hunt

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Hunter with weapon in the estimate during a driven hunt

Hunting is the tracking down, tracking, catching and killing of game by hunters . In the German hunter's language, traditionally also called pasture or, more rarely, woad , hunting is the hunter's craft . Unauthorized hunting is called poaching . Hunting, together with agriculture , forestry and fishing , which are also geared towards the extraction of natural products , are counted as primary production .

With Blattschuss hunted deer buck along with the used thereby repeating rifle

etymology

term

The meaning of the word hunt discussed here - the tracking, chasing, catching and killing of game by hunters - can be distinguished from several related but different meanings. The word hunt is also used as a designation for a single hunting event (“the hunt will take place next Friday”), the entirety of those involved in a particular hunting event (“the hunt breaks up”) and as a short form for the term hunting area (“the Meyer has used the hunt in the city forest ”). The term hunt is used in a colloquially transferred sense and detached from the context of the killing of wild animals as a synonym for the terms persecution and agitation (“the hunt for the robbers”). In relation to the hunt in Germany hunting is partially in a broader sense, the Hege associated and care of game.

origin

The word hunt comes from the Middle High German jaget from the Old High German jagōd , a derivation of the also Old High German verb jagōn "quickly pursue, hunt, catch or seek to kill, rush". The origin of jagōn or jagōd is etymologically obscure.

As well as other hunting composites with weid (z. B. househusband or -gerechtigkeit ) has the word Weidwerk the Indo-European root * uid to mean "to procure food," which in the course of language development to althochdeutsch weida later medium- and New High German was weid .

Goals and Motives

The hunt has been historically and is currently practiced for different and each differently weighted reasons:

history

Trace of a prehistoric rock painting of bow hunters hunting deer in the Cova dels Cavalls ( Cave of Horses ), Spain

Hunting is one of the most original activities in human history and is older than anatomically modern humans (Homo sapiens) themselves.

The oldest undisputed archaeological evidence of hunting comes from the Pleistocene and coincides with the emergence and spread of Homo erectus around 1.7 million years ago. From then to around 10,000 BC BC - and in parts beyond - almost all of humanity lived as hunters and gatherers . The hunt represented an important step in the evolution of humans due to the necessity of specialization, division of labor and advance planning of the hunters, for example in the production of tools and weapons . The jointly carried out hunt promoted social and communicative skills and educated people one of the foundations of human culture.

The hunt served as a food supply and, in addition to meat, provided animal by-products such as bones for tools or for flutes and works of art, skins as clothing , for shoes , for blankets , for dwellings ( tents ) and carrier bags as well as sinews for sewing and for bows . The first cave paintings and figurative works of art by the Ice Age hunters can be found in the Upper Palaeolithic and Magdalenian periods . Originally, for example, the hunting animals were cornered. The oldest forms of hunting are persecution or endurance , ambulance and trap hunting.

With which during the Neolithic revolution spreading the settling of man and the beginning of agriculture and animal husbandry hunting occurred as a nutritional source for much of the population increasingly into the background. At the same time, the changed living conditions in the protection of the cultivated land from damage caused by game and the fight against predators to protect livestock also resulted in new uses for hunting.

Hunter language

The hunter's language is one of the oldest existing technical languages and is primarily used today for precise communication among hunters. Since the hunter's language differs from the common language in the lexicon and phraseology , but not in the syntax , it can be regarded as a technical vocabulary for hunting. This hunting-specific vocabulary has developed in several languages, such as German , English and Spanish .

German hunter language

The German hunter's language has its written origins in the 8th century and comprises a vocabulary of around 13,000 expressions with around 40,000 defined meanings. Today a maximum of 2000 terms are used in hunting practice. Due to the changed hunting practice, numerous older terms have become obsolete (e.g. "Kloben", a trap for birds, and other terms related to the catching of songbirds ). For a long time, the hunting terms, which were present from the start and were determined by the prevailing hunting technique, dominated (e.g. “ boar spring ” for the long-run spit wrapped with a strap for wild boar hunting or “rushing” for the pursuit of game by the hunting dog). Only in modern times and especially in the 18th century, starting with the professional hunters of the sovereign princes, were there additional terminology terms that aimed at social distinction from outsiders and had no practical added value (e.g. "plate" for the ears of the wild boar or " Fuse "for the tail of the fox). There were regional differences within the German-speaking area, as in Switzerland, for example, due to the divergent development of hunting law, no professional vocabulary was formed and the hunter's language was largely restricted to technical terms. Some words and idioms from the hunter's language have found their way into common usage (e.g. "sight shot" as a synonym for direct hit).

