Organ landscape Lower Franconia
The organ landscape of Lower Franconia describes the organ inventory in the regions of Main Franconia and Bavarian Lower Main in its historical development. The term organ landscape refers to historically determined national or regional characteristics of the organs. The Lower Franconian organ landscape in northwest Bavaria is formed in the east from the Main Franconia region with Schweinfurt , Würzburg and Kitzingen and in the west from the Bavarian Lower Main region with Aschaffenburg and Miltenberg . In the north and west it borders on the organ landscape of Hesse , in the northeast on the organ landscape of Thuringia , in the east on the organ landscape of Upper Franconia and to the south on the organ landscape of Middle Franconia and Baden-Württemberg. Further details on the preserved works can be found in the list of organs in Lower Franconia .
Gothic and Renaissance
The earliest evidence of organ building in Lower Franconia goes back to the 13th century. The Augustinians had an organ built in Würzburg at the end of the 13th century and the Franciscans in 1483. In the collegiate church of Aschaffenburg , an organist salary is documented for 1376. An organ in St. Burkard in Würzburg was already renewed in the 1410s. In the Lower Franconia region, which is largely congruent with the diocese of Würzburg , organs were built for a number of monastery and religious churches at the beginning of the 16th century: Bronnbach (before 1510), Amorbach (before 1513). After the monasteries, organs were purchased in the larger parish churches: Mellrichstadt (1484), Münnerstadt (probably 1492), Knights' Chapel Haßfurt (before 1496), Königsberg (1500 or already 1450), Kitzingen and Ochsenfurt (before 1505). The village churches did not follow until after the Thirty Years War , until productivity reached its peak in the 18th century and every side church received an organ.
The first organ builders settled in the region at the end of the 16th century. Matthias Eckstein from Annaberg in Saxony moved to Heidingsfeld in 1565 and to Kitzingen in 1584. Timotheus Compenius evaded to Königsberg, where he is proven until 1608. Apart from Würzburg and Kitzingen (1601/1602), he worked mainly on a national level. The organ in Oberwaldbehrungen bears the year 1573, but it probably dates from 1673. The Renaissance case in Breitensee is said to have been made in 1595. A typical Lower Franconian organ did not yet exist in pre-baroque times. The external shape, the technical system and the tonal disposition were taken from the Middle and Lower Rhine area or from Central Germany.
Baroque and Rococo
Organ building in Lower Franconia reached its heyday in the Baroque and neighboring periods and developed its own style. In the 17th century the principal choir dominated the organ sound, supplemented by a few flute parts and a reed register in the pedal, which had only a limited range. At this time, two-manual organs had a Rückpositiv , which had the reduced shape of the main housing. The Lower Franconian prospectuses of the Baroque period have a wide variety of shapes with three, four, five, seven or nine axes, pipe towers in different shapes (round, pointed) and heights as well as with flat fields, rectangular or harp fields. With three-part brochures with a symmetrical structure alone, 30 different types can be identified. The richly decorated carving, which can form a wreath around the upper case in the form of lateral blind wings, the veil boards, crowning case structures and as the lower end of the pipe fields or the profiled upper and lower cornices is striking. The carving is often openwork and gilded and can be decorated with figurative jewelry. The pilaster strips are often decorated with floral decorations, foliage or fruit hangings.
The oldest playable organ in Lower Franconia is in the Dreifaltigkeitskirche in Stetten . It goes back to Hans Konrad Kitzinger (1652). The unique early baroque prospectus shows cartilage and fruit hangings. The equally unusual prospectus in the Dettelbach pilgrimage church Maria im Sand dates from 1659 . During this time, the organ building families Schonat and Künzinger (Kitzinger) are within reach in Lower Franconia. Johann Jost Schleich (* around 1645, † around 1707) came from a Franconian organ builder clan and created around 25 organs. He had his workshop in Lohr am Main and is considered to be the most important organ builder in Lower Franconia at the end of the 17th century. After his death, his son Johann Peter took over the workshop. His nephew Adam Philipp Schleich lived in Kitzingen, Würzburg and Bamberg and built around 20 organs, including for the collegiate church of Triefenstein Monastery (1695) and the Gaibacher Heilig-Kreuz-Kapelle (1699/1702). Johann Hofmann probably learned organ building from Jost Schleich. About 30 new organs can be traced back to him. Hofmann became a court organ maker in Würzburg in 1697 and created an instrument in St. Gangolf in Amorbach in 1717 , which was extensively modified by Balthasar Schlimbach in 1881 . Johann Georg Göbel continued the Schleich workshop around 1740. The organ of the Jakobuskirche goes back to him in the middle sense from the year 1758.
