Dankmarshäuser Rhäden

	Dankmarshäuser Rhäden IUCN Category IV - Habitat / Species Management Area
	View from the observation post "An der Trift" into the protected area.
location	On the border with Hesse , in the district of Dankmarshausen , a district of the city of Werra-Suhl-Tal in the Wartburg district in Thuringia .
surface	121.7 hectares
Identifier	218
WDPA ID	162702
Natura 2000 ID	5026-305
FFH area	111 hectares
Geographical location	50 ° 56 ' N , 10 ° 0' E Coordinates: 50 ° 56 '7 " N , 10 ° 0' 8" E
Sea level	from 216 m to 230 m
Setup date	May 1995
particularities	Special protection as a nature reserve , flora-fauna-habitat area and part of a European bird sanctuary and the " Green Belt ".

The Dankmarshäuser Rhäden occupies the southern part of a large wetland area , which lies in a depression in the Thuringian - Hessian border region that was created by salt leaching processes and tectonic processes . The site was once one of the largest marshlands in the wide Werra valley . After draining , in the middle of the 19th century and many years of grassland - and agricultural use , was after the reunification of the terrain through formative restoration again to a floodplain that of semi-natural habitats is embossed.

The Rhädensenke is one of the most important breeding and resting areas for water birds and meadow breeders in Thuringia and Hesse. Its grounds offer habitats for rare animal and plant species. In order to preserve and develop this diverse area, the area was declared a nature reserve and designated as a flora-fauna-habitat area in the Europe-wide network of protected areas " Natura 2000 ". With the directly adjacent Hessian nature reserve " Rhäden bei Obersuhl and Bosserode ", the reserve is seen as an important part of the network system " Moist Biotopes of the Werraaue" and the " Green Belt " along the former inner-German border .

location

The "Dankmarshäuser Rhäden" is located in the Berka basin in the natural area of the Salzunger Werrabergland . The depression is separated from the Werra by a one to two kilometer wide threshold. Administratively , the area belongs to the district of Dankmarshausen , a district of the city of Werra-Suhl-Tal in the Wartburg district in western Thuringia . The area, located at an altitude between 216 m and 230 m , is traversed by the Suhl , which is also called the “Rhedengraben” in its lower reaches. The small stream, which has been diverted and straightened several times in the course of its historical development, is the main tributary of the consecration , which flows into the Werra as a left tributary at Untersuhl .

The protected area extends with an alternating width, around two and a half kilometers long strip along the state border with Hesse. It occupies the southern edge of the large wetland, the center of which is on the Hessian side. The immediately adjacent nature reserve "Rhäden bei Obersuhl and Bosserode" is located in the Obersuhl and Bosserode districts of the Wildeck municipality in the Hersfeld-Rotenburg district in northeast Hesse .

climate

From a climatic point of view, the Middle Werra Valley belongs to the moderate climatic zone , where, due to its location, it is already characterized by a more continental character with lower average temperatures in January and slightly higher in July. The mean number of frost days in the thirty-year period from 1987 to 2016 was 87.1 days in Dankmarshausen and that of ice days was 19.1 days. For the summer days on which the maximum daily temperature reached or exceeded 25.0 ° C, the mean number was 36.2 days and for the “hot days”, with temperatures of 30.0 ° C or more, it was 6.9 days . The annual average temperature during this period in Dankmarshausen was 9.1 ° C.

Geology and soil

The area of today's German low mountain range was covered by a large inland sea in ancient times . Due to the strong solar radiation and the high temperatures, Europe was near the equator at that time , the Zechstein Sea evaporated and marine sediments such as salts were deposited in thick layers. The resulting salt deposits lie on the rock unit of the Rotliegend and the Lower Zechstein and are covered by younger layer complexes of the Zechstein and the Lower Buntsandstein . During the so-called Saxon mountain formation , deep gaps arose in the fault zones , through which surface water could reach the salt deposits at fault lines. A considerable amount of the salt was dissolved and carried underground. The dissolution processes caused a loss of substance in the subsoil, which was compensated for by the sagging clods of the overburden. The formation of the trough is explained as a mixture of tectonic movements and subsidence caused by leaching.