Hunting law

The word hunting law has two different meanings, to the explicit differentiation of which one speaks of objective hunting law on the one hand and subjective hunting law on the other.

Objective hunting law

Frankfurt Constitution of March 28, 1849 with Article IX. Section 169 Paragraph 1 Hunting Law - a legal norm of objective hunting law that binds the subjective hunting law to property

The objective hunting law comprises all legal norms that deal with hunting. The nature and scope of these norms can differ considerably from place to place, for example between recent hunter-gatherer communities in the Amazon basin on the one hand and states in Central Europe on the other. In general, regulations on the legal status of game and the holder of subjective hunting rights typically form the basis of objective hunting rights. In addition, there are often further regulations such as B. Restrictions on game species that can be hunted, hunting and closed seasons for game game, prohibitions of certain hunting weapons and methods, requirements for issuing a hunting license , reporting obligations for game hunted, regulations on handling game and quantitative or qualitative limits when hunted game game .

Subjective hunting law

The subjective right to hunt is the right to hunt an individual legal subject is entitled to. In many jurisdictions the landowner has the subjective right to hunt , for example in the countries of Western, Central, Northern Europe and the Baltic States as well as in Namibia and Zimbabwe. In these states, the subjective right to hunt is a privately owned right under private law to which the individual entitled is entitled. In other countries, such as Italy, Poland, Romania and Switzerland, however, the subjective right to hunt lies as a sovereign right with the state itself Making it accessible to third parties by granting hunting licenses and leasing hunting grounds or exercising them on their own.

Some jurisdictions guarantee citizens a constitutional right to hunt, currently for example the constitutions of several US states, historically including the Frankfurt constitution passed in the course of the German Revolution of 1848/49 . In some legal systems, the subjective hunting right is also fundamentally protected as property or as part of it, for example in Germany via the constitutional guarantee of property under Article 14 of the Basic Law .

Hunting weapons

Remington Model 700 in .30-06 Springfield with mounted telescopic sight and silencer - these and other weapons derived from the Mauser System 98 are among the most widely produced and used repeater rifles in hunting

The handgun is the dominant hunting weapon today, in some jurisdictions, partly restricted to certain purposes, but bows , crossbows , spears , spears and lances are also in use. Historically, fire and (arrow) poisons were or are sometimes used by recent hunter-gatherer communities for hunting.

In addition, various other edged weapons are in use, in particular knives which, in addition to being used as universal tools , are also used as weapons for intercepting injured game.

Types of hunting

In the course of time, the most diverse types of hunting have developed, which are tailored to special situations or hunting for certain animal species. There are several possibilities to systematize at least part of the hunting species. One of the most common classifications differs according to the number of hunters involved.

Single hunt

Hunting types that are practiced by a hunter alone or, in principle, can be practiced alone are counted as individual hunts:

Hunters hunted wild pigeons from the edge of a freshly sown field
  • High seat hunt , also referred to as ambush hunting for animals : In high seat hunting, the hunter ambushes the game at a suitable location, for example on a high seat or behind a hide umbrella. The passing game can be observed in peace, spoken to (recognized and determined) and, if necessary, safely shot.
  • Stalking: Here the hunter carefully and quietly commits the area to be hunted, he stalks against the wind in order to get as close as possible to the game unnoticed. He will not blindly follow tracks , but only when they are promising. A good knowledge of the area is required for this. Tracks in the fresh snow are easy to spot. Therefore, they serve as a particularly good basis for the decision to stalk in certain places.

