, on the other hand, some presenters such as Howard Stern (who joked about bestiality sex hotlines on NBC) and Tom Binns (whose XFM London breakfast show once got into a live discussion of the ethics of zoophile pornographic films during a prime children's time flowed) were punished by their broadcasters for this behavior.

In literature, the American author Kurt Vonnegut alludes to a photo of a woman who is about to have intercourse with a Shetland pony in his works The Sirens of Titan , Slaughterhouse Five and God Bless You, Mr. Rosewater . Even Philip K. Dick describes a woman in sexual act with a Shetland pony in Flow My Tears, the Policeman Said . John Irving's novel The Work of God and the Devil's Contribution repeatedly mentions a pornographic image of oral sex with a pony. In Clerks II , Randal organizes a donkey show as a parting present for his best friend Dante, which the male actor calls "interspecies eroticism".

An 18th century Indian painting depicting women practicing zoophilia

Scientific and popular science literature

  • Martin Liechti (ed.): The dignity of the animal. Harald Fischer Verlag, Erlangen 2002, ISBN 3-89131-406-X .
  • Alfred C. Kinsey: The Kinsey Report. S. Fischer Verlag, Frankfurt.
  • Arne Hoffmann: The lexicon of breaking taboos. Schwarzkopf & Schwarzkopf Verlag, ISBN 3-89602-517-1 .
  • Andrea Beetz: Love, Violence, and Sexuality in Relationships between Humans and Animals. Shaker Verlag GmbH, Aachen, ISBN 3-8322-0020-7 .
  • Curt Marasotti, F. Auer: Sodomy: Lust or Vice. Odörfer Verlags GmbH, Leinburg, ISBN 3-924891-20-6 .
  • Hani Miletski: Understanding Bestiality and Zoophilia. East-West Publishing, LLC, 2002, ISBN 0-9716917-0-3 .
    • Bestiality - Zoophilia: An exploratory study. Diss., The Institute for Advanced Study of Human Sexuality, San Francisco 1999.
  • Josef Massen: zoophilia, the sexual love for animals. Pinto Press Verlag, Koeln, ISBN 3-930387-15-8 .
  • Midas Dekkers: beloved animal. The story of an intimate relationship. btb Verlag, Munich 2003, ISBN 3-442-73165-8 .
  • Colin J. Williams, Martin S. Weinberg: Zoophilia in Men: a study of sexual interest in animals. In: Archives of sexual behavior. Volume 32, No. 6, December 2003, pp. 523-535.
  • S. Dittert, O. Seidl, M. Soyka: Zoophilia between pathology and normality: Presentation of three case reports and an Internet survey. In: The neurologist. Volume 61, Issue 1, 2005, pp. 61-67.
  • Marion Nasswetter: An online clinical-psychological study on zoophilia. Diploma thesis University of Vienna 2010 ( web link with full text ).
  • Christiane Eichenberg, Benjamin Surangkanjanajai: Zoophilia. An online survey study on the etiology and role of the Internet. Zeitschrift für Sexualforschung, Thieme-Verlag, Volume 25.2012, Issue 2, pp. 131–150.
  • Gieri Bolliger: Sexuality with animals - a legal consideration. Schulthess Legal Media, Zurich / Basel / Geneva 2011, ISBN 978-3-7255-6447-7 .
  • Gaston Dubois-Dessaule: Etude sur la bestialité au point de vue historique, médical et juridique (The Study of Bestiality from the Historical, Medical and Legal Viewpoint). Paris 1905.
  • Reprinted 2003 as - Gaston Dubois-Desaulle: Bestiality: An Historical, Medical, Legal, and Literary Study. University Press of the Pacific, November 1, 2003, ISBN 978-1-4102-0947-4 (Paperback Ed.).
  • AF Neimoller:
    • Bestiality and the Law: A Resume of the Law and Punishments for Bestiality with Typical Cases from Fifteenth Century to the Present (1946)
    • Bestiality in Ancient and Modern Times: A Study of the Sexual Relations of Man and Animals in All Times and Countries (1946).
  • Marie-Christine Anest: Zoophilia, homosexualite, rites de passage et initiation masculine dans la Greece contemporaine (Zoophilia, homosexuality, rites of passage and male initiation in contemporary Greece). 1994, ISBN 978-2-7384-2146-3 .
