History of the city of Hamm
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The history of the Westphalian city of Hamm covers the period from the founding of the city in 1226 to the present day. During the Middle Ages, Hamm was the seat of the Counts of the Mark and the Hanseatic principal city for the cities of the Mark . Along with Münster , Dortmund and Soest , in the middle of which it is located, it was one of the more important cities in Westphalia. Hamm served as the administrative and judicial seat of the County of Mark almost from its inception . Many later city foundations in Brandenburg received the hammer right . The settlement of today's Hamm area can be traced back to prehistory and is documented by numerous settlement and grave finds. Large parts of the municipal archive and the building fabric were lost due to severe fires and the effects of war. As a result, the history of the city remains incomplete and can therefore often only be examined in more detail by finding documents in external archives.
Prehistory of the city's foundation
Around 800 a parish was founded in Herringen, which later became the main parish in the area of the urban district of Hamm and from which Kamen, Bönen and Rhynern separated as smaller parishes.
In the 10th century, the area around what is now Hamm was part of the County of Werl . In the year 1000 the Werler rule was divided. Count Hermann II of Werl received the eastern part around Werl and thus became the progenitor of the Counts of Arnsberg .
According to the controversial opinion, Hermann's brother Bernhard ruled over the area of what would later become the county of Hövel in what is now the Hamm-Bockum-Hövel district . This extended on both sides of the Lippe and encompassed the entire urban area of Hamm. Thus Bernhard left of Werl out of Hovel in 1003 Burg Hoevel build and called himself since Graf Bernhard von Hovel. The county Hövel was founded. Bernhard remained Count von Hövel until his death after 1030. He died without male descendants. Via his daughter Ida von Lauffen , his property including the county passed to the Lords of Berg, since Ida was Heinrich von Lauffen's wife and their daughter, Adelheid von Lauffen , became the wife of Adolf I von Berg . In the 11th century, the patronage of Saint Heribert, the founder of the Deutz monastery, was added as an additional patronage. The court and the Herringen church came to the newly founded Deutz monastery through the diocese of Cologne in 1020/30, whose bailiwick rights were with the Counts of Berg from the beginning. After 1075 the Homburg was built as the residence of the Counts von Berg. 1077 was Count Adolf I von Berg Comes de Huvili ( Count of Hövel ).
According to Leidinger's research, however, a county of Hövel is only plausible for the period after 1124. Hövel initially belonged to the Counts of Arnsberg and only came to the Berger Counts after the death of the last Arnsberg count. On this subject, see the article “ Counts of Hövel ”.
The Pankratius Church was built in the Mark around 1100 . The later mother church of Hamm was initially the own church of the owners of Hof Mark. In 1150, Count Eberhard I von Berg-Altena had a first castle built near Nienbrügge as a security post for his county of Hövel. In 1161 the dispute between Adolf's sons Eberhard I von Berg-Altena and Engelbert I von Berg was decided; the family split into the Bergisch and Altenaischen family branches. Eberhard became Count of Altena and Hövel from 1166, while Engelbert received the county of Berg. This paved the way for the emergence of the later Grafschaft Mark and the noble family of the Counts of the Mark .
The noblemen of Rüdenberg still owned the Oberhof in the Mark, i.e. the rule of Volmestein, in the middle of the 12th century. Presumably in 1166 the brothers Conrad and Rabodo shared their paternal property. The Oberhof Mark fell to the Rabodo. From this time on he used the nickname "von der Mark", first mentioned in the Bredelar Foundation deed of 1170. Around 1170, the nobleman Rabodo von der Mark sold Oberhof Mark, whose possessions also included the castle hill on which Mark Castle later became to the Archbishop of Cologne , Philipp von Heinsberg , because he needed money for other ventures. Philipp had done this kind of business before. He bought their own castles, monasteries and churches from the little counts and noblemen and made them swear a vassal oath, then he enfeoffed the castles, monasteries and churches again. Rabodo became Philip's vassal and received Oberhof Mark as a fief. Rabodo died in 1170 (other information: 1178). It is unclear whether he sold his feudal right to Friedrich von Altena or whether after his death, through which the male line of those from Rüdenberg became extinct, the feudal right was handed over from Philipp von Heinsberg to Friedrich.
Around 1180/81 the county of Hövel was divided between Everhard's sons Arnold and Friedrich. Arnold received the areas south of the Lippe. Hövel Castle, like the Altena Castle, went to Friedrich. Arnold therefore needed a new residence and subsequently had Nienbrügge Castle expanded. He also acquired Isenburg in 1190.
In 1193, the counts' possessions, which had previously been sold to Archbishop Philipp von Heinsberg of Cologne, including Hövel Castle and Nienbrügge Castle , were returned by the new Archbishop of Cologne, Adolf von Altena , to the noblemen, some of whom were closely related to him. The Wiseberg parcel, on which Hamm was later to emerge, also went back to Friedrich von Altena. In 1198 Friedrich von Berg-Altena had Mark Castle built on the castle hill owned by the Mark Oberhof after the estate had been divided. He pushed this purchase in favor of his younger son Adolf, who called himself Count Adolf I von der Mark as early as 1202 . Friedrich died in 1198 or 1199.
In 1200, Arnold von Altena-Isenberg had the settlement near Nienbrügge Castle expanded into the city of Nienbrügge. In 1202, Count Adolf I called himself Adolf von der Mark after his possessions and thus separated his line from Altena-Mark from the Counts of Altena-Isenberg. As a result, Mark Castle became the family seat of the counts. After Arnold's death and his eldest son Eberhard in 1207/1209, Arnold's third son, Count Friedrich von Altena-Isenberg , inherited Nienbrügge. In 1216 the headquarters of the county of Nienbrügge was relocated to Isenburg.
In the dispute over land, bailiwick rights and blackmailing of the nobles against their subordinates, the sovereign Count Friedrich von Altena-Isenberg had the Archbishop of Cologne, Engelbert I von Berg , kidnapped in 1225 in order to force him to give in. Engelbert was struck down by the henchmen and died, presumably without Friedrich's intention. As a punishment, Friedrich was put on his bike in Cologne and his possession of Nienbrügge was razed by Adolf I. von der Mark . In 1225/26 Count Adolf I von der Mark offered the homeless inhabitants to settle on his land. It is controversial whether the founding of the city was based on strategic interests or whether it is a purely economically motivated settlement company of the sovereign. Agriculture was the main source of livelihood during this period. However, it is questionable whether the intention was also to establish the city of Hamm as a base to control the north bank of the Lippe and to enable an advance into the Münsterland.
County Mark (1226-1609)
The city of Hamm was officially founded on Ash Wednesday in March 1226. Adolf I of the mark applied as a planned city paid settlement with an originally planned for a "city mark" municipal law (dispute - possibly from Hamm dated the first town charter not until the year 1279) of 1213 from. The new settlement was only a few hundred meters from the ancient city Nienbrügge removed. According to a controversial opinion, the remains of Nienbrügge served as a building material supplier. Since the city of Hamm was built on the headland between the Ahse and the Lippe at the confluence of the Ahse, this settlement was given the name "tom Hamme" (for Hamm) or Ham - after the old name for such a parcel, the Ham. From this, the current spelling “Hamm” developed over time. M. E. Esselen speculates in his book "Description and Brief History of the Hamm District" that the course of the Ahse was artificially changed in the course of the city's foundation. Trench-like depressions near Nienbrügge are a clear indication that the Ahse previously flowed into the Lippe at Nienbrügge. Otherwise, there is no apparent reason why Nienbrügge was built at this very location.
Count Adolf I. von der Mark equipped the settlers with equal rights with uniformly dimensioned house locations in a road network arranged like a chessboard. The main axis was formed by the route of an old Roman road from Xanten to Lippstadt. Each of the taxable, so-called “word passages” was around 307 m² or 10.30 × 28.90 m in size. The building block was formed by two strips of houses with gabled houses facing the parallel streets. Two parcels met in the middle of the block. The structural design of the individual property corresponded to the rural farmhouse type with a large entrance gate. The city center was left out for the market square. Ritter and Burgmannen were given land in peripheral locations with a larger layout. Coin minting began before 1235.
