Andrew, Duke of York

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Andrew, Duke of York (2013)

Andrew Albert Christian Edward , Duke of York , known as Prince Andrew (born  19 February 1960 in Buckingham Palace , London ), is the third child and second son of Britain's Queen Elizabeth II and her husband Prince Philip .

In 1986 he was awarded the title of Duke of York . He is ninth in line to the British throne . He is best known for his marriage to, and later divorce from, Sarah Ferguson . He served in the Royal Navy and took part in the Falklands War.

Due to possible connections between Andrews and sex offender Jeffrey Epstein , it was announced in May 2020 that he was no longer representing the royal family. In January 2022, he relinquished all military titles and patronage "with the Queen's approval and consent" in the wake of the allegations.

Life

British royal family
Badge of the House of Windsor.svg

HM The Queen


childhood and adolescence

The prince was the first child born to a reigning British monarch since the birth of Princess Beatrice of Great Britain and Ireland (1857-1944). His two older siblings , Charles and Anne , were born before their mother's accession to the throne. He was named after his paternal grandfather Andrew of Greece . Since birth, he has held the title His Royal Highness The Prince Andrew . Until the birth of Prince William in 1982, he was second in line to the British throne, behind his brother Charles. He is currently in ninth place.

Prince Andrew was initially educated by tutors before attending Heatherdown Preparatory School near Ascot , Berkshire . In 1973 he went to Gordonstoun Private School in Morayshire , Scotland , which his father and brother Charles had attended. After graduating in 1979, Andrew decided against going to university and enlisted in the Royal Navy.

military career

Andrew trained as a Sea King helicopter pilot in the Royal Navy and as such took part in combat operations of the Falklands War aboard the aircraft carrier HMS Invincible in 1982 . The British government initially wanted to withdraw Andrew from the ship and give him other duties, fearing the death of one of the Queen's sons. However, they insisted that Andrew remain on board the Invincible .

After the war, Andrew continued his training on other helicopter models. In 1984 he was promoted to lieutenant ; his mother appointed him her personal aide - de -camp . In the years that followed he served as a fighter pilot and in command of a minesweeper . At the end of his military career he worked in the Ministry of Defense . Andrew retired from the Royal Navy in 2001 with the rank of Commander . Andrew was promoted to Vice Admiral in 2015 to mark his 55th birthday . In mid-January 2022, Britain's Queen Elizabeth II withdrew all honorary military titles and royal patronage from her son Andrew, who was sued for abuse allegations in the United States.

marriage and divorce

As a young man, Prince Andrew made headlines for a number of relationships with "unsuitable" women, most notably model Koo Stark . In the press he was referred to as Randy Andy (roughly horny Andy ).

Prince Andrew and Sarah Ferguson after their wedding on July 23, 1986

On 23 July 1986, Prince Andrew married Sarah Ferguson , second daughter of Major Ronald Ferguson, at Westminster Abbey . On the occasion of his marriage he was bestowed the titles of Duke of York , Earl of Inverness and Baron Killyleagh by the Queen , most recently held by his maternal great-grandfather King George V and maternal grandfather King George VI. , had been carried.

The Duke and Duchess of York have two children:

In 1992, pictures of the Duchess of York appeared in the British tabloid press, in which she can be seen in an insidious manner with her financial adviser, the American John Bryan. On March 19, 1992, Andrew and Sarah announced their intention to separate. The divorce took place in May 1996. Sarah lost the title of Her Royal Highness but retained the title of Duchess of York .

Prince Andrew first became a grandfather on February 9, 2021 when his younger daughter Eugenie gave birth to a son. On September 18, 2021, his older daughter Beatrice gave birth to a daughter in London.

tasks and interests

Standard of Prince Andrew, Duke of York
Coat of Arms of Prince Andrew, Duke of York

Prince Andrew became a Counselors of State in 1981 . Councilors of State can carry out certain official business and sovereign rights of the Queen when she is abroad or prevented (e.g. due to illness). Any two Councilors of State may attend Privy Council meetings, sign State documents, or accept new Ambassadors ' letters of recommendation . From 2001 to 2011, Prince Andrew served as the UK representative for international trade and investment at the Department for Trade and Industry. He had inherited this office from his uncle Edward, 2nd Duke of Kent . After he had come under massive criticism, among other things, because of his contacts with some shady personalities, he resigned from this post.