  • Alfred Ellison: Sex Between Humans & Animals: The Psycho-Mythic Meaning of Bestiality. Academy Press, San Diego 1970 (Paperback, Vols. 1 and 2).
  • Hans von Hentig : Sociology of the Zoophile Preference. Enke, Stuttgart 1962.
  • Edwin Harris: Animals as Sex Partners. 1969.
  • Havelock Ellis : Studies in the psychology of sex. Vol. V (1927) ch.4
    covering Animals as Sources of Erotic Symbolism — Mixoscopic Zoophilia — Erotic Zoophilia — Zooerastia — Bestiality — The Conditions that Favor Bestiality — Its Wide Prevalence Among Primitive Peoples and Among Peasants — The Primitive Conception of Animals — The Goat — The Influence of Familiarity with Animals — Congress Between Women and Animals — The Social Reaction Against Bestiality ( online version ).
  • Richard Kahn: Zoophilia and Bestiality: Cross-cultural Perspectives. In Marc Bekoff (Ed.): Encyclopedia of Human-Animal Relationships . Greenwood Press, 2007.
  • A. Lindzey: “On Zoophilia”. The Animals' Agenda. Westport May / June 2000. Vol. 20, No. 3, p. 29.
  • Anthony L. Podberscek, Elizabeth S. Paul, James A. Serpell (Eds.): Companion Animals and Us: Exploring the Relationships between People and Pets. Cambridge University Press , ISBN 978-0-521-63113-6 .
  • Roland Grassberger: Sex with Animals. 1968.
  • Midas Dekkers: Dearest Pet: On Bestiality. ISBN 978-1-85984-310-9 .
  • Otto Soyka: Beyond the Boundary of Morals.
  • Joachim Renzikowski: Primacy of Consent? Unwanted consensual sexualities. In: U. Lembke (Ed.): Regulations of the intimate, gender and society. Springer Fachmedien, Wiesbaden 2017, doi: 10.1007 / 978-3-658-11749-8_10 , pp. 197-213.

Non-scientific literature

  • Mark Matthews: The Horseman: Obsessions of a Zoophile. ISBN 978-0-87975-902-5 (out of print). German translation:
  • Mark Matthews: The horse man. 2nd Edition. Books on Demand, Norderstedt, ISBN 3-8334-0864-2 (out of print, as free text on pferdemann.info ).
  • Marjorie B. Garber: Dog Love. ISBN 978-0-641-04272-0 .
  • Robert Hough: The Final Confession Of Mabel Stark . (Stark was the world's premier tiger trainer of the 1920s, specializing in highly sexualized circus acts. She wore white outfits to hide the tiger's semen during mating rituals and foreplay, which the audience took to be vicious attacks.)
  • Birgit Schröder (ed.): Secret animal suffering - sexual abuse of animals. Schröder Verlag, Windhagen 2006, ISBN 3-00-017726-4 .

Articles in print or online

Film, television, radio

  • Animal passions (part of the series Hidden Love , 1999, continued 2004, Channel 4, UK) Documentation about zoophilia
  • Sexe et confidences (April 2002, CBSC Decision C01 / 02-329, Canada): One-hour information program by sexologist Louise-Andrée Saulnier on zoophilia.
  • Talk Sport Radio (December 2002, UK): A talk show interview with a zoophile followed by a discussion.
  • Animal Lovers - Interview with a Zoophile. Video interview with a zoophile
  • Animal Love (1995, Ulrich Seidl, Austria)
  • Zoo (2007), a documentary about the life and death of Kenneth Pinyan , and the people whocameto Enumclaw for the same reason. One of 16 of 856 nominees for the 2007 Sundance Film Festival .
  • Sleeping Dogs Lie ( aka Stay ): A romantic comedy in which a couple's engagement is put to the test when she confesses to her fiancé that she had oral sex with her dog.
  • Vase de Noces , a controversial Belgian art film about the disturbing sexual relationship between a man and his pig.

See also

Web links

Commons : Zoophilia  - collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Manuel Leidinger: Zoophilia - despite social taboos no longer to be ignored. ( Memento of September 27, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Le Journal International, June 1, 2013.