The decade-long inheritance disputes between the various counts' lines, so-called " Isenberger Wirren ", were settled in 1243 in favor of Count Adolf I. von der Mark. In the dispute between the Duke of Limburg and Count Adolf I. von der Mark, a peace treaty was concluded that granted the County of Mark an area north of the Lippe between Geinegge and Heessen - what would later become the northern fieldmark of Hamm. The Isenberg-Limburg line was granted sovereignty over the Oberhof in Heessen. In a certificate dated May 1st, Count Adolf I. von der Mark granted the city of Hamm the right to fortify the city. As a result, the city was expanded into an impregnable fortress. The connection of the two rivers Lippe and Ahse was also established in the east of the city by the Ostblütergräft. As a result, the city was on a strategically located island position. Mill complexes at the north and west gates formed further barriers. Double walls and moats created additional security. The inner wall was first fortified with a palisade and the city castle of the counts on the north wall was included in the construction of the city fortifications in the course of the 13th century. The city gates were only demolished towards the end of the 18th century. In the course of history they got their names: "The east gate, so leads to Lipstadt" (v. Steinen), was later also called Berliner Thor. This was sold for demolition in 1796, with the city coat of arms attached to it being walled into the facade of the old town hall in 1797. The west gate "leads to Camen, Lünen," (v. Steinen) was later called the Klever Tor and was demolished in 1798, the south gate to Werl was called the Cologne Gate and the north gate the Münstersche Tor.
Count Adolf I von der Mark died on June 28, 1249 and was then buried in the monastery church of the Cappenberg monastery , of which he was the governor. His successor, Count Engelbert I von der Mark, gave the church to Mark the Schmehausen estate in 1251 to compensate for the broken church tower, which had to be shortened to ensure the security of Mark Castle. The first documentary mention of the St. George's Chapel (predecessor of the St. George and Paulus Church ) in Hamm as a branch church of the Pankratius Church in the Mark took place in 1254. Based on an age determination of the west gate, which dates it to the year 1258, it can be assumed that the city fortifications were completed this year at the latest. For the year 1263 the mayor , aldermen and city council can be proven. In 1268/69, Count Engelbert I. Hamm granted the right to mint . Around 1270 the Cistercian convent Marienhof was built in the city of Hamm , which was moved to the Kentrop House in front of the walls in 1290 after complaints from the city . The construction of St. George's Church (today's Pauluskirche) began in 1275.
Count Engelbert I von der Mark died on November 17, 1277 as a prisoner at Bredevoort Castle near Bocholt . A year later, after the siege and conquest of the castle, his son was able to have the remains buried in the collegiate church of Cappenberg .
Major fires in 1278, 1287 and 1307 destroyed more than half of the houses. During excavations in Königstrasse, a wall with a heating duct from a forgotten boys' school came to light, then an early modern house made of green sandstone blocks, but above all a 9.8 by 14.5 m wooden building that possibly belonged to a merchant. This is indicated by a collapsible bronze scale. This house must have fallen victim to one of the 13th century fires.
In a document dated March 21, 1279 confirmed Count Eberhard II. Of the Mark of the city of Hamm, the town charter , which her grandfather Count Adolf I had given by the marks. In 1280, the Münster bishop Eberhard von Diest approved the foundation of the Nordenhospital in the Nordenfeldmark.
On June 5, 1288, Count Eberhard II von der Mark defeated the Archbishop of Cologne in the Battle of Worringen . Kurköln lost its territorial claims in large parts of Westphalia and the Rhineland . The county of Mark could then be expanded. In 1288/89 the towns of the Mark received full fortification rights. The existence of a city wall and the church of St. Georg and Laurentius (today's Pauluskirche) as the successor to the Georgskapelle is documented. There was a guild hall, which was possibly the first town hall. In 1296 the St. Agnes Chapel was built, which indicates that the town castle was being expanded. At the end of the 13th century a Latin school (Schola Latina) was founded. In 1300, the development on Oststraße led to new suburbs.
Count Eberhard II von der Mark died in 1308 and was buried in the collegiate church of Fröndenberg Monastery, where most of the counts of this family were buried. The western hospital was built from 1319.
In 1323 Count Engelbert II von der Mark and the Hammer citizens won a fight against Bishop Ludwig von Munster. This was repulsed in front of the Lippe Bridge on the Schweinemersch. It was only released after paying a large ransom. The first man with proven Jewish faith lived in Hamm in 1327.
Count Engelbert II von der Mark died in 1328. On August 11th, his son and successor Count Adolf II von der Mark confirmed the privileges of the city of Hamm in a document. He also granted the citizens of Hamm in 1331 the privilege of not being allowed to appear before a foreign court. In 1333, Count Adolf II married the Klevian heir, Margarete von Kleve .
The Hammer town church of St. Georg and Laurentius, today's Pauluskirche , was parish off on April 17, 1337 from the parent church, the Pankratiuskirche in the Mark . During this time, the construction of the nave with the three naves and the stately tower massif began. The church was built in green, relatively soft and therefore very accessible marl sandstone (hairy sandstone). In addition, in 1337 (according to other sources in 1338) another large city fire occurred.
On November 14, 1346, Count Engelbert III confirmed . von der Mark documented the privileges of the city of Hamm. An important court of appeal was documented.
Count Adolf II of the Mark died in 1346. On September 11, 1348, Count Engelbert III pledged. from the mark the supervision and administration of the schools and the Küsterei zu Hamm to the council and the citizenship of the city of Hamm. This gave them school sovereignty. In 1349, Count Engelbert III. a great knight tournament in front of the Ostentor.
In 1350 Hamm was hit by the great plague , which only seven families are said to have survived. The first eviction of Jews in Hamm is related to the plague . The Jews were accused of poisoning the wells and thus promoting the spread of the disease. In addition, there was a peace treaty between the city and Count Engelbert in 1350, who settled a serious dispute. In the following years, the city received a large number of privileges through him. In 1358, Hamm's citizens were given the privilege to redeem the pension burden by paying twelve times the amount. This enabled them to largely free themselves from the burdens of the city. 1363 pledged Count Engelbert III. against payment of 100 gold coins the fishing privileges in the Ahse to the city.
Adolf III. von der Mark , the son of Adolf II von der Mark and Margaretes von Kleve, also acquired the county of Kleve in 1368 . He moved his residence and seat of government to Schwanenburg near Kleve. In 1398 the Duchy of Kleve and the County of Mark were united, which previously belonged to the Lower Rhine-Westphalian Empire . As a result of the Soest feud (1444–1449), the city of Soest (with extensive self-government) and the Soest Börde came under the rule of the Duke of Kleve and Mark and thus in close connection with the County of Mark. In 1373, in exchange for a loan of 400 marks, the citizens were given the right to immediate court by the city-lordly judge. In addition, since 1373 there has been no duty for goods transport within the Mark. In 1376 the city bought Engelbert's right to freely elect a council for 400 marks . Until then, the council had been set up by the counts. In 1380 the Hammer citizens were given the privilege of being sued only in Hamm. On February 6, 1388, Count Engelbert III confirmed. von der Mark documented all rights and privileges granted to the citizens of Hamm.
Count Engelbert III. died in 1391 and was buried in Fröndenberg . Adolf III. , Count of Kleve since 1368, inherited the county of Mark from his brother Engelbert III . However, his residence remained Kleve, not Hamm. This meant that neither the Mark Castle nor the Hamm Stadtburg was the headquarters of the Count von der Mark any longer. 1392 also confirmed Adolf III. the privileges of the city. In addition, Adolf von Kleve and Archbishop Friedrich von Cologne concluded a peace treaty in Hamm.
In 1393 Adolf III. the county of Mark to his son Dietrich II. von der Mark , who in turn confirmed the privileges of the city. In 1395 Hamm was about 30 hectares in size. The meadows on the outside area surrounding the city were used as bleaching meadows for the most important export item, hammer linen. Behind it stretched garden and pasture land, for the protection of which a Landwehr was built in 1395 .
Dietrich II von der Mark died in a feud in 1398 and was buried in the collegiate church in Hörde . Both counties came into the possession of Adolf IV von Kleve-Mark through inheritance . The Duchy of Kleve and the County of Mark were united. Hamm lost the residence to Kleve.
As early as the 14th century, Hammer merchants were involved in long-distance trade. The main exports were canvas (Hammesche Laken) and beer (Hammsches Keut ).
The Hoven played an important role in the municipal constitution of the city. They named the electoral lords who were involved in the election of the councilors. In 1417 Hamm joined the Hanseatic League (according to other sources, the Hanseatic entry dates back to 1470 or 1471). Hamm remained a member of the Hanseatic League until 1651.
The Antoni-Gasthaus was built in 1406. From 1409 onwards the local government had no right to change new council elections. In 1414 Count Adolf IV. Von Kleve needed money and took advantage of the right to dispense wine. In 1417 the Roman-German King Sigismund raised the sovereign Adolf IV of Kleve and von der Mark to the status of Duke of Kleve during the Council of Constance .
On March 14, 1419, Gerhard von Kleve and von der Mark , the knighthood of the Mark , who lived in Hamm, and the city of Hamm signed an alliance against Duke Adolf IV of Kleve . Gerhard von Kleve and von der Mark promised the city of Hamm that the previous privileges would be confirmed if he should become sovereign. He also promised not to allow any Jews to stay and not to fortify his city palace any further. As a result, the Jews were expelled from Hamm for the second time .