During the Quaternary period , the depression was filled with loose sediments such as clay , rubble and gravel that settled from streams and rivers. They are covered by organic substances of varying thickness . At the edge of the depression, the terrain rises gently to the south and west. These slopes are drier and consist of loess-like loam of the Pleistocene with rendzina and brown earth as well as sandy-loamy gravel. In the Rhädensenke mainly gley soils have developed because of the near-surface groundwater level . These are hardly suitable for arable farming and only conditionally suitable for grassland management. Despite the unfavorable yield conditions, large areas were cultivated thanks to extensive drainage measures until they were designated a nature reserve.

Origin of the area

Motif from the south-western area of the Rhäden.

In the shallow depression in which the Rhäden is located , an extensive lake is said to have existed in prehistoric times , three thousand to five hundred years before the turn of the times . The numerous sites from the Bronze Age and the Pre-Roman Iron Age bear witness to earlier settlements by people on the lake . Decisive for the establishment in this region could have been the existence of the fish-rich Rhädensee and the proximity to the Werra, which also offers food. In the post-Christian period , up to the Middle Ages , the development of the Rhäden is nowhere mentioned, there are no written records. The remains of the former lake must have slowly silted up during this period . Around 1530, the Rhäden was referred to in a document as the "old pond". From this time comes a regulation that forbids the residents of Obersuhl to fish, shoot and collect eggs. According to documents that are still available, the Rhäden was, until it was drained , a marsh landscape with reeds , willow and alder bushes and small open water holes.

The large-scale drainage of the area formed a drastic intervention in the natural conditions of the Rhäden. On behalf of the communities of Obersuhl, Bosserode and Dankmarshausen, drainage was carried out in 1859 and 1860 in order to use the land for agricultural purposes. The reason given was the production of hay and green fodder for the cavalry in nearby locations. In 1934 the drainage trenches were deepened, which increased the drying up of the area.

In the post-war period , with the expansion of the GDR border systems, the drainage system on the Hessian side fell into disrepair and its use was increasingly abandoned. At the beginning of the 1970s, flooding began there in order to regenerate the area into a wetland, but this did not affect the higher part of Dankmarshausen. This was further drained by pumps and used for arable farming except for the border strip. With the designation of the Rhädens as a nature reserve and the abandonment of drainage, wet biotopes also developed outside the immediate border strip. From the mid-1990s, the arable land was converted into grassland. Thanks to adjustable dams, larger areas can be flooded in spring. In this way, structurally rich wet meadows could develop that are extensively grazed. With the planting of deciduous trees, the creation of orchards and the promotion of alluvial forests, the biotope offer was further expanded.

nature

Biotopes

The landscape of the Rhäden is today, after previous drainage and repeated changes in use over time, characterized by a broad spectrum of wet habitats. The shallow depression has large and numerous small wet areas with permanent and temporary water areas. In a small area there are nutrient-rich still waters with silting areas and also nutrient-poor still waters with beach lions and dwarf rush vegetation . Oat meadows grow on the fresh sites . The vegetation of the border trench by, rooted in a body of water pondweed - Diving corridors and reeds like the reed reeds formed. In the former border area in particular, various ruderal societies have formed in addition to tall herbaceous vegetation . The large, shallow depression is deliberately flooded in spring. A controllable system makes it possible to regulate the water level, for example to be able to offer mud banks and shallow water zones to migrating waders . The falling water level is followed by a successive repopulation of the mud surface with a water knotweed two-tooth perennial corridor. On humid places come plantain -Kleinröhrichte, swamp ledges , Schlanksegge and reed canary grass in front.