  2. ↑ Sexual contact with animals Frank Rosenbauer, seminar paper, University of Siegen
  3. ^ "Zoophilia" Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2009.
  4. ^ A b c Ascione: The International Handbook of Animal Abuse and Cruelty: Theory, Research, and Application February 28, 2010, ISBN 978-1-55753-565-8 .
  5. ↑ zooerastia definition . In: Medical dictionary . Dictionary.com. Retrieved December 13, 2011.
  6. ^ Richard von Krafft-Ebing: Psychopathia Sexualis , p. 561.
  7. ^ Richard von Krafft-Ebing: Psychopathia Sexualis , p. 281.
  8. ^ A b D. Richard Laws, William T. O'Donohue: Books.Google.co.uk Sexual Deviance. Guilford Press, 2008, ISBN 978-1-59385-605-2 , p. 391.
  9. ↑ What is zoosexuality . In: Information on Zoosexuality . zoosexuality.org. Archived from the original on November 15, 2011. Retrieved on December 3, 2011.
  10. ^ Pronunciation of bestiality . MacMillan Dictionary. Retrieved December 13, 2011.
  11. ^ Sexuality.about.com . Sexuality.about.com. Retrieved May 13, 2012.
  12. ↑ Melinda Roth: All Opposed, Say Neigh . In: Riverfront Times , December 15, 1991. Retrieved January 24, 2009. 
  13. ^ CJ Williams, MS Weinberg: Zoophilia in men: a study of sexual interest in animals . In: Archives of Sexual Behavior . 32, No. 6, December 2003, pp. 523-535. doi : 10.1023 / A: 1026085410617 . PMID 14574096 .
  14. ↑ JM MacDonald: The Threat to Kill (fee applies) . (PDF) In: American Journal of Psychiatry . 120, No. 2, 1963, pp. 125-130.
  15. ↑ Richard Duberman: KinseyInstitute.org Kinsey's urethra. ( January 11, 2009 memento on the Internet Archive ) The Nation, November 3, 1997, pp. 40-43. Review of Alfred C. Kinsey: A Public / Private Life. By James H. Jones.
  16. ^ Hunt 1974, cited and re-examined by Miletski (1999)
  17. ^ Nancy Friday [1973]: What do women fantasize about? The zoo . In: My Secret Garden , Revised. Edition, Simon and Schuster, 1998, ISBN 978-0-671-01987-7 , pp. 180-185.
  18. ↑ WA Alvarez, JP Freinhar: A prevalence study of bestiality (zoophilia) in psychiatric in-patients, medical in-patients, and psychiatric staff . In: International journal of psychosomatics: official publication of the International Psychosomatics Institute . 38, No. 1-4, 1991, pp. 45-47. PMID 1778686 .
  19. ↑ Claude Crépault, Marcel Couture: Men's erotic fantasies . In: Archives of Sexual Behavior . 9, No. 6, 1980, pp. 565-81. doi : 10.1007 / BF01542159 . PMID 7458662 .
  20. ^ MD Story: A comparison of university student experience with various sexual outlets in 1974 and 1980 . In: Adolescence . 17, No. 68, 1982, pp. 737-747. PMID 7164870 .
  21. ^ REL Masters: Forbidden Sexual behavior and Morality. New York, NY 1962, Lancer Books, Inc. (Section "Psychical bestiality").
  22. ↑ Meredith L. Chivers, Michael C. Seto, Ray Blanchard: Gender and sexual orientation differences in sexual response to sexual activities versus gender of actors in sexual films . In: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology . 93, No. 6, 2007, pp. 1108-1121. doi : 10.1037 / 0022-3514.93.6.1108 . PMID 18072857 .
  23. ↑ Meredith L. Chivers, J. Michael Bailey: A sex difference in features that elicit genital response . In: Biological Psychology . 70, No. 2, 2005, pp. 115-120. doi : 10.1016 / j.biopsycho.2004.12.002 . PMID 16168255 .
  24. ↑ Thomas Francis: Those Who Practice Bestiality Say They're Part of the Next Sexual Rights Movement , New Times Broward-Palm Beach. August 20, 2009, p. 3. Retrieved May 13, 2012. 
  25. ↑ Thomas Francis: Those Who Practice Bestiality Say They're Part of the Next Sexual Rights Movement , New Times Broward-Palm Beach. August 20, 2009, p. 4. Retrieved May 13, 2012. 