From 2015 to 2019 he was Chancellor of the University of Huddersfield .

Known for his golf skills , the Duke is the Captain of the Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St Andrews . He also became patron of some golf clubs. From 2000 to 2006 he was President of the Football Association , the English Football Association. Like all members of the royal family, he became honorary colonel of various units of the armed forces and patron of various charities.

British trade officer

Hanover visit (2014)

In his role as Britain's Trade Representative, while away on official business, Andrew supported Banque Havilland , the private Luxembourg bank owned by his longtime friend and real estate tycoon, David Rowland . Rowland was also a close confidant of former Prime Minister David Cameron and the largest single donor to the British Conservatives . After publishing several critical articles that earned him the reputation of a tax evader , he was unable to take up the post of treasurer in 2010. His bank was formed from the remnants of Iceland 's Kaupthing Bank , which filed for bankruptcy in the wake of Iceland's 2008–2011 financial crisis .

Andrew enabled the Rowland family to use official appointments to attract wealthy clients to their own bank. In addition, he granted them access to secret government documents. Together with the Rowlands, Andrew also founded a company called Inverness Asset Management ; In 1986 he was made Earl of Inverness . Inverness Asset Management is based in the Caribbean tax haven of the British Virgin Islands . The aim was to hide the money collected through the royal contacts tax-free in an offshore fund.

controversies

Friendship with sex offender Epstein

Prince Andrew has long been close friends with US investment banker and later convicted sex offender Jeffrey Epstein . He had met him through British woman Ghislaine Maxwell , daughter of billionaire newspaper tycoon Robert Maxwell . During the 2008 Miami trial against Epstein, in which he pleaded guilty to two counts of forcing minors into prostitution and was sentenced to 18 months in prison, Andrew was incriminated by one of the witnesses. According to this, he is said to have abused the then minors at sex parties in London and New York and to have participated in an orgy with several minors on Epstein's estate on his private island Little Saint James in the Caribbean. Epstein told the minor to do whatever he asked with the prince and then to report the details to him. Epstein's intent was to obtain blackmail information.

Der Spiegel reports: “Even then, rumors of underage pool parties were circulating.” Labor MP Chris Bryant called Andrew a “national disgrace”. Finally, in 2011, Andrew lost his representative role as the UK Government's Foreign Trade Envoy for International Trade and Investment. The royal family and Andrew denied the allegations.

In January 2015, Bradley Edwards, the alleged victim's attorney, asked Andrew to testify under oath on the allegations. That same month, the National Association for People Abused in Childhood (NAPAC) referred the allegations made by Virginia Roberts Giuffre (a key witness and victim in the Epstein case) to Detective Director Peter Spindler at the Metropolitan Police . An investigation into the "available evidence" began. However, "no full investigation" has been launched.

In April 2015, the Miami court dismissed the abuse allegations against Andrew. The judge declared, "The actual details of who the women were dealing with are immaterial and irrelevant."

In 2016, lead witness Roberts Giuffre testified that she had sex with Andrew when she was a minor. Buckingham Palace has always denied the allegation.

Epstein faced another charge of pimping and child abuse, this time in New York, and was found dead in his cell while on remand on August 10, 2019.

A week later, on August 16, 2019, Channel 4 News reported that the Metropolitan Police had decided to close the "investigation" into allegations in the Roberts Giuffre case. The Metropolitan Police declined to answer questions about the allegations and whether they ever questioned Epstein, Ghislaine Maxwell, Andrew or anyone in the royal household. A day later, on August 17, 2019, a video was released showing Andrew remaining friends with Epstein even after Epstein's conviction as a sex offender . It shows Andrew on December 6, 2010, while still in office as the State Department 's special adviser on international trade and investment , at Epstein's Herbert N. Straus House townhouse on the Upper East Side in New York. Andrew then spent six days in Epstein's city mansion. Buckingham Palace said: "His Royal Highness condemns the exploitation of any human being and to suggest that he would condone, participate in or encourage such behavior is abhorrent."

In late August 2019, Andrew agreed to speak to the FBI . In a second statement, Buckingham Palace said: "Members of the Royal Family will always cooperate appropriately with investigators." Brad Edwards, Roberts Giuffre's attorney, expressed hope that Andrew was now ready to testify under oath: "We have been asking for the Duke’s support for years.”