The parts in the vegetation mosaic of the Rhäden that are considered significant are protected in accordance with Section 30 of the Federal Nature Conservation Act (BNatSchG) and, in addition, in accordance with Section 15 of the Thuringian Nature Conservation Act (ThürNatG). In contrast to the nature reserves, there is no longer any need for any further legal stipulations or designations to be effective for statutory biotope protection. These biotopes are protected by law only because they belong to a listed biotope type.

fauna

The winter population of gray geese in the Rhäden

According to the standard data sheet for the transmission of information on Natura 2000 areas, the meaning of the “Dankmarshäuser Rhädens” lies in the ecological complement to the “Rhädens bei Obersuhl and Bosserode” directly adjacent on the Hessian side. In addition to the protection of plants, amphibians and dragonflies , the focus in the area is the protection of the sometimes highly threatened bird species that occur here. To the date specified in data sheets, observed in the area include bird species Sedge Warbler , spoon , Krick- and teal , ringed plover , white stork , marsh harrier , flour and Barn Swallow , Common Snipe , Red-backed Shrike , Red Kite , Beutelmeise and lapwing .

For those bird populations that migrate from the northern and eastern European and western Asian breeding areas in a south and south-westerly direction and return again, the Rhäden has a nationwide importance as a resting area. Over a hundred bird species are said to linger here every year during migration. They are dependent on nourishing and undisturbed rest areas, in which they can quickly replenish or create more energy reserves. The increasing loss of suitable resting and wintering areas can endanger the long-term survival of many migratory bird species. The stages to be overcome are getting longer and longer and the rest options that are still available often do not allow undisturbed food intake. Meadows characterized by wetness, like the one in Rhäden, are now among the rare habitats in Germany. The Federal Agency for Nature Conservation has therefore listed wet grassland in the “ Red List of Endangered Biotope Types in Germany” with various levels of risk.

The area for long-distance migrants is particularly important as a “ stepping stone ” in the Werraaue train corridor. Waders such as plover and snipe benefit from the nutrient-rich mud and the predator-proof, shallow water areas as sleeping places.

Among the amphibians living in the area, the European tree frog and the natterjack toad are under special protection according to Annex IV of the Fauna-Flora-Habitat Directive, because their species is endangered throughout Europe. Remarkable species of locusts that have been seen in the Rhäden are the short-winged sword insect with a high number of individuals, swamp grasshopper and saber-thorn insect . So far, four types of still water have been identified from the dragonflies .

"Wild pastures"

Exmoor ponies in the shop.

When the siren sounds from the nearby “ Monte Kali ” spoil dump , the geese fly back from the fields to the protected area and the cattle remain motionless.

According to a concept of nature conservation, robust grazing animals should graze all year round and in low density on the large areas in order to create varied landscapes with individual trees and groups of trees, hedges and field wood islands through browsing and treading, similar to what the wild ungulates once did in the natural landscapes. Examples have shown that near-natural grazing, in addition to traditional biotope maintenance, can create varied mosaics that provide amphibians and meadow-breeding bird species.

In 2015, the Thuringian Nature Conservation Union (NABU) initiated the ambitious grazing project with Taurus cattle and Exmoor ponies on more than seventy hectares in “Dankmarshäuser Rhäden” .

Taurus cattle emerged from the attempts of the brothers Heinz and Lutz Heck , who began to breed cattle similar to the aurochs in the 1920s . The so-called Heck cattle are, however, still relatively small compared to the extinct aurochs, have short legs and also in many other features, such as the horns and the size ratio between male and female animals, they do not yet correspond to the model.
The Exmoor ponies are considered to be one of the most original horse breeds in Europe. These ponies have lived semi-wild in the south west of England , in the forest and heathland of Exmoor for over a thousand years . All ponies are "peat-colored", their medium to dark brown fur consists of a thick, insulating undercoat and greasy, water-repellent upper hair as an adaptation to the damp, cold, windy weather conditions in their English homeland. The cattle and ponies with their attractive appearance are seen as eye-catchers in the protected area.

