Klingenberg am Main
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Coordinates: 49 ° 47 ' N , 9 ° 11' E |
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| Basic data | ||
| State : | Bavaria | |
| Administrative region : | Lower Franconia | |
| County : | Miltenberg | |
| Height : | 128 m above sea level NHN | |
| Area : | 21.14 km 2 | |
| Residents: | 6150 (Dec. 31, 2019) | |
| Population density : | 291 inhabitants per km 2 | |
| Postal code : | 63911 | |
| Area code : | 09372 | |
| License plate : | MIL, OBB | |
| Community key : | 09 6 76 134 | |
| LOCODE : | DE KLI | |
| City structure: | 3 districts | |
City administration address : |
Wilhelmstrasse 12 63911 Klingenberg |
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| Website : | ||
| Mayor : | Ralf Reichwein ( CSU ) | |
| Location of the city of Klingenberg am Main in the Miltenberg district | ||
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Klingenberg am Main (officially: Klingenberg a.Main ) is a town in the Lower Franconian district of Miltenberg in Bavaria . Klingenberg belongs to the Bavarian Lower Main region .
geography
Geographical location
The city lies on the Untermain directly on the border with Hesse and consists of the old town of Klingenberg and the two districts of Trennfurt and Röllfeld, which were incorporated in 1976. Röllfeld and Klingenberg are located on the right-hand side of the Main at the foot of the Spessart , while on the western side of the Main and exactly opposite to Trennfurt, geographically part of the Odenwald .
The Hohberg (in the direction of Erlenbach) and the Schlossberg (in the direction of Großheubach), two vineyards above the Klingenberg district with terraced steep slopes, where the famous Klingenberg red wine is grown, predominantly Pinot Noir and Portuguese, are striking .
Klingenberg is 12 km from the district town of Miltenberg , 28 km from the regional center of Aschaffenburg and 67 km from Frankfurt am Main and belongs - like the entire Bavarian Lower Main - to the Rhine-Main area .
The topographically highest point of the city is at 385 m above sea level. NN am Lausberg southwest of Trennfurt, the lowest is in the Main at 116.5 m above sea level. NN .
City structure
The city of Klingenberg am Main is divided into three districts:
Neighboring communities
| City of Wörth am Main |
City of Erlenbach am Main |
Mönchberg market |
| Community Lützelbach |
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community Röllbach |
| City of Michelstadt |
Community Laudenbach |
Großheubach market |
Neighboring communities in the north are the cities of Erlenbach (on the Klingenberger Main side) and Wörth (on the Trennfurt Main side), in the east the Spessart communities Mönchberg and Röllbach , in the south Großheubach (on the Klingenberg Main side) and Laudenbach (on the Trennfurt Main side) and in the west the Hessian Odenwald community Lützelbach , which can only be reached via Wörth, and the city of Michelstadt (district of Vielbrunn , hamlet of Brunnthal ).
geology
The region around Klingenberg am Main, the Spessart Nature Park , is characterized by the red Middle Buntsandstein . This rock can be seen particularly well in the vineyards and the Seltenbach Gorge east of Klingenberg . The different colored sandstones are partly layered at an angle, depending on the direction of flow of the water at the time the rock was deposited.
The Seltenbach Gorge has been included in the list of the 100 most beautiful geotopes in Bavaria. It originated in the Pleistocene , when the tributaries of the Main cut deeply into the landscape. The layers exposed by weathering show 250 million years of geological history. Above the gorge, there is particularly pure and sought-after clay that was mined until a few years ago.
Surname
etymology
The city of Klingenberg am Main got its original name Clingenburg from the Clingenburg above the town . The addition on the Main distinguishes it from other places of the same name.
Earlier spellings
Earlier spellings of the place from various historical maps and documents:
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history
prehistory
The Romans established the Limes in the 2nd century AD . At that time there was a fort in the Trennfurt opposite . A Roman consecration stone in the Trennfurt Church is one of the oldest testimonies to Klingenberg's history.
middle Ages
An early medieval ring wall and the churchyard of the former Romanesque church of St Michaelis in Grubingen on the road to Großheubach , probably dating back to the Alemannic period, are further early testimonies to Klingenberg's history.
During the time of the tribal duchies , the place belonged to the Duchy of Franconia .