  26. ^ Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders : DSM-IV . American Psychiatric Association , Washington, DC 2000, ISBN 978-0-89042-025-6 , OCLC 43483668 .
  27. ↑ J. S. Milner, C. A. Dopke: Paraphilia Not Otherwise Specified: Psychopathology and theory . In: D. R. Laws, W. T. O'Donohue (Eds.): Sexual Deviance, Second Edition: Theory, Assessment, and Treatment . The Guilford Press, New York 2008, ISBN 978-1-59385-605-2 , pp.  384-418 , OCLC 152580827 .
  28. ↑ John Money: Love Maps: Clinical Concepts of Sexual / Erotic Health and Pathology, paraphilia, and Gender Transposition in Childhood, Adolescence, and Maturity . Prometheus Books, Buffalo, NY 1988, ISBN 978-0-87975-456-3 , OCLC 19340917 .
  29. ↑ M. C. Seto, H. E. Barbaree: Paraphilias . In: M. Hersen, V. B. van Hasselt (eds.): Aggression and violence: an introductory text . Allyn & Bacon, Boston 2000, ISBN 978-0-205-26721-7 , pp. 198-213, OCLC 41380492 .
  30. ↑ International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems 10, F65.8 Other disorders of sexual preference . Who.int. Retrieved May 13, 2012.
  31. ^ H. Miletski: H. Zoophilia - Implications for Therapy. JSET , 26, pp. 85-86.
  32. ↑ a b c Anil Aggrawal: A new classification of zoophilia . In: Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine . 18, No. 2, 2011, pp. 73-8. doi : 10.1016 / j.jflm.2011.01.004 . PMID 21315301 .
  33. ^ D. Richard Laws, William T. O'Donohue: Sexual Deviance: Theory, Assessment, and Treatment . Guilford Press, January 2008, ISBN 978-1-59385-605-2 , p. 391.
  34. ^ Richard W. Roukema: What Every Patient, Family, Friend, and Caregiver Needs to Know About Psychiatry, Second Edition . American Psychiatric Pub, August 13, 2008, ISBN 978-1-58562-750-9 , p. 133.
  35. ↑ a b c d e Beetz 2002, section 5.2.4 - 5.2.7
  36. ↑ Anil Aggrawal : Forensic and Medico-legal Aspects of Sexual Crimes and Unusual sexual practices . CRC Press, December 22, 2008, ISBN 978-1-4200-4309-9 , p. 257 (accessed May 13, 2012).
  37. ↑ Masters, Miletski, Weinberg, Beetz
  38. ↑ Anthony L. Podberscek, Andrea M. Beetz: bestiality and zoophilia: Sexual Relations with Animals . Berg, September 1, 2005, ISBN 978-0-85785-222-9 , p. 94 (accessed May 13, 2012).
  39. ↑ Masters, 1962
  40. ↑ Jonathan Balcombe: Animals can be happy too . In: The Guardian , May 29, 2006. Retrieved May 13, 2012. 
  41. ↑ Scie-SocialCareOnline.org.uk ( Memento from December 2, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Bestiality / Zoophilia: A Scarcely-Investigated Phenomenon Between Crime, Paraphilia, and Love
  42. ↑ Joseph W. Slade: Pornography and Sexual Representation: A Reference Guide . Greenwood Publishing Group, 2001, ISBN 978-0-313-31521-3 , pp. 980.
  43. ↑ CM Earls, ML Lalumiere: A Case Study of Preferential Bestiality (Zoophilia) . In: Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment . 14, 2002, p. 83. doi : 10.1177 / 107906320201400106 .
  44. ↑ MS Bhatia, S Srivastava, S Sharma: 1. An uncommon case of zoophilia: A case report . In: Medicine, science, and the law . 45, No. 2, 2005, pp. 174-175. doi : 10.1258 / rsmmsl.45.2.174 . PMID 15895645 .
  45. ↑ Anil Aggrawal: References to the paraphilias and sexual crimes in the Bible . In: Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine . 16, No. 3, 2009, pp. 109-114. doi : 10.1016 / j.jflm.2008.07.006 . PMID 19239958 .
