Economic history of the city of Braunschweig
The economic history of the city of Braunschweig is closely linked to the history and economy of the Braunschweig region and the surrounding area of the city of Braunschweig . The founding of the city is likely to be related to the favorable location at the intersection of several early medieval highways and the Oker, which is navigable from here. The appointment to the royal seat of Henry the Lion led to the city's first phase of economic development. By joining the Hanseatic League and de facto independence, Braunschweig developed into one of the most important trading centers in Central Germany in the Middle Ages. After reintegration into the Principality of Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel , Duke Rudolf-August tried to restore the economic strength of the formerly prosperous Hanseatic city. However, the economy only experienced an upswing during industrialization in the 19th century. During the First and Second World Wars, the city was expanded to become an armaments site, which made it a target for heavy bombing raids from 1944 onwards. After the decline of several major industries and the recession of the 1970s, the city is now developing into an important research and development location within the European Economic Area. The region is still an important cluster of the automotive industry . The urban infrastructure of Braunschweig corresponds to that of an otherwise twice as populous city due to the vast surrounding area.
Creation of the trading center
City foundation
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One of the most important early development bases is the favorable topographical location, which probably led to the first local foundations. Even before these foundings, several long-distance trade routes ran in what is now Braunschweig. The decisive factor for the first settlements was probably a ford through the Oker, in the vicinity of which the first settlements called Brunswick and Dankwarderode were probably built. In addition, the Oker was navigable downstream from Braunschweig and goods could be brought into the city via the waterway, which is cheaper and safer than the land route. A developed port has been mentioned since the 13th century. Braunschweig was connected to the important trading metropolis of Bremen via the Oker - Aller - Weser connection and was therefore able to participate in sea trade . The Brunswick trading center was further strengthened by the political ties of the ruling Brunones to Friesland and the Meissen region .
Trade routes
Coming from the Harz in the direction of Lüneburg , the Salzstrasse ran, the course of which roughly corresponds to today's B4 . Around the year 1000, today's B1 developed into the “Via Regia”, the Ottonian royal road from Aachen to Magdeburg , which in the Rhenish-Westphalian area goes back to the even older “Hellweg”. Braunschweig was also connected to one of the most important Elbe crossings near Magdeburg via this road and thus had access to the Slavic areas east of the Elbe. Both of these important medieval long-distance trade routes crossed in what is now Braunschweig. In addition, there were other road connections which, for example, coming from the North Sea coast probably led via Stade , Bardowick and Lüneburg into the Braunschweig area. There were also connections with Hamburg and Lübeck in the north, as well as road connections from Hildesheim , Gandersheim , Goslar , Halberstadt and Leipzig to the Braunschweig area.
Ascent under Henry the Lion
The political rise of Henry the Lion was accompanied by a massive expansion of the city of Braunschweig into a residential city. One of the main focuses was the commercial development of the city. Heinrich expanded the city to include new districts such as the Weichbild Neustadt or, earlier, the Weichbild Hagen , in which he settled Dutch craftsmen. The already existing soft areas of the old town and Altewiek were further expanded; In the course of this expansion at the latest, the old town developed into the dominant economic and political center of the city. At the same time, the economic importance of Braunschweig grew in northern Germany. This upswing was not slowed down by Heinrich's fall in 1181 and was further supported by his descendants after Heinrich's death in 1195.
In 1199, shortly after he came to power, Otto IV granted the city extensive freedom from customs duties throughout the Holy Roman Empire as well as royal protection for traders. Thanks to the favor of the emperor, Braunschweig even rose to become an imperial residence for several years, which led to a further influx of craftsmen and traders. Thanks to the connections between Henry the Lion and his descendants, the Brunswick merchants had had trading privileges and letters of protection in Denmark and England since 1230. Trade relations developed not only with other Hanseatic cities, but also with England , Flanders , Brabant , Russia and Hungary .
Another important step for urban development was the granting of various city and market rights and other privileges for the various soft images. The first to receive their town charter in 1227 were the Weichbilder Hagen and Altstadt. This was followed by the right to form a guild and market rights for cloth in the Altewiek, market rights for wool in Hagen and other privileges for the bakers in the sack, the sheet makers in the Neustadt and the blacksmiths in all Weichbildern. The most important trades in the city were long-distance traders, money changers, goldsmiths, and cloth and sheet makers. Around 1250, the central Weichbild Sack was founded as the last independent district , which was granted city rights around 1300.