Society hunt

Society hunts, more rarely referred to as group hunts, include types of hunting that are practiced by several hunters together:

  • Collective or group hunting: Joint hunting by several hunters.
Hunters on their way to their assigned stand before starting a driven hunt
  • Driven hunt or driven hunt: Collective term for all types of hunting in which the game is disturbed by drivers or dogs and driven or pushed out of its place.
    • Driven hunt , in the mountains because of the sealed-off forced change of the game also bars hunting called: Form the battue, in hoofed pressed , ie drivers and mostly by hunting dogs comparatively slowly toward the pre-established fighter is shooed. An attempt is made to move the game slowly and deliberately out of its entrenchments ( e.g. in thickets , blackberries, reed belts, etc.) in order to enable a safe shot.
      • Browsing hunt: Variant of the driven hunt, in which the game is only set in motion by looking dogs hunting solo .
    • Pointing or standing: variant of the driven hunt, in which the hunted area is surrounded by shooters at fixed stands and then combed through by a driver weir.
      • Harvest hunt: Hunting during harvest , in which the field in question is surrounded by hunters before harvesting in order to kill the wild game, which has been startled by dwindling cover and the harvesting machines acting as "drivers", as it breaks out of the parked area. Harvest hunts are particularly used on wild boars in corn fields.
        Front of riflemen, drivers and dogs during a hunt for foxes
    • Stray hunt or patrol: variant of the driven hunt, in which drivers and hunters search the terrain against the wind in a broad front.
      • Bohemian patrol: A variant of the patrol hunt practiced in particular on hares, in which the flanks are pulled forward so that the front of the shooters and drivers forms a "U".
    • Boiler driving : variant of the driven hunt in which, for safety reasons, only shot is shot. Alternating shooters and drivers form a circle - the cauldron - around one kilometer in diameter. When the cauldron is closed, riflemen and beaters march together towards the center. Shooters are initially allowed to shoot into the action. From a hazard distance of less than 400 meters from the boiler diameter, the horn signal "driver in" is only fired outwards. Today kettle drifts are mostly carried out on open areas for hares and other small game except roe deer.
    • Lapp hunt: variant of the driven hunt in which the hunted area is hung all around with cloth rags attached to lines in order to guide the game in certain directions or to prevent it from breaking out.

Other types of hunting

Falconer with gyrfalcon on the hunt to ward off bird strikes on a military airfield

Other types of hunting that are usually outside the system of individual and group hunting outlined above are:

  • Pickling hunt , also known as falconry: falconers hunt birds of prey .
  • Hut hunt with a decoy from a shelter / hut
  • Lure hunting: Hunting with attractants such as food (feeding), smells, sounds or dummies.
  • Endurance hunting: hunting without weapons in which the hunters hunt the game to death over long distances until it collapses from exhaustion and exhaustion (still practiced today, for example by the Khoisan and Aborigines ).
  • Trapping or trapping: Hunting with animal traps , in which, among other things, a distinction can be made between live traps (such as box traps and seesaw board traps) and manslaughter traps (such as trigger irons, turnpikes and goosenecks).
Bow hunters with
compound bows when hunting mule deer
  • Bow hunting : hunting activities with arrow and bow .
  • Parforce hunt , also called chase: Chasing game on horseback and with a hunted pack of dogs.
  • Construction hunt : Hunting the fox and badger in their burrow with the terrier (lat. Terra) and dachshund (dachshund, dachshund) .
  • Search hunt: Hunting mostly on hares , rabbits , fox or game birds , with the help of dogs (dogs that hunt for a short time or pointing dogs ) to search fields or forest sections in order to kill fleeing game. The Buschieren is one such hunting using the shotgun.
  • Brackish hunt: Hunting small game with special dogs ( bracken ), which locate the game, pursue it over long distances and drive it back on the shooter.
  • Ferret hunting: This type of hunting uses domesticated polecats ( ferrets ) to drive rabbits out of their underground burrows. Outside the burrow they are either caught with nets or shot with a shotgun. Hunting ferrets is also called fretting , whoever does it is a freezer .
  • Gate hunting: form of hunting in which the game is hunted in a closed gate or enclosure.
  • Water hunting: The hunt for wild game in and on the water with usable dogs.