In 1699, Matthäus Obermüller built the organ for St. John the Baptist in Nordheim before the Rhön . Its prospectus from 1722 to 1723 is still preserved in the Protestant church in Rothausen . Probably the only surviving organ by Johann Adam Brandenstein from Kitzingen is in the parish church of Obereisenheim (1721). In St. Maria de Rosario / Dimbach his organ was rebuilt from 1693 in 1859 and reconstructed in 1980 and a second manual was added. In 1749 Johann Georg Hugo from Aschaffenburg built the completely preserved organ of the Kreuzkapelle Großostheim .
Organ building in Lower Franconia was more or less influenced by Jost Schleich in the 18th century. It peaked with the Seuffert family. Johann Philipp Seuffert was the founder of this family of organ builders who built around 300 organs in three generations and had a decisive influence on the cultural landscape. He learned organ building from Johann Hofmann and in 1731 received the title "Court Organ Maker of Würzburg". According to his own information, around 200 organs go back to Johann Philipp Seuffert. They are mainly equipped with a manual . In 1740 Seuffert completed the organ in Wiesentheid / St. Mauritius by Johann Ignatius Samuel Will (1730). Largely preserved works can be found in St. Agidius / Löffelsterz (1736) and in St. Laurentius / Obereuerheim (1760). The Seuffert organ in the Maria Limbach pilgrimage church (1756) is his largest surviving work. His organs in St. Bartholomäus / Marktsteinach (1731), St. Laurentius and Mariä Himmelfahrt / Fridritt (1738), Dreifaltigkeitskirche / Gaibach (1748) and St. Vitus / Iphofen (1751) are partially preserved . In St. Matthäus / Markt Einersheim (1752) only Seuffert's case is preserved, also in St. Andreas in Ochsenfurt (1754, with a new work by Claudius Winterhalter , 1997).
There are evidence of 17 new organs by his son Franz Ignaz Seuffert . His work in St. Kilian / Alsleben (1787) is largely preserved . In St. Michael / Kirchheim (1778) and the Evangelical Church / Possenheim (1784) only the brochures have been preserved. The organs in St. Nikolaus / Obervolkach (1774) and the Bad Neuhaus castle church (1776, completely preserved) are attributed to Franz Ignaz Seuffert. His son Philipp Albert Seuffert , who continued the workshop until 1834, built the organ in St. Valentin / Rohrbach in 1789 . Balthasar Schlimbach took over the organ building workshop in Würzburg in 1836.
Johann Ignatius Samuel Will became the court organ maker in Würzburg in 1726. 13 organs from him can be proven, including the one in the Carmelite Church / Bad Neustadt an der Saale (1722).
In Ostheim worked from the 1730s Johann Ernst Döring , 1738 for the Kirchenburg Ostheim created an organ, which in 1848 by Markert was rebuilt. Barthel Brünner from Würzburg created the St. Georg / Hoheim organ in 1748 . The organs in Altbessingen (1758) and probably also in St. Josef (Waldberg) / Waldberg (1779) go back to Johann Adam Höffner from Würzburg. Two of Höffner's known organs have survived. The small baroque organ in St. Lukas / Mailes (around 1730) by Johann Rudolf Voit from Schweinfurt is almost completely preserved. The organ in Martinskirche / Wetzhausen (around 1740) also goes back to him . His son Johann Michael Voit took over his father's workshop and built the instrument for St. Johannes Baptist in Escherndorf in 1776 in the Rococo style without pointed towers. The cornice rolls are typical. His organ in Kleinlangheim (1801) can be attributed to the late Rococo.