Hanseatic city
Creation of the guilds
As early as 1245, the city of Braunschweig had begun to conclude a network of city alliance agreements and thus secure trade. Also in the middle of the 13th century, the city and its soft images joined the Hanseatic League . The exact time of joining is not mentioned in a document, but participation in the Hanseatic Days from 1358 is confirmed. Domestically, the guilds took an ever stronger political influence on urban development. Trade was mainly carried out overland, but goods could also be brought into the city center by water. The main trading places in the city were the still existing market places Altstadtmarkt , Hagenmarkt and Kohlmarkt . In addition there were the town halls of the various Braunschweiger Weichbilder and trading yards in the city. Due to the strong trade and the presence of many traders, also from distant areas, Braunschweig subsequently developed into an important financial center in the Middle Ages.
Riots and economic crisis
The acceptance into the Hanseatic League and the resulting increasing importance of trade for the city also led to conflicts between the patricians , large merchants and the guilds over influence in the city government, which finally culminated in the class of guild masters in 1293/94 . Braunschweig was characterized by a very strong gradient in the social structure, which meant that almost half of the population had to be added to the poorer lower class. At the same time there was an empire-wide economic crisis that also brought previously wealthy noblemen into economic distress. This went hand in hand with an increase in raids on commercial trains, forcing the city to raise enormous funds to secure them. Braunschweig was dependent on safe trade routes both because of its position in long-distance and intermediate trade as well as for the export of its own products.
The economy of the city and region suffered another severe cut when the plague broke out in Braunschweig in 1350, which led to drastic demographic and economic changes. In large parts trade finally came to a standstill; large parts of the surviving Braunschweig population became impoverished. Military actions like the Battle of Dinklar in 1367 and the Battle of Elm in 1373 put the city under further financial strain. The increasing indebtedness of the population and the high financial obligations caused further discontent, which finally erupted between 1374 and 1380 in the unrest of the great class . Eight councilors were executed. The surviving heads of the city managed to persuade the Hanseatic League from exile to declare a trade ban against Braunschweig and to exclude the city temporarily from the Hanseatic League. This increased the already existing economic difficulties enormously and led to further impoverishment of the population.
It was not until 1386 that the dispute was finally settled when nine craft guilds were accepted into the city council on an equal footing with the patricians. This gave both the merchants and the craft guilds the opportunity to directly influence the city's politics. The city was now allowed full membership in the Hanseatic League again.
Ascent to the suburb of the Hanseatic League
Braunschweig retained its strong position in the trade of the Hanseatic League until the 17th century and was also one of the nine cities that took part in the last Hanseatic Congress in 1669. The Thirty Years' War and the decline of the Hanseatic League brought Braunschweig into considerable economic and financial problems. In this situation, the city was occupied by the troops of Brunswick Duke Rudolf August and incorporated into the Principality of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel . The Duke sought to revive the economic strength of the formerly prosperous Hanseatic city and, in 1681, set up two annual goods fairs against the opposition of the trade fair cities of Leipzig and Frankfurt . These experienced their heyday during the 18th century, when they developed a significance similar to that of the goods fairs in Frankfurt and Leipzig . They lost their economic status during the 19th century and were abolished in 1910.
Today the city is a member of the New Hanseatic League , which has existed since 1980. In the summer of 1985 the fifth Hanseatic day of the new bill was held in Braunschweig.
Manufacturing in the early modern period
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lacquer work by the Stobwasser manufactory,
1st half of the 19th century.
In the early modern period , a number of factories were set up on behalf of the Dukes Karl I (1713–1780) and Karl Wilhelm Ferdinand (1735–1806) to promote the export economy in the city and principality of Braunschweig . The factories should increase the production of their own finished products in order to obtain urgently needed financial resources, gold and cash , by exporting them .
In order to attract foreign craftsmen and entrepreneurs, the dukes granted privileges and discounts. In the second half of the 18th century in particular, numerous state and private manufactories were founded, such as the printing works of the Great Orphanage (1751), the chemical factory of the Gravenhorst brothers (1762), the paper mache and lacquerware manufacturer Stobwasser (1763) and numerous chicory factories from 1781.
Chicory production
In the 19th century in particular, “chicory production” was the name given to the production of a coffee-like drink from the roots of the common chicory (also called chicory ).