In 1100 a noble named Heinrich named himself after the old Clingenburg. He belonged to the noble family of Reginbodonen . The Staufer Clingenburg was built in 1177 by Conradus Colbo, who, as the imperial cupbearer, belonged to Barbarossa's close circle of friends . Around 1250, the von Bickenbach family moved to the castle . In the period that followed, members of the family held numerous influential offices in the Holy Roman Empire and appeared in imperial politics. The oldest surviving mention of the city of Klingenberg, 1276, comes from this time.
In 1387 Konrad the Elder, Herr zu Bickenbach, received a farmhouse and apartment from the German Order Master Siegfried von Venningen , which the German Order owned in Klingenberg. In 1388 the von Bickenbachs sold their quarter at the castle and town to the burgrave of Miltenberg. At the time when the Bickenbachers died out, at the end of the 15th century, the castle and town of Klingenberg came as pledge to the Counts of Hanau-Lichtenberg , who then resided in Babenhausen , which is not far away .
Early modern age
In 1504 there was a larger-scale exchange of territory between the Counts of Hanau-Lichtenberg and Kurmainz , in which Klingenberg fell to Mainz. Today's regional center of Aschaffenburg had been in Mainz since the 10th century and was the second residence of the Elector of Mainz. In 1552, the old town of Klingenberg, like numerous other towns, was almost completely destroyed by the Margrave of Ansbach, Albrecht Alcibiades, during the war of the margraves . Reconstruction took place in the following decades.
Modern times
After the dissolution of the Electorate of Mainz in the course of the Reichsdeputationshauptschluss in 1803, Klingenberg initially belonged to the newly founded Principality of Aschaffenburg of Arch Chancellor Karl Theodor von Dalberg , which was incorporated into his Grand Duchy of Frankfurt in 1810 . After the Congress of Vienna in 1814, Klingenberg came to the Kingdom of Bavaria , along with the entire Aschaffenburg / Miltenberg region and the Grand Duchy of Würzburg (the political successor state to the Duchy of Würzburg ) .
In the 19th and early 20th centuries, the clay mine, first mentioned in 1567, brought great prosperity to the city of Klingenberg . For example, at the end of the 19th century, the citizens were waived their taxes and paid citizens' money. In addition, a lookout tower, a bridge over the Main , a school, a new town hall and numerous elegant town houses were built (Wilhelmstraße, Ludwigstraße). In addition, Klingenberg was one of the first municipalities in the region to receive an underground power network with its own power station as early as 1897 . The population grew rapidly.
In 1862 the Obernburg district office was formed, to which Klingenberg also belonged. As everywhere in the German Reich , the designation "district" was introduced in 1939. Klingenberg was now one of the 35 communities in the district of Obernburg am Main . At the end of the Second World War , fighting between German troops and the advancing Americans took place in Klingenberg in 1945 . The historical building structure of the city was hardly affected. The Germans finally withdrew, but first blew up the Main Bridge between Klingenberg and Trennfurt. The bridge could not be replaced until 1950.
Klingenberg became known around the world in 1976 through the death of Anneliese Michel , who died of extreme malnutrition in her parents' house after two Catholic priests carried out a total of 67 exorcisms on her in the months before her death .
Incorporations
With the dissolution of the district of Obernburg, Klingenberg came to the newly formed district of Miltenberg on July 1, 1972 . As part of the municipal reform , Klingenberg was united on January 1, 1976 with the previously independent municipalities of Röllfeld and Trennfurt to form the new town of Klingenberg.
politics
City council
The city council has 20 members. Another member is the mayor.
In the local elections on March 15, 2020 , the distribution of seats in the city council was as follows:
mayor
Ralf Reichwein (CSU) was re-elected mayor on March 15, 2020; he has been in office since October 2, 2012 and received 60.3 percent of the vote.
European elections
In 2019, 4,329 citizens were eligible to vote; the turnout was 55.93%. The CSU won 37.54% of the vote, the Greens 18.81%, the SPD 11.99%, the AfD just behind with 8.99%. The Free Voters got 5.62%, Die Linke and the FDP each got less than 4%. [2]
Town twinning
Klingenberg has had a partnership with the French wine-growing community of Saint-Laurent-d'Arce near Bordeaux since 1980 .
coat of arms
The Klingenberg coat of arms dates from the 16th century and contains the Mainz wheel . The three green mountains stand for Schlossberg and Hohberg.