Professional hunter

Scottish professional hunter next to a stalked red deer

Professional hunters, also referred to as professional hunters (PH) , stalkers or gamekeepers in an international context , are professional hunters who are active in various functions depending on local conditions and legal framework conditions. In Europe, professional hunters often work as employees of state forest administrations, private large landowners and protected area administrations and are responsible for the organization of the hunting operations there. B. for the regulation of the game population by shooting and tending , leading hunting guests and the marketing of the game. In Australia there is an industry of professional hunters who specialize in the production of kangaroo meat and kill several million of the marsupials annually. In the countries of southern Africa, such as Namibia and South Africa, professional hunters often lead hunting guests from abroad on hunting safaris and take care of the local biltong hunters who hunt for meat .

Hunting tourism

Ernest Hemingway with a hunted Cape Buffalo during a safari in Africa in the early 1950s

Hunting tourism, also known as foreign hunting or, especially in relation to Sub-Saharan Africa , (hunting) safari , forms a special segment of tourism . The travel destination depends primarily on the wild species present, with Europe, Africa and Central Asia in particular being popular destinations . Most of the hunting tourists come from Europe and North America. In some of the more frequented travel destinations there are landowners who target their areas specifically to hunting tourists, for example with the sporting estates in Scotland or the hunting lodges , game conservancies and hunting farms in South Africa and Namibia.

Hunting tourism in the form of trophy hunts abroad is considered a highly polarizing topic, especially when the charismatic megafauna of Africa is affected. The idea that trophy hunts abroad, under certain circumstances, represent sustainable land use and can serve to preserve protected areas and the species native to them, often meets with a lack of understanding. Conversely, in the affected countries, which have often already placed a large proportion of their land under protection, an even further renunciation of use through the designation of new protected areas often meets with resolute rejection from the local population.

Country Statistics

In some of the countries listed, not every type of hunting practice or every hunter generally needs a state license or the applicable regulations are ignored ( poaching ), so the data sets on the number of hunters are partly extrapolations based on representative surveys, for example in the case of Canada and the United States.

table

Number of hunters in different countries in Europe and North America
Data: Europe (hunting year 2016/17), Ireland (2007), Canada (2012), Russia (2012), United States (2016);
Country Hunter Residents

in millions

Share of hunters in the

Total population in%

relationship

Hunter / Resident

Area in km² Hunters per km² of land area
CanadaCanada Canada 2,482,678 34.7 7.15 1:14 9,984,670 0.25
FinlandFinland Finland 308,000 5.2 5.92 1:17 338,448 0.91
Cyprus RepublicRepublic of Cyprus Cyprus 45,000 0.8 5.63 1:18 5,896 7.63
NorwayNorway Norway 190,000 4.7 4.04 1:25 385.207 0.49
MaltaMalta Malta 15,000 0.4 3.75 1:27 316 47.47
United StatesUnited States United States 11,453,000 323.1 3.54 1:28 9,826,675 1.17
SwedenSweden Sweden 290,000 9.0 3.22 1:31 447,435 0.65
DenmarkDenmark Denmark 165,000 5.5 3.00 1:33 42,921 3.84
IrelandIreland Ireland 104,000 4.2 2.48 1:46 70.273 1.48
GreeceGreece Greece 235,000 10.7 2.20 1:46 131,957 1.78
SpainSpain Spain 980,000 45.0 2.18 1:46 505.970 1.94
PortugalPortugal Portugal 230,000 10.7 2.15 1:47 92,212 2.49
FranceFrance France 1,331,000 64.1 2.08 1:48 543.965 2.45
RussiaRussia Russia 2,800,000 143.2 1.96 1:51 17.125.200 0.16
BulgariaBulgaria Bulgaria 110,000 7.7 1.43 1:70 110.994 0.99
AustriaAustria Austria 118,000 8.3 1.42 1:70 83,879 1.41
United KingdomUnited Kingdom United Kingdom 800,000 61.1 1.31 1:76 242,495 3.30
ItalyItaly Italy 750,000 58.1 1.29 1:77 301,338 2.49
EstoniaEstonia Estonia 16,600 1.3 1.28 1:78 45,339 0.37
CroatiaCroatia Croatia 55,000 4.5 1.22 1:82 56,594 0.97
SloveniaSlovenia Slovenia 22,000 2.0 1.10 1:91 20,273 1.09
LatviaLatvia Latvia 25,000 2.3 1.09 1:92 64,589 0.39
Czech RepublicCzech Republic Czech Republic 110,000 10.2 1.08 1:93 78,866 1.39
SlovakiaSlovakia Slovakia 55,000 5.4 1.02 1:98 49.034 1.12
LithuaniaLithuania Lithuania 32,000 3.6 0.89 1: 113 65,300 0.49
HungaryHungary Hungary 55,000 9.9 0.56 1: 180 93,036 0.59
GermanyGermany Germany 351,000 82.5 0.43 1: 235 357,578 0.98
LuxembourgLuxembourg Luxembourg 2,000 0.5 0.40 1: 250 2,586 0.77
SwitzerlandSwitzerland Switzerland 30,000 7.6 0.39 1: 253 41,285 0.73
PolandPoland Poland 106,000 38.5 0.28 1: 363 312,696 0.34
RomaniaRomania Romania 60,000 22.2 0.27 1: 370 238.391 0.25
BelgiumBelgium Belgium 23,000 10.4 0.22 1: 452 30,688 0.75
NetherlandsNetherlands Netherlands 28,170 16.7 0.17 1: 593 41,543 0.68