The showcase project was considered an idyll, but the animals were doing badly. The Central German Broadcasting (MDR) reported that in 2018 fourteen dead cattle were found a year, in February of the following year, six more died again. The cause of death is said to have been the insufficient supply of food. The herd, which initially consisted of 19 cattle, had recently grown significantly. The solution to the problems around the "wild pastures" is difficult because of the many involved: The Free State of Thuringia made this project possible with EU funding from the EAFRD program. The animal production in Dankmarshausen is responsible for looking after the cattle and horses. The project sponsor is NABU Thuringia. The Thuringian Ministry for the Environment, Energy and Nature Conservation and the Thuringia Nature Conservation Foundation are the owners of the area and the district office of the Wartburg district is responsible for monitoring animal welfare and nature conservation .

Protected position

Nature reserve

After a temporary seizure, in the years from 1990 to 1995, as nature reserves "Werraaue east Dankmarshausen" and "Schleifenmühle", the area was named "Dankmarshäuser Rhäden" by ordinance of May 16, 1995 from the Thuringian state administration office in Weimar, as the higher nature conservation authority , declared a nature reserve. The protection purpose was to secure and develop the wet habitats for rare animal and plant species. Especially for the waterfowl and meadow breeders threatened with extinction, the Rhäden should be preserved as a breeding ground and feeding habitat. The protected area with the Thuringia internal identifier 218 has a size of 121.7 hectares and has the WDPA code 162702.

Up until the declaration of the Rhäden as a nature reserve, extensive amelioration measures made it possible for large areas of the Rhäden to be cultivated intensively. With the expulsion, the pumping station had to be stopped and drainage had to be abandoned. Due to the subsequent waterlogging and increasing swamp, arable farming was only possible in the higher peripheral area. The implementation of the measures of the Protected Areas Ordinance caused conflicts between nature conservation, agriculture and the community. For the owners and leaseholders, the wet floor meant that the land was abandoned and, at the same time, depreciated in value. In addition, unexplained ownership, fragmented property and inadequate development made further management difficult. The community representatives of Dankmarshausen feared that with the realization of the goals of nature conservation, the citizens, as in the GDR era due to the restricted area, would be denied access to the Rhäden area and the landowners threatened with a second expropriation. Networking the area with existing recreational and leisure facilities would also no longer be possible.

To solve this problem, the land consolidation office in Meiningen initiated a land consolidation procedure. This was the first time in Thuringia that a land planning procedure was carried out in accordance with the Land Consolidation Act, primarily to implement nature conservation and landscape management measures. With the reorganization of ownership, the area of the nature reserve was transferred to public ownership. The private owners were resigned with areas outside the protected area and the farmers and their suckler cows were supposed to take care of the extensive grassland areas. From a nature conservation point of view, the new delimitation was rated positively, as it enabled a site-appropriate development of biotopes and communities in the Rhäden.

FFH area

With the same name, the same conservation goals and roughly the same territorial boundaries, the nature reserve was given the "Ordinance on the establishment of European bird sanctuaries, protected objects and conservation goals" by the Minister for Agriculture, Nature Conservation and the Environment (now: Thuringian Ministry for Environment, Energy and Nature Conservation) in 2008 as a flora-fauna-habitat area part of the transnational protected area network Natura 2000 . The protected objects of the Rhädens, which are considered to be of community interest and for the preservation of which special protected areas must be designated, include the habitat types (short: LRT) "Natural and near-natural nutrient-rich standing waters with spawning or frog-bite communities" (LRT 3150) and " Lean flatland hay meadows ”(LRT 6510). The FFH area with a size of 111 hectares has the European area number 5026-305, the Thuringian identifier 240 and the WDPA code 555520382.

Bird sanctuary

White storks in the EU bird sanctuary "Werra-Aue between Breitungen and Creuzburg".