The baroque organ landscape is enriched from the outside by important instruments from organ builders. The famous Matthias Tretzscher from Kulmbach in Upper Franconia, with Bohemian-Saxon roots, has at least eight new organs, of which brochures in Königsberg (1660) and Prichsenstadt (1666) have been preserved. Its characteristic dispositions show several bow registers as well as special flute and tongue registers . The organ in the Visitation of Mary / Aschaffenburg by the Frankfurt organ maker Hans Georg Steigleder from 1714 is the only organ in the city with a historical prospectus. Behind it is a new work by Karl Göckel from 2016. The Frankfurt organ builder Johann Christian Köhler had a wide distribution area up to Upper Franconia, Rheinhessen and Upper Hesse. His rococo brochure (1753–1755) in the Würzburger Käppele has been preserved, the organ work was reconstructed in 1991 by Orgelbau Vleugels . Georg M. Gessinger had his workshop in Rothenburg ob der Tauber . He left four organs in Lower Franconia, of which the one in Uettingen (1760) has largely been preserved. Johann Philipp and Johann Heinrich Stumm, the most important representatives of the Stumm family of organ builders from Sulzbach im Hunsrück , built a four-manual organ with 66 registers in the former abbey church in Amorbach from 1774–1782 , which is one of the largest surviving baroque organs of international importance.
classicism
In classicism, the prospectus was designed to be less detailed than in the baroque era. The veil boards are made simpler and crowning vases or urns are typical.
In the Bundorf Palace Chapel there is a small, completely preserved organ by Johann Andreas Hofmann from 1798.
The organ in St. Petrus / Brebersdorf (1809) comes from Kaspar from Euerdorf . Presumably Nikolaus Santorius built an organ for St. Katharina in Unterweissenbrunn in 1823 , which has three round towers, two harp fields and two two-storey flat fields.
The design of the prospectus in St. Michael / Sondheim vor der Rhön (1819) by the brothers Johann Georg Oestreich and Johann Adam Oestreich is still very traditionally committed to the neighboring baroque style. On the other hand, Philipp Albert Seuffert's prospectus in St. Sebastian Halsheim (1815) with its curtain carvings, foliage and the crowning vase is clearly classicistic.
romance
In the age of romanticism the characteristics of the Lower Franconian organ building tradition, which is absorbed in the national organ building, disappear. At the end of the 19th century, as everywhere else, new techniques such as the cone chest and the pneumatic action are introduced. The prospect structure with round and pointed towers so typical of the Baroque, which still echoes in classicism, has been abandoned in favor of a flat prospectus. This is accompanied by an orchestral sound structure that prefers fundamental voices at the expense of mixed voices and reed registers.
In Ostheim vor der Rhön , Johann Georg Markert II founded a company in 1848, which was taken over by the Hoffmann family after the Second World War. Johann Kirchner from Euerdorf , who was under the influence of Philipp Albert Seuffert, built the factory in St. Michael / Unterhohenried ( Haßfurt ) in 1846 .
Balthasar Schlimbach , who took over the Seuffert workshop in 1836, received a ten-year privilege for the Kingdom of Bavaria in 1845. His work in the parish church of the Assumption / Bad Königshofen in Grabfeld (1872) has largely been preserved. The instrument in St. Mauritius / Reyersbach (1858) was made by his brother Kaspar Schlimbach . The joint works by Balthasar and his son Martin Joseph Schlimbach in the hospital church in Aub (1864) and in St. John the Baptist / Euerdorf (1875) have neo-Gothic prospects. The organs by Martin Joseph Schlimbach in the Ritterkapelle Haßfurt (1890) and St. Pankratius / Klingenberg am Main (1892) use mechanical cone chests.
Some organs go back to Upper Franconian organ builders. Christoph Hofmann from Neustadt near Coburg built the organs for St. Veit / Junkersdorf (1848) and Heilig-Kreuz / Oberlauringen (1860) . Josef Wiedemann from Bamberg created the instrument in St. Sebastian / Prölsdorf (1861).
20./21. century
The time after the Second World War is dominated by organ builders working beyond the region. In addition to a few regional organ builders, the two Ostheim-based companies Hey Orgelbau and Hoffmann are also active nationwide. The brothers Günter and Horst Hoffmann reconstructed the organ by Johann Friedrich Wender (1703) for the new Bach Church in Arnstadt in 2000 . Three manual Hoffmann organs were made for the Holy Family / Karlstadt (1979), St. Maria Magdalena / Ebelsbach (1983), St. Michael / Kürnach (1985) and St. Georg / Frickenhausen . In addition, the company carried out numerous restorations.
Among the organ building companies, some of which are internationally active, new buildings with more than two manuals are highlighted in the following: GF Steinmeyer & Co. ( Oettingen in Bavaria ) built for the Heilig-Geist-Kirche Schweinfurt in 1955 , in 1958 for the Evangelical City Church of Kitzingen and in 1961 for the Christ Church Aschaffenburg new organs.