In 1420 the plague broke out in Westphalia. In 1421 Gerhard von Kleve confirmed Hamm's privileges and repeated this in 1427. Another town fire occurred in 1423.
Under the influence of wealthy merchants, Hamm became rich and powerful in the 15th century. 9 breweries and 60 breweries mainly supplied the Münsterland. The important cattle markets created the conditions for the construction of the central halls as a modern place for the cattle trade. The Hammer merchants supported Count Gerhard during the 40-year fratricidal war. This raised claims to the mark against the Duke of Kleve. The dispute ended with a victory for Gerhard. Emperor Sigismund enfeoffed Gerhard with the county of Mark in 1431. 1437 Count resided Gerhard von der Mark Hamm on the town castle Hamm . During his reign he bestowed a number of privileges on the city. In 1442 an Antonius chapel was donated on the grounds of Burg Mark . In the annals of the city of Hamm you can read that the bakers and brewers were granted the trade monopoly for beer and bread in 1444.
The Soest feud took place from 1444 to 1449 . In the Soest feud, the city of Soest maintained its freedom against Archbishop Dietrich of Cologne (1414–1463). He tried to restore his rule over the region. The city of Soest opposed this on June 5, 1444 by accepting a new sovereign. It was the Duke of Kleve-Mark, who granted the city its old rights and granted it a few other privileges. This led to a five-year feud between the archbishop on one side and the duke and Soest on the other. Both sides were supported by a number of princes and cities. For example, the city of Dortmund took the side of Cologne. The archbishop's mercenary army took several cities and finally besieged Lippstadt and Soest without success. Around April 1449 the fighting stopped. Soest remained in the Duchy of Kleve-Mark. In this dispute, Hamm sided with Johann von Kleve. Thereupon the archbishop and elector of Cologne obtained the imperial ban on Hamm in 1444 . A year later, Hamm was given the reprieve and the ban of the empire. Nevertheless, there was no success. Unlike its predecessor Nienbrügge , Hamm was spared the destruction.
Johann, the eldest son of Kleve and von der Mark, confirmed to the city of Hamm the privileges and rights conferred by his uncle, Count Gerhard von Kleve and von der Mark, in particular those relating to the election of councils and those relating to the right of residence of Jews in Hamm.
Count Adolf IV of Kleve and von der Mark died in 1448 without ever getting back the Grafschaft Mark, which had fallen to his brother. In the same year, an ordinance came into force, according to which no one outside the city was allowed to practice the bakery, brewing, shoemaking, blacksmithing and tailoring trade in the Hamm district . The rural population had to shop in the city. This ordinance was a key factor in the city's economic prosperity and remained in force until the 19th century. Count Gerhard von der Mark zu Hamm founded the Franciscan monastery in Hamm in 1455 and made his castle chapel (today St. Agnes ) available as a monastery church. Likewise, the hammer citizenship established numerous social foundations.
In 1461 Gerhard died childless and was buried in the monastery church of St. Agnes. He was the only sovereign who found his final resting place in the city of Hamm. The county fell back to the dukes of Cleves. The residence was finally moved away from Hamm. The County of Mark and the Duchy of Kleve were united from this time.
Duke Johann I von Kleve confirmed the city's privileges in 1462, albeit without the additional rights granted to it by Count Gerhard. After the death of Duke Johann I von Kleve in 1482, the privileges were confirmed again by Duke Johann II von Kleve. An alliance agreement with Münster in 1498 testified to the relative independence of the city of Hamm.
The Roman-German King Maximilian I freed Hamm in 1503 from all Westphalian free courts and other foreign courts. In 1507 the St. Agnes monastery church was started as a successor to the castle chapel (until 1521). Burg Mark became the property of the judge in Hamm. In 1515 the new building of the monastery church was inaugurated.
Duke Johann II of Kleve died in 1521 and Duke Johann III. von Kleve became the new regent of the county of Mark and thus also of Hamm. In the following year, Hamm's privileges were confirmed again. Hamm was largely spared the uprisings of the Peasant Wars. A dispute between bakers and linen weavers cost the city the privilege of free council elections after a petition from the linen weaver's guild master to the sovereign, Duke Johann von Kleve, Mark and Ravensberg. As a result, Hamm's independence began to wane and made way for the absolutism of the sovereigns that was everywhere .
In 1531 the plague broke out again in the city. The beginning of the economic decline of the city manifested itself in 1533 in civil struggles and the growing influence of the local rulers.
After Johann's death in 1539 Wilhelm von Kleve became the new regent of the county and the city. The inevitable confirmation of city privileges came the following year. In 1549 Hamm and Unna were elevated to the status of a Hanseatic principal city over the small Hanseatic cities of the Mark.
In 1553 the plague broke out again. In 1557 there was great inflation and famine in Hamm and in 1558 there was a fire in the town. From 1560 Jews were allowed to settle in Hamm again.
The Reformation reached Hamm very late. The Duke of Kleve did not want to make a decision at first. Hamm did not follow until the middle of the 16th century. From this time on, today's Paulus Church was the meeting place of the major Reformed community in Hamm. When the new Lutheran congregation elected the Calvinist Carrell Gallus from Holland to pastor in 1562, he smashed and burned pictures, altars, and jewelry from the main church of St. George and Laurentius ( St. Paul's Church ). The destruction of the valuable art treasures caused the simplicity of today's sacred building , which was renamed the "Reformed Parish Church" at this time.
The plague broke out first in 1575, then again in 1580/81 and finally again in 1583.
In 1587 the Spanish general and governor in the Netherlands, Alessandro Farnese , moved with an army to the city of Hamm. He refrained from conquering after the city had ransomed. Wilhelm von Kleve died in 1592 and left the reign to his son Duke Johann Wilhelm von Kleve . Since he was mentally ill, a councilor took care of the government. The latter refrained from confirming his privileges to Hamm again, but no one was in doubt either. In 1593, the heirs were forced out of the city administration. 1595 documents prove the bad condition of Mark Castle . Accompanying the Spanish-Dutch war raided Spanish marauders in 1598 the parish Heessen and looted the village and castle . In 1598/99 the plague raged again in Hamm.
Since the 16th century there was a magistrate as the executive body of the council. This included mayors, two eunuchs and two Fiscimeister. The 16th century brought the city to a slow economic decline.
Hamm was persecuted by witches from 1565 to 1612: five women and one man got into witch trials . In the first trial, the cook Elsa from Kamen and her mother were burned as a magician. In Heessen there is a memorial stone of the Heimatverein Heessen from 1991 for the victims of the Hammer witch trials.
Electorate of Brandenburg (1609–1701)
" Johann Wilhelm der Wahnsinnige " (1592–1609) was the last of the dukes of Jülich-Kleve-Berg, Count of the Mark and of Ravensberg, Lord of Ravenstein , with his death the princely family of the Von der Mark died . In 1609, Hamm came under the rule of the Margrave Sigismund of Brandenburg through succession. Prussia was later to emerge from the Mark Brandenburg. Hamm's subsequent affiliation to Prussia was therefore established as early as 1609.
In 1614, the Elector of Brandenburg called Dutch troops to help. They occupied Hamm on September 23. The occupation only ended with the Düsseldorf partition agreement of March 21, 1624. Through this, the city of Hamm was awarded to the Elector of Brandenburg, who, however, lost it several times to enemy invaders during the Thirty Years' War. In 1616 Mark Castle was used as a prison. The plague broke out in Hamm in both 1617 and 1619, and again in 1635 (according to other sources in 1636).
The Thirty Years War began in 1618. Hamm's fortifications proved hopelessly out of date. The city therefore had to be handed over to the League, the Catholic Princes' League, in 1622 after only four days of siege by Spanish artillery. The occupation by the Spaniards lasted nine years. The Swedish intervention turned the fortunes of war in favor of the Protestants. In this way, Hesse and Swedish riders replaced the league soldiers (1633). Finally, Hamm was occupied by imperial troops in 1636. The occupation facilities were repaired by the respective occupiers, but the city had to pay a heavy toll and became impoverished. In 1641 the Hammer fended off an attack by the Hessians. With the end of the Thirty Years War in 1648, Hamm's membership of the Mark Brandenburg was expressly confirmed in the Peace of Westphalia . Hamm thereby became a Brandenburg (later Prussian) provincial town. Since the succession between the dynasties of the Count Palatine of Neuburg and the Electors of Brandenburg was disputed, the uncertainty about belonging to Brandenburg lasted until 1666.
In 1647, Matthäus Merian made an engraving which appeared in the 8th volume of the Topographia Germaniae (Topographia Westphaliae). The copper engraving shows the cityscape at that time and is therefore one of the most important sources for the reconstruction of the historical appearance of the city.