Attractions
The medieval Clingenburg lies above the old town of Klingenberg and the vineyard . From 1177 the Lords of Clingenburg and from 1250 the Bickenbachers sat here , after which the Mainz bailiffs resided in the castle until the middle of the 16th century; then it fell into disrepair. In 1871 the city acquired the castle ruins. In the 20th century the castle was developed for tourism; For example, a restaurant and a viewing platform were created from which one has a good view of the old town and the Main valley. The renowned Clingenburg Festival has been taking place on the Clingenburg since 1994, attracting a large number of visitors from across the region every year with changing plays and musicals. 287 steps lead visitors up the footpath from the old town.
Klingenberg has a picturesque historic old town with numerous half-timbered buildings from the 16th century, especially in the main street, in the old town , in the Kirchengasse and in the Lindenstraße.
- In what is probably the most beautiful half-timbered house in Klingenberg, the old town hall from 1561 with a crooked hip roof and central bay, the tourist information office has been located since 2001 after the restoration. Under the large arcades in the basement it once housed an open market hall. It was used as the town hall until 1885, after which it was used as a post office until 1934.
- Also in the old town is the Klingenberg City Palace , a Renaissance building from 1560, which was inhabited by the Mainz bailiffs of the Kottwitz von Aulenbach family and by the von Mairhofen family from 1693 (until 1892). It has had various uses since then and is now privately owned. The castle courtyard and the gatehouse with a large sandstone portal, also from the Renaissance, belong to the castle. In the castle courtyard there had been a French-style rose garden with a tea house (1799) since 1741. This was newly laid out in 1981 by the city of Klingenberg; concerts are held here in summer.
- The old town used to be surrounded by a city wall with three city gates , which however fell victim to the development of the city at the turn of the century. Today the walls between the castle and the old town and a section of wall at the castle courtyard are still intact, and the southern of the three city gates, the Brunntorturm (basement 12th or 13th, rest of the 16th century) with holding cells on the upper floor and an onion dome , is an ingredient From the 18th century.
- The late Gothic church of St. Pankratius was built in 1467 as a new chapel ; the church tower ( Echterturm ) dates from 1617. The building was redesigned and expanded in 1892.
- To the north of the old town, the Evangelical Trinity Church was built in 1965 based on a design by Franz Gürtner - an unusual church building. In its design, such as the triangular floor plan, it takes up the symbolism of the Trinity in a variety of ways . From the outside, the compact church is dominated by the mighty roof surfaces in the unusual and distinctive shape of a folding roof and the pointed spire .
Museums
- Viticulture and local history museum : The museum, opened in 1984, documents the entire process of wine production. There you can see the equipment used in wine production, a reconstructed vineyard, a wine press from 1806, cooperage and wine cellar, barrels, bottling plant, glasses and bottles as well as a reconstructed hacking farm . The history of the Klingenberg clay mine is presented in two exhibition galleries and a collection of pit lamps, ceramics, uniforms and documents . A room on the ground floor houses the complete Röllfelder Dorfschmiede with forge, bellows, anvil, numerous machines and tools. Cooperage and wagon making are combined in the adjacent cellar. Other professions such as basket maker, tanner, tailor, forest worker, farmer and fisherman are presented in the tour. The third floor deals with the role of women at the beginning of the 20th century. A weaving room with two old looms, a religious niche with figures of saints, images of saints and church art, as well as an old school room and a laundry room are presented in the attic.
- Teddymuseum : The museum, opened in 1994 by Renate and Wolfgang König, provided information about the history of the teddy bear and about teddy bear cartoon characters such as Petzi , Winnie the Pooh and Paddington . The museum showed teddy bears from all well-known German manufacturers and exhibits from the fields of advertising, art and kitsch etc. a. Porcelain figurines, cocoa pots, posters and shields. In a workshop, which was equipped with historical tools, the production of teddy bears according to old patterns and working techniques was demonstrated. The museum was closed in early 2008.
Ring wall and observation tower
In 1903, the Alte Schanze observation tower was built in the forest on the Schlossberg within a Celtic ring rampart in medieval style with an observation platform at a height of 22 m, which is now visited by many hikers and tourists. Several hiking trails through the forest and the Sonnenweg , a panoramic path from the castle through the vineyards , lead to this observation tower with a restaurant.
The tower was badly damaged by artillery fire towards the end of the Second World War in 1945 and had to be closed in 1998 because of dilapidation; After restoration by a local support association, it has been able to be climbed again since 2003.
The view extends over the Main to Röllfeld, Trennfurt, Erlenbach and Wörth am Main.