Major Christian von Heine from Holzminden and the Brunswick restaurateur Christian Gottlieb Förster († around 1801) are considered to be the inventors of chicory coffee . In 1769/70 both received a concession for the production of chicory coffee in Braunschweig and Berlin . The fact that the farmers of the Harz foreland had been growing salad chicory for a long time and were thus able to deliver larger quantities of chicory root to Braunschweig at short notice had a positive effect on the Braunschweig production location .
The city of Braunschweig quickly developed into an early center for chicory coffee production. As early as 1795, there were 22 to 24 companies of this type there, which for fire protection reasons were mostly built outside of the densely built-up Braunschweig city center . In the chicory factory Ludwig Otto Bleibtreu , founded in 1781 by the former valet Ludwig Otto Bleibtreu (1752–1820), the initially heavily handcrafted production was transformed into a large-scale production based on the division of labor. Around 1880 there were still 19 chicory factories.
Industrialization in the 19th century
Then it leads steeply up to the Braunschweig train station , passing the Wilke-Werke , Karges & Hammer , the Braunschweigische Maschinenbauanstalt and other facilities such as the gas company on your left.
Leading south from the train station, the track passes the Wolters and Feldschlößchen breweries and the Büssing works in a wide arc , until it finally reaches the Max Jüdel & Co railway signaling building and the Ostbahnhof . The Braunschweig main train station is now located on this site .
The industrial development of Braunschweig is closely related to the construction of the Ducal Braunschweigische Staatseisenbahn , the first German state railway, in 1838. Since the Duchy of Braunschweig was unable to reach an agreement with its neighbors on a common approach, a concept of its own within the Duchy was started under the leadership of Philipp-August von Amsberg . The first line connected the Braunschweig train station with Wolfenbüttel. Further impetus for the establishment of industry followed with the entry of the Duchy to the German Customs Union in 1841 and with the introduction of freedom of trade in 1864.
Analogous to railway construction, companies that produced for the railway were the first industrial companies in Braunschweig. Initially mainly machines and railcars were manufactured, companies for the production of turnout and signaling technology were quickly founded. Today Siemens operates the Siemens plant in Braunschweig, the world's largest plant for railway signaling technology. Companies from the industrial founding period included Friedrich Seele & Co (1853, machines), Hch. Perschmann GmbH (1866, iron, steel, brass goods) and the Braunschweigische Eisenbahnwagen-Bauanstalt AG (1871, rail cars). There was greater diversification towards the end of the century . Manufacturers of vehicle bodies such as Büssing AG emerged .
Sugar industry
Another important industrial sector became the sugar industry. Sugar beet cultivation has been intensifying since the 1850s . In 1857, the businessman Hermann Buchler founded the " Braunschweig Sugar Refinery " in the western ring area . After the German Customs Union decided on export premiums in 1861 , sugar beet cultivation experienced a further boom. As a result, a number of sugar-processing factories were founded in the Braunschweig area ( Salzdahlum , Rautheim , Broitzem , ...). This branch of industry was also promoted by the increased need of the sugar industry for machines. Friedrich Seele & Co. took a leading role and went public in 1870 as the Braunschweigische Maschinenbauanstalt AG . However, the boom quickly led to overcapacities, which resulted in a "sugar crisis" as early as 1885 and ultimately led to a decline in sugar production in the duchy. The establishment of the Dr. von Morgenstern Schools , a training facility for chemical laboratory technicians in Braunschweig, took place in 1913 in cooperation with the sugar industry. In 1997, through mergers and acquisitions, Nordzucker AG became Europe's second largest sugar producer , based in Braunschweig.
Flour mills
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Mechanical engineering for grain processing was also important for the industrial development of the city. In 1846 G. Luther founded a machine factory and mill construction company; In 1895 Amme, Giesecke and Konegen founded another company that constructed grain mills and granaries. Both companies ultimately resulted in the Mühlenbau- und Industrieaktiengesellschaft (MIAG) .
Canning industry
→ Main article: Braunschweig canning industry
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The canning industry and its suppliers had a great influence on the establishment of the city as an industrial location. Between 1850 and 1870 a number of factories were set up in the city, whose sales were boosted by the cultivation of vegetables in the Braunschweig area. Initially mainly asparagus was processed, but this changed rapidly with the use of autoclaves . Mass production began during the First World War due to the rapidly increasing demand for long-life food. One example is Schmalbach-Lubeca AG, founded in 1898 .
Other sectors
Due to the high demand for metal in mechanical engineering, many metal processing companies also developed in the city. This included ironworks and foundries, steam boiler and gasometer producers as well as other machine factories in various production areas.