Like most of the Thuringian nature reserves in the area of the Middle Werra, the “Dankmarshäuser Rhäden” is also part of the “Werra-Aue between Breitungen and Creuzburg” bird sanctuary. Protected objects of the more than 2500 hectare area, with the EU number 5127-401, the Thuringia internal identifier 18 and the WDPA code 555537614, are around eighty bird species for whose protection special measures must be taken in accordance with Annex I of the European Union's Birds Directive migratory birds that appear regularly and are sensitive to changes in their habitats in accordance with Article 4, Paragraph 2.

The stated goals are maintenance or, if necessary, restoration

the natural flow passage of the Werra and the pond with their sedimentation reeds as a habitat for Kingfisher , goosanders , flow Plover, Gray Goose , teal, water rail , 's Small sump and Teichhuhn , bittern , harrier and Lachmöwe .
Furthermore, as a breeding and feeding habitat for the meadow breeders such as snipe, king corn , lapwing, whinchat and meadow pipit, as well as for white stork, quail and wryneck, the large-scale grassland areas with their moist areas are also to be protected,
such as the alluvial forest, woody and swamp habitats for bluethroat , yellow mockers , swirls and black kites , connected to the floodplain waters .
Particularly worth preserving, as a resting and feeding habitat for the numerous waders and ducks , is the spacious, relatively undisturbed Werra floodplain for shelduck and bean goose , whooper swan , cormorant , spotted moor , little gull , black tern , black stork , gray tern , and great white tern as well as for ospreys and hen harriers.

Adjacent protected areas and "Green Belt"

With the “Rhäden bei Obersuhl und Bosserode” nature reserve, which is directly adjacent on the Hessian side, the “Dankmarshäuser Rhäden” forms a geographical and biological unit, which, however , is protected by two nature reserves because it belongs to two federal states .

Together with the neighboring Thuringian nature reserves “ Werraaue bei Berka and Untersuhl ”, “ Alte Werra ” and “ Rohrlache between Dippach and Dankmarshausen ” and the nearby Hessian nature reserves “Obersuhler Aue”, “ Säulingssee bei Kleinensee ” and “ Rohrlache von Heringen ” belongs to the Rhäden “, To the network of the humid ecosystems of the Middle Werra Valley. In today's cultural landscape , many animal and plant species are considered to be threatened by the "islanding" of their habitat. Their populations can no longer exchange, in many cases they are locally dying out because they have become too small and it is not possible to colonize more distant habitats. The creation of such biotope network systems , as “stepping stones” for the necessary exchange, is therefore seen as an important step on the way to the long-term protection of the species.

The landscape of the Werraaue is of particular importance for cultural and historical reasons in the “corridor of biodiversity” of the “ Green Belt ” along the former inner-German border. The major nature conservation project , which was declared a national natural monument by the decision of the Thuringian state parliament on November 9, 2018 , connects numerous rare habitats and is intended to contribute to the conservation of biological diversity in Germany and the region.

Tourist development

Observation station at the Trift.

The Rhäden is one of the most important bird watching areas in Thuringia and Hesse. The round route around the cross-border central area is around eight kilometers long and can be walked or cycled in every season of the year. Four observation stands, two in the Thuringian part and two on the Hessian side, allow a good overview without affecting the birds that are sensitive to disturbance. In the observation stands, display boards provide information about the special features of the Rhäden. A route map and a flyer are available as PDF files from the Wildeck group's website for nature conservation and ornithology.

literature

Holm Wenzel, Werner Westhus, Frank Fritzlar, Rainer Haupt and Walter Hiekel: The nature reserves of Thuringia . Weissdorn-Verlag, Jena 2012, ISBN 978-3-936055-66-5 .
Lothar and Sieglinde Nitsche, Marcus Schmidt: Nature reserves in Hessen, protect-experience-maintain. Volume 3, Werra-Meißner district and Hersfeld-Rotenburg district . cognitio Verlag, Niedenstein 2005, ISBN 3-932583-13-2 .
Willy Bauer, Walter Gräf, Kurt Grebe and Götz Krapf: The development of the “Rhäden von Obersuhl” nature reserve . In: Vogel und Umwelt, magazine for ornithology and nature conservation in Hessen. Publisher: The Hessian Minister for State Development, Environment, Agriculture and Forests, Supreme Nature Conservation Authority . tape 2 , issue 1, May 1982, p. 15th f .
Uta Hillesheim-Kimmel, Helmut Karafiat and others: The nature reserves in Hessen . Ed .: The Hessian Minister for Agriculture and Environment. Supreme nature conservation authority. 2nd Edition. Darmstadt 1978.