Old town
Clingenburg
Clingenburg
City Palace
Klingenberg parish church
Well gate tower
Parish Church of Röllfeld
Trennfurt
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Chestnut nature trail
In the summer of 2011, the “ Chestnut Educational Path” was set up, a 2.6 km long circular hiking trail starting from the Clingenburg over the Steige and the Alte Schanze with 13 explanatory boards. Between 1892 and 1902, chestnut seeds were experimentally sown above the vineyards of the Schlossberg on an area of about 10 hectares. That is why Klingenberg still has the largest continuous chestnut forest in the Spessart with around 8.5 hectares . The Romans already knew that it is useful to cultivate vines and chestnut groves together, and it is still common today, especially in southern wine-growing regions. In the past, the particularly resilient chestnut wood, from which vine stakes and wine barrels were made, was in great demand. Today the chestnut belt above the Klingenberg vineyards protects them from cold north winds, is a peculiar biotope and a scenic hiking area. Not all trees bear fruit, which, according to the explanation board, is not to be expected otherwise for the tree that is native to warmer climates.
Religions
The city of Klingenberg am Main is predominantly Roman Catholic , the three parishes St. Pankratius in Klingenberg, Assumption of Mary in Röllfeld and St. Maria Magdalena in Trennfurt belong to the dean's office in Obernburg within the diocese of Würzburg .
The oldest of the three churches is St. Pankratius in the Klingenberg district, which stands prominently above the old town. The Gothic choir and the sacristy date from the 15th century, the church tower and the nave were built in 1617 with money from the assets of the mother church of St. Michaelis in Grubingen . The church received its current floor plan and late Gothic furnishings at the end of the 19th century. The two churches in Röllfeld and Trennfurt date from the Baroque period (17th and 18th centuries); The Trennfurt Church was partially redesigned after a fire in 1975 as a result of a lightning strike .
In 1976 Klingenberg attracted worldwide attention with the case of Anneliese Michel , who, according to parts of the Roman Catholic Church , was possessed by demons and died after several months of exorcism and extreme malnutrition .
In 1927 the Protestant Christians built a prayer room for their services. For reasons of space, a new church was built by the architect Franz Gürtner, which was consecrated on June 5, 1966. The most valuable piece of equipment, in addition to an organ by Henk Kloop, is a stained glass window by Josef Reissl.
There is evidence that Jews lived in Klingenberg am Main as early as the Middle Ages . The city is listed in 1298 in a list of the places in which they were persecuted in the so-called " Rintfleisch Pogrom ". Jews are also mentioned in the 15th century, in 1429 in connection with the collection of the royal Jewish tax. In 1461 a Jew from Klingenberg was accused of murder. In 1671 and 1700, so-called Judenlandtage were held in Klingenberg. In 1900 the Jewish community numbered 26 people, which corresponded to about 2.0% of the total population. The Jewish community had a synagogue in the form of a small prayer room and a religious school . During the First World War , Gefreiter Berthold Fried (born October 18, 1890 in Klingenberg, born August 11, 1914) fell from the Jewish community; his name is on the war memorial for the fallen of both world wars in the city's cemetery on Wilhelmstrasse.
Because of the economic boycott, the increasing disenfranchisement and the reprisals against them by the National Socialists , between 1933 and 1939 all but three families emigrated from Klingenberg. During the November pogrom in 1938 , the prayer room and the apartments of the remaining Jewish families were devastated and the residents deported. According to the memorial book “Victims of the Persecution of Jews under the National Socialist Tyranny in Germany” from the Federal Archives , a total of ten people of Jewish faith born in Klingenberg were deported to concentration camps and murdered between 1939 and 1942 . The Klingenberg Jewish community was completely dissolved at the end of 1939. Since November 9, 2008, a memorial plaque has been commemorating the prayer room that is no longer in existence.
Economy and Infrastructure
Companies
Large companies in Klingenberg are WIKA , a manufacturer of pressure and temperature measurement technology, the ceramic manufacturer Klingenberg Dekoramik in Trennfurt and the paint manufacturer Hemmelrath in Röllfeld. In addition to industry, tourism is an important branch of the economy. The city lies on the route of industrial culture Rhine-Main .
Viticulture
Around 30 hectares of vineyards are cultivated in Klingenberg, the partly ancient terraces of which shape the appearance of the city. There are three vineyards here, the "Schlossberg" (25 ha) and the "Erlenbacher Hohberg" (2 ha) on the Klingenberg side and the "Einsiedel" site (2 ha) in the Trennfurt district. There are around 15 winemakers in the three districts . The traditional Häckerwirtschaften in Klingenberg take place almost continuously, with several winemakers taking turns at regular intervals. In Klingenberger locations, red wine is predominantly grown (on approx. 23 hectares) , with Pinot Noir and Blauer Portugieser dominating. The Müller-Thurgau variety predominates among the white wines .