  46. ^ Einar von Schuler : Hittite legal books. The Hittite laws. In: Otto Kaiser u. a. (Ed.): Texts from the environment of the Old Testament I: Law books. Mohn, Gütersloh 1982, §§ 187, 188, 199, 200 pp. 121–123.
  47. ^ Archaeometry.org , Link to web page and photograph, archaeometry.org
  48. ↑ Lynne Bevan: Worshipers and warriors: reconstructing gender and gender relations in the prehistoric rock art of Naquane National Park, Valcamonica, Brecia, northern Italy . Archaeopress, 2006, ISBN 978-1-84171-920-7 .
  49. ^ Paul G. Bahn: The Cambridge Illustrated History of Prehistoric Art . Cambridge University Press, 1998, ISBN 978-0-521-45473-5 , p. 188.
  50. ↑ Abuses Aberrations and Crimes of the Genital Sense, 1901
  51. ^ Marc Epprecht: “Bisexuality” and the politics of normal in African Ethnography . In: Canadian Anthropology Society (Ed.): Anthropologica . 48, No. 2, 2006, p. 193. JSTOR 25605310 .
  52. ^ Forbidden Sexual Behavior and Morality, Masters, Robert EL, p. 5.
  53. ^ [1] Judith Hindermann: Zoophilia in Zoologie und Roman: Sex and love between humans and animals in Plutarch, Pliny the Elder, Aelian and Apuleius. In: Dictynna [en ligne], 8 (2011).
  54. ↑ James E. Robson: Bestiality and Bestial Rape in Greek Myth. In: Susan Deacy, Karen F. Pierce (Eds.): Rape in Antiquity. London 1997, pp. 65-96.
  55. ↑ Masters: Prehistory of bestiality, part of his 1962 paper, 1966 edition, p. 10.
  56. ↑ a b Vern L. Bullough, Bonnie Bullough: Human Sexuality: An Encyclopedia . Taylor & Francis, January 1, 1994, ISBN 978-0-8240-7972-7 , p. 61.
  57. ^ A b Judith Worell: Cross-Cultural Sexual Practices . In: Encyclopedia of Women and Gender: Sex Similarities and Differences and the Impact of Society on Gender . Academic Press, September 2001, ISBN 978-0-12-227245-5 , p. 298.
  58. ^ A b c d F. W. Voget: Sex life of the American Indians. In A. Ellis, A. Abarbanel (Eds.): The Encyclopaedia of Sexual Behavior. Vol. 1. W. Heinemann, London 1961, pp. 90-109.
  59. ↑ Don C. Talayesva, Leo William Simmons: Sun Chief: The Autobiography of a Hopi Indian . Yale University Press, 1942, ISBN 978-0-300-00227-0 , p. 78 (Retrieved December 12, 2012).
  60. ↑ R. E. L. Masters: The Prostitute In Society. Mayflower Books.
  61. ↑ Masters (1962)
  62. ↑ lap dog. In: Stephan Dressler, Christoph Zink: Pschyrembel Dictionary Sexuality. de Gruyter, 2003, ISBN 3-11-016965-7 , p. 461.
  63. ↑ lap dog. In: Lykke Aresin, Kurt Starke: Lexikon der Erotik. Knaur, 1996, ISBN 3-426-77174-8 , p. 477.
  64. ↑ Josef Massen: Zoophilia, the sexual love for animals. Pinto Press Verlag, Koeln, ISBN 3-930387-15-8 , pp. 66-67.
  65. ↑ To die before dawn . In: Der Spiegel . No. 40 , 1985 ( online - 30 September 1985 ).
  66. ↑ Keith Plummer: To beast or not to beast: does the law of Christ forbid zoophilia? . In: 53rd National Conference of the Evangelical Theological Society ..
  67. ↑ Fordham.edu Aquinas on Unnatural Sex
  68. ↑ Swami Satya Prakash Saraswati: The Critical and Cultural Study of the Shatapatha Brahmana. P. 415.
  69. ↑ Anthony L. Podberscek, Andrea M. Beetz: bestiality and zoophilia: Sexual Relations with Animals . Berg, September 1, 2005, ISBN 978-0-85785-222-9 , p. 12 (accessed January 4, 2013).