As a result, other companies in the flax industry , the optical industry ( Rollei , Voigtländer ), breweries ( Feldschlösschen , Wolters ), publishers ( Westermann , Vieweg ) and the music industry ( Grotrian-Steinweg , Wilhelm Schimmel Pianofortefabrik GmbH ), which often still exist today to have.
Armaments site in World War II
The intention of the NSDAP Prime Minister of the Free State of Braunschweig Dietrich Klagges to convert Braunschweig into a NS model town had a not insignificant influence on today's economic life in Braunschweig . B. was identified with the SS Junker School housed in Braunschweig Castle .
As part of the armament of the Wehrmacht , the city was developed into a center of the armaments industry in the “ Third Reich ”. The most important companies were: Büssing (trucks), Rollei and Voigtländer (optical precision instruments), Karges & Hammer, the Luther-Werke (combat aircraft), the MIAG (tanks), the Niedersächsische Motorenwerke ( aircraft engines ), Schmalbach-Lubeca , Schuberth-Werke ( Steel helmets) and the Volkswagen Vorwerk . Then there was the German Research Institute for Aviation (from 1938: Aviation Research Institute Hermann Göring - LFA) founded in 1936 , on whose premises the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB) and the Luftfahrt-Bundesamt (LBA) were housed after the war . In addition, the city was connected to the newly emerging motorway (today's A 2) and the Mittelland Canal .
Development of the current business location Braunschweig
Automotive industry
After the decline of the canning industry and its migration to low-wage countries, the focus on the automotive industry began to develop strongly. Braunschweig was the seat of the Büssing Automobile Works, founded in 1903 . Raised the industry leader in the commercial vehicle sector during the World War, the factories were badly damaged by the bombing of industrial centers. In 1972 Büssing AG became part of the MAN company . MAN vehicles still bear the Büssing company emblem, a stylized Braunschweig lion , on the radiator grille, but are now manufactured in Salzgitter , 20 km south of Braunschweig.
The automotive industry continues to shape Braunschweig, as a considerable part of the jobs and also the tax revenues depend directly and indirectly on this branch. In Braunschweig itself, the Volkswagen plant in Braunschweig is the oldest Volkswagen AG plant . The subsidiaries Volkswagen Financial Services AG , Volkswagen Bank and Volkswagen Airservice also have their headquarters in Braunschweig. Numerous supplier companies for the Volkswagen factories in Wolfsburg and Braunschweig as well as MAN in Salzgitter have branches or their headquarters in Braunschweig. Many VW Wolfsburg employees also live in the city of Braunschweig and strengthen their purchasing power.
"Oker Valley"
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Braunschweig's rise to a nationally important location for IT and cutting-edge technology began in the early 1980s. Before the fall of the Berlin Wall and the fall of the Wall , the city and region of Braunschweig were in the so-called border area . The city was only 40 km west of the inner-German border . The local economy was supported by the zone border promotion and other economic development measures. At this time, the US computer manufacturer Commodore International founded its first European plant in Braunschweig in 1980. In the city, Commodore mainly produced the legendary C 64 , of which 100,000 pieces rolled off the assembly line at weddings. The Amiga and the Atari were also built at this location . In the vicinity of Commodore, other foreign IT companies were also drawn to the city. B. Toshiba and the semiconductor manufacturer LSI Logic , as well as Pinnacle Systems and Intel in the early 2000s . But IT companies were also founded in Braunschweig itself, such as Yakumo , Miro and Frank & Walter.
Based on the name of the well-known US IT and high-tech location Silicon Valley, the name “Oker Valley” was created as a combination of Oker (the river that flows through Braunschweig) and “Valley” for the valley in which Braunschweig is located .
After Commodore went bankrupt in 1993 , the Braunschweig production site had to be closed. It was similar in the 1990s for LSI Logic, Yakumo, Miro and Frank & Walter. In memory of the time of the Commodore factory in Braunschweig, former Commodore employees and enthusiasts collected Commodore hardware produced in Braunschweig and other things related to the company and the city at that time. This finally resulted in a permanent exhibition in the business premises of a Braunschweig company in the packaging industry , which was opened on February 27, 2017 and is open to the public.
Science location
The Technical University of Braunschweig established Braunschweig as a research location over 250 years ago. Today the university is the largest university in the city with over 14,000 students. The TU Braunschweig is jointly responsible for the development of the Transrapid , among other things . In addition, the Braunschweig / Wolfenbüttel University of Applied Sciences has existed since 1973 with more than 7,400 students.