The terracing with dry stone walls made of red sandstone , dating back to the Middle Ages, was placed under monument protection in 1986. Narrow wall terraces like here on site with an average slope of 100% and accesses over up to 250 steps can be cultivated by hand alone and require up to 2000 working hours per hectare and year. Organic wines are produced on 10% of the area (3 ha). A separate “museum vineyard” presents rare grape varieties.
The Klingenberg Wine Festival, one of the largest wine festivals in the region, has been held once a year in August since 1950. Klingenberg is on the Franconian red wine hiking trail .
Klingenberger tone
The Klingenberg clay was created in the Pliocene approx. 5 million years ago through soil solutions sunk into the red sandstone . It was used, for example, in the pencil industry as an admixture to graphite. It was mined underground from the beginning of the 18th century until the mine was closed on December 16, 2011. Until the First World War, the yield was so high that the city was able to grant citizens tax exemption and an additional “citizen's money” of between 200 and 400 Reichsmarks. The coveted Klingenberg clay was exported to the United States and India .
The Klingenberg clay mine had to close because it was technically not as good as it was in the 1950s and had become unprofitable. No investor was found, modernization would have cost millions of euros. Most recently, the factory, which in its heyday had employed around 80 miners , worked a miner's cart decorated for Christmas with only 9 miners who drove out the last full hunt on December 16, 2011 .
In the viticulture and local history museum, the historical and contemporary mining methods are documented in two exhibition tunnels. The show is supported by exhibits such as miner's lamps, ceramics, uniforms, documents and a pencil collection.
The disused clay mine was at the upper end of the Seltenbach gorge. The systems abandoned there ( mouth hole , winding tower , factory building) are still available, but are currently neither explained nor inspected (as of September 2012).
traffic
The four-lane federal highway B 469 from Klingenberg connects the city with Aschaffenburg and the A 3 Frankfurt am Main - Würzburg , A 45 Dortmund - Aschaffenburg and A 66 Hanau - Fulda motorways . The section in the opposite direction to Miltenberg is only two-lane (2008), but an expansion of the busy road to three lanes is being examined. State road 2309 runs through Klingenberg .
Klingenberg has a train station on the Aschaffenburg – Miltenberg line in the Trennfurt district .
Bike trails
Four cycle paths lead along the Main through the Trennfurt district :
- The 225 km long 3-country cycle path is a circular route around the triangle of Hesse, Baden-Württemberg and Bavaria. The route explores the Odenwald along the Mümling, Neckar and Main rivers.
- The German Limes Cycle Route leads from Bad Hönningen through Westerwald , Taunus and Odenwald to Regensburg, 818 kilometers away, and adheres to the route of the Upper German-Raetian Limes .
- The Main Cycle Path follows the river from both sources of the Main down to its confluence with the Rhine near Mainz . It has a total length of about 600 kilometers.
- The D-Route D5 (Saar-Mosel-Main) stretches over 1,021 kilometers from Saarbrücken via Trier, Koblenz, Mainz, Frankfurt am Main, Würzburg and Bayreuth to the Czech border.
sons and daughters of the town
- Conradus Gernet de Clingenberg Mogont. dyos. (1486), student at Heidelberg University
- Bernhardus Gernert de Clingenberg Mogunt. dioc. (1498), student at Heidelberg University
- Reinhard von Hanau-Lichtenberg (1494–1537), later son of Count Philip II of Hanau-Lichtenberg and Anna von Isenburg
- Franz Georg Wassmuth (1707–1766), composer, Würzburg court conductor
- Franz Ludwig Christoph Ignatius Freiherr von Mairhofen (1721–1788), Fulda Vice Chancellor, member of the Leopoldina
- Johann Valentin Adrian (1793–1864), writer, librarian
- Ferdinand von Hutten (1793–1857), Bavarian Rittmeister and member of the Hessian Estates Assembly
- Ferdinand Escherich (1810–1888), doctor, forensic doctor, university lecturer and district medical officer
- Christian Barthelmess (1854–1906), US soldier, musician and photographer
- Robert Wild (1875–1950), administrative lawyer and local politician
- Ernst Dürig (1888–1951), lawyer, President of the Senate at the Federal Court of Justice
- Werner Beierwaltes (1931–2019), philosophy professor
- Dieter Pitthan (* 1941), 1990 to 2008 Mayor of the City of Langen (Hesse)
- Rudolf Handwerker (* 1944), local politician (CSU) and district administrator of the Haßberge district
- Willi Neuberger (* 1946), soccer player, long-time record Bundesliga player
- Anneliese Michel (1952-1976), German student of religious education who died as a result of extreme malnutrition and an exorcism lasting several months
- Ingo Holland (* 1958), cook
Oddities
The residents of Klingenberg are also called "Klingenberger Spatzen". This term is also used by the locals themselves, e.g. B. in the song "Wir Klingenberger Spatzen, we are happy and happy!", Which was learned by school children in the 1970s. The nickname is said to go back to the fact that there are no sparrows in the whole city because they are due to the extensive viticulture and sparse Agriculture could not feed there.