  70. ↑ Mani, Vettam: Puranic Encyclopaedia: A Comprehensive Dictionary With Special Reference to the Epic and Puranic Literature . Motilal Banarsidass, Delhi 1975, ISBN 978-0-8426-0822-0 , pp. 368-370, OCLC 2198347 .
  71. ^ W. Edward Craighead, Charles B. Nemeroff (Eds.): The Corsini Encyclopedia of Psychology and Behavioral Science . John Wiley & Sons, November 11, 2002, ISBN 978-0-471-27083-6 , p. 1050.
  72. ↑ David Delaney: Law and Nature . Cambridge University Press, 2003, ISBN 978-1-139-43700-4 , p. 252.
  73. ↑ Montclair, 1997, cited by Miletski 1999 p. 35.
  74. ↑ a b Weinberg and Williams
  75. ^ Markoff, 1990
  76. ↑ Miletski p. 35.
  77. ↑ Miletski (1999)
  78. ↑ Milteski (1999), p. 35.
  79. ^ Andriette, 1996
  80. ^ Fox, 1994
  81. ^ Montclair, 1997.
  82. ^ Donofrio, 1996.
  83. ↑ Miletski (1999), p. 22.
  84. ^ A b Thomas Francis: Those Who Practice Bestiality Say They're Part of the Next Sexual Rights Movement - Page 2 - News - Broward / Palm Beach - New Times Broward-Palm Beach . Broward / Palm Beach. August 20, 2009. Retrieved May 13, 2012.
  85. ↑ § 175b StGB in the version of June 28, 1935.
  86. ↑ Pitt von Bebenburg: CDU wants to ban sex with animals . Frankfurter Rundschau, April 9, 2010, accessed October 25, 2012.
  87. ^ Opinion of the Federal Council on the draft of a third law amending the Animal Welfare Act. Printed matter 300/12 of July 6, 2012, item 52. Digital copy ( memento of June 2, 2013 in the Internet Archive ), PDF file, 111kb, accessed on October 25, 2012.
  88. ↑ Recommendations of the committees for agricultural policy and consumer protection as well as for cultural policy of the German Federal Council, printed matter 300/1/12 from June 25, 2012. Digitized ( memento from June 2, 2013 in the Internet Archive ), PDF file, 151 kB, accessed on 25 June 2012 October 2012.
  89. ^ Statement by the individual expert Thorsten Gerdes. Committee on Food, Agriculture and Consumer Protection of the German Bundestag, printed matter 17 (10) 978-E of September 28, 2012. Printed matter of the committee ( memento of May 23, 2013 in the Internet Archive ), PDF file, 307 kB, accessed on October 25 2012.
  90. ↑ Katharina Meyer: Are there animal brothels in Germany? Badische Zeitung, September 28, 2012, accessed on October 25, 2012.
  91. ↑ § 3 S. 1 No. 13 TierSchG
  92. ↑ § 18 paragraph 1 no. 4 TierSchG, also in case of negligence!
  93. ↑ BVerfG, decision of the 3rd Chamber of the First Senate of December 8, 2015 - 1 BvR 1864/14 - Rn. (1-15), accessed February 18, 2016.
  94. ↑ Berlin Sodomy Association fails in court - Source: https://www.mz-web.de/6772434 © 2017
  95. ↑ Dominik Lang: Sodomy and criminal law - history of the criminal liability of sexual intercourse with animals. In: Europäische Hochschulschriften 2, 4750. Lang, Frankfurt am Main 2009 (266 pages, discussed by Elisabeth Greif).
  96. ↑ Richner / Gerritsen, Schweizer Tierschutzstrafpraxis 2009 ( Memento of November 3, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF; 489 kB), Seventh annual report on the animal crime database of the Foundation for Animals in Law (TIR) ​​(with additional information on keeping terrarium animals)
  97. ↑ Explanations of the Federal Food Safety and Veterinary Office (FSVO) on the Animal Welfare Ordinance ( Memento of March 7, 2014 in the Internet Archive )
  98. ↑ Federal Law Gazette I No. 112/2015
  99. ↑ a b c d For the Love of Dog: On the Legal Prohibition of Zoophilia in Canada and the United States (PDF) Archived from the original on July 22, 2012. Retrieved on May 13, 2012.