There are a number of federal research institutions and authorities in Braunschweig. The Federal Aviation Office (LBA), the Federal Bureau of Aircraft Accident Investigation (BFU) and a location for the German Aerospace Center (DLR) are located around the Braunschweig-Wolfsburg research airport . The Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB) has gained notoriety, which , due to the Time Act since 1978, has had the legal mandate to use its atomic clocks to spread the legal time in Germany.
Numerous research institutions from the natural sciences are also located in Braunschweig. At the federal level, this includes the Federal Research Center for Agriculture (FAL), the Federal Biological Research Center for Agriculture and Forestry (BBA), the Federal Office for Consumer Protection and Food Safety (BVL) and the Helmholtz Center for Infection Research (HZI). In addition to the public research facilities, there are also interdisciplinary research centers such as the BioTec start-up center, the aerospace center (avionics research) at the airport or the Braunschweig technology park.
Other federal institutions and research institutions in Braunschweig are:
- German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures (DSMZ) in the Leibniz Association
- Fraunhofer Institute for Surface Engineering and Thin Films (IST)
- Fraunhofer Institute for Wood Research (WKI), also known as the Wilhelm Klauditz Institute
- Georg Eckert Institute for International Textbook Research (GEI)
- Society for Plant and Reactor Safety (GRS)
- Materials Testing Institute for the Building Industry (MPA), Institute for Building Materials, Solid Construction and Fire Protection (IBMB)
- Virtual specialist library of pharmacy
City of science and location for top and high technology
The Stifterverband für die Deutsche Wissenschaft awarded Braunschweig the title “City of Science 2007”. The Eurostat report 2006 shows that the Braunschweig region has by far the highest intensity in the field of research and development in the entire European Economic Area ; 7.1% of the gross domestic product was spent on research and development in the reporting period . The Eurostat yearbook 2009 names Braunschweig, together with Stuttgart, as the region in the European Union in which the highest percentage of employees work in high-tech and high-tech sectors, namely 22% each.
literature
- Peter Albrecht: Braunschweig and the coffee. The history of the roasted coffee market from its beginnings to our days. (= Braunschweiger Werkstücke, series A, volume 60, 119 of the whole series), publication from the city archive and the city library, Wallstein, Göttingen 2018, ISBN 978-3-8353-3350-5 .
- Gerd Biegel (Ed.): Braunschweigische Industriegeschichte 1840–1990. Exhibition on the occasion of the 125th anniversary of the Braunschweig Chamber of Commerce and Industry , Braunschweig 1989.
- Lothar Hagebölling (Ed.): From Leyhaus to Sparkasse. Public banking in the Braunschweig region. Appelhans Verlag, Braunschweig 2019, ISBN 978-3-944939-14-8 .
- Federal Railway Directorate Hanover (Ed.): Central Station Braunschweig 1960. Published jointly for the opening of the new Braunschweig Hauptbahnhof on October 1, 1960 by the Federal Railway Directorate Hanover, the city of Braunschweig and the Braunschweig Chamber of Commerce and Industry. Braunschweig 1960.
- Luitgard Camerer , Manfred Garzmann , Wolf-Dieter Schuegraf (eds.): Braunschweiger Stadtlexikon . Joh. Heinr. Meyer Verlag, Braunschweig 1992, ISBN 3-926701-14-5 .
- Manfred Garzmann , Wolf-Dieter Schuegraf (Ed.): Braunschweiger Stadtlexikon . Supplementary volume. Joh. Heinr. Meyer Verlag, Braunschweig 1996, ISBN 3-926701-30-7 .
- Chamber of Commerce and Industry Braunschweig (ed.): The Braunschweiger economy and the new train station. Braunschweig 1960.
- Horst-Rüdiger Jarck , Gerhard Schildt (ed.): The Braunschweigische Landesgeschichte. A region looking back over the millennia . 2nd Edition. Appelhans Verlag, Braunschweig 2001, ISBN 3-930292-28-9 .
- Jörg Leuschner , Karl Heinrich Kaufhold , Claudia Märtl (eds.): The economic and social history of the Braunschweigisches Land from the Middle Ages to the present , Volume 1: Middle Ages , Volume 2: Early Modern Times , Volume 3: Modern Times , Georg Olms Verlag, Hildesheim 2008, ISBN 978-3-487-13599-1
- Heidi Lang and Hans Stallmach: workbench, laundry day, allotment garden. The everyday life of the Braunschweig workers in the German Empire and in the Weimar Republic , Braunschweig 1990.