literature
- Friedrich Berninger: Chronicle of the city of Klingenberg am Main. Volume 1-3, City of Klingenberg 1994-1996, DNB 963469797 .
- Catholic rectory in Trennfurt: Church history in Trennfurt: 250 years of St. Maria Magdalena Trennfurt. Trennfurt 2005, OCLC 634850109 .
Individual evidence
- ↑ "Data 2" sheet, Statistical Report A1200C 202041 Population of the municipalities, districts and administrative districts 1st quarter 2020 (population based on the 2011 census) ( help ).
- ↑ bayerische-stateesbibliothek-online (accessed in January 2013)
- ↑ Seltenbach Gorge included in the list of the 100 most beautiful geotopes. 250 million years of geological history. Main-Netz, May 20, 2011, accessed May 21, 2011 .
- ↑ a b c Wolf-Armin von Reitzenstein : Lexicon of Franconian place names. Origin and meaning . Upper Franconia, Middle Franconia, Lower Franconia. CH Beck, Munich 2009, ISBN 978-3-406-59131-0 , p. 121 ( limited preview in Google Book search).
- ↑ State Archives Würzburg, Mainz documents Secular cabinet 44/38 1/2
- ^ Uta Löwenstein: County Hanau . In: Knights, Counts and Princes - Secular Dominions in the Hessian Area approx. 900-1806 = Handbook of Hessian History 3 = Publications of the Historical Commission for Hesse 63. Marburg 2014. ISBN 978-3-942225-17-5 , p. 210 .
- ^ Federal Statistical Office (ed.): Historical municipality directory for the Federal Republic of Germany. Name, border and key number changes in municipalities, counties and administrative districts from May 27, 1970 to December 31, 1982 . W. Kohlhammer GmbH, Stuttgart and Mainz 1983, ISBN 3-17-003263-1 , p. 751 .
- ↑ [1]
- ↑ http://www.klbg.de/wahlen/sr2020/
- ↑ http://www.klbg.de/wahlen/bgm2020/
- ^ Klingenberg - Trinity Church. ( Memento of the original from August 25, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. In: offen-kirche-bayern.de , accessed on August 25, 2016.
- ↑ Viticulture and Local History Museum. Stadt-Klingenberg.de, accessed on March 19, 2017 .
- ↑ Teddy Museum. (No longer available online.) Historisches-Franken.de, archived from the original on March 6, 2017 ; Retrieved March 19, 2017 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Würzburger Diözesan Geschichtsblätter, Volume 55, 1993, p. 64 as PDF
- ↑ Website of the Protestant parish , accessed on July 27, 2017
- ^ Walter Hermann: Jews in Klingenberg. In: 700 years of the city of Klingenberg. Klingenberg 1976, pp. 177-179.
- ↑ http://www.alemannia-judaica.de/klingenberg_synagoge.htm
- ↑ http://www.gruene-miltenberg.de/startseite/pressebericht/article/gedenkafel-fehlt-noch.html ( page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ http://www.bundesarchiv.de/gedenkbuch/directory.html The memorial book of the Federal Archives for the victims of the National Socialist persecution of Jews in Germany (1933–1945)
- ↑ http://www.yadvashem.org/ Website of the Yad Vashem Holocaust Memorial
- ^ Max Beilhack: Through and around Aschaffenburg, Aschaffenburg 1878, p. 55
Web links
- Official website of the city of Klingenberg
- Former Jewish community in Klingenberg
- Entry on the coat of arms of Klingenberg am Main in the database of the House of Bavarian History
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