The first printing press was opened in Hamm in 1650. From 1651 the city of Hamm was no longer a member of the breaking Hanseatic League and was no longer invited to the few Hanseatic days that still took place during this time. The economic situation of the war-torn city no longer justified membership in the dealers' alliance. Many cities fared like Hamm. The Hanseatic League, consisting of only a few members, collapsed completely in 1669.
In 1653 the city's jurisdiction was curtailed by the Prussian administration and in 1654 the Hammer military garrison was abolished. The re-establishment happened the following year. In 1655 the Prussian administration revived the local authority, which had been inactive since 1409, to possibly change new council elections.
Hamm's University, the "Gymnasium Illustre Academicum", began teaching in 1657 with only three professors (for jurisprudence, theology and philosophy). In the 17th and early 18th centuries, there were numerous students, especially from the towns of the County of Mark (e.g. Altena, Hagen, Hattingen, Kamen, Lüdenscheid, Lünen, Neuenrade, Plettenberg, Soest, Unna). In the 18th century the catchment area narrowed significantly. A low point in development became apparent around the middle of the century. In 1755 there were six and no more students in 1766. In 1781 teaching was stopped. The academic high school was merged with the Latin school. A humanistic grammar school was created, today's Hammonense grammar school . The changes that the Prussian administration had brought about in recent years led to open uproar. Hamm maintained limited self-administration rights vis-à-vis the Berlin higher authorities and Klever estates until they finally fell victim to the Prussian reforms in 1714-18.
In order to move the garrison from Hamm, the district administrators opposed the military policy of the Elector of Brandenburg in 1661 and requested that the garrison be relocated. The elector refused to move to another location, however, on the grounds that towers, walls, ramparts and gates would have to be demolished, but this devastation was of little use. Then he would have to decide to move his soldiers to other cities in the Brandenburg region.
In 1663, the Elandt Plan documents the existence of the city wall. In 1666 a Swiss student wrote to his relatives in Zurich: “If only our Hamm, the first town in County Mark, were fortified with ramparts and ditches. But work is being done to get it back in shape as soon as possible. ”From this, Diederich von Steinen deduces that Hamm never had a city wall. This statement is quoted repeatedly to deny the existence of the city wall. However, it can be explained by the construction of a bastionary fortification for the Hamm garrison site, which began at the end of the 17th century. The palisades also mentioned at Steinen were built in 1738 to prevent black market trading by circumventing the excise and desertion from the Hamm infantry regiment. In 1763 - immediately after the end of the Seven Years' War - the city was devastated; the bastionary fortifications, which were expanded again in 1762, were razed and sold to the citizens to create wall gardens.
In 1666, the Treaty of Partition of Kleve ended the dispute over the inheritance of the Dukes of Kleve and the Counts of Mark by means of an inheritance settlement. The county of Mark with Kleve and Ravensberg, to which the city of Hamm also belonged, was - this time incontestable - added to Brandenburg. Together with Minden, this was the oldest Brandenburg property in the west of the empire. This area formed the core of the later Prussian province of Westphalia. The province of Westphalia existed until the end of World War II and was merged with parts of the Rhineland into what would later become the state of North Rhine-Westphalia under occupation law.
On February 19, 1673, the Brandenburg troops evacuated the city of Hamm. It was occupied by French troops on the evening of February 20th. The occupation lasted until June 14th. During this time, the city had to pay the French 87,600 Reichstaler. In 1679, between May 26th and July 29th, it was again occupied by French troops. In 1695 there was a city fire in the area of the Westentor and in 1696 the plague broke out again in Hamm. In 1699 farmers from Münster in the north of Hamm stole 54 cattle and sold them in Ahlen. The developing dispute between the bishop in Münster and the city of Hamm was not settled until 1704.
Kingdom of Prussia (1701-1808)
The Electors of Brandenburg had been the Kings of Prussia since 1701. As a result, the city was now part of the Kingdom of Prussia. In 1718 the annually changing council was replaced by the permanent magistrate. In 1722 the first Lutheran Church hymn book in the county was published. In 1730 a city fire destroyed 16 houses (according to other sources over 30). Another major fire in 1734 destroyed another 200 houses.
The construction of the Martin Luther Church also began in 1734. A year later the monastery brewery was established in Hamm. Bernhard Caspar Pröpsting is documented as the owner for the year 1735. The question of whether he is the actual founder of the brewery or whether the brewery emerged from a long-standing brewery cannot be answered to this day. In 1971 the brewery, which had been family-owned until then, was taken over by the Isenbeck brewery.
In 1736 Johann Bernhard Stuniken was appointed chief fire chief for Hamm. 1738 were palisades built to black market by bypassing the excise and desertions from the infantry regiment to prevent the city. In 1739 the Martin Luther Church was inaugurated. A year later, Frederick the Great became King of Prussia and thus Hamm's supreme ruler. In 1741 another major fire destroyed 346 houses and the old Gothic town hall along with the city archive. The St Paul until then a three-nave and fünfjochige hall with weitausladendem cross-house and equipped with a long Vorjoch chorus, in a 7/12 Eck concluded. After the great fire of 1741, the vault of the central nave was no longer built in the old height during the subsequent reconstruction, so that the hall character of the building was emphasized. In 1743 the city received a fire order. The Stuniken House was built in 1748. In 1753 the district of Hamm was founded and the Royal District Court of Hamm was opened as one of six district courts in the County of Mark. The new tower of the Pauluskirche was completed and rededicated three years later. In 1756 Frederick the Great started the Seven Years' War . Sources show that in 1760 the former city walls fell into disrepair and that Hamm was fortified by ramparts, palisades and moats. From 1761 to 1762 French troops besieged the city and destroyed several houses with the bombardment of the artillery. As a result, the bastionary fortifications were expanded. In 1763 the Peace of Hubertusburg ended the Seven Years' War. King Friedrich appointed Karl Friedrich von Wolffersdorff commander of the Hamm regiment, who was soon decried as a despot. The city was decongested and the bastionary fortifications that had just been built were razed. In 1764 General Karl Friedrich von Wolffersdorff had the Ostenallee laid out. The Isenbeck beer brand was founded in 1769. In 1772 Wolffersdorff had the last remains of Mark Castle demolished and used as building material for a barracks. In 1781 Karl Friedrich von Wolffersdorff died and in 1784 Johann Bernhard Stuniken died. In 1787 the Prussian administration set up a war and domain chamber as the higher authority for the county of Mark in Hamm ( Märkische war and domain chamber ). 1793 Karl Freiherr vom Stein appointed one of its presidents. While it belonged to the Grand Duchy of Berg , the higher authority for the newly created Ruhr Department, which had been redesigned according to the French model, was moved to Dortmund in November 1808. In 1791, the Masonic St. John's Lodge at the bright light was founded . In 1792 Hamm became the seat of the government in exile of the two king brothers Ludwig XVIII. and of the later Charles X of France. The two accepted an invitation from Friedrich Wilhelm II and spent several months in Hamm. They resided in the Nassauer Hof, where the Marienhospital is located today.
In 1795/96 a "female educational institute" with an attached "pension institution" was set up as a forerunner of the Beisenkamp grammar school, which was converted into the Evangelical Higher Daughter School in 1866, transferred to the Municipal Higher Daughter School in 1875 and then into the Higher Girls' School in 1895/96 was transferred. In 1948 a single boy was admitted to the school. In 1970 the name was changed to Beisenkamp-Gymnasium and from 1973 male students were also admitted.
In the period from 1796 to 1798 the city gates were demolished.
In the 18th century, the first mayor was called the “guessing mayor” and his colleague was called the “second mayor”. A Catholic, a Lutheran and a Reformed elementary school has been proven. In 1800 the Ostenfriedhof on the Ostenallee was opened as a community cemetery for all religious communities. This was necessary for hygienic reasons to replace the cemeteries within the old town. In 1802 there was great inflation and famine. In 1803 the foundations of Mark Castle were broken out. The destruction was so lasting that later archaeological investigations hardly revealed any finds.
Grand Duchy of Berg (1808–1813)
On October 23, 1806, the city was occupied by Napoleonic troops. Hamm, which had been under French occupation since then, was incorporated into the new Grand Duchy of Berg in January 1808 together with the county of Mark , which Joachim Murat, brother-in-law of Napoleon I, ruled. Hamm served as the seat of a canton within the Hamm arrondissement in the Ruhr department . In the course of secularization , the Kentrop monastery was dissolved. In 1807 the Peace of Tilsit came about . Prussia, devastated by Napoleon in the previous year near Jena, had to cede all possessions west of the Elbe. Due to the French rule, the city administration experienced various changes. The mayor (mayor) was assisted by two councilors who were advised by the members of the municipal council who were also appointed. This condition was retained even after reintegration into the Kingdom of Prussia. However, the Munizipalrat was renamed the Municipal Council. However, its members continued to be appointed for life, as a rule. Only with the introduction of the revised city regulations were elections to the municipal council held in Hamm in 1835. Since then there has been a magistrate with a mayor again. With the introduction of the magistrate's order in the Prussian province of Westphalia in 1855, the municipal council was renamed the city council. This was elected until 1918 according to the three-class suffrage. From 1919 to 1933 the general rules of the magistrate were retained, but the members of the city council were elected according to the general, equal and secret electoral law. After the return to parliamentary democracy was initiated in July 1945 with the citizens' council, the city council now acted as the highest municipal decision-making body.