  100. ↑ Compte-rendu de séance, sur le site de l'Assemblée nationale
  101. ↑ Cour de cassation, chambre criminelle, audience publique du 4 septembre 2007, N ° de pourvoi: 06-82785.
  102. ↑ a b c Overview of State Bestiality Laws
  103. ^ Lynda Johnston, Robyn Longhurst: Space, Place and Sex. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Lanham, Maryland 2010, p. 110.
  104. ^ " Man dies after sex with horse ( Memento of August 22, 2008 in the Internet Archive )". News 24, July 19, 2005
  105. ↑ Sheriff says Craigslist facilitates bestiality . Washington Times. March 16, 2011. Retrieved January 4, 2013.
  106. ^ Bill to Criminalize Bestiality Advances in Alaska Legislature . In: Politicsdaily (English). , January 27, 2010. Retrieved February 10, 2020. 
  107. ↑ Nina Mandell: Legislation outlawing bestiality makes it to Florida governor's desk . In: Daily News , May 6, 2011. 
  108. ^ Senate again passes bestiality bill | Florida Politics | Sun Sentinel blog . Weblogs.sun-sentinel.com. March 24, 2011. Retrieved January 4, 2013.
  109. ↑ Jesse Bering: Animal Lovers: Zoophiles Make Scientists Rethink Human Sexuality | Bering in Mind, Scientific American Blog Network . Scientific American. March 24, 2010. Retrieved January 4, 2013.
  110. ↑ penal code ( Memento of October 16, 2012 in the Internet Archive )
  111. ^ What is Sodomy or "Crime Against Nature" Statutes in North Carolina? Archived from the original on June 4, 2012 ; Retrieved February 1, 2012 .
  112. ↑ Louisiana Finally Knocks Down 'Crimes Against Nature' Law ( January 9, 2012 memento in the Internet Archive )
  113. ^ Texts original en français ici ( Memento from December 19, 2005 in the Internet Archive )
  114. ^ Office of Public Sector Information .
  115. ↑ jusqu'en 2007
  116. ↑ Belgium Gives Dog Sex Thumbs-up
  117. ↑ Denmark passes law to ban bestiality
  118. ↑ Denmark bans bestiality in move against animal sex tourism
  119. ↑ http://www.admin.ch/ch/f/rs/311_0/a135.html
  120. ↑ http://www.admin.ch/ch/f/rs/311_0/a197.html
  121. ↑ Zoophile, le dernier tabou : Comparative and legal aspects between the restrictive and legally repressive (up to 3 years imprisonment) in Switzerland and the relatively permissive treatment of the topic in Germany. Statements and interviews. RTS - May 29, 2011. Duration: 09:31.
  122. ↑ TheLocal.se . TheLocal.se. January 26, 2012. Archived from the original on May 15, 2013. Retrieved on May 13, 2012.
  123. ↑ Corbell moves to re-instate bestiality law
  124. ^ The Legislative Assembly for the Australian Capital Territory
  125. ^ Carl Franz: The People's Guide to Mexico. 1988, p. 398.
  126. ↑ Une enquête mondiale sur les lois qui interdisent la sexualité entre adultes consentants de même sexe ( Memento of March 3, 2016 in the Internet Archive )
  127. ^ ILGA Africa 2000 Report
  128. ^ Ghanaian gay conference banned
  129. ↑ Octogenerian convicted for Bestiality in Addis Ababa ( Memento from March 21, 2012 in the Internet Archive )
  130. ^ Dead rabbits: Sydney man charged with bestiality . smh.com.au. March 2014. Retrieved October 11, 2014.
  131. ↑ Fred Leavitt: The Real Drug Abusers . Rowman & Littlefield, January 1, 2003, ISBN 978-0-7425-2518-4 , p. 195.
  132. ↑ An example digitized Tijuana Bible entitled The Pet from the 1960s is linked at tijuanabibles.org page link (also see full size and search ).
  133. ↑ Channel14Sales.com ( September 1, 2007 memento in the Internet Archive ) The Search for Animal Farm (documentary, part of the Dark Side of Porn series) (April 2006, Channel 4, UK)
  134. ↑ 'acts of depravity' found on dad's computer , Reading post 26 January, 2011
  135. ↑ Peter Singer: Heavy Petting ( Memento from June 16, 2008 in the Internet Archive ), nerve.com 2001, accessed on February 11, 2014.