diagram

Diagram - number of hunters in different countries.svg

Hunting literature

Hunting literature is all kinds of handwritten and printed documents related to hunting. Hunting is already described in Tacitus and in the Middle Ages. In the German-speaking area around 1200 special hunting books were published by 1850. Today there is a wide range of different fiction in addition to historical edits, dictionaries and specialist literature . Lev Nikolajewitsch Tolstoy describes a wintry wolf hunt in war and peace .

Reception in the arts

painting

The subject of hunting has occupied creative people since the first cave paintings at least 44,000 years ago. In European painting, lush paintings with hunting scenes were objects of prestige and representation of nobles and wealthy citizens. Often they were linked with mythological content (e.g. the hunting goddess Diana ). The boundary between the genre of hunting painting and that of pure animal painting (e.g. of hunting dogs ) is fluid. Both have a high percentage of commissioned painting.

From the plethora of artists who took up this topic with different intentions and abilities, the following should be mentioned: Peter Paul Rubens (imaginative mythological and exotic hunting scenes), Frans Snyders , Jan Fyt (commissioned realism), Jean Siméon Chardin (self-contained still lifes with hunted game), Eugène Delacroix (oriental hunting scenes), Emil Hünten (parforce hunt), Manfred Schatz (game and hunting dogs in nature), Carl Otto Fey (game in nature). The great hunting painters of the 20th century are Bruno Liljefors and Dimitrij von Prokofieff ; In 1937 they received the gold and silver medals at the International Hunting Exhibition in Berlin.

sculpture

The motif of the hunt in art has inspired numerous sculptors to create works from the beginning. In Roman antiquity, the goddess Diana was often immortalized in sculptures and sculptures. Artists of the 19th or 20th century also created works on the subject of hunting with classic or contemporary motifs, with materials such as bronze ( Augustus Saint-Gaudens ) or copper ( Klaus Rudolf Werhand ).

criticism

Nature and environmental protection

Nature and environmental conservationists are calling for hunting to be more closely aligned with the principles of sustainability and knowledge of ecology . The criticism is u. a. the overhunting of certain species (e.g. in connection with the “empty forest syndrome” in tropical rainforests ), but also the one-sided promotion of game species that are interesting for hunting, their numerical support, supported by conservation measures such as game feeding and the shooting of predators perceived as competition Increase has repercussions on their ecosystem ( population dynamics ).

Forest-wild conflict

Wise area for assessing the influence of wildlife on natural regeneration - note the lack of
regeneration outside the fence

Too high game densities of herbivores , especially ungulates , can browsing a target of environmental and economic aspects of the forest natural regeneration impede or prevent. By giving preference to certain tree species, selective browsing can displace mixed tree species from the stand and thus reduce tree species diversity. Planted forest crops that are not protected by individual tree protection or fences are also affected. Peeling damage can endanger older forest stands that have already outgrown the browsing for decades and, in the event of damage, destabilize and economically devalue.

This so-called forest-game conflict - also referred to as the forest- hunting or forest owner-hunter conflict to clarify the conflict of goals and the actors - is a significant problem by forest owners , foresters and nature conservation associations with a view to the desired conversion of forests towards climate-stable mixed forests considered.