On November 16, 2019, Andrew spoke about his involvement in the Epstein scandal in an interview for BBC Newsnight . In it, he denied having had any contact with Roberts Giuffre, who worked for Epstein as a forced prostitute. He stated that he could not remember ever meeting the then minors. The hour-long conversation made headlines around the world and was described as "a disaster". Andrew became entangled in contradictions, he lost credibility and it ultimately led to his resignation from public office.

Following the BBC interview, companies such as accounting firm KPMG , Standard Chartered Bank and insurance company Aon , as well as institutions such as Bond University and RMIT University , distanced themselves from Andrew.

Giuffre reiterated her allegations on December 2, 2019 in an interview broadcast by the BBC as part of a TV special. In it, she explained, "This isn't some shabby sex story. This is a human trafficking story , this is an abuse story . And it is a story about a member of your royal family.”

In early January 2020, Manhattan Attorney Geoffrey Berman announced at a press conference in front of Epstein's mansion on Manhattan's Upper East Side that the FBI had contacted Andrew, but he - despite earlier promises - was not willing to cooperate. It was understood there would be no attempts to force Andrew to testify. After Epstein's death, United States Attorney General William Barr publicly stated that Epstein's investigation into the federal sex trade would continue.

In May 2020, it was announced that Andrew would no longer represent the royal family permanently. Prince Andrew was sued on August 9, 2021 by Roberts Giuffre, who alleged that he sexually abused her at Jeffrey Epstein's Manhattan mansion and other locations. At the time she was not yet of legal age. Andrew denies sexual contact with Roberts Giuffre. In January 2022, his appeal against the lawsuit was dismissed.

title

short forms

  • His Royal Highness The Prince Andrew (February 19, 1960 to July 23, 1986)
  • His Royal Highness The Duke of York (from July 23, 1986, not in public use since January 2022)
  • The Duke of York (public form as of January 2022)

Full form:

  • His Royal Highness The Prince Andrew Albert Christian Edward, Duke of York, Earl of Inverness, Baron Killyleagh, Knight Companion of the Most Noble Order of the Garter , Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order , Canadian Forces Decoration, Aide-de-camp to Her Majesty

In Scotland he was from May 2007 to 2008 representing his mother:

honors

Orders and decorations

In January 2022, Andrew relinquished all military titles (not listed here) in the wake of abuse allegations.

country abbreviation medal year of award fig
United KingdomUnited Kingdom United Kingdom Queen Elizabeth II Silver Jubilee Medal 1977
United KingdomUnited Kingdom United Kingdom CVO Commander of the Royal Victorian Order 1979
United KingdomUnited Kingdom United Kingdom South Atlantic Medal 1982 South Atlantic Medal BAR.svg
United KingdomUnited Kingdom United Kingdom AdC(P) Personal Aide de camp 1984
NorwayNorway Norway Grand Cross of the Royal Norwegian Order of St. Olav 1988 Order Sint Olaf 1 kl.png Norjan Pyhän Olavin ritarikunnan suurristin rintatähti.png
New ZealandNew Zealand New Zealand New Zealand Commemorative Medal 1990 New Zealand 1990 Commemoration Medal ribbon.png
United KingdomUnited Kingdom United Kingdom Queen Elizabeth II Golden Jubilee Medal 2002 QEII Golden Jubilee Medal ribbon.png
United KingdomUnited Kingdom United Kingdom KCVO Knight Commander of the Royal Victorian Order 2003
CanadaCanada Canada Commemorative Medal for the Centennial of Saskatchewan 2005
United KingdomUnited Kingdom United Kingdom KG Royal Knight of the Garter 2006 Order of the Garter UK ribbon.png Garter diamonds.jpg
United Arab EmiratesUnited Arab Emirates United Arab Emirates Order of the Federation 2010
United KingdomUnited Kingdom United Kingdom GCVO Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order 2011 Royal Victorian Order ribbon sm.jpg RVO-Star.jpg
United KingdomUnited Kingdom United Kingdom Queen Elizabeth II Diamond Jubilee Medal 2012 QEII Diamond Jubilee Medal ribbon.png

Other honors

In 2013 Andrew was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society . Traditionally, the ballots only contained the option to tick a “yes” or void the ballot. This procedure led to protests from prominent members of the Royal Society. Participants in a 1961-62 campaign as part of the New Zealand Geological Survey Antarctic Expedition named the Prince Andrew Plateau in Antarctica after him.

Official residence

Prince Andrew resided at Sunninghill Park in Windsor until 2004 . In 2002 Buckingham Palace announced that the Prince would be moving his official residence to Royal Lodge , Windsor, the former home of his grandmother, the Queen Mum . He lives there with his ex-wife and their two daughters.

ancestors

Pedigree Prince Andrew, Duke of York
great-great-grandparents

King
Christian IX (Denmark)
(1818–1906)
⚭ 1842
Princess
Louise of Hesse
(1817–1898)

Grand Duke
Konstantin Nikolayevich Romanov
(1827–1892)
⚭ 1848
Princess
Alexandra of Saxe-Altenburg (1830–1911)

Prince
Alexander of Hesse-Darmstadt
(1823–1888)
⚭ 1851
Countess
Julia Hauke
(1825–1895)

Grand Duke
Ludwig IV (Hessen-Darmstadt)
(1837–1892)
⚭ 1862
Princess
Alice of Great Britain and Ireland
(1843–1873)

British Tudor Crown
King Edward VII
(1841–1910)
⚭ 1863
Princess Alexandra of Denmark
(1844–1925)

Duke
Francis of Teck
(1837–1900)
⚭ 1866
Princess Mary Adelaide of Great Britain
(1833–1897)


Claude Bowes-Lyon, 13th Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne
(1824–1904)
⚭ 1853
Frances Dora Smith
(1833–1922)

Charles Cavendish Bentinck
(1817–1865)
⚭ 1859
Caroline Louisa Burnaby
(1832–1918)

great grandparents

King George I (Greece)
(1845–1913)
⚭ 1867
Grand Duchess Olga Romanova (1851–1926)

Louis Mountbatten, 1st Marquess of Milford Haven (1854–1921)
⚭ 1884
Princess Victoria of Hesse-Darmstadt (1863–1950)

British Tudor Crown
King George V (1865–1936)
⚭ 1893
Princess Mary of Teck (1867–1953)

Claude Bowes-Lyon, 14th Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne (1855-1944)
⚭ 1887
Cecilia Nina Cavendish-Bentinck (1862-1938)

grandparents

Prince
Andrew of Greece (1882–1944)
⚭ 1903
Princess Alice of Battenberg (1885–1969)

British Tudor Crown
King George VI (1895–1952)
⚭ 1923
Elizabeth Bowes Lyon (1900–2002)

parents

Prince Philip of Greece and Denmark (1921–2021)
⚭ 1947 Queen Elizabeth II (b. 1926)
British St Edwards Crown

Prince Andrew, Duke of York (born 1960)

Literature (selection)

  • Digel Dempster & Peter Evans: Behind the Doors of Windsor - The English Royal Family and its Scandals . Goldmann, Munich 1993, ISBN 3-442-42487-9
  • Sarah Ferguson Duchess of York: My Story . Written by Jeff Coplon. Bastei-Lübbe 1996, ISBN 3-404-12650-5
  • Helmuth-Maria Glogger: The Secret Life of the Windsors . Knaur 2006, ISBN 3-426-77951-X
  • Anthony Holden: The Tottering Throne - Twilight of the Gods in the English Royal Family . Knaur 1995, ISBN 3-426-77154-3
  • Chris Hutchins & Peter Thompson: Fergie - The True Story of Sarah, Duchess of York . Heyne 1993, ISBN 3-453-06709-6
  • Kitty Kelly: The Royals – The Glory and Misery of an English Family . Schröder 1997, licensed edition Bertelsmann o.J., book no. 039305
  • Peter Osborne: Scandal Royal – The real background . VPM 1992, ISBN 3-8118-3922-5
  • Leslie Player: The Windsors and I - Behind the Scenes of English Royalty . Heyne 1993, ISBN 3-453-06910-2
  • Ludwig Schubert and Rolf Seelmann-Eggebert: Europe's royal houses . vs 1991
  • Ludwig Schubert and Rolf Seelmann-Eggebert: Europe's royal children . vs 1999
  • Judy Wade: Great Britain - The History of the British Monarchy , in: Princely and Royal Houses in Europe , Naumann & Göbel 1995, ISBN 3-625-10691-4
  • marshall cavendish ltd international (Eds.): Royal Romances 11 – Prince Andrew and Sarah Ferguson . (no year)
  • Andrew , in: International Biographical Archive 03/2010 of January 19, 2010, in the Munzinger Archive ( beginning of article freely available)