In 1809, Napoleon's four-year-old nephew, Napoléon Louis Bonaparte, assumed the title of Grand Duke of Kleve and Berg under imperial tutelage and regency. He was the eldest living son of the King of Holland and brother of Napoleon III. For a few days, from July 1 to 13, 1810, the Grand Duchy of Berg was linked to the Kingdom of Holland in personal union, because in this short time the Grand Duke of Berg was also King of Holland. From 1813 the city belonged to the Prussian civil government between the Weser and the Rhine. In 1814 the Marienhof Franciscan monastery in Rhynern was closed. The Quadriga of the Brandenburg Gate in Berlin, which Napoleon brought to Paris, was set up for one night on the market square in Hamm on its return on May 15.
From 1815 Hamm was finally Prussian. The city became the seat of a district within the administrative district of Arnsberg in the province of Westphalia . Most of today's Hammer districts also belonged to the Grafschaft Mark and were assigned to the Prussian province of Westphalia in 1815. Only Bockum-Hövel and Heessen belonged to the Duchy of Münster until 1803 , but were also annexed to the Grand Duchy of Berg in 1806 , to the Prussian civil government between Weser and Rhine in 1813 and to the Province of Westphalia in 1815.
Kingdom of Prussia (1813–1871)
The district government - the successor authority to the War and Domain Chamber - was relocated to Arnsberg in 1816 and Hamm became the seat of a Prussian district office in 1817 (Hamm district). The former "Appellate Court" (today Hamm Higher Regional Court ) was relocated from Kleve to Hamm in 1820 as a replacement for the Prussian headquarters in South Westphalia, which had moved to Arnsberg . In the period from 1882 to 1900, the former Prussian minister of education, Adalbert Falk, was the president of the higher regional court in Hamm.
The making the Lippe navigable began in 1820, was achieved by 1826 and continued to Lippstadt in 1830. In 1826 the first Lippe lock was put into operation and in 1856 a second was built.
In 1821 the merger of the Reformed and Lutheran congregations led to the renaming of today's St. Paul's Church as "Great Church". In 1822 Heinrich Jakob Grote from Wesel founded the forerunner of the Westphalian Gazette, the Hammsche Wochenblatt district. From 1825 to 1850 the newspaper appeared under the title "Wochenblatt für die Stadt und der Kreis Hamm". On December 9, 1850, the name "Westfälischer Anzeiger" was used for the first time. In addition, an original cadastral map was made during this time, which is an important source for the historic townscape of Hamm today.
The Franciscan monastery in Hamm was closed in 1824 and later expanded to become the central prison of the province of Westphalia. The last public execution on Galgenknapp (today's Karlsplatz) took place in 1829, and in 1853 the last execution took place in Hamm.
As early as 1817 there was great inflation and famine in Hamm. The spoiled potato harvest in 1830 led to another famine a year later and also in the years 1845–1847, after spoiled rye harvests, inflation and famine occurred.
In 1836, the revised city regulations were introduced in Hamm . With effect from April 1, 1901, Hamm left the Hamm district and became an independent city . The city initially remained the seat of the district of Hamm , which, however, moved its headquarters to Unna in 1929 and as a result was renamed the Unna district in 1930 . In 1837 Karl von Bodelschwingh and in 1845 Ernst von Vincke were appointed district administrator.
The "Association for Horse Dressage for the Service of the Landwehr Cavalry in the Arnsberg District" was founded in 1839. From that year until December 10th, 2008 the horse market took place in the central halls.
Industrial revolution
The industrial revolution in Hamm was initially shaped by the focus on breweries , bakeries and restaurants. In addition to private breweries, the breweries Pröpsting (before 1735), Asbeck (1757) and Isenbeck (1769) were established.
The first industrial plant was built in 1810 with the Wilhelm Hobrecker rolling mill, which was built outside the city. The greatest obstacle to economic development was the lack of connection through developed roads with the neighboring, non-Prussian surrounding area. Therefore, from 1817 onwards, the roads to Münster (1817–35), Werl (1826–27), Pelkum (1833) and Wiedenbrück (1844–1845) were made into country roads. Further stages in the expansion of the infrastructure were the making the Lippe navigable (1819–1826) and the connection to the main line of the Cologne-Mindener Eisenbahn-Gesellschaft (1847) via Hamm . These extensive construction measures created numerous jobs, which triggered the first wave of immigration .
Nevertheless, bankruptcies occurred , such as the color factory for “black leg” made of bone charcoal (in the Nordenfeldmark) or Müller & Klapperhecke (1847), which, in addition to the same product, also manufactured salmiac, which went out in 1838 . The city was also hit by a number of disasters , including the potato blight of 1845 and the rye fire of 1846. In 1847, a poor feeder was set up. Numerous working-class families emigrated to America. The wave of emigration only peaked in 1854. Others bought cattle and tilled their gardens, an activity most of them had learned as the current urban population was mostly rural. Nevertheless, the dissatisfaction grew, so that District Administrator v. On May 22, 1846, Vincke asked the city's innkeepers to report those who had taken part in "raisonnements about church and state", "in order to be able to initiate an investigation against them."
In 1847 the first railway line from Cologne to Minden was opened through Hamm. The Hamm-Münster railway followed just a year later. Hammer Bahnhof was the first railway junction in Germany.
The revolutionary year of 1848 did not leave Hamm untouched either, although "especially in Hamm", where an "honest, honest spirit" prevailed, the troops on the way to Iserlohn were received with great cheers. Franz Schwenniger, an Essen geometer born on February 26, 1822, who had worked in Saxony and had been imprisoned several times, represented the "Craftsmen and Workers' Association" in Hamm - this had over 300 members - and took part from August 23 to 3. September 1848 participated in the Berlin workers' congress. Kapp and Weydemeyer were Hammer representatives at the Democrats' Congress in Frankfurt.
After 1849 the workers' associations were banned. Some of its members found themselves in workers' choirs, which, however, were also banned the following year. Influential men like Christian Esselle , who organized the Frankfurt workers' association, were expelled. Friedrich Kapp , who worked as a trainee lawyer at the Hamm Higher Regional Court in Hamm , emigrated to the USA and did not return until 1871 as a politician and historian. Joseph Weydemeyer , geometer of the Cologne-Mindener Eisenbahn-Gesellschaft , moved to Darmstadt, where he published the Neue Deutsche Zeitung. He lived in St. Louis from 1851 until his death in 1866.
At the same time, the city was hit by a severe cholera epidemic that killed 140 of its 7,000 residents. The transmission via the wells, from which the population was supplied with drinking water, was only prevented from 1887 by a public drinking water supply.
In the following years, industrialization began in Hamm by leaps and bounds. This is how the Hobrecker-Witte-Herbers wire works came into being in 1856 - just like the Cosack & Co. iron wire works in the previous year , which merged with Phönix Ruhrort as a union in 1890 and became part of the United Steel Works . Gaswerk AG was established in 1858 and a brick factory in 1864 . This wave was also accompanied by bankruptcies , such as Vogt and Raub: Blaustein and Salzburger Vitriol in 1852, or Jakob Kaufmann with his agricultural machines, which only existed from 1854 to 1857.
A significant part of the immigrant workers, who live under difficult conditions, came from Catholic areas. Therefore, the proportion of Catholics in the population grew from 1,948 in 1818 to 3,646 in 1849 with 2,688 and 3,607 Protestant inhabitants, respectively. In 1871 there were 9,585 Catholics for every 7,160 Evangelicals. In 1865 the wire industrialist Josef Cosack donated a chapel in honor of the worker saint Joseph. In the same year, the social democrat announced the establishment of a “new community” in Hamm.
Today's Märkische Gymnasium was founded in 1867. Ernst von Bodelschwingh was appointed district administrator. He died in 1881.
German Empire (1871–1945)
Imperial era (1871-1918)
In the start-up fever between the founding of the Empire and the Vienna stock exchange crash (1873), new plants were also created in Hamm. At Freiske, south of Unna, they were looking for coal. Although this important raw material was found there in 1874, the city of Hamm remained untouched by the economic crisis of the following years. The Westphalian Union , which had around 700 employees in 1872, remained the largest employer in the region regardless of the competition.