  136. ↑ Tadd Ruetenik: Animal Liberation or Human Redemption: Racism and Speciesism in Toni Morrison's Beloved . In: Interdisciplinary Studies in Literature and Environment. No. 17 (2), 2010, pp. 317–326 ( online , accessed February 11, 2014).
  137. ↑ Coleen Glenney Boggs: American Bestiality: Sex, Animals, and the Construction of Subjectivity. In: Cultural Critique , No. 76, 2010, pp. 98–125 ( online , accessed February 11, 2014).
  138. ^ Peter Singer '07: Animal Rights , "William Crawley meets ...", 2007, from 8:40 p.m., accessed on February 11, 2014.
  139. ↑ Pablo Stafforini: Heavy Petting, by Peter Singer . Utilitarian.net. Retrieved May 13, 2012.
  140. ^ Bestiality and Lack of Consent StopBestiality . Stopbestiality.wordpress.com. Retrieved May 13, 2012.
  141. ↑ Other offenses . In: Protecting the Public: Strengthening Protection Against Sex Offenders and Reforming the Laws on Sexual Offences 2002, ISBN 978-0-10-156682-7 , pp. 32-33. Archived from the original on December 5, 2013.
  142. ↑ a b c Beetz 2002, section 5.2.8
  143. ↑ Wesleyjsmith.com and Weeklystandard.com , August 31, 2005
  144. ↑ Tom Regan: Animal Rights, Human Wrongs. Rowman & Littlefield, 2003, pp. 63-64, 89.
  145. ↑ Sex Abuse ( Memento from December 14, 2007 in the Internet Archive ), NManimalControl.com
  146. ↑ NmanimalControl.com . NmanimalControl.com. Archived from the original on December 14, 2007. Retrieved on May 13, 2012.
  147. ^ Frank R. Ascione: Children Who Are Cruel to Animals: A Review of Research and Implications for Developmental Psychopathology . In: Anthrozoos: A Multidisciplinary Journal of the Interactions of People & Animals . 6, No. 4, 1993, pp. 226-247. doi : 10.2752 / 089279393787002105 .
  148. ↑ Lucas Wachob: Column: In defense of chicken 'lovers' - The Breeze: Columnists . Breezejmu.org. February 28, 2011. Retrieved May 13, 2012.
  149. ↑ Miltski, 1999, p. 50.
  150. ↑ Cauldwell, 1948 & 1968; Queen, 1997
  151. ↑ Blake, 1971, and Greenwood, 1963, both cited in Miltski, 1999
  152. ↑ Dekkers, 1994
  153. ↑ One Haim, 1971, cited in Kathmandu, 2004
  154. ↑ a b Jesse Bering: Animal Lovers: Zoophiles Make Scientists Rethink Human Sexuality | Bering in Mind, Scientific American Blog Network . Blogs.scientificamerican.com. Archived from the original on March 19, 2011. Retrieved May 13, 2012.
  155. ^ A b Jacob M. Appel (March 13, 2009): Three Reasons Society Shouldn't Rush to Condemn Bestiality. Opposing views
  156. ↑ LP-Pres: Carl Person defends comments on legalizing bestiality | Independent Political Report: Third Party News . Independent Political Report. Retrieved January 4, 2013.
  157. ↑ Aldo Poiani, AF Dixson: Animal Homosexuality: A Perspective Biosocial . Cambridge University Press, Aug 19, 2010, ISBN 978-1-139-49038-2 , p. 7.
  158. ↑ Danish Animal Ethics Council report ( Memento of May 12, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Udtalelse om menneskers seksuelle omgang med dyr published November 2006. Council members included two academics, two farmers / smallholders, and two veterinary surgeons, as well as a third veterinary surgeon acting as secretary.
  159. ↑ Bid to save over-friendly dolphin . In: CNN , May 28, 2002. Archived from the original on February 18, 2013. 
  160. ^ OFCOM Broadcasting Code . Ofcom.org.uk. February 28, 2011. Archived from the original on March 2, 2010. Retrieved on May 13, 2012.
  161. ^ Dean Knight, An Objectionable Offence: A Critique of the Possession Offence in the Films, Videos, and Publications Classification Act 1993 . Victoria University of Wellington, 1996 ( Google Books ).