Johannes Klais Orgelbau ( Bonn ) created the organ for the monastery church Münsterschwarzach in 1937 , 1984 for St. Peter and Alexander in Aschaffenburg, 1993 for St. Johannes the Baptist / Hammelburg and 1996 for the Augustinian church in Würzburg . The organs of the Würzburg Cathedral (1968/1969) also go back to Klais. The largest organ in Lower Franconia with 107 registers received a new central console with five manuals in 2012.
Orgelbau Vleugels is known for its architecture brochures. The instruments in the Herz-Jesu-Kirche in Aschaffenburg (1996), St. Johannes in Kitzingen (1996) and St. Peter and Paul in Würzburg (2016-2018) go back to the Hardheim company .
By Karl Schuke (Berlin) organs were for the Würzburg Neubaukirche (1986) and the Sacred Heart of Jesus parish church in Bad Kissingen delivered (1993). The company Rudolf von Beckerath Orgelbau ( Hamburg ) supplied St. Johannis Church in Würzburg in 1960 , Friedrich Weigle organ builder ( Leinfelden-Echterdingen ) in 1982 St. Stephan in Würzburg and Orgelbau Sandtner St. Kilian (1990) and St. Johannis in Schweinfurt ( 1992) with new instruments.
literature
- Hermann Fischer , Theodor Wohnhaas : Historical organs in Lower Franconia . Schnell & Steiner, Munich 1981, ISBN 3-7954-0424-X .
- Hermann Fischer, Theodor Wohnhaas: Lexicon of southern German organ builders . Florian Noetzel Verlag, Heinrichshofen-Bücher, Wilhelmshaven 1994, ISBN 3-7959-0598-2 .
Web links
Individual evidence
- ^ Fischer, Wohnhaas: Historic organs in Lower Franconia. 1981, p. 13.
- ^ Günter Dippold: Timotheus Compenius (mentioned 1585–1608). Organ builder and organist . In: Günter Dippold, Alfred Meixner (ed.): Staffelsteiner Lebensbilder (= Staffelsteiner writings. Vol. 11). Staffelstein 2000, ISBN 3-9802943-9-0 , pp. 51-54 ( online , accessed May 31, 2020).
- ^ A b Fischer, Wohnhaas: Historic organs in Lower Franconia. 1981, p. 14.
- ^ Fischer, Wohnhaas: Historic organs in Lower Franconia. 1981, p. 298.
- ^ Fischer, Wohnhaas: Historic organs in Lower Franconia. 1981, p. 313.
- ^ Fischer, Wohnhaas: Lexicon of south German organ builders. 1994, p. 117.
- ^ Organ in Obereisenheim , accessed on May 31, 2020.
- ↑ Melanie Jäger-Waldau : The 250-year-old Johann-Philipp-Seuffert organ in the Überlinger Münster. (PDF; 589 kB). In: Ars Organi . 60/1. 2012, p. 43.
- ^ Hermann Fischer: Schlimbach organ and instrument builder. . In: German biography . Vol. 23, 2007, pp. 89-90.
- ^ Fischer, Wohnhaas: Historic organs in Lower Franconia. 1981, p. 311.
- ^ Fischer, Wohnhaas: Historic organs in Lower Franconia. 1981, p. 86.
- ^ Fischer, Wohnhaas: Historic organs in Lower Franconia. 1981, p. 164.
- ^ Fischer, Wohnhaas: Historic organs in Lower Franconia. 1981, p. 18.
- ↑ A house for over a thousand pipes. In: Main-Echo from February 26, 2016; accessed on May 31, 2020.
- ^ Hermann Fischer: Koehler, Johann Christian . In: Frankfurter Personenlexikon , accessed on May 31, 2020.
- ↑ The organ in the former Amorbach Abbey Church , accessed on May 31, 2020.
- ^ Fischer, Wohnhaas: Historic organs in Lower Franconia. 1981, p. 126.
- ^ Organ in Unterhohenried , accessed on May 31, 2020.
- ^ Art and trade sheet. Volume 42, 1856, p. 264, limited preview in the Google book search.
- ^ Organ in Klingenberg , accessed on May 31, 2020.
- ^ The organs of Würzburg Cathedral , accessed on May 31, 2020.
- ^ Organ in Würzburg, St. Peter and Paul , accessed on May 31, 2020.