History of Bockum-Hövel
The history of the two villages Bockum and Hövel , which today belong to the Hamm-Bockum-Hövel district of the city of Hamm in Westphalia , is shaped by their border location between the diocese of Münster and the city of Hamm. The latter belonged to the County of Mark until 1609 , then to Prussia . Bockum-Hövel and Heessen , which are north of the Lippe , still belong to the diocese of Münster, while the districts south of the Lippe are part of the Archdiocese of Paderborn .
Until 1905, Bockum and Hövel were dominated by agriculture. It was only when the groundbreaking ceremony for the Radbod colliery was done on March 13, 1905 that industrialization began. The resulting increase in population led to the two villages growing together. In 1939 they merged to form the Bockum-Hövel community. On March 20, 1956, it was given city rights. As part of the regional reform of 1975, the city of Bockum-Hövel was incorporated into the city of Hamm as a district.
Pre-industrial times
Prehistory and early history
The hair strand represented the southern limit of the maximum extent of the glaciers 160,000 years ago (Drenthe stage of the Saale glacial period ). A layer of ice 300 to 400 m high rose in the area of the municipality. In addition to the well-known boulders , the ice masses brought with them large quantities of flint .
Human life in the Bockum-Hövel area only became possible again after the last cold period , when the floods of meltwater from the ice cover, which reached as far as the Ruhr during this cold period , flowed through the glacial valley of the Lippe , and the ground was covered with plants, and so did the Wildlife returned to this area. A mammoth's tooth was found during the construction of the Lippe side canal and the antlers of a giant deer when a sports field was laid out . It originally belonged to the collection of the local history museum in the Klostermühle , but after the dissolution of the Bockum-Höveler local history museum it came into the possession of the municipal Gustav-Lübcke-Museum Hamm .
Hunting played an important role for the procurement of food in the Neolithic, too, with its rural way of life, but the reorientation towards food production required light, dry soil that could be worked with simple agricultural implements. The new way of life began here in the middle of the 6th millennium BC. A. A fireplace was found when the Hallohbusch was thinned in 1926.
A Bronze Age spindle whorl testifies that people were here no later than 1000 BC. BC mastered the art of weaving. The dead were cremated and the ashes were buried in urns . A late Bronze Age urn cemetery from around 800 BC BC lies on the northern bank of the Lippe and stretches from the Radbod colliery eastward to the Hammer city area. It was here that local home attendant Artur Schauerte discovered clay urns with remains of fire after the First World War . These finds and accompanying vessels are in the possession of the Gustav Lübcke Museum.
With Christianization in the early Middle Ages , the burning of the dead disappeared. A tree coffin that was excavated when the Bockum Church was rebuilt bears witness to this change in the type of burial . It is also part of the Hammer Museum's collection.
Brukterer and Romans (1st century BC to 5th century AD)
All written evidence comes from Romans. At that time the region belonged to the area of the Brukterer , whose name is reminiscent of the Brukterergau , which arose under Franconian rule. They became 12 BC They were defeated by Drusus in the course of the immensum bellum , an uprising, in the autumn of 4 AD by Tiberius . They belonged to the tribes that took part in the Varus Battle in 9 AD . Germanicus devastated the area of the Brukterer in 15 AD ( Germanicus campaigns ). In research, the Brukterer are counted among the most dangerous Germanic enemies of Rome. In 69/70 the Brukterer took part in the Batavian uprising under Julius Civilis . Before the year 98 they were almost completely wiped out by the attackers and chamaves, according to Tacitus . In any case, the Brukterer fled to the territory of the Tenkerer allied with them and settled south of the Lippe. When Constantine the Great was proclaimed emperor by his troops in Britain in 306 , some tribes took advantage of his absence and raided Roman territory. Brukterer were also involved, who were now counted by the Romans to the new tribal association of the Franks . A large part of the Frankish invasions handed down in the 4th century came from the Brukterians.
Roman armies advanced along the Lippe several times from 12 BC to 16 AD. A march road led from Xanten along the southern bank of the Lippe to the area of Hamm, crossed the river there and then continued towards Wiedenbrück . The two large Roman camps, Haltern and Oberaden, were on this road . Two legions of around 4500 men found space in the 56 hectare Oberaden . Some researchers pursued the thesis that the documented Roman camp Aliso was to be found near Bergkamen or in the area of Bockum-Hövel. In 1878 Jacob Schneider mentioned the remains of the road between Bockum and "the Geinige house". The Roman road in Bockum-Hövel is a reminder of this time.
Saxony
The region of the later Bockum-Hövel was taken over by the Saxons , who expanded their area of influence to such an extent that it ultimately united all the north-west German tribes. The "tribal duchy" was then divided into Westphalia , Eastern Falzes , Engern and Northern Albingia . But the Saxon internal organization has long been controversial and shaped by the respective time-bound ideas. According to the idea developed in the 19th century - which was used to administrative state hierarchies - the Saxons divided their settlement area into Gaue. According to this construction of an administrative structure in "Old Saxon" times, Bockum-Hövel belonged to the Dreingau , which was located between the current cities of Beckum , Greven and Werne . The southern border was therefore the lip . The existence of Saxon districts has meanwhile been doubted; Matthias Springer considers it a “creation” of Charlemagne or his successor.
In 1956, Fritz Schumacher and Hartmut Greilich, in their homeland book Bockum-Hövel (new edition 2002), drew attention to a “research result of interest to our homeland” by the Cappenberg pastor Stephan Schnieder: Charlemagne had repeatedly relocated Saxony with their families to Franconian areas. They took their place names with them. According to Schnieder, similar place names in both areas are "convincing evidence" of such a relocation from the Bockum-Werne area to the Bochum area . On the other hand, Peter Hertel warned against “jumping to conclusions” as early as 1970. "Speculation about the resettlement" of "rebellious Saxons" is "enough".
Today's farmers Merschhoven joined them to the south of the Lippe. It used to be called Da (h) lbockum. The farm of the same name and the farm Frye to Dahlbockum (today Frey) were located there. Numerous shards that were found on Bockumer Strasse near the Lange homestead prove that Saxons lived here too. Only one coin from the Merovingian period from 1826 has come down to us.
Franconian rule, Christianization - farmers, free farmers, landlords
As a result of Charlemagne's victory over the Saxons in the wars from 772 onwards , the diocese of Münster was founded in 804 . Its first bishop Liudger had churches and monasteries built, including the parish consecrated to St. Victor in Herringen . Their patronage came from St. Victor's main church in Xanten . St. Victor in Herringen became the parent parish of several churches in the Hamm district , for example in Kamen , Bönen and Rhynern . The parish in Ahlen was also founded by Liudger, of which Hövel was part of for a long time, and the parish in Werne , which was first mentioned in a document around 834, but probably originated around 800 , from which Bockum was later parish .
The center of Bockum was the Oberhof Buokheim , which was situated on a hill, with the farmsteads attached to it. At first it belonged to the episcopal main court of Werne . He already had a church in earlier times , which is said to have been consecrated by Saint Ludgerus . It is probable that there has also been a separate church belonging to the Münster cathedral chapter in Bockum since the 10th century , even if it was only mentioned in a document in 1090. In addition to the Oberhof in Bockum, the Oberhöfe Hugenpfahl in Stockum and Beckedorf in Horst, where there were chapels, belonged to the main courtyard in Werne. Although Bockum was later removed from the parish of Werne and enlarged in 1227 by a small part of the original parish of Ahlen, the right of patronage for the church there still rests with the owner Beckedorf. The church of the parish of Bochem (1081-1105) stood according to the document from 1090 as a cathedral capitular church on the Oberhof.
Prince-Bishop Hermann II von Katzenelnbogen assigned it in 1193 to the Archdeaconate of the Provost of St. Martini in Münster . The Oberhof Langen Buokheim, which was also called Kemnadinkhof, was the seat of a Schulzen who had to collect the taxes from the surrounding courtyards. In 1265 it still belonged to the cathedral chapter . When, after the founding of the church, the area around it became a sought-after settlement, the courtyard was divided (before 1300). This resulted in individual farms and cottages in the new church village and in its surroundings. These were acquired by the von Rinkerode zu Steinfurt-Heessen (Steinfurt = Drensteinfurt ) family and remained in their possession until the beginning of the 19th century. The lord of the manor of Heessen was the landlord to whom the farms and cottages were subject to service and tax. The Oberhof Bockum also came into the possession of the Lords of Heessen in 1468 when the estates and farms were divided between Steinfurt and Heessen. A significant amount of land and arable land remained with him. The farm later changed to private ownership and was under the Schulze-Blasum family until 1880 (or 1890). Then it passed to the Fritz Köhne family, who managed it until 1970. That year the courtyard building was demolished. The Köhne family moved into a new farm on Tarnowitzer Strasse. The Ludgeristift Bockum retirement home is located on the site of the former Oberhof.