- Karl Liedtke and Bernd Rother : From the sugar factory to the microchip. Braunschweig's industry from 1850 until today. Frankfurt a. M. 1989.
- Matthias Puhle (ed.): Hanseatic League - Cities - Bünde. The Saxon cities between the Elbe and Weser around 1500 , 2 volumes, Magdeburg 1996
- Gerd Spies (Ed.): Brunswiek 1031 - Braunschweig 1981. The city of Henry the Lion from its beginnings to the present. 2 volumes, Braunschweig 1982.
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ Christian Gottlieb Förster : History of the invention of the chicory coffee. Georg Ludewig Förster, Bremen 1773
- ^ A b Hans-Jürgen Teuteberg : Coffee . In: Thomas Hengartner , Christoph Maria Merki (Hrsg.): Pleasure means. A handbook on cultural history . Campus Verlag, Frankfurt am Main / New York 1999, ISBN 3-593-36337-2 , pp. 109-112 .
- ^ Carl Philipp Ribbentrop: Complete history and description of the city of Braunschweig. Volume 2, Braunschweig 1796, pp. 146-148
- ^ Bernhard Kiekenap : Karl and Wilhelm. The sons of the Black Duke . Volume 3: Braunschweig after 1848, Duke Wilhelm and the regents. Appelhans Verlag, Braunschweig 2004, p. 392, ISBN 3-937664-07-6
- ^ City of Braunschweig: Economy and Science ( Memento from February 27, 2009 in the Internet Archive )
- ↑ Christina Lohner: IT stronghold of the north. In: Braunschweiger Zeitung from December 28, 2018.
- ^ Commodore soon from Braunschweig In: Computerwoche from June 6, 1980.
- ^ Commodore retro show: The computer legend from Braunschweig on Heise online from February 24, 2017.
- ↑ Petro Tyschtschenko : My memories of Commodore and Amiga. Power Service, 2014, ISBN 978-3-9816579-0-6 .
- ↑ Marc Chmielewski: Atari came from Braunschweig. In: Braunschweiger Zeitung of February 22, 2013.
- ↑ Jörg Leuschner , Karl Heinrich Kaufhold , Claudia Märtl (ed.): The economic and social history of the Braunschweigische Land from the Middle Ages to the present. Volume 3: Modern Times. Georg Olms Verlag, Hildesheim 2008, ISBN 978-3-487-13599-1 , p. 648.
- ^ Hans-Joachim Wegner: Braunschweig - Silicon Valley on the Oker. In: City Forum Braunschweig. Osterode 1988, pp. 86-89.
- ^ Boris Kretzinger: Commodore. The rise and fall of a computer giant. Scriptorium, Morschen 2005, ISBN 3-938199-04-0 .
- ↑ Miro: A new beginning ended with a final surrender
- ↑ Reiner Silberstein: A monument for Commodore computers. In: Braunschweiger Zeitung from January 26, 2015.
- ↑ Reiner Silberstein: Commodore prototype has been running for 21 years. In: Braunschweiger Zeitung of May 26, 2015.
- ↑ Commodore exhibition (with numerous photos)
- ^ André Ehlers: Kult-Computer Commodore: "Oker-Valley" - exhibition opened (with videos from the exhibition opening) on regionalbraunschweig.de.
- ↑ Alexander Kohlmann: Commodore retro show: The computer legend from Braunschweig on Heise online from February 24, 2017.
- ↑ Based on the world-famous “bread box” from Braunschweig: What became of Commodore on t3n.de.
- ↑ Eurostat report: Statistics in focus - Science and Technology 06/2006, p. 5 ( Memento of the original of November 21, 2006 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 633 kB)
- ↑ Eurostat yearbook 2009 ( Memento of the original from 23 January 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 38.3 MB): … Stuttgart (DE) and Braunschweig (DE) are the only regions in which more than one in five is employed in these subsectors [cutting-edge and high-tech]; in both regions the share is 22%. In fact, the seven leading regions are all in Germany (in addition to Stuttgart and Braunschweig, these are Karlsruhe, Tübingen, Rheinhessen-Pfalz, Lower Franconia and Freiburg). , Yearbook of the Regions 2009, p. 116
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