In 1876 no coal was found in test bores, but the brine source in Werries. The colliery baron Friedrich Grillo bought the brine for 100,000 marks and conducted it with a 24 km long line through Hamm to Unna-Königsborn. The hammer obtained a connection to this line and in 1883 built a bathhouse and the “Bad Hamm” spa.
With the ban of the General German Workers' Association (1874) and the SPD (1878), the WDI and WU directorates announced that they wanted to resign all Social Democrats. Chief Public Prosecutor Hermann Irgahn was mainly responsible for the prosecution of the "patriotic journeymen". When the SPD was re-admitted to the Reichstag elections of 1890, it received only 377 votes in the constituency of Hamm-Soest, the equivalent of 1.7%. In Hamm, the center and the national liberals dominated politics. The Christian unions set the tone in the factories . Nevertheless, in May 1889, employees of the wire works in Hamm took to the streets in order to achieve the reintroduction of the eight-hour day. They resisted the twelve-hour shift system and the fact that even the Sunday rest was only from 6 a.m. to 6 p.m. They also refused to buy the oil necessary for the work themselves. This was 20% cheaper in the city than in the factory, but the workers were obliged to buy it at the factory. On May 14th, there were serious clashes between 60 to 70 detainees with the police in the area around the station . In the Reichstag election of 1893, the SPD already received 7% of the vote, in 1903 even 19%. Until 1896, printers , machinists , metal workers, mechanical engineers and stokers were organized in free trade unions. In 1905 they had 817 members in 15 unions, according to a report by Mayor Matthaei. The largest union, however, was the Catholic Workers' Association with 1,500 members. A total of 4,200 members were organized in 28 trades.
In 1882 Walter von Vincke was appointed district administrator in the Hamm district. In 1884 the garrison was disbanded and the Municipal Music Association was founded. In 1885 the factory owner Hundhausen discovered abundant coal deposits while trying to build a well on his property in Bismarckstrasse. Then the four large collieries were built. In 1886 the first collections of the Gustav Lübcke Museum were created. In 1890 the city was hit by the worst flood in history. The construction of the Higher Regional Court , today's town hall, was therefore relocated to a higher location.
The Georgskirche (today's Pauluskirche ) was faced in 1891 with the harder, gray Rüthener sandstone . Between 1892 and 1894, renovation work also led to structural changes. In 1912 it was given its current name.
The sewer system was built in 1891/92, the public library was founded in 1895 as the forerunner of today's city library and the first tram was put into operation in 1898 . In 1902, the municipal high school was founded as the predecessor of today's Freiherr-vom-Stein-Gymnasium.
Due to the stormy industrialization in Hamm, the number of inhabitants exceeded the mark of 30,000 for the first time at the end of the 19th century. Thereupon Hamm was granted the freedom of the district. The de Wendel colliery was opened and later renamed Heinrich Robert . The Maximilian colliery opened in 1903, the Radbod colliery opened in 1905 and the Sachsen colliery opened in 1912 . The 1908 mine accident at the Radbod colliery was one of the worst in German coal mining, with 348 dead. In 1910 the chemical industry moved into Hamm. The Lackfabrik Hesse was founded in Hammer West.
From 1911 to 1913, the city planning officer Otto Krafft relocated the Ahse from the city center to the east. This enabled the construction of the Datteln-Hamm Canal (completed in 1914) and gave urban development a new boost. The ring systems were also built in the course of this construction work. In 1914 the port was put into operation.
The First World War (1914-1918) hampered the development of the city. In August 1914, the Maximilian mine stopped mining. As early as February, water from the overburden penetrated the pit. It was salty and carbonated and caused the machinery used underground to wear out quickly. In addition, due to the partial blockage of rail freight traffic due to the First World War, the delivery of spare parts for the pumps used was delayed, so that the mine “drowns”, i. H. the water reached the first level and finally ran out for days. The systematic mining of coal at the Maximilian colliery took less than two years. City planning officer Otto Krafft died in 1916.
Weimar Republic (1918–1933)
After the station command was occupied on November 9, 1918, a workers 'and soldiers' council was formed, which was banned from political sideline by the Prussian municipal elections on March 2, 1919. Overall, the center maintained its position as the leading party in Hamm in the local elections during the Weimar Republic. It was only overtaken by the NSDAP in the March 1933 elections, which were already unfree. In December 1918 the gas works was shut down. The Radbod colliery took over the city's gas supply from 1920.
Triggered by the Kapp Putsch in 1920, the "Red Army" consisting of miners fought a battle with the Reichswehr with dead and wounded. A railway bridge exploded. Three leaders of the defeated miners were shot dead.
In 1923 the first Reich President Friedrich Ebert visited Hamm.
After the First World War, passenger transport on the Hamm tram was discontinued due to inflation between 1923 and 1925. In 1924 and 1925, the railway carried waste material from the De Wendel colliery to today's Otto-Kraft-Platz. A former floodplain of the Ahse, which was moved in 1913, was filled in there. In addition, construction work began on “Schacht Franz” of the De Wendel colliery, which was planned as an independent production site. In 1928 the shaft started production. In 1932 this was stopped for two years as part of the global economic crisis. In 1937, the De Wendel colliery was converted into a new corporate form. She was given the name "Heinrich Robert".
In 1924, the Heessener Waldbühne was founded and the main post office on Bahnhofsstraße opened. A year later, the city's first bus line (between the train station and Herringen) went into operation. The last parcel delivery by horse and cart took place in 1932. The Hamm Zoo was opened in 1933. The planned closure of the Sachsen colliery was averted by massive protests from the ranks of the plant management, the workforce and the community of Heessen.
Third Reich and Second World War (1933–1945)
The mass unemployment affected many Hammer citizens. Poverty became a problem. The NSDAP took advantage of this situation and promised an improvement in its election manifesto. In the Reichstag elections in March 1933, the NSDAP in Hamm won with "only" 38.06% of the vote, while in Norddinker 82% and in Uentrop 77% of the citizens voted for the National Socialists. In the months and years after Adolf Hitler's appointment as Chancellor, several raids were carried out in the Hammer city area. Victims were u. a. Social Democrats and Communists. There were also first attacks on the Jewish population. With the Prussian municipal constitution law of December 15, 1933 and the German municipal ordinance of January 30, 1935, the harmonization of city administration and city council was also completed in Hamm.
During the pogrom night on November 9, 1938, the Hammer Synagogue was devastated and later had to be torn down by the Jews themselves. The Jewish community was deported if they could not escape to safety abroad.
In 1938, Hamm was also opened up for motor vehicle traffic by the Oberhausen-Hannover ( A2 ) motorway. In 1939 the village of Mark was incorporated into Hamm. In 1939/40 renovation work on the Pauluskirche led to structural changes.
In early June 1940 the first bombs fell on the Hamm area at night. They were dropped by British bombers in retaliation for German bombing raids on civilians in English industrial cities. Another attack followed on September 8, just before midnight. Two bombs hit the Liebfrauenkirche and caused serious damage. Goebbels exploited the fact that this was the first place of worship in Germany to be a victim of the bombs .
In 1940 the first of the later eleven bunkers were built. Furthermore, the municipal music school was founded, which is one of the largest and most important music schools in Germany today.
In 1943 the Allies began area bombing. In a severe attack on March 4, 1943, which was primarily aimed at the Westphalian Union, 154 people died. At times several thousand forced laborers and prisoners of war were housed in specially set up camps. Most of them worked in the surrounding mines.
In 1943 the Maximilian colliery was closed. In 1944, a mine accident occurred at the Sachsen colliery with 169 dead. On April 22nd, the first major attack took place on the entire city area and the surrounding area. Using 750 bombers and several hundred fighters, 8,000 high-explosive and 3,500 incendiary bombs were dropped. The city was in ruins. About 240 buildings were completely destroyed, another 350 badly damaged. The marshalling yard, the freight yard and residential areas in the southern and western part of the city were particularly hard hit. With well over 200 fatalities, this attack claimed most of the lives that were ever killed in an air raid on the city of Hamm during the war. On May 31, 1944, another air raid, in which a bomb hit the so-called "Russian camp", claimed another 200 deaths (mainly forced laborers and prisoners of war). In the autumn of 1944, three large series of attacks on the city and the surrounding area followed, which also caused severe damage. An excerpt from the official description of the city and rural districts in the administrative district of Arnsberg from February 1944 names Hamm as an “air raid shelter of the first order. At the beginning of the war, Hamm was the most frequently attacked city in the industrial area because of its importance for traffic. The strategic importance of the Hamm area was not only due to its marshalling yard and the canal, but also to the four barracks and the wire works that were once so important for the city's economy and now produced important war goods. The air raids in December 1944 led to the complete destruction of the city archives. The municipal music school stopped teaching due to the war.