Web links

Commons : Dankmarshäuser Rhäden - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Holm Wenzel, Werner Westhus, Frank Fritzlar, Rainer Haupt and Walter Hiekel: The nature reserves of Thuringia. P. 464 f.
↑ A frost day is the meteorological - climatological term for a day on which the minimum air temperature is below 0 ° C. However, if the maximum air temperature, the daily maximum temperature , is below 0 ° C on this day , it is called an ice day.
↑ Climate profiles of the municipalities. On the basis of station measurement data from the German Weather Service. In: Website of the Thuringian State Institute for Environment and Geology ; accessed on March 24, 2020.
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d Information from the display boards in the protected area.
↑ Kurt Grebe: Rhäden von Obersuhl - cultural history. In: The nature reserves in Hessen. P. 297.
↑ Legally protected biotopes. In: Website of the Thuringian State Office for the Environment, Mining and Nature Conservation ; accessed on March 24, 2020.
↑ Standard data sheet for special protected areas created in May 2004 and updated in May 2018 by the Thuringian State Institute for Environment and Geology (TLUG), Jena.
↑ Humid locations. In: NaturSportInfo , the information portal of the Federal Agency for Nature Conservation ; accessed on March 26, 2020.

↑ List of the species occurring in Germany in Annex IV and V of the Fauna-Flora-Habitat Directive In: Deutschlands Natur ; accessed on March 24, 2020.

↑ EAFRD is the abbreviation for the " European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development ", the EU's central funding instrument for goals and measures in rural regions.

↑ "Lack of control: cattle starve in the nature reserve". In: Website of the Mitteldeutscher Rundfunk (mdr) ; accessed on March 24, 2020.

↑ Thuringian Ordinance on the “Dankmarshäuser Rhäden” nature reserve of May 16, 1995 in the Thuringian State Gazette , edition: No. 21/1995 of May 29, 1995, pp. 876–879.

↑ "Dankmarshäuser Rhäden". In: World Database on Protected Areas ; accessed on March 24, 2020.

^ Rainer Franke: "Flurbereinigung Dankmarshäuser Rhäden". In: Special issue of the Land Management Office Meiningen; accessed on March 24, 2020.

^ Elke Mohnhaupt and Rainer Franke: Das GRÜNE BAND THÜRINGEN - a project of the Thuringian Land Development Administration ; accessed on March 24, 2020.

^ Ordinance on the establishment of European bird sanctuaries, protected objects and conservation goals of May 29, 2008 In: Online-Verwaltung Thüringen ; accessed on March 24, 2020.

↑ List of habitats occurring in Germany in Appendix I of the Fauna-Flora-Habitat Directive. In: Germany's nature ; accessed on March 24, 2020.

↑ Profile of the FFH area 5026-305 "Dankmarshäuser Rhäden". On the website of the Federal Agency for Nature Conservation (BfN) ; accessed on March 24, 2020.

↑ FFH area "Dankmarshäuser Rhäden". In: World Database on Protected Areas ; accessed on March 24, 2020.

↑ “Werra-Aue between Breitungen and Creuzburg”. In: World Database on Protected Areas ; accessed on March 24, 2020.

↑ Profile of the EU bird sanctuary 5127-401 “Werra-Aue between Breitungen and Creuzburg”. On the website of the Federal Agency for Nature Conservation (BfN) ; accessed on March 24, 2020.

↑ European bird sanctuaries with their protected objects and overarching conservation goals. In: Thuringian Natura 2000 Conservation Objectives Ordinance of May 29, 2008.