Bullet material

right: cartridge caliber .40 S&W with hollow point bullet, left: bullet of the same caliber with an exposed lead core that has mushroomed after impact with the target

Lead and other metals, which are used as projectile material in the production of ammunition in some projectile types, can under certain circumstances have an ecotoxic effect . Projectiles or their fragments can find their way into the ground and water as well as into the food chain of wild animals, which can primarily affect waterfowl (e.g. ducks ) and some predators (e.g. sea ​​eagles ) that eat the dead animals or break out .

In particular, the use of ammunition with lead is criticized for reasons of environmental protection (see lead pollution of the environment ) and health reasons (see lead poisoning ), since, in contrast to other materials, no effective threshold can be specified for lead below which the intake of lead is harmless to health . Several jurisdictions in Europe and North America have therefore restricted or banned the use of lead ammunition in favor of less toxic or lead-free ammunition . In its studies, the Federal Institute for Risk Assessment comes to the conclusion that the additional intake of contaminated game is toxicologically insignificant for normal consumers compared to the total intake of lead from other food groups and that a health risk is unlikely.

Hunting accidents

One point of criticism of the hunt are accidents related to hunting, in particular those that result in personal injury from firearms. The most common causes of accidents are improper handling of the firearm, overlooking the victim or shooting at a target that has not been identified with certainty and ricochets .

Animal welfare

Certain hunting practices and in some cases hunting in general are criticized with reference to animal welfare. A prominent example of a social discussion in which critics refer above all to animal welfare is the parforce hunt for foxes on horseback and with a pack of dogs, which had a long tradition in Great Britain until it was banned in 2004. The shooting of cats and dogs that are allowed or required in various hunting laws to protect game is also repeatedly criticized. When assessing the shooting down of stray cats, the focus of the discussion is in particular on their effect on the bird world .

Animal rights

Demonstration against the hunt, Pariser Platz in Berlin

Animal rights activists generally reject the hunt, as they ascribe certain animals, due to their ability to suffer ( see also pathocentrism ), certain rights similar to human rights (right to life, physical integrity) and therefore equal treatment of humans and animals without a speciesist exclusion of certain species demand. For this reason, radical sections of the animal rights movement see acts of hunting disruption and sabotage as justified.

See also

literature

Scientific literature

  • Richard B. Lee, Richard Daly: Cambridge Encyclopedia of Hunters and Gatherers . Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK 1999, ISBN 978-0-521-60919-7 .
  • Christian Ammer , Torsten Vor, Thomas Knoke , Stefan Wagner: The forest-wild conflict. Analysis and possible solutions against the background of legal, ecological and economic relationships (= Göttingen Forest Sciences. Volume 5). Göttinger Universitätsverlag, Göttingen 2010, ISBN 978-3-941875-84-5 , full text online (PDF) .
  • Klaus Friedrich Maylein: The hunt. Function and space. Causes, processes and effects of functional change in hunting. Dissertation, University of Konstanz, 2005, full text online (PDF) . Published as: The Hunt - Importance and Goals. From the stone age driven hunts to the 21st century. Scientific articles from the Tectum-Verlag, series social sciences, volume 28. Tectum-Verlag, Marburg 2010, ISBN 978-3-8288-2182-8 , table of contents online (PDF) .
  • Katrin Josephine Wagner: The language of the hunters - A comparison of the Weidmann language in German and English-speaking countries (= forum for technical language research . Volume 143). Frank & Timme, Berlin 2018, ISBN 978-3-7329-0455-6 , ( limited preview in the Google book search).
  • Marco Apollonio, Reidar Andersen, Rory Putman (eds.): European ungulates and their management in the 21st century . Cambridge University Press, 2010, ISBN 978-0-521-76061-4 .
  • Peet van der Merwe, Lindie du Plessis: Game farming and hunting tourism . 1st edition. African Sun Media, 2014, ISBN 978-0-9922359-1-8 .
  • IUCN SSC (Ed.): IUCN SSC Guiding Principles on Trophy Hunting as a Tool for Creating Conservation Incentives . 2012, online (PDF) .
  • IUCN SULi (Ed.): Informing decisions on trophy hunting - A Briefing Paper for European Union Decision-makers regarding potential plans for restriction of imports of hunting trophies . 2016, online (PDF) .
  • Johannes Dietlein, Judith Froese (ed.): Hunting property (= library of property . No. 17). Springer, 2018, ISBN 978-3-662-54771-7 , ISSN 1613-8686 .
  • Barney Dickson, Jonathan Hutton, William A. Adams (Eds.): Recreational Hunting, Conservation and Rural Livelihoods: Science and Practice (= Conservation Science and Practice ). Wiley-Blackwell, 2009, ISBN 978-1-4443-0318-6 .
  • Brent Lovelock (Ed.): Tourism and the consumption of wildlife: hunting, shooting and sport fishing . Routledge, London 2007, ISBN 978-0-203-93432-6 .
  • Rory Putman, Marco Apollonio, Reidar Andersen (Eds.): Ungulate Management in Europe: Problems and Practices . Cambridge University Press, 2011, ISBN 978-0-521-76059-1 .
  • Federal Office for the Environment (FOEN) (Hrsg.): Forests and game - Basics for practice. Scientific and methodological basics for the integral management of roe deer, chamois, red deer and their habitat . Umwelt-Wissen No. 1013. Bern 2010. 232 S., full text online (PDF) .
  • Andreas Haug: Wildlife management and forestry with special consideration of the boundary conditions and possibilities of optimizing aspects of hunting for forest owners . Tenea, 2004, ISBN 978-3-86504-042-8 .