The city of Hamm, which was severely damaged by the war, was captured and occupied by US troops on April 6, 1945 after individual defensive battles. The war ended for the city. The Jewish community in Hamm no longer existed. Later, individual Jewish people from Hamm joined the Jewish community of Groß-Dortmund.
During the Second World War, 1,029 people were killed in Hamm, of which 233 were internees and prisoners of war. Due to its centrality, Hamm was - after Dortmund - the most heavily damaged city in the Westphalian Ruhr area. More than 60% of the city was destroyed in 55 air strikes. The bunkers survived the massive bombing raids and are still part of the cityscape today.
Post-war period and Federal Republic of Germany (from May 23, 1949)
During the reconstruction after the war, only the three old churches in the city were rebuilt in the earlier style. In 1953 the Agnes Church and in 1954 the Paulus Church, which was badly damaged in the war, was consecrated again. The other new buildings were mostly in the modern style. In the further urban planning, the needs of car traffic played a major role.
Only gradually was Hamm , located in the British occupation zone , able to return to normal after the World War. The municipal music school resumed teaching (1948), the “Kristallpalast” and “Atrium” cinemas were reopened (1948), the actor Hans Albers made a guest appearance with the play Liliom in the Kurhaus (1949), the Adolph-Brühl-Kampfbahn was inaugurated (1951), the zoo reopened (1951) and the Hamm-Lippewiesen airfield opened (1956). The "HAM" sign for Hamm was introduced in 1956. In addition, Bockum-Hövel received town charter in 1956.
After the first high-rise building had been built for the Hamm Higher Regional Court in 1959 , the city subsequently bought the old building from 1894 and since then has again owned a historic town hall in the city center. The first set of traffic lights at the Westentor also went into operation in 1959.
After the brine spring dried up, the traditional Bad Hamm was given up in 1960. The manual therapy clinic is located on the site of the old bath. With the construction of the new Kurhaus and the establishment of the Maximare leisure pool, Hamm built on the times of Bad Hamm. In 1961 the tram traffic of the Hamm tram was finally stopped. In 1962 the tower of the Pauluskirche was completed in its present form. In the course of the first communal reorganization, Hamm was expanded to include mountains, western tunnels and parts of Wiescherhöfen on January 1, 1968. The Galilei High School was also founded.
The Heinrich Robert colliery joined the Ruhrkohle-AG in 1969 . The Selbachpark in Pelkum was built between 1971 and 1974 based on the Ruhr area district parks and was opened on July 12, 1975. The pedestrian zone was put into operation in 1972. On January 1, 1975, Hamm was expanded by the second municipal reorganization to include Bockum-Hövel, Heessen, Pelkum, Rhynern and Uentrop.
A 750 year festival week for the city took place in September 1976.
The supply of the city with electricity, water, gas and local public transport was combined in one company in 1977, the Stadtwerke Hamm . These state the year 1858, in which the first gasworks was opened, as the year they were founded.
In 1981 the natural history museum was opened on the grounds of the zoo and in 1983 the thorium high-temperature reactor ( THTR-300 nuclear power plant ) was built in the Schmehausen district of the Hamm-Uentrop district .
In 1984 the first state horticultural show in North Rhine-Westphalia took place in Hamm. The Maximilianpark, built on the site of the former Maximilian colliery, is still one of the largest leisure and recreation facilities in the city. The huge glass elephant built especially for this purpose is today one of the city's landmarks alongside the Pauluskirche.
The waste incineration plant was put into operation in 1985. A year later, the Masannek affair rocked the city. The two doctoral degrees of the department head for economic development, sport and waste disposal, to whom the city u. a. the waste incineration plant and the ice rink turned out to be fake.
In 1986 the Peace School started teaching. In addition, a Waldorf school was founded in 1987.
The Isenbeck brewery was shut down in 1988 and demolished in 1990.
On September 1, 1989, the decision was made to shut down the THTR-300 nuclear power plant for cost reasons, due to an accident on May 4, 1986 and numerous incidents. On October 10, 1991, the dry cooling tower was blown up.
Hamm's radio station “Radio Lippewelle Hamm” went on air in 1990 and Hamm's television station, “Offene Kanal Hamm”, went on air on October 3, 1992. In 1992 the "Allee-Center" shopping center was opened on the site of the former Isenbck brewery. As a result, the pedestrian zone and the Wilhelmstrasse industrial park lost much of their importance for retail. In 1993 the new building of the Gustav Lübcke Museum was opened.
After the Sachsen colliery in Heessen (1976, the winding towers were blown up in 1979), the Radbod colliery was closed in 1990 and the daytime facilities of the Franz colliery of the Heinrich Robert colliery in 1994. The site is to be converted into a local recreation area by 2014. In the nineties, the NRW eco-center was founded on the site of the former Sachsen colliery. The focal point is the event hall, which has been called Alfred Fischer Halle since 1998 - after the architect who designed the overlay structures for the Sachsen colliery.
In 1998, the Heinrich Robert colliery was merged with the Haus Aden colliery and the Monopol colliery to form Verbundwerk Ost. On July 1, 2000 at exactly 11:40 a.m., the Westphalia colliery, which is located in the urban area of Ahlen, but offered jobs to many Hammer miners, also stopped mining.
In 1996 the Otmar Alt Foundation was established. The “Ritterpassage” shopping center was opened in 1997 on the Westenwall opposite the Allee Center. The opening of the CinemaxX cinema resulted in the closure of the Atrium and Kristallpalast cinemas.
Since 1999 there is only the full-time mayor, the dual leadership in the city administration has been given up.
In 2002 the Hindu temple in Uentrop was inaugurated. The Sri Kamadchi Ampal Temple has been the largest Tamil-Hindu temple in Europe since its completion and inauguration on July 7th, 2002 and the second largest Hindu temple in Europe after the North Indian-style London temple.
The Maximare leisure pool and the reopening of the renovated and partially newly built Kurhaus took place in 2003. A year later, a replica of the third landmark of Hamm (next to Pauluskirche and Glaselefant), the filling beer glass of the Isenbeck brewery, was installed at the Universa-Haus put into operation.
In 2005 the Technical Town Hall opened. In the same year, the SRH University of Applied Sciences Hamm was founded in Heessen with a focus on logistics and economics, which, together with the city library, is to move into a new building on the former after-school care center in the immediate vicinity of the main station by 2009. Hamm's city libraries were named Library of the Year 2005.
Plans to build a lake in the Lippeauen ("Hamm ans Wasser") failed in 2006 due to the result of a council decision. In January, during the demolition of the Elisabeth Children's Clinic on the north wall, the foundation walls of the castle of the town's founder, Adolf I von der Mark , first mentioned in 1269 , were exposed. The city castle had been the seat of the sovereign rentmaster since the middle of the 15th century, and later a royal free court. The buildings were destroyed by the air raids in 1944.
In 2007, the Sodenkamp affair was reminiscent of the Masannek affair twenty years earlier. Dirk Sodenkamp, CDU local politician from Fröndenberg, applied for the post of city archivist in Hamm with a forged certificate and was accepted despite better qualified applicants.
In 2008, the planned service life of which was mine east site Zeche Heinrich-Robert extended by 9 months. It should compensate for operational failures in Saarland.
On September 30, 2010, the 109-year mining history of the city of Hamm and the surrounding region in the eastern Ruhr area ended. The former Heinrich-Robert colliery, the last operating location of the East Mine and the last coking coal mine in Germany, was shut down as planned. The decommissioning work will last until 2011.
Population development
Unfortunately, the development of the population cannot be traced back indefinitely. The oldest numbers that can be precisely named are those of the first census in 1819. The data for earlier centuries are based on more or less precise estimates . The size of the city was estimated for the year 1618 with only about 1000 inhabitants.
In 1819 Hamm had 4,657 inhabitants. The now much larger city of Dortmund and the former Free Imperial City had 4,453 inhabitants in the same year, Essen 4842 (status: 1822), Münster had 15,158 inhabitants in 1818, Cologne 55,355 in 1819. Hamm, Dortmund and Essen belonged to the beginning of the 19th century. Century to the Rhenish-Westphalian medium -sized towns , as is the case today with Soest or Unna.
With the industrialization that began slowly in Hamm at the beginning of the 19th century, the size and population of these cities grew rapidly. The city's population increased from 4,467 in 1819 to 31,371 in 1900.