↑ "The Green Belt Thuringia - National Natural Monument". On the website of the Thuringian Ministry for the Environment, Energy and Nature Conservation ; accessed on March 24, 2020.

[NSG_Thüringens-1] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Holm Wenzel, Werner Westhus, Frank Fritzlar, Rainer Haupt and Walter Hiekel: The nature reserves of Thuringia. P. 464 f.

[2] A frost day is the meteorological - climatological term for a day on which the minimum air temperature is below 0 ° C. However, if the maximum air temperature, the daily maximum temperature , is below 0 ° C on this day , it is called an ice day.

[3] Climate profiles of the municipalities. On the basis of station measurement data from the German Weather Service. In: Website of the Thuringian State Institute for Environment and Geology ; accessed on March 24, 2020.

[Info-4] Information from the display boards in the protected area.

[5] Kurt Grebe: Rhäden von Obersuhl - cultural history. In: The nature reserves in Hessen. P. 297.

[6] Legally protected biotopes. In: Website of the Thuringian State Office for the Environment, Mining and Nature Conservation ; accessed on March 24, 2020.

[7] Standard data sheet for special protected areas created in May 2004 and updated in May 2018 by the Thuringian State Institute for Environment and Geology (TLUG), Jena.

[8] Humid locations. In: NaturSportInfo , the information portal of the Federal Agency for Nature Conservation ; accessed on March 26, 2020.

[9] List of the species occurring in Germany in Annex IV and V of the Fauna-Flora-Habitat Directive In: Deutschlands Natur ; accessed on March 24, 2020.

[10] EAFRD is the abbreviation for the " European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development ", the EU's central funding instrument for goals and measures in rural regions.

[11] "Lack of control: cattle starve in the nature reserve". In: Website of the Mitteldeutscher Rundfunk (mdr) ; accessed on March 24, 2020.

[12] Thuringian Ordinance on the “Dankmarshäuser Rhäden” nature reserve of May 16, 1995 in the Thuringian State Gazette , edition: No. 21/1995 of May 29, 1995, pp. 876–879.

[13] "Dankmarshäuser Rhäden". In: World Database on Protected Areas ; accessed on March 24, 2020.

[14] Rainer Franke: "Flurbereinigung Dankmarshäuser Rhäden". In: Special issue of the Land Management Office Meiningen; accessed on March 24, 2020.

[15] Elke Mohnhaupt and Rainer Franke: Das GRÜNE BAND THÜRINGEN - a project of the Thuringian Land Development Administration ; accessed on March 24, 2020.

[16] Ordinance on the establishment of European bird sanctuaries, protected objects and conservation goals of May 29, 2008 In: Online-Verwaltung Thüringen ; accessed on March 24, 2020.

[17] List of habitats occurring in Germany in Appendix I of the Fauna-Flora-Habitat Directive. In: Germany's nature ; accessed on March 24, 2020.

[18] Profile of the FFH area 5026-305 "Dankmarshäuser Rhäden". On the website of the Federal Agency for Nature Conservation (BfN) ; accessed on March 24, 2020.

[19] FFH area "Dankmarshäuser Rhäden". In: World Database on Protected Areas ; accessed on March 24, 2020.

[20] “Werra-Aue between Breitungen and Creuzburg”. In: World Database on Protected Areas ; accessed on March 24, 2020.

[21] Profile of the EU bird sanctuary 5127-401 “Werra-Aue between Breitungen and Creuzburg”. On the website of the Federal Agency for Nature Conservation (BfN) ; accessed on March 24, 2020.

[22] European bird sanctuaries with their protected objects and overarching conservation goals. In: Thuringian Natura 2000 Conservation Objectives Ordinance of May 29, 2008.

[23] "The Green Belt Thuringia - National Natural Monument". On the website of the Thuringian Ministry for the Environment, Energy and Nature Conservation ; accessed on March 24, 2020.