Hunting dictionaries

Hunting history literature

Web links

Commons : Hunt  - collection of images, videos and audio files
Portal: Hunting  - Overview of Wikipedia content on hunting
Wikisource: Hunting  - Sources and Full Texts
Wiktionary: Hunt  - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations

Individual evidence

  1. Evidence on the definition of "hunting" used:
    • Dudenredaktion (ed.): Duden - German universal dictionary. The comprehensive dictionary of meanings in contemporary German . 9th, completely revised edition. Dudenverlag, Berlin 2019, ISBN 978-3-411-91287-2 , p. 957: “Jagd, die; -, -en [...] tracking, chasing, killing or catching game "
    • Hunt that. In: DWDS - Digital Dictionary of the German Language . Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences. Original ; retrieved on November 5, 2019: "Hunting, which [...] is seeking, chasing and killing game"
    • Hunting Encyclopedia. In: brockhaus.de. Original on October 26, 2019; retrieved on October 26, 2019: "Hunting, grazing, foraging, searching, tracking, killing, catching huntable animals."
    • Definition: Hunting - Meyers Lexicon online. In: Meyers Lexikon online. Original on January 2, 2008; accessed on January 2, 2008: "Hunting, grazing, searching, tracking, killing, catching huntable animals by those authorized to hunt."
    • Gerhard Stinglwagner, Ilse Haseder: The great cosmos hunting lexicon . Kosmos, Stuttgart 2004, ISBN 978-3-440-09160-9 , p. 323: “Hunting, the: expression for 1) seeking out, tracking, catching and killing game (huntable animals) according to the rules of hunting law and the hunting customs; Hunting. "
    • Gerhard rope Meier (ed.): Hunting lexicon . 6th, revised and expanded edition, new edition. BLV, Munich 1994, ISBN 978-3-405-14580-4 , p. 360: "Hunting - 1) The activity of (lawful) stalking and capturing of game, [...]"
    • Julia Numßen: manual hunter language . Gräfe Und Unzer, Munich 2017, ISBN 978-3-8354-6241-0 , hunting ( limited preview in Google book search): “Hunting - 1. Activity of lawful stalking and capturing of game; at the same time includes all factual and legal terms that have developed from them in the course of history. "
    • Hunting - Lexicon of Biology. In: Spektrum.de. Spectrum of science publishing company. Original on October 27, 2019; accessed on October 27, 2019: “Hunting, 1) ie the catching or killing and appropriation of game, including the designation of the (hunting) area; iwS the care and maintenance of game and territory. "
    • Gerd Jauch: Gabler Compact Lexicon Law . 2nd, completely revised and enlarged edition. Gabler Verlag, Wiesbaden 1992, ISBN 978-3-409-29155-2 , p. 127, doi : 10.1007 / 978-3-322-89527-1 ( springer.com [accessed on October 27, 2019]): “Jagd : Searching, chasing, killing and game according to the rules of hunting law and the recognized principles of German hunting justice "
    • Stephan Hertel: Hunting property rights of the hunting tenant . In: Johannes Dietlein, Judith Froese (ed.): Hunting property (= library of property . No. 17). Springer-Verlag, 2018, ISBN 978-3-662-54771-7 , ISSN 1613-8686 , p. 272 ​​( limited preview in the Google book search): “The term of hunting is in § 1 Abs. 4 BJagdG with the Seeking, tracking, killing and catching game described. "
    • Sigrid Schwenk: Cultural History of Hunting . In: Johannes Dietlein, Judith Froese (ed.): Hunting property (= library of property . No. 17). Springer-Verlag, 2018, ISBN 978-3-662-54771-7 , ISSN 1613-8686 , p. 4 ( limited preview in the Google book search): “Hunting” subsumes three large areas in the history of hunting culture: Chasing , Killing or catching haired game and game birds (today the vast majority of hunting activities), tracking and catching game birds and game birds with the help of trained birds of prey (pickling or falconry), catching birds with the help of traps and trapping devices. "
    • Martina Giese: Hunter Latin and Latin hunter language . In: Archivum Latinitatis Medii Aevi (ALMA) . Volume 71. Institut de recherche et d'histoire des textes, 2013, ISSN 0994-8090 , pp. 37–51 ( archive.org [PDF; accessed on October 24, 2019]): “In contrast to the Middle Ages, hunting takes place today the search, tracking, catching and killing of game (ie animals that are subject to hunting law, specifically certain mammals and birds) by humans. "
    • Kurt Lindner: Hunt - defense of a definition (= writings on the history and sociology of hunting . Homo venator). Habelt, Bonn 1978, ISBN 978-3-7749-1606-7 , p. 15 (41 pages): “Hunting is something specifically human. It is purposeful pursuit, usually aimed at killing, of a group of mammals and birds designated as game with the use of additional resources and while preserving the chances of escape of the pursued object. "
    • Rudolf Winkelmayer, Klaus Hackländer, Peter Kampits: The term “hunting” - a differentiation . In: Jagdkultur - yesterday, today, tomorrow; Symposium of the Landesjagdverband Bayern eV and the Bavarian Academy for Animal Welfare, Environmental and Hunting Sciences; June 18 and 19, 2008 in Rosenheim (= Volume 17). Landesjagdverband Bayern, Feldkirchen 2008, ISBN 978-3-00-027307-0 , pp. 71-87 ( archive.org [PDF; accessed on October 25, 2019]): “The hunt, that is, seeking out, tracking, killing and Catching of huntable animals by those authorized to hunt, [...] "
    • What is hunting In: jagdschweiz.ch. JagdSwitzerland. Original on October 27, 2019; Retrieved on October 27, 2019: “Hunting in the narrower sense refers to the specifically human, legal pursuit of wild game with the use of additional means, with the intention of catching it, shooting it and appropriating it. Hunting is only possible if the animal exposed to the pursuit has a chance to escape. "
    • Matt Cartmill: The Bambi syndrome: passion for hunting and misanthropy in cultural history (= Rowohlt's encyclopedia ). Rowohlt Verlag, Reinbek bei Hamburg 1995, ISBN 978-3-499-55566-4 , p. 47 (English: A View to a Death in the Morning: Hunting and Nature through History . 1993. Translated by Hans-Ulrich Möhring): “We define hunting as the conscious, direct, violent killing of unhindered wild animals; and we define wild animals in this context as those that shy away from or attack humans. "
    • Jens Tuider: Hunt . In: Johann S. Ach, Dagmar Borchers (Hrsg.): Handbuch Tierethik . JB Metzler, Stuttgart 2018, ISBN 978-3-476-02582-1 , pp. 247-251, doi : 10.1007 / 978-3-476-05402-9_41 : "Hunting can be defined as" seeking out, chasing, killing and catching game "(Section 1 (4) BJagdG)."
  2. Pasture. In: Duden. Retrieved January 4, 2019 .
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