web links

Commons : Prince Andrew, Duke of York  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

itemizations

  1. a b Roya Nikkhah: Prince Andrew didn't think it was all over, but it is now. In: thetimes.co.uk. 31 May 2020, accessed 4 June 2020 (English).
  2. Prince Andrew looses military titles and use of HRH , BBC News , 13 January 2021.
  3. a b Prince Andrew loose military titles and use of HRH . In: BBC News . 13 January 2022 ( bbc.com [accessed 13 January 2022]).
  4. Queen strips Prince Andrew of all military titles. In: tagesspiegel.de, retrieved on January 14, 2022 (English).
  5. Prince Andrew 'to quit as UK trade ambassador'. In: theguardian.com. 21 July 2011, accessed 9 June 2020 (English).
  6. Prince Andrew gives Vulcan salute to Patrick Stewart at university ceremony. In: theguardian.com . 13 July 2015, retrieved 9 July 2020 (English).
  7. Prince Andrew quits as University of Huddersfield Chancellor. In: bbc.com. 21 November 2019, retrieved 10 July 2020 (English).
  8. http://www.royal.gov.uk/CharitiesandPatronages/Overview.aspx
  9. Michael Lüders : Armageddon in the Orient. How the Saudi Connection Targets Iran . Munich: CH Beck Verlag, 2018
  10. Tom Harper: Andrew 'passed government memos to friend'. In: thetimes.co.uk . 1 December 2019, retrieved 26 July 2020 (English).
  11. The Prince Andrew Papers: Duke of York passed a Treasury document about the Icelandic financial crisis to business tycoon whose family had just bought part of a collapsed Icelandic bank. In: dailymail.co.uk . December 1, 2019, retrieved July 28, 2020 (English).
  12. Robert Mendick: Prince Andrew in new 'cash for favours' row. . In: telegraph.co.uk . 12 March 2011, retrieved 5 August 2020 (English).
  13. Victoria Ward, Duke of York 'exploited trade role for business deals' , The Telegraph, December 2, 2019
  14. Prince Andrew used trade post to help rich financier David Rowland
  15. BBC to air interview with Prince Andrew accuser
  16. EXPOSÉ: Prince Andrew's traite avec des magnats des paradis fiscaux
  17. a b Backing Prince Andrew. Abuse allegation by American. In: Panorama. Spiegel Online , January 6, 2015, retrieved November 22, 2019 : "Prince Andrew gets support from his entrepreneurial friend Jeffrey Epstein: An American woman's allegation that she was abused by the prince as a teenager is wrong."
  18. Jane Doe #1 And Jane Doe #2 v. United States [Epstein Court Docs]. In: theneedleblog.wordpress.com. January 6, 2015, accessed December 30, 2020 (English).
  19. Jeffrey Epstein: inside the decade of scandal entangling Prince Andrew , The Guardian, January 10, 2015
  20. Prince embarrassingly disgraces the crown , Der Spiegel, March 7, 2011
  21. Lawyers up pressure on Prince Andrew , Der Spiegel, January 22, 2015
  22. Prince Andrew and the claims of sex, money and scandal , The Times, January 6, 2015
  23. Prince Andrew allegations: Scotland Yard asked to probe claims teenage 'sex slave' was trafficked to UK , 15 January 2015
  24. Gordon Rayner, Chief Reporter: Prince Andrew could face a Scotland Yard investigation over sex abuse claims , The Telegraph, 4 January 2015
  25. Court upholds sex allegations against Prince Andrew , Der Spiegel, April 7, 2015
  26. Prince Andrew "appalled" by allegations in Epstein scandal. In: faz.net . 19 August 2019, accessed 11 June 2021.
  27. Abuse allegations: US billionaire Jeffrey Epstein arrested again. In: Mirror Online . 7 July 2019, accessed 22 March 2021.
  28. Julie K. Brown : How a future Trump Cabinet member gave a serial sex abuser the deal of a lifetime. In: miamiherald.com . 28 November 2018, accessed 9 January 2021 (English).
  29. Exclusive: Met Police decided not to conduct full investigation into court claims of sex trafficking of girl in Prince Andrew photo. (No longer available online.) In: channel4.com . August 16, 2019, archived from the original on June 24, 2020 ; Retrieved April 17, 2021 (English).
  30. Emily Kent Smith, Katherine Rushton: Met Police 'AXED their investigation' into Prince Andrew over claims by Jeffrey Epstein's 'sex slave' that she was forced to sleep with royal. In: dailymail.co.uk . 16 August 2019, retrieved 8 August 2021 (English).
  31. EXCLUSIVE: Prince Andrew is pictured inside pedophile Jeffrey Epstein's £63million mansion of depravity nine years ago... so how did he miss signs of the billionaire's sexual deviance? , The Daily Mail, 17 August 2019
  32. Jonathan Vankin: Video Shows Prince Andrew Inside Jeffrey Epstein's 'Creepy' New York Mansion In 2010, New Questions For Royals. (No longer available online.) In: inquisitr.com. 17 August 2019, archived from the original on 13 September 2019 ; Retrieved April 19, 2021 (English).
  33. Hayley Dixon: Duke of York pictured inside mansion of convicted pedophile Jeffrey Epstein. In: telegraph.co.uk . 18 August 2019, retrieved 5 July 2020 (English).
  34. a b Brad Hunter: Prince Andrew plays dumb on Epstein sex trafficking claims , canada.com, August 27, 2019
  35. BBC Newsnight: How much trouble is Jeffrey Epstein's death for the Royal Family? on YouTube 19 August 2019, retrieved 16 June 2021 (English).
  36. Prince Andrew wants to talk to the FBI after all. In: nau.ch . 26 August 2019, accessed 11 April 2021.
  37. FBI investigating Epstein and Duke's emails , Irish Independent, August 27, 2019
  38. Prince Andrew and Jeffrey Epstein FULL INTERVIEW , BBC Newsnight Youtube Channel, 17 November 2019
  39. The Embarrassing Prince , The Mirror
  40. Abuse scandal – Duke of York loses credibility (video), Das Handelsblatt
  41. Karin Geil: Prince Andrew - "A Man in Quicksand". The Jeffrey Epstein abuse scandal is occupying Buckingham Palace: Prince Andrew was questioned there by a BBC reporter for 60 minutes. In: zeit.de . November 18, 2019, accessed June 8, 2021.
  42. Prince Andrew resigns from public duties. Österreichischer Rundfunk , November 20, 2019, accessed on the same day.
  43. Martin Robinson: Now FIVE big names cut ties with Prince Andrew: Advertising Week Europe joins Standard Chartered in pulling backing for royal's main charity following 'car crash' interview – as FOUR universities consider ditching him. In: dailymail.co.uk . 19 November 2019, accessed 5 August 2021 (English).
  44. Prince Andrew: Businesses sever ties with the Duke of York after TV interview
  45. KPMG ends its backing for Prince Andrew's mentorship scheme
  46. Jonny Dymond: Prince Andrew: Standard Chartered bank cuts ties with duke's scheme. In: bbc.com . 20 November 2019, accessed 12 August 2021 (English).
  47. Moritz Geier: "This is not some shabby sex story" , Süddeutsche Zeitung, December 3, 2019
  48. see also www.telegraph.co.uk/prince-andrew
  49. Prince Andrew gives 'zero co-operation' over Epstein inquiry, US prosecutor says. In: bbc.com. 27 January 2020, accessed 7 January 2021 (English).
  50. https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2020/jan/27/prince-andrew-jeffrey-epstein-us-prosecutors-fbi-seek-interview
  51. Nicole Hong: Prince Andrew Offers 'Zero Cooperation' in Epstein Case, Prosecutor Says. In: nytimes.com. January 27, 2020, retrieved November 20, 2020 (English).
  52. Daniel Bates: Prince Andrew SUED by Virginia Roberts claiming he sexually abused her. 9 August 2021, retrieved 10 August 2021 .
  53. Prince Andrew likely to face trial - Judge decides Jeffrey Epstein case . In: The Mirror . January 12, 2022, ISSN  2195-1349 ( spiegel.de [accessed January 13, 2022]).
  54. The Duke of York appointed GCVO, 21 February 2011
  55. Peter Walker: Royal Society scientists addressed by Prince Andrew's election as fellow . In: The Guardian , 5 May 2013. 
predecessor title successor
Lilibet Mountbatten Windsor British line of succession
No. 9
Princess Beatrice of York
re-award Duke of York
since 1986
current title holder
Duke of Gloucester Council of State in the UK
since 1981
current holder of the office