By 1925 the population rose to more than 50,000. As a result of the later incorporation of the neighboring towns - in particular through the municipal reform of January 1, 1975 - the number of inhabitants was more than doubled, from 83,000 to 172,000. Hamm thus caught up with the big cities. In 2003 the population reached its historic high of 184,961. On December 31, 2006, the “ official number of inhabitants ” for Hamm was 183,672 according to an update by the State Office for Data Processing and Statistics North Rhine-Westphalia (only main residences and after comparison with the other state offices ). As of December 31, 2007, the city of Hamm has a population of only 179,853.
literature
- Frolinde Balser: Social Democrats 1848 / 49–1863. 2 vol., Stuttgart 1962.
- Ingrid Bauert-Keetmann: Hamm, chronicle of a city. Cologne 1965.
- Anneliese Beeck: Hamm, the 50s in the picture. Prolibris-Verlag, Kassel 2000, ISBN 3-935263-01-5 .
- Anneliese Beeck: This is how the new Hamm was created: End of the war and reconstruction. Griebsch, Hamm 1992, ISBN 3-924966-03-6 .
- Anneliese Beeck: Things were looking up in Hamm 1949–1955. Westfälischer Anzeiger Verlagsgesellschaft, Hamm 1997, ISBN 3-924966-13-3 .
- Anneliese Beeck: On the way to the city of Hamm: 1956–1975. Westfälischer Anzeiger Verlagsgesellschaft, Hamm 2001, ISBN 3-924966-30-3 .
- Anneliese Beeck: Hamm under the swastika: 1930–1945. Westfälischer Anzeiger Verlagsgesellschaft, Hamm 2007, ISBN 978-3-924966-33-1 .
- Rainer Brücker: The denominational development in Westphalia in the 17th century. Dissertation, Münster 2004. (online)
- Moritz Friedrich Essellen : Description and brief history of the Hamm district and the individual localities in the same. Hamm 1985 (unchanged reprint of the original edition from 1851). ISBN 3-923846-07-X .
- Vera Grömmel: Data and facts on the regional labor market, final report on the labor market survey in the Hamm / district of Unna. Bergkamen January 2001.
- Walther Hubatsch (Ed.): Outline of German administrative history 1815–1945. Volume 8: Westphalia. Johann Gottfried Herder Institute, Marburg 1980.
- Friedrich Kennemann: Sources on the political and social history of Westphalia in the 19th century and on contemporary history. 2 vols., Hamm 1975 and 1976.
- Erich Keyser (ed.): Westphalian city book. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart 1954.
- Otto Krabs: Events and Stories. From the history of the SPD in the sub-district of Hamm (Westphalia). In: SPD - 100 years of the Hamm sub-district. o. O. 1963.
- Magistrate of the city of Hamm (Westphalia) (Hrsg.): 700 years of the city of Hamm (Westphalia). Festschrift to commemorate the 700th anniversary of the city of Hamm (Westphalia). Stein, Werl 1973, ISBN 3-920980-08-5 . (unchanged reprint of the original edition from 1927)
- Meinold Markus: Hamm (Westf) station. The story of a railway junction. DGEG Medien, Hövelhof 2004, ISBN 3-937189-07-6 .
- Alfred Overmann (edit.): The city rights of the county of Mark, 2. Hamm. Aschendorffsche Buchhandlung, Münster 1903. (= publications of the historical commission for Westphalia. Legal sources. Westphalian city rights I )
- Eduard Raabe: History of the city of Hamm. 2 volumes, Leipzig 1903.
- Wilhelm Ribhegge (Ed.) U. a .: History of the city and region of Hamm in the 19th and 20th centuries. Patmos Verlag, Düsseldorf 1991, ISBN 3-491-34228-7 .
- Wilhelm Ribhegge: The Counts of the Mark and the history of the city of Hamm in the Middle Ages. Ardey Verlag, Münster 2000
- Heinz Stoob, Wilfried Ehbrecht (Ed. On behalf of the Historical Commission for Westphalia and with the support of the Regional Association of Westphalia-Lippe): Westphalian city atlas. Volume I, Part 7: Heinz Stoob: Hamm City Map. Dortmund-Altenbeken 1975, ISBN 3-89115-334-1 .
- Friedrich Wilhelm Jerrentrup , Peter, Feussner: Old churches in Hamm. Westfälischer Anzeiger Verlagsgesellschaft, 1999, ISBN 3-924966-23-0 .
- Yearbook of the city of Hamm 2005. Online version.
- Herbert Wagner : The Gestapo wasn't alone ... Political social control and state terror in the German-Dutch border area. LIT-Verlag, Münster 2004. (includes Hamm special court)
- Fritz Brümmer: 750 years of Hamm and how it went on. A cheerful city chronicle.
- Hamm, development of the city plan from the Middle Ages to the present. on the occasion of the exhibition of the city of Hamm in the Gustav-Lübcke-Museum from September 13 to October 18, 1981.
- Antiquity Commission for Westphalia / Landschaftsverband Westfalen-Lippe (Hrsg.): Early castles in Westphalia 19, The Homburg and the Mark Castle, district-free city of Hamm.
- Karl Wulf: Hamm - City between Lippe and Ahse, historical review from the beginnings to around 1930. Published by the Hamm urban planning office.
- Description and brief history of the Hamm district and the individual localities in the same. 1851. (Reprint: Verlag Reimann, Hamm 1985, ISBN 3-923846-07-X )
- Herbert Zink (Ed. On behalf of the city of Hamm): 750 years of the city of Hamm. Griebsch, Hamm 1976.
- Willi E. Schroeder: A home book. Two districts introduce themselves. Bockum and Hövel. Hamm 1980, DNB 880694866 .
Web links
- Homepage of the city of Hamm
- Hamm Wiki
- Michel Muth: History of the City of Hamm
- Link catalog on the subject of Hamm, Westphalia at curlie.org (formerly DMOZ )
- Hammona The city of Hamm in historical views
- Open Church - Pauluskirche
Individual evidence
- ↑ Karl Wulf, Hamm - city between Lippe and Ahse. Historical review from the beginnings to around 1930. Published by the Hamm Urban Planning Office, September 1999, p. 17.
- ↑ Karl Wulf, Hamm - city between Lippe and Ahse. Historical review from the beginnings to around 1930. Published by the Hamm Urban Planning Office, September 1999, p. 9 f.
- ↑ Karl Wulf, Hamm - city between Lippe and Ahse. Historical review from the beginnings to around 1930. Published by the Hamm Urban Planning Office, September 1999, p. 16 ff.
- ↑ Hamm, Development of the city plan from the Middle Ages to the present. Published by the Museum Hamm on the occasion of the exhibition "Hamm - Historical Maps and Plans" in 1981.
- ↑ Günter Wiesendahl: The Count's District in the Hammer Old Town, in: Heimatblätter 7, April 2007, p. 1, again in: Unser Westfalen 2007, p. 49–51, here: p. 50.
- ↑ Document of July 15, 1263: Gerhard, judge, called Vielhaber, mayor, lay judges and councilors of Hamm testify that Dietrich von Leithen has resigned the goods which he sold to the Welver monastery. They are the goods: Hage and Halebruch, Humbracht and Bredelo, Stemme and Distelhof. Landesarchiv NRW, Findbuch A 394 Kloster Werden, 13th century, No. 44.
- ↑ G. Eggenstein, M. Moser: Vernichtender Brand in the founding phase , in: Archeology in Germany 01, 2017, p. 48.
- ↑ Hamm, Development of the city plan from the Middle Ages to the present. Published by the Museum Hamm on the occasion of the exhibition "Hamm - Historical Maps and Plans" in 1981, p. 18.
- ↑ Hamm, Development of the city plan from the Middle Ages to the present. Published by the Museum Hamm on the occasion of the exhibition "Hamm - Historical Maps and Plans" in 1981, p. 19.
- ↑ As with A. Overmann: Die Stadtrechte der Grafschaft Mark 2. Hamm, Münster 1903, p. 4 *: Hamm never owned a stone wall like Lippstadt.
- ↑ Essellen, p. 58 f.
- ↑ Essellen, p. 57.
- ^ Weekly newspaper for the city and the district of Hamm, 42, May 27, 1846, city archives, ZAS, restaurants AH, unless renamed long ago.
- ↑ Keinemann I, 25 and 45.
- ↑ Balser 614, Krabs 11.
- ↑ Essellen, p. 56.
- ^ Social Democrat 70, v. June 11, 1865.
- ↑ Sachisthal, p. 42.
- ^ Westfälischer Anzeiger , May 14, 1889.
- ↑ Martin Bünermann: The communities of the first reorganization program in North Rhine-Westphalia . Deutscher Gemeindeverlag, Cologne 1970.
- ↑ a b Massanek affair in: Time April 25, 1986
- ↑ Westfälische Rundschau 7/2007 ( Memento from August 14, 2008 in the Internet Archive )
- ^ Declaration by the mayor on this affair ( memento from July 19, 2011 in the Internet Archive )