The Franks left the regional division of the Sachsenland unchanged (or only developed it). At the head of the country stood the Saxon tribal duke, while the bishops only had sovereignty over churches and monasteries. Her domain expanded through gifts and transfers. Gradually they also acquired the goose dishes .
It was not until the Ottonian - Salic times that several of the scattered farms joined together to form farmers . Their names are often derived from specific characteristics of the landscape and nature. The name Holsen goes back to Holthausen (Holt = wood), Merschhoven means farms in the Mersch , i.e. in the damp lowland (the Lippe).
If the farmers did not have a family name for a long time and only listened to region-specific first names, a more precise distinction later became necessary. Last names were often chosen with reference to the respective place of residence. Holtmann was the one who lived at the wood, Haidbaum was the farmer who lived at the turnpike that separated the Bockumer Heide from the village; Dalhof was the one from Tal-Hof. In contrast, it was mainly the larger and the free farmers who adopted the peasant name . B. the owners of the Barkhaus farm (derived from Barkhausen, today Barsen). The farming communities Barsen, Holsen and Merschhoven (formerly Dahlbockum) belonged to Bockum, and Geinegge and Hölter to Hövel. The northern part of Hölter was a separate peasantry and was called Aquack or Akwik .
The long absence that the military service brought with it caused many free peasants to become dependent on a knight, monastery or some other great man . This took over the obligation to follow the army and guaranteed the protection of the peasant property, the peasants had to pay taxes and services. Such transfers of property and the associated service obligations were notarized at the courts of law, the free chairs.
Some peasants were able to escape the process of feudalization as free peasants without rising to the nobility . These include the farms Frye to Aquack , Frye to Dahlbockum (today Frey) and Barkhaus , which still exist today. The name Frye was not a court name, rather it referred to the status of the owner, who remained free from services and taxes to a gentleman ( compulsory service ).
The first tangible landowner in the region is the monastery are , because in the local land register the independent peasantry to 950 Aswyk Aquyk called (now the northern part of Hölter). The associated knight seat Aquak , probably located on the Geinegge , is mentioned around 900.
Counts of Werl (around 900–1209) and Grafschaft Hövel (1003 and 1124–1225 / 1226)
Hövel became a separate county that lasted until 1225/1226. The last Count of Hövel, Friedrich II. Von Isenberg , was involved in the murder of Cologne's Archbishop Engelbert I in 1225 . He was executed for this the following year. The former Isenberg areas and properties, to which Bockum and Hövel belonged, initially went to Adolf I. von der Mark . After a long hereditary feud with Friedrich's son Dietrich von Limburg-Isenberg , the so-called Isenberger Wirren , Count Adolf von der Mark returned some property to the Isenberg branch of the von Berg family, above all the area of the County of Limburg, in a settlement from 1243 the Lenne . Bockum and Hövel weren't among them. The Bishop of Münster, who had jurisdiction over this region, had already taken de facto rule so that both Count Adolf and Count Dietrich gave up their claims to property.
It is unclear exactly when the County of Hövel came into being. Historians give both the year 1003 and the time around 1124. This extremely different dating goes back to an ambiguity in the only available source, the Annalista Saxo . He names a Count Bernhard, who had a daughter named Ida and a granddaughter named Adelheid. According to this information, the named Bernhard can be identified with Bernhard I von Werl-Hövel , whose life data suggest that Hövel took possession around the year 1000. With reference to Albert K. Hömberg and the older research by Paul Leidinger on the Counts of Werl , which he himself later revised , local hometaker Willi E. Schroeder has constructed the following picture:
When the extensive Werler rulership was divided (1000), Count Hermann II von Werl received the eastern part around Werl and thus became the progenitor of the Counts of Arnsberg . His brother Bernhard inherited the Gau Mittelwestfalen. Bernhard's domain extended over both sides of the Lippe and included the later urban area of Hamm. Since the majority of his Comitate were in this region, Bernhard moved here in 1003 and developed his possessions by building his residence castle, Hövel Castle , on the Heerstraße from the Westphalian Hellweg over the Lippe, which led to the Baltic Sea . As a location, he chose a depression near the Höveler hill, after which the castle is named, and called himself "Bernhardus de Huvili". Thereby he founded the county Hövel . Around 1005/15 Bernhard married a woman whose name was unknown, and their daughter Ida was born around 1020 to 1025.
According to unsecured tradition, Bernhard founded his own church on the occasion of the birth of his daughter around 1025/30 , which he placed under the patronage of St. Pankratius . This church was therefore the forerunner of today's St. Pankratius Church in Hövel . From 1032 to 1035 he founded another own church in Herringen south of the Lippe. Both churches secured Bernhard the associated income, as the count had them built himself and they were therefore not subordinate to the bishop.
Bernhard's daughter Ida married Count Heinrich von Lauffen around 1045/50 . In gratitude for the birth of his granddaughter Adelheid von Lauffen , Bernhard founded an own church in Bockum, according to unsecured tradition. This received the patronage of St. Stephen and was thus the forerunner of the St. Stephen Church in Bockum . At the same time he brought a female order to Hövel that was not yet affiliated with any community. He settled this in today's cloister courtyard , where one found lance tips and small horseshoes from Roman times. Count Bernhard died in 1055, and when Count Rudolf von Werl also died five years later, Adelheid von Lauffen inherited the entire Höveler Grafschaft.
She married Adolf von Berg-Hövel around 1070 and moved to the Berge an der Dhünn castle . It is not known when Adolf was raised to the rank of Count von Hövel. Before moving, Adelheid must have given the church built by her grandfather in Hövel as a fief to the women of the monastery courtyard.
Adolf I von Berg was born in 1078 and his father died in 1090. In 1090/93 his mother married for the second time, namely Friedrich I of Sommerschenburg , the Count Palatine of Saxony († 1120). Like his son and successor Friedrich II , he was an opponent of the Ottonians .
Adolf II von Berg was born around 1095 , a son of Adolf I von Berg, who died in 1106. Adolf II ruled the County of Berg for almost half a century from 1115 to 1160. He married Adelheid von Arnsberg in 1120 , then Irmgard in 1127, a niece of Cologne's Archbishop Friedrich I von Schwarzenburg . They had several sons, including Eberhard I. von Berg-Altena . His brother Adolf was killed off Damascus during the Third Crusade in 1149 . Another son Engelbert I von Berg became Count von Berg after the inheritance was divided.
Paul Leidinger contradicted this sequence of events . In his opinion, a Count von Hövel is only plausible for the period after 1124. According to this, Bernhard I. von Werl is not identical with the Bernhard named in the Annalista Saxo . He justifies this on the one hand with the incorrect life dates, on the other hand with the inheritance law, according to which the county of Hövel could not be inherited through his daughter Ida alone. According to Annalista Saxo, Ida had sisters who, under Saxon law, would have been entitled to inherit as well as herself. Leidinger therefore assumes that there was a mix-up. The Bernhard named in the Annalista Saxo can actually be identified with Bernhard II von Werl , ancestor of the Counts of Arnsberg. The area of the County of Hövel was thus owned by the Arnsberg Count House until 1124. It was only when this ceased to exist in the male line in 1124 that Hövel was inherited by Adelheid von Arnsberg to Adolf II von Berg, who was thus also the first count to call himself von Hövel . Hövel Castle would probably have only been built at this time, and the foundation of the churches in Bockum and Hövel by Count Bernhard von Werl-Hövel would therefore not be tenable.
In 1133 Adolf II handed over the ancestral castle of the Counts of Berg, Berge Castle in Odenthal-Altenberg , to the Cistercian order . 1145 was Castle Hovel to a ministerials verlehnt who called himself for her "de Hüvele" (from Hovel). In order to better control the areas south of the Lippe, Adolf's son Eberhard had the first Nienbrügge castle built around 1150 , the location of which was verified in 2011 by a team of archaeologists led by Eva Cichy. They have been digging there again since 2018. With the Nienbrügger Pfennig , the Counts of Hövel minted their own coins for the first time, presumably in Altena , a castle that he had expanded in 1152. In 1160 Adolf II resigned from all offices and became a monk in Altenberg Monastery . He probably died on October 12, 1170 and was first buried in the Markuskapelle, Altenberg's oldest building from 1125.
The dispute between Adolf's sons Eberhard I von Berg-Altena and Engelbert I von Berg was decided after a year. Eberhard became Count of Hövel from 1166, Engelbert received the county of Berg-Altena .
The Homburg, built around 1100 not far from the village of Herringen on the south side of the Lippe, was built directly on the border between the dioceses of Cologne and Münster, where the Deutz monastery owned the main courtyard and the church. Bailiffs of the Deutz monastery were the lords of Berg, who inherited the county of Hövel. The Counts of Berg did not exercise their rule in the northern part of the county, which belonged to the diocese of Münster, but had it administered.
Influence of the Archdiocese of Cologne
In 1167 Philipp von Heinsberg became Archbishop of Cologne . In 1180, Heinrich the Lion, the last Saxon duke, was overthrown and his duchy was divided into several spiritual and secular lordships. The Archbishop of Cologne thereby became Duke of Westphalia .
Even before 1180, Philipp von Heinsberg had made every imaginable attempt to subordinate the members of the local noble families as vassals . For this purpose, he used the money of the archbishopric to buy up numerous goods belonging to the nobles, including castles, monasteries and churches , and loaned them back on the condition that they swore the vassal oath to him. In retrospect, this approach proved to be ineffective, as the nobles, despite the oath of allegiance, continued to pursue their own power interests uninhibited, even against the interests of the Cologne Church. However, Philip's actions were viewed more and more as a threat by the emperor, since the award of imperial fiefs now had to be confirmed by the archbishop of Cologne. The emperor therefore curtailed the power of the Archbishop of Cologne at a later date, which in turn boosted the interests of the other Westphalian aristocrats.
Since Philipp von Heinsberg had become Duke of Westphalia, he has been promoting the purchase of goods, because at the same time he sought to prevent the emergence of a larger territorial rule neighboring and competing with the Duchy of Westphalia in the hands of a secular ruler. Presumably around 1170 the nobleman Rabodo von der Mark sold the Oberhof Mark and the associated area of what would later become Mark Castle to the Archbishop. Rabodo needed money for other endeavors, and in this way Philipp von Heinsberg assured himself of his loyalty to the vassal. Then the Archbishop of Cologne enfeoffed the property back to him. After Rabodo's death around or after 1170, the Oberhof and the castle hill passed to Friedrich von Berg-Altena .
At the latest with the death of Eberhard I von Berg-Altena in 1180, the Altena inheritance was divided between his sons Arnold von Altena and Friedrich von Berg-Altena . The process, unique in its form and accuracy, may have been initiated by Philipp von Heinsberg, who also pursued the goal of preventing the establishment of a large, competitive territorial rule in the area he claimed. The county Hövel was divided. Its northern part around and together with Hövel Castle went to Friedrich, the southern part around Nienbrügge Castle to Arnold.
Altena Castle was given to both brothers in equal parts and was therefore worthless for both of them from now on. Arnold withdrew from Altena and handed over his share to the Archbishop of Cologne, whom Friedrich now had to accept as an uncomfortable co-administrator.
Some of the possessions of the counts sold to Cologne Archbishop Philipp I von Heinsberg , including Hövel Castle and Nienbrügge Castle , were returned as allod in 1193 by the new Archbishop of Cologne, Adolf von Altena , to the noblemen, some of whom were closely related to him. The Wiseberg parcel, on which Hamm was later to emerge, also went back to Friedrich von Berg-Altena.
Arnold von Altena, who had lost both Altena and Hövel, needed a new residence. Between 1190 and 1200 at the latest, he had the Nienbrügge settlement near Nienbrügge Castle expanded. It is still unclear whether Nienbrügge ever had city rights. Count Arnold later acquired the Isenburg . Also Friedrich or his son Adolf I. von der Mark had a new residence built sometime after the Altenaischen inheritance, at the latest from 1198 on the artificially raised castle hill belonging to the area of the Oberhof Mark, the castle Mark . The two branches of the Bergisch Counts, the Altenaisch-Mark line around Count Friedrich and Adolf and the Altenaisch-Isenberg line around Count Arnold and his son Friedrich von Isenberg thus entered into open competition. The title of Count von Hövel remained with the Isenberg family branch. Friedrich's son and heir Adolf called himself Graf von der Mark in 1202 at the latest. With the name after the castle, he separated his line Altena-Mark from the Counts of Altena-Isenberg. Mark Castle became his exclusive family residence.
For the Bockum-Höveler area, the bishop of Munster won almost all of the ducal rights within a few years and thus became a spiritual and secular sovereign ( prince-bishop ) for his diocese . The traditional district division disappeared under the rule of the Prince-Bishops . In their place came the division of the diocese into ten offices. The parishes of Bockum and Hövel belonged to the episcopal office of Werne , which included the area of the later district of Lüdinghausen . The name for the chief administrative officer was Droste . This office was reserved for nobles.
From 1174 Hermann II von Katzenelnbogen was Prince-Bishop of Münster, which in turn belonged to the Archdiocese of Cologne. From 1180 he ordered the worldly life and had all private churches (own churches, monasteries and monasteries) recorded. This also included the St. Pankratius Church in Hövel and the St. Stephanus Church in Bockum . The superior of the Cistercian monastery in the cloister courtyard became a real feudal wife of the St. Pancras Church in Hövel by order of the prince-bishop. As the ownership structure of the St. Stephen's Church could not be clarified, the cathedral chapter of Münster became the liege lord of the church in Bockum. The dean of the cathedral and provost of St. Martini in Münster, Gottfried von Altena, who was possibly a descendant of the early Counts of Hövel, became feudal lord .
The conditions below the highest nobility can only be partially recognized. From around 1145 on, the Lord von Hövel family appeared. Initially, it was a ministerial Adolf II von Berg und Hövel, who was enfeoffed with Hövel Castle and named after it. The de Hüvele later formed a widely ramified noble family. One of the early evidence of their appearance is a document from 1198, when a "Lambert de Hüvele" appeared during a land swap with the Cappenberg monastery .
The knights of Gynegge ( Geinegge ) were first mentioned in 1170 . In 1205 the noble house Geinegge was inhabited by the knight "Henricus Gemenyce". Presumably he was a vassal of the then Count von Hövel, Arnold von Altena.
Welfen and Staufer, the transition to the bishopric of Münster (1209–1243)
When Arnold von Altena and his eldest son Eberhard died between 1207 and 1209, Arnold's son Friedrich von Isenberg became his heir. In the German controversy for the throne , Friedrich initially sided with the Guelphs under Otto IV , but, according to indifferent sources, changed the fronts either as early as 1212 or not until 1214 after Otto's defeat in the Battle of Bouvines . Two years later, Emperor Friedrich pushed through the appointment of the new Archbishop Engelbert I of Cologne , who was a cousin of Friedrich von Isenberg. Engelbert subsequently rose to become imperial administrator and thus deputy to the new emperor.
In 1218 Engelbert seized the county of Berg before it could fall to Limburg . In a comparison between Engelbert and Heinrich IV. Of Limburg it was determined that Berg should pass to Limburg with the death of Engelbert. Perhaps Engelbert sealed his death sentence as a result, after all, from now on the ruler of Limburg had a specific interest in the archbishop's death.
In 1221 the Archbishop of Cologne received instructions from the Pope to investigate evidence of the extortion of the vassals by their masters. The abbess of the imperial monastery of Essen accused Friedrich of collecting excessive taxes as the monastery 's Vogt . Engelbert initially turned against the powerful Bishop of Paderborn. In 1223 he forced the prince-bishop to surrender.
In 1225 Engelbert invited to Soest to negotiate the noble bailiwick rights. He threatened them with the Worms Concordat , according to which the secular rulers could be disempowered and their bailiff rights could be robbed. On the other hand, the nobles united. In Gevelsberg they lay in wait for the archbishop in a ravine and cut him down with fifty blows of the sword. Possibly it is a failed kidnapping, through which the archbishop was supposed to be forced to give in according to the law of feuds valid at the time. The only medieval source, however, assumes that the attackers have clear intentions to murder. There is some evidence that the archbishop was slain by men in the service of Limburg, possibly with the approval of the Pope. Friedrich von Isenberg, who had assumed that there was a planned kidnapping, was completely surprised by this and was finally pushed forward by the Limburgers as a scapegoat and alleged main culprit.
Friedrich then traveled to Rome and tried to convince the Pope of his innocence, but did not succeed. On the way back he was imprisoned in Liège and put on his bike in Cologne by Engelbert's successor Heinrich I von Müllenark . The Isenburg and Nienbrügge were razed . Adolf I von der Mark , the son of Friedrich von Berg-Altena , took the side of the Cologne residents and was enfeoffed with a large part of the Isenberg estates as a reward. The Altenaic estates, which were divided up in 1180 as part of the Altena inheritance, were once again in one hand, after all Adolf von der Mark was also the heir to his father Friedrich von Berg-Altena.
Count Adolf offered the inhabitants of the destroyed Nienbrügge a new settlement area. This is how the city of Hamm came into being . Friedrich von Isenberg's son Dietrich von Altena-Isenberg grew up at the court of his uncle, Heinrich IV. Von Limburg , who, according to the settlement between the two, gained control of the county of Berg through the death of Archbishop Engelbert. Friedrich von Isenberg's wife, Dietrich's mother Sophie and sister of Duke Heinrich, had fled there, but died in 1226 together with their youngest child.
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From 1232 there was an inheritance dispute between Limburg-Isenberg on the one hand, Adolf von der Mark and the Archbishop of Cologne on the other. Duke Heinrich, on behalf of his nephew, Friedrich von Isenberg's son Dietrich von Altena-Isenberg , reclaimed the Isenberg possessions from Adolf I von der Mark. In 1232 the Archbishop of Cologne is said to have complained to the Pope that he was being molested by the relatives of Count Friedrich II. Von Altena-Isenberg. These made the area of Geinegge, Dasbeck, Hölter and Heessen unsafe, Geinegge Castle and Ermelinghof were visited several times. The so-called Isenberg turmoil ended after a long-lasting military stalemate in 1243 with an initially apparently balanced comparison, the conditions of which Count Adolf was able to use to his advantage over the next few years. In this way the foundations for the development of the large and influential County of Mark were laid, while the Isenbergers only had the small County of Limburg . For their own protection, Dietrich Graf von Limburg and his successors had to submit to their more influential Limburg-Bergische relatives as vassals. In the course of the settlement of the hereditary conflict, the city of Hamm received a complete fortification system, and after the Battle of Worringen in 1288 also full fortification rights.
Both Count Adolf and Count Dietrich had to do without the areas north of the Lippe, including Bockum and Hövel. The Bishop of Munster drew this to himself. By exercising the Gogerichtsbarkeit he held the de facto rule, so that none of the two counts more able to exercise their own right to rule.
Grafschaft Mark and Hochstift Münster (1243 to 1500)
Two years after the peace treaty of 1243, the Counts of Limburg received the goods in Heesen and Westerwinkel back. Count Adolf I von der Mark renounced the areas north of the Lippe. In 1243, Count Dietrich received high and Goger jurisdiction for part of the former paternal property in the area of the lower Lenne (see official constitution in the Duchy of Westphalia ). The jurisdiction proved to be an important prerequisite for the development of the territory of the County of Limburg in the area between the Ruhr, Lenne and Volme , which was in the middle of the County of Mark and bordered the Duchy of Westphalia in the east .
In 1270, Prince-Bishop Gerhard von der Mark inaugurated the stone-built St. Stephen's Church in Bockum.
Although their lords were vassals of the bishops of Munster, in 1246 the squires de Hüvele and de Ghynegge became castle men at Burg Mark and became knights there. In 1269, Godfrid de Hüvele appeared as the first witness in the document that granted Count Adolf von der Mark the right to mint in the newly founded city of Hamm. In 1279, Godfrid de Hüvele testified to the Count that the city of Hamm received city charter according to Lippstadt law . 1280 Godfrid received by the nuns in Herford the castle Stockum as a fief.
Johann de Hüvele sold his farm in Geithe (today a subdistrict of Hamm-Uentrop ) to Count von der Mark . In 1310 Engelbert II von der Mark donated the farm to Kentrop Monastery . There, the nuns from the Nordenstift who had previously lived in Hövel received permanent residence. In 1300, with the approval of Prince-Bishop Eberhard von Diest, they placed the St. Pankratius Church in Hövel under the secondary patronage of St. Nicholas , as this is the patron saint of the rivers, and the feudal women had the right to fish in the Lippe. From 1392 to 1401 Gertrud von Hüvele was abbess of Kentrop Monastery .
From 1323/25 onwards, most of the names of the pastors at the St. Stephanuskirche in Bockum and the St. Pankratiuskirche in Hövel are known. A generally accessible treasure trove of sources on the history of Bockum-Hövel are - not only in the case of pastors' names - the "Historical News about the Eastern Part of the District of Lüdinghausen", which Julius Schwieters, Catholic chaplain in Herbern, published in 1886. 1323-1358 Ruitger von de Grotenhuis was pastor in Hövel. He came from the Grotehuis knight dynasty from the Altendorf near Nordkirchen farmers and had a new stone church built on the same site in around 1325/30. It was consecrated by Prince-Bishop Ludwig II of Hesse . Haydenreich Einnich was pastor from 1383, Johann Nordholt from 1454 and Wilhelm Witlich from 1467. The church probably already had an organ, as it was repaired in 1489. In 1491 the church received a new monstrance and the bellows for the organ were repaired. Seven years later, the tower had to be anchored, for which 16 guilders were raised. In 1511 Evert Holtmann was pastor, followed in the same year by Johann von Morrien. A new church bell with the inscription Ut superis reddant laudes, hanc convoco plebem, fulgura compello, tristem pallio luctum. Sit in honorem Dei, Pancratius est mihi nomen. It was consecrated in 1511 . It was three feet in diameter.
Pastor Deboldus worked at the Stephanuskirche in 1325, Gherd von Hovell in 1395, Evert Niehues in 1404, Berndt Niehuise in 1454, Gerit (Corde) Vonhove from 1477–1494 and Gerhard Loer from around 1500.
In 1339 the Lords de Hüvele acquired Geinegge Castle from the Count of Limburg, and in 1420 the Laake family passed into their possession. In 1483 the gentlemen de Hüvele zu Stockum were excommunicated for heresy . Around 1500 the de Hüvele built a new castle called Beckedorf at Burg Stockum after losing their fief because of Felonie (breach of loyalty) near Horst , which Gert de Hüvele von Stockum moved into. House Lake, on which a Gödeke von Hövel and his son Hermann resided between 1410 and 1480, got into economic difficulties towards the end of the century, so that the knights had to gradually sell their rights. Around 1500 the house passed to the Deipenbrock family (also Diepenbrock) from Werne, who now lived on Lake and called themselves Deipenbrock zu Lake . In 1522 they bought the Westerwinkel estate and leased the Lake House, which in turn passed to von Westerholt zu Alst in 1561 , finally to the Counts of Plettenberg zu Nordkirchen in 1734 and to the Radbod colliery in the early 20th century.
Few reports have come down to us from the houses in the region. The oldest owners of the Ermelinghof estate in Hövel were those of Ermel, after whom the estate was apparently named. In 1330 the knight dynasty von Schedingen (Scheidingen) lived at the Ermelinghof . In 1430 the heiress Ermgard von Schedingen married Heinrich von Galen at Ermelinghof and thus brought the estate to this family. In 1333 Volmarus de Aquak renounced his farm in the Barkhausen family and handed it over to Theodorus de Volmerstein. Heinrich von Knipping, Droste zu Wetter and ancestor of the lords of the castle of Stockum (Hugenpoth), made a trip to Jerusalem in 1430 , which made him famous in his homeland.
In 1400, Count von der Mark, who was at war with Prince-Bishop Otto von Münster, burned down the city of Werne , which received a new city wall from 1402.
In 1490 a wooden bird was shot for the first time in Hövel. The Schützenbrüder received a ton of high-quality beer ( Keut ) from income .
Judiciary
Between 1180 and 1803 Bockum and Hövel were under the sovereign power of the Bishop of Münster. These legal relationships existed until the introduction of the Prussian court system. Until then, a distinction was made between three jurisdictions:
- the free court and the remote court ,
- the gogeicht and
- the clerical archdeaconal court.
Open and remote courts
When the bishops in the 12th century more and more took over sovereign power and the number of free people decreased, more people came under their judicial suzerainty. The nobility and free people opposed this development; they invoked the old right of the free to be subordinate in legal matters only to the king or his representatives. As a result, there was a split in the judiciary. There were now the sovereign Gogerichte and the free courts , in which only free and nobles were allowed to participate.
The districts of the free courts were called free counties. They were subordinate to chairmen (court lords ) who appointed ex-counts as administrators. The exempt count had to be confirmed by the king. Since ownership of a free county often included income from farms and land and the right to part of the fines, these judicial districts also became the subject of mortgages, purchases or pledges and other rights.
The area around Bockum and Hövel belonged to the Free County of Wildeshorst (name of a free chair near Hamm on Münsterstrasse), to which the communities Dolbert , Heeßen, Herbern, Walstedde, Drensteinfurt, Rinkerode, Werne and partly also Ascheberg and Albersloh belonged (after Schwieters ). This free county was enfeoffed one after the other: the Counts of the Mark , the Lords of Rinkerode zu Drensteinfurt, the Lords of Volmestein (headquarters in Volmarstein an der Ruhr) and the von Reck zu Steinfurt ( Drensteinfurt ) family. They are enfeoffed by the chairman, the Bishop of Münster. The Archbishop of Cologne was in charge of all exempt counties. Theodoric von Ackwick is mentioned as a free count in Bockum and Hövel in 1328 . There was also a free chair in Bockum, near the Frye court.
At these Gerichtsstätten the Freigraf sat at least three times a year with the free aldermen to court. Usually there were seven lay judges who helped to justify the verdict. They had to be free people, resident in the Free County and like the Free Count from birth Westphalia (born on earth ).
The following are mentioned as free judges of the region: 1296 Otto de Dalbuchm (Dahlbockum); 1335 Henrich von Dalbockum at a hearing at the crooked bridge in Hamm (the free chair in Hamm-Norden ); 1397 at a hearing on Dahlbockum himself Frye to Dalbockum; around 1220 Ezekin from Aquack. Free men from Hofe Barkhusen (Barkhaus in Barsen) are also mentioned several times in the documents of the 13th and 14th centuries as free judges, for example Jakob von Barkhusen in 1339 and Johann to Barkhusen in 1476.
The goods of the free judges were characterized by their special legal status. They were called free chair or free bank goods (after the bench on which the lay judges sat at the hearing). They were hereditary property not for sale, from which no reason could be broken off.
There were three free bank goods in the Bockum-Hövel area, namely Hof Frye in Bockum, then called dat vrye Gud to Dalbockum , then Hof Barkhaus in Barsen, dat vrye Gud to Barkhusen , and finally Hof Aquack in Hölter , formerly called Frye to Aquick .
From the 16th century onwards, most of the free goods lost their privileges.
Serious crimes such as murder, robbery, theft, arson, perjury and treason, as well as the sale of farms and property, were negotiated at the free chairs. At the court, the ex-count sat behind a table (which was often made of stone) on which lay a sword and a willow rod. Across from him, the judges sat on a bench. The verdict was either acquittal, fined, or death. The free courts did not have any torture or prison sentences.
From the open courts , which met in public, the Femgerichte , which were secret courts , developed in the 13th and 14th centuries . They achieved great power through the severity of their judgments and the secrecy of the proceedings.
An exemption also led the hearing in the Femgericht. The free judges were called knowledgeable people because they knew the password of the Feme and had to keep the strictest silence about the questioning of a defendant. You were never allowed to give an ostracized person a hint, not even to make a slight hint, even if it was a close relative. The betrayer of a secrets of the distance met the death penalty; he was hung seven feet higher than a thief.
The summons was made by the Fronbote (Vrohnen), who was usually accompanied by two lay judges. If it had to be brought to a fortified dwelling and was at the same time associated with danger, the letter of invitation was put into a crack in the gate ( profile ) and three shavings were cut out of the wood as a sign of delivery. If the defendant did not consider it necessary to appear before the court even after being summoned three times, he was ostracized, i. H. the sentence on death by hanging was pronounced, which the lay judges carried out, wherever they found the lawbreaker. The verdict had to be kept secret. If a lay judge betrayed it, he himself was to be hanged.
Margraves and landgraves , clergymen, women, Jews and pagans (i.e. gypsies ) could not be summoned before the Femgericht .
The importance of the Femgerichte declined over time. In the end no criminal cases were negotiated, only minor disputes such as insults, damage to the fields, etc. The last free count died in 1835. It was the lawyer Engelhardt , who lived in Werl. There is a plaque on the house behind the provost church with the inscription: Friedrich Wilhelm Engelhardt lived here from 1805 until his death, the last free count of the native Fenne on Red Earth.
Goo dishes
The Gogerichte were sovereign institutions. Their districts mostly coincided with the episcopal offices. Bockum and Hövel belonged to the Gogericht Werne, which included the episcopal office of Werne (approximately the area of the later district of Lüdinghausen). The cities and Wigbolde (small towns) like Werne and Drensteinfurt had their own judicial district.
Like the free courts, the Gogerichte were also the object of lending and purchase because of the income associated with them. The Gogericht Werne was not only in the possession of the bishop as sovereign, but the Lords of Davensberg had understood how to acquire the same rights (including the right to half of the fines).
The Gogericht negotiated crimes, private disputes and also witchcraft. It was able to pass death sentences, but these had to be confirmed by the court court in Münster after 1570. The Gogericht also included wills and sales contracts.
The embarrassing process was also used in the investigation of criminals and witches . H. confessions were obtained through the torture . In Davensberg there is a tower that housed the prison and torture chamber; witch trials were held at this court between 1550 and 1650.
In the Werne office there were seven by-catches in addition to the Gogerichten , which are private judicial districts ( patrimonial courts ) that were subordinate to the landlords. It was special or private property on the land gained through occupation, often also through own reclamation. An bycatch with the Stockum, Horst and Wessel farmers also belonged to Stockum Castle . So here it was not the Gogericht that spoke, but the court of the lords of Stockum Castle.
Spiritual archdeaconal courts
In addition to the secular, there was a spiritual jurisdiction. The area of the diocese of Münster was in Archidiakonate , d. H. divided into districts that comprised two or more parishes and were supervised by an archdeacon. They were mostly canons in Münster, visited the parishes every three years and judged offenses against good morals, the church commandments and the episcopal ordinances. They were also responsible for supervising church construction, worship and the condition of church equipment, as well as examining and employing the clergy.
The day of the visitation , which was also called the Sendgericht or Synod, began with a solemn high mass . All members of the parish had to appear in the church. The accused raised the pastors and the so-called Eidtschwerer , sworn men from the community who had to monitor the customs. Domestic strife, failures in the care of the sick, alcoholism , booze drinking and pouring during church time were possible charges. The negotiation in the church was followed by a visit to all church institutions, as well as the church and funeral routes .
Anabaptist Empire in Münster and the Reformation (1517–1618)
The Reformation movement that Martin Luther's sermons against the practice of indulgence and the 95 theses on the church door in Wittenberg sparked, is not comprehensible in Bockum and Hövel for a long time. In 1521 Hartleif Kreckel became pastor at the St. Pankratius Church in Hövel, and the sacristy was added to the church. To this end, Kreckel donated a corpus almost a meter tall.
As early as 1523, two monks were working in Lippstadt who had been in Wittenberg , got to know Luther and his work there and now worked in the spirit of the reformer. Then the new apprenticeship came to Hamm, Soest, Münster, Coesfeld , Warendorf , Telgte , Beckum . Pastor Dietrich Fabricius from Anholt, who came from Hesse and later fought against the Anabaptists and publicly opposed double marriages, was one of the first to preach in this area.
In 1529 the movement reached Münster, where the radical Reformation Anabaptist movement prevailed in 1532. The Anabaptist empire of Münster also received inflows from the south of the diocese, for example through the blacksmiths Schröder from Werne . On December 8, 1533, Johann Schröder defended the teachings of the Anabaptists against the Lutheran pastor Fabrizius at the Lambertihof and cursed the magistrate. When he appeared again in public on December 15, he was arrested. The following day the blacksmiths' guild forced his release.
Prince-Bishop Franz von Waldeck , who temporarily supported the Lutheran Reformation, raised an army and demanded material help from numerous churches. From the Pankratius Church he received four pounds and three lots of gold and silver. Dirk von Galen on house Ermelinghof took four horses and retinue servants , Toenius of Laer - which were of Laer up in 1604 lords - from the castle Geinegge with three horses and retinue servants in the siege of Munster part. The city fell on June 25, 1535. An eight-day slaughter of the Anabaptists began. The leaders Bockelson , Knipperdolling and Krechting were killed with red-hot pincers. The corpses were put in iron cages. In the following year the Pankratius Church received its jewels back for 57 1/2 gold gulden.
In 1550 the von Hüvele family went bankrupt. The castle and property that von Reck bought at Schloss Heessen , both of which were later passed on to Gerhard von Reck, who then called himself Herr vom Schlosshof Hövel. Later he worked as a soldier in Denmark.
In 1545 Adam Rodinghusen became pastor at St. Pankratius Church. Shortly before his death in 1550, he introduced the Lutheran church service in Hövel. At the same time Gert von Galen and his wife Margarete geb. Korff and her children converted to the Lutheran faith. It is probably due to her influence and that of her next descendants that from this time on, Lutheran preaching was mostly used in the church at Hövel for almost eighty years.
In 1555, the Reichstag in Augsburg agreed on the formula "Cuius regio - eius religio": the sovereign determined the denomination of his subjects. People of different faiths had the right to emigrate. The sovereigns for Bockum and Hövel were the prince-bishops of Münster. Some of them tended towards the Lutheran Reformation in the decades that followed. In some places in the Principality of Münster, Reformation focal points formed.
In 1563 Theodor Brechte, who was married to N. Plönius, became a Lutheran pastor at the Pankratius Church. He later became a preacher at the town church in Hamm .
In 1564, the former Dominican monk Johann Hard, who was married to Margarethe Wollers, preached in the Pankratius Church in the spirit of Luther. In the chronicle of the Hövel pastorate it says: “Since Hard was very skilled in German chants and sermons, even the citizens of Hamm rushed to Hövel on Sundays and public holidays to hear him. In order to prevent this, the authorities had the gates locked in the morning on these days. ”He was also called to Hamm as a preacher, but was finally deposed“ because of his love affairs ”.
From 1575 to 1586, Bitter von Galen was pastor in Hövel. He was certainly Catholic. From 1569–1604 Adam Kennemann was the pastor in Bockum. In Munster, Prince-Bishop Bernhard von Raesfeld resigned because he could not prevail against the Lutherans. He was followed in 1566 by Count Johann II von Hoya . He ordered a visit to all churches in the diocese. In Hövel it was found that communion / the Lord's Supper was given "under both forms", i.e. not only with bread but also with wine. At that time, this was generally considered a sure sign of the Reformation. In addition, "various kinds of disorder" were discovered in Hövel: in the church "no light, no flag, no ornaments, the baptismal font full of dirt and cobwebs". The branch churches in Horst, Kapelle and Stockum were devastated, robbed and without services. In Drensteinfurt and Walstedde, the priests did not wear tonsures , but long beards. In 1569 Margarete von Galen became abbess of Kentrop Monastery. In 1582 the nuns of House Kentrop also converted to the Lutheran faith.
In 1575 the southern border of the prince-bishopric of Münster was precisely defined along the Lippe, whereby Hövel, Bockum and Heessen finally came to the bishopric of Münster. Johann Büthe, who was replaced by Vicecurat Wormsbeck, became pastor at the Pankratius Church. For years there was no mass in the parish church of St. Stephen. In 1583 the sexton of the Pankratius Church had to take part in a witch burning in Ascheberg .
1568 moved plague the lip up, in 1581 and 1584 again, then again in 1608. 1574 to 1578 is Hovel Bockum and had the raids dismissed mercenaries resist. In 1576 cows and horses were stolen, sometimes money and persuasion caused the looters to move on.
The economic damage and the decline in trade were so severe that before 1580, Hövel Castle came into the possession of Hermann von Reck. Three years later, Mr de Hüvele went to Castle Geinegge in bankruptcy . They sold their castle to the Lords of Westerwinkel .
Around 1590 arson broke out again during the first Eighty Years War , the revolt of the Dutch against Spain. Schwieters wrote in 1886: The Spaniards lived terribly in cities, villages and peasants: they asked for white bread, mutton and wine for dinner; every lunchtime in the quarters there had to be a piece of money under the plate, if not, people were beaten; when they got everything they had, money, meals, forage, cattle, sheep, ducks, chickens, the rabble was not satisfied, but plundered for more. And what they did not steal themselves, they left their baggage boys and wives to steal. Men were beaten, women and children tortured so that they could discover hidden treasures ... Many wealthy people began to beg, many flourishing farms became desolate. The Spaniards pretended to defend the Catholic faith, the Dutch the Protestant. After the Spanish withdrawal, the Dutch "wild geese" appeared: they attacked the procession in Stromberg and stole the miraculous cross, richly studded with silver. 7 of them were taken at Hamm and handed over to Drosten at Werne, who had 5 of them executed.
In 1591, at the suggestion of the abbess of Kentrop Monastery, Georg von Galen, a Lutheran, was pastor at the Pankratius Church. His father was the mayor of Hamm. From 1606 to 1643 Heinrich von Werne was pastor in Bockum. 1615 the Lutheran Henrik Brink became pastor in Hövel. He was followed in 1617 by Theodor Warensbergh. who died a year later. He was the last Lutheran pastor in Hövel. His successor was the Catholic pastor Theodor Hermann Baggel from Ahlen.
Counter Reformation and the Eighty Years War
In Münster, Prince-Bishop Franz von Waldeck (supporter of the Lutherans and oppressor of the Anabaptists) was followed by Bishop Wilhelm Ketteler (1553–1557), who initially received papal confirmation. When he came to meet the supporters of the Reformation on individual points, he came into conflict with the Pope. Under him, the later cathedral dean Gottfried von Raesfeld gained influence in the cathedral chapter , who soon became the soul of the Counter-Reformation in the Münsterland . One of his relatives, Bernhard von Raesfeld , became prince-bishop. He did not allow the cathedral dean to do anything against his Reformation subjects. Only in relation to the higher Münster clergy did he seemingly give him a free hand. Bernhard von Raesfeld finally resigned. He was followed by Johann IV von Hoya , who later also became Bishop of Paderborn . His focus was entirely on the reform of the judiciary, which was close to his heart as a lawyer. So he gave the cathedral dean a free hand.
Meanwhile, the tension between the representatives of both denominations had increased considerably. Armed hordes of farmhands roamed the country. In 1574 and 1578 Hövel was attacked and plundered by a crowd.
In 1589 the Spaniards had plundered on both sides of the Lippe and driven the cattle from the pastures in Hövel. The churches had been plundered, as a visitation in 1592 showed: in Hövel and Werne the sacrament of the Last Unction was no longer performed. Soul masses were no longer held in Bockum and Hövel. There was no longer a consecrated baptismal font in Hövel.
Although the Dutch received 12,000 thalers pillage from the diocese of Münster, they looted. In 1598 the admiral of Aragon, Franz von Mendoza , invaded the Münsterland with 30,000 Spaniards and Italians. A department that had been turned away in Dortmund moved to Hamm via Unna , Kamen and Lünen . On December 8th, Loyse de Villar looted the Heessen des Jobst von der Reck's house.
Francisco de Mendoza moved into winter quarters in Werne and in the Bockum-Hövel area. Robbery and looting were the order of the day. The mercenaries asked for white bread, mutton and wine for lunch. Women and daughters had to be brought to safety from them. Extorted sums were sent to Antwerp every day . The cattle were slaughtered and cured and brought to Holland. When they withdrew, the invaders set the house of their hosts on fire.
The admiral replied to an embassy of the cathedral chapter in Munster under the provost Lucas von Nagel , who asked for the troops to march out, that they would have to be patient a little longer. In response to a letter from the emperor, he replied that God had sent him to drive Lutherans into pairs. When the princes raised an army of 140,000 men under the command of Count Simon von der Lippe , Mendoza withdrew in April 1599. That same year the Geusen reappeared and stole what fell into their hands. During this time, the plague was still raging. In 1602, a corps of deserters , around 2,500 men on horseback and 2,000 on foot, came together to roam the Münsterland, collect 63,000 thalers for pillage and were redeemed from Munster for 11,000 thalers.
In that year the Reformed community in Hamm got the upper hand and took over the main church. In 1604 Spanish deserters again marched through the Münsterland, robbing and plundering. In 1612 and 1615 there were burnings of witches in Heessen and Ahlen. In 1610 Peter Kleikamp from Ahlen was arrested in Hölter because he is said to have been up to mischief there as a werewolf . In 1615 he was convicted in Ahlen of being "executed to death and burned to ashes with the legal punishment of life to death for confessed sorcery and thereby committed poisoning and other misdeeds". Under the compulsion of the pain of torture, he had testified that he had learned magic from his wife and u. a. Cattle and sheep bitten to death in Hövel.
Thirty Years War (1618-1648)
After the outbreak of the Thirty Years' War , Pastor Theodor H. Baggel in Hövel rigorously reintroduced Catholic worship. On the instructions of Prince-Bishop Ferdinand I, Duke of Bavaria , he had become pastor at the St. Pankratius Church. He found the rectory in derelict, the barn destroyed by soldiers; a large part of the church equipment was no longer available. Right at the beginning of his activity he acquired a copper-gilded monstrance. In 1622 he appointed himself tax collector for Hövel. Two years later he moved in all the desolate courtyards and the property belonging to them and at the same time became pastor in the Kreuzkapelle of the north monastery. In 1630 he had cattle raised in strange stables, in 1631 he acquired Hövel Castle from the Lords of the Reck in Heessen. He also bought part of the property from the Lords of Galen.
Reformation and Counter-Reformation promoted the emergence of universities and schools. Pastor Baggel had to attend school in the chapel at the north hospital in Hamm in 1623. It is believed that he took over the first school service in Hövel and introduced school lessons, because a relative of Baggel, Josef Baggel, became a tax collector, teacher and sexton in Hövel after his death .
On July 11, 1622, the great Christian von Braunschweig appeared with his troops in Hövel and Bockum. He occupied the Ermelinghof house. Christian had thalers minted from the stolen silver with the inscription God's friend of the priest enemy . On February 19, his Colonel von Fleckenstein appeared with 300 riders in the area around Bockum and Hövel and devastated several parishes. On May 6th, a Brunswick troop, coming from Werne, moved to Ermelinghof and occupied the house in the evening.
In August, Christian von Braunschweig and Ernst von Mansfeld , coming from Holland, invaded the Münsterland again. The municipality of Hövel was given a contribution of 200 thalers. She felt compelled to sell a rent of 12 thalers on top of the common mark for 200 thalers in order to satisfy the Mansfeld population. On July 11, 1633, the Hereditary Marshal von Morien wrote to Münster. For a month now , some Walloons under the command of Colonel Iysdorf have been quartered in Amte Werne, including in the parish of Hövel, and they suck the people out to the extreme and attack aristocratic and other houses. In the following year the imperial plundered under Colonel von Erwitte in the offices of Werne and Herbern. In 1624 they were still in quarters here. That year the Spaniards conquered Hamm and robbed the area. Until 1628 a Spanish department under Don Pedro de Aquilera moved into the area around Bockum and Hövel. In 1625, the Ascheberg church was plundered by the imperial family and the old castle in Heessen was set on fire. Colonel Burk was housed with his soldiers and stolen horses in Bockum and Hövel. In 1633 the Imperialists were replaced by the Hessians. These drove away all the cattle in Hövel, while the residents fled from them and from the plague. In 1634 all cattle were taken from Schulzen Schwering in Hövel. When General Melaner subsequently gathered his troops near Lünen , the imperial soldiers (60 horsemen and 200 foot soldiers) withdrew under Captain Schenking towards Münster.
In April the imperial family were back in Hamm, but the city was recaptured by the Hessians on May 16. Many a farm was deserted. It is reported from Bockum that in 1634 the village was deserted. A wolf set up camp undisturbed in the churchyard in the middle of the village, in the thicket of blackberries and rose bushes near the church choir. The church had been closed for seven years because of the war riots.
In 1633 the Hövel Castle burned down in part. Pastor Baggel confiscated the vacant Geinegge Castle , had it built with church money and moved there. The following year he had the empty guild house in front of the church (later Passmann) demolished and used the green sandstones to rebuild Hövel Castle. The mayor Schwering (Hof Hohenhövel, later coal mine owned) brought soldiers all the cattle from the stables. Five years earlier all his horses had been stolen.
In 1635 the St. Stephen's Church was closed again due to war riots. In that year the Bockumern were taken from the common pasture by imperial troops because they were behind with the contribution. They had to redeem the cattle with 61 thalers. Three horses were taken from Johann Frye zu Hövel because they were behind with the contribution; they had to redeem it for 61 thalers. Brochtrop two foals were seized. In 1636 the Hessians were driven out of Hamm by the imperial family. Most of the Münsterland remained in the hands of the Hessians until the peace treaty in 1648. In 1636 and the following years, the plague raged here as well as in Hamm, Werne and Kamen; 456 people died in Werne in two years. In 1641 the Hessians besieged Hamm in vain. In a chronicle from Hövel it was said that the need had risen to the highest. The many large common pastures would all have been lying fallow.
Most of the residents did not return until around 1643. In that year Johannes Tabetmann became pastor at St. Stephen's Church, Pastor Baggel moved back to Hövel Castle. In 1645 the plague killed half of the residents in Hövel and Bockum.
Diocese of Münster until the Seven Years' War (1648–1756), re-Catholicization
In 1648 the Peace of Westphalia was finally concluded. He wrote down the equality of the three major Christian denominations - Catholics, Lutherans, Reformed (Calvinists). In future, the denomination that was valid there on January 1, 1624 should apply in the individual territories. Subjects of different faiths were not allowed to be discriminated against, they had the right to practice their religion privately. The prince-bishopric of Münster was placed under the Catholic imperial territories for the normal year 1624. Prince-Bishop Christoph Bernhard von Galen , after being elected bishop in 1651, pursued the establishment of denominational unity by military means. As early as 1652 he, who himself came from Protestant parents and had converted, arranged for his Protestant relatives in Ermelinghof to return to Catholicism. Instead of the old, dilapidated one, he built a new palace chapel for them, furnished it abundantly and made the von Galen at Ermelinghof his executors. The condition was, however, that the old Kapellenplatz had to remain fenced in forever. You can't see anything of the fence today. He also gave them an altar cross from the beginning of the 13th century. Today the cross is owned by the Baroness von Aretin. In 1678 the prince-bishop donated a house vicarie at Ermelinghof and suspended a pension of 1,400 thalers .
When Hövel's pastor Theodor Hermann Baggel's apartment, the former Hövel Castle , burned down, he moved into the vacant Geinegge Castle and had the green sandstone guild house (later: Barber Passmann) demolished. He used the stones to rebuild his own house. He was said to have had wills made out in his name by dying people . In 1650, the parish residents of Hövel filed a lawsuit against him for infidelity and embezzlement . He was sentenced to pay 800 gold florins.
In 1663, Baggel founded a family foundation, the Vicarie Beatae Mariae Virginis , from the deserted courtyards . Only his family members were allowed to live from this foundation, which is why it can also be assumed that a relative of Pastor Baggel was known as the first teacher. In 1664 he had the first school built in Hövel, which was both a sexton and a teacher's apartment. The Vicarie ad stum Bartholomäum on Haus Ermelinghof was founded. Many parcels of land in Hövel (such as Baggelberg and Baggeldiek) are still reminiscent of Baggel.
Baggel's successor was Kaspar Adolf Zumbülte in 1668. During his tenure the pastorate came into being. In 1679 the parish built a new sexton's house on Overbergstrasse, which housed a one-class school. In 1696, Bernard Hermann Zumbülte followed in the office of pastor.
In 1668 not only was a new bell bought for the Höveler Pankratius Church. The community also initiated a lawsuit against the von Galen family for not paying the taxes for the vacant Mesenkamp and Hülsmann farms. In 1677, five scythes were removed from grass mowers from Westerwinkel in Höveler Mark because the gentlemen from Westerwinkel had not paid any taxes for the farms at Whitsun and Tecklenborg. The scythes were hung in the Höveler church "as an eternal memory". The Höveler were sued in the secular court, but the outcome of the dispute is not known.
In 1690 the local vicar Klutmann was able to donate a silver chalice to the Pankratius Church . Five years later, a silver ciborium was added by an unknown donor . In 1724 the church received a new organ.
Jodokus von Köllen became a pastor in Bockum in 1656. He died in 1700 and bequeathed his estate to the poor in Bockum. Pastor Roitroß from Rittberg in Cleveschen donated the Vicarie. Theodor Hermann Schreiner followed as pastor in 1701, who founded the Michaelskapelle in 1708. In December 1703, a hurricane completely covered two sides of the steeple. Because there was a lack of material and money, the repair could only take place two years later. Prince-Bishop Friedrich Christian von Plettenberg donated 100 thalers to the Stephanus community. In November 1719, a great fire destroyed almost all the houses around the church; the only one preserved was demolished in 1985.
On April 24, 1715 an ordinance was issued from Münster: On May 3, because of the almost damaging dew of the sky, which would then fall during the solar eclipse , people and cattle should behave as much as possible in the house, and all wells should be covered, processions falling on the following Sunday relocated and the subjects are instructed about the purpose of these measures from the pulpits.
1734 Prussian recruiters brought men from Hovel Bockum and in excess of 1.80 m size to Hamm that in the giant regiment Friedrich Wilhelm I should be classified. When Prince-Bishop Clemens August found out about this, he had the recruiter arrested. He ordered them to be shot if they were trespassed .
From 1739 to 1777 Hermann Theodor Berg was pastor in Hövel. From 1745 to 1755 Johann Caspar Brenschede was pastor in Bockum. The first school was known there in 1750. In the same year 1750, a hermit settled in the Mesenmark in Hölter. With the approval of the von Galen family, he built a small hermitage and a herb garden. He is said to have done a lot of good during the Seven Years' War .
Seven Years War (1756–1763)
The powers of England, Brunswick and Hesse, allied with Prussia, regarded the Münsterland as the territory of Austria's common enemy. France was allied with Austria as was Munster. In the first years of the war, troops camped on the Bockumer Heide, on the Kurricker Berg and the Kötterberg. Here jumps were thrown against the Prussian Hamm. Jumps were also built on the Südgeist and Schmerberg, which could still be seen until 1800. Cellars and grain floors were requisitioned in a wide area.
The Duke of Braunschweig took his headquarters in the Bockum pastorate. Many people hid their horses for fear of the tension service . Merschhovener brought them through the Lippe into the marrow as soon as the Allies advanced. Conversely, the people on the other side of the Lippe - from the Prussian - sent their horses to Bockum when the French demanded tensioning services. Nevertheless, after the war in Bockum there were only fifteen horses left. As a result, many fields could no longer be tilled and some residents were forced to go to Munster to buy bread.
On August 23, 1761, 16,000 French set up camp on the Kötterberg and Westberg near Hövel. They shot at Hamm, but withdrew on August 25th. The Prussian Hamm now demanded palisades from the local mayor Schwering from Hövel and from Baron von Galen at Ermelinghof for fortification. When they did not attend, Pastor Berg, Receptor (tax collector) Frey and the local mayor were brought to Hamm as hostages. The soldiers stuck a stick across the back of the local mayor, who was gagged and only received bread and water, so that he had to walk with outstretched arms. In Hamm he had to lie on rotten straw in prison until all of Hövel's palisades had been delivered. The other two hostages were soon released from custody.
The Bockum pastor Hermann J. Heckmann (1755–1769) had a thanksgiving service held in 1763 when peace was concluded at the Michael Chapel in the Ostgeist (later Hammer Straße), which was built in 1708. The harvest of the year could be brought in and it brought new money, albeit in the form of bad coins, to the region. The Eschhaus legacy in Hövel was still in desolation for several years, although the receptionist in charge tried to lease some pieces.
After the war, Prince-Bishop Max Friedrich (1762–1784) had a state militia formed. On Sunday afternoons the farmers had to exercise in white coats with red lapels. Schulze Bockum, Krutmann and Oestermann were officers with Spontons (officers' spikes ), the crews were armed with rifles. The assembly point in Bockum was the heath.
Until the French Revolution
The Höveler St. Pankratiuskirche enjoyed a certain prosperity despite the consequences of the war. A third bell was inaugurated in 1768 under Pastor Hermann Theodor Berg. Johann Theodor Sutthoff followed on Berg in 1777. In the same year the pastorate of 1668 burned down. It could be rebuilt within a year, but now seven houses around the church have burned down. They belonged to the property of Baron Galen at Ermelinghof. Nine years later the house and the goods in Ermelinghof were auctioned, and the house went to Baron A. von Wintgen , who originally belonged to a middle-class family. In 1775 there was a devastating cattle epidemic in which Schulze Schwering in Hövel lost 30 of his 33 cattle. Two years later, smallpox claimed numerous victims among the children.
It also happened in the parish of Bockum, where JH Becking ("J." is interpreted by later authors as "Joh.", "Jodokus" or "Jodocus" and "H" as "Hermann") was the pastor from 1770 to 1797 to fires. In 1782 the Frey and Hussmann farmhouses burned down. Frey's house maid rescued an infant from the burning house. Kötter Bleckmann, known as Spökenkieker, known as Schmerstäter from the municipality of Bockum, died at the age of 100.
French Revolution and Grand Duchy of Berg (1789–1814)
During the Revolution in France , Baron von Wintgen took on eight clergymen in Ermelinghof in 1789. In Bockum, 15 to 20 emigrants who had fled France found board and lodging for months. In 1792 the future King Louis XVIII came. to Hamm. It was in the company of clergymen and nobles. They brought in money and for some time there was an intensive trade in luxury goods. In addition, the sovereign benefited from the Austrian military, which was on the way to France in 1794. The pastor of Hövel reported that this was "a good time for the farmer ": "High prices, a lot of money in circulation, so that some could cover their debts from the Seven Years' War".
The diocese of Münster came into Prussian possession in the course of secularization in 1803. General Blücher occupied Munster. The episcopal offices were dissolved and in the following years Prussian administration, judicial and military systems were introduced. Westphalia was now a Prussian province, led by an upper president . It was divided into administrative districts and counties . The parishes of Bockum, Hövel and Heeßen were combined into a mayor's office on December 23, 1803 and assigned to the newly formed Lüdinghausen district . A district administrator stood at the head of the circle. Instrumental in this regard were Freiherr von Stein and his successor, the upper president of Vincke .
The Lüdinghausen district was dissolved again in 1806. Napoleon's troops moved into Münster, the Prussian part of the Münster diocese, including Bockum and Hövel, were added to the newly founded Münster district. After the battle of Jena and Auerstedt , the region came under Napoleon's regiment. In 1808 he assigned the Münsterland to the Grand Duchy of Berg , which was administered according to the French model. Bockum, Hövel and Heeßen belonged to the Mairie (mayor's office) Heeßen, the canton Ahlen , the arrondissement Hamm and the department Ruhr with the capital Dortmund . The French took the maires mainly from the local nobility.
In 1799, the parish in Hövel sold the sexton's apartment on Overbergstrasse, which was built in 1678. A new, single-class school was built next to the pastorate. In the course of secularization, the Kentrop monastery was also dissolved. The monastery superior thus lost her fiefdom over the St. Pankratius Church.
After the fire in the houses of Kötter Weber and colonel Dahlhoff in 1803, syringe houses were built on a voluntary basis in Bockum and Hövel and the first fire brigade syringe was purchased. Dahlhoff donated the wood for the syringe house in Bockum, Mr. von Boeselager from Heessen 30 thalers.
In 1800 Josef Kumann († 1836) became pastor of the Stephanus community. He has left behind numerous manuscripts that are unpublished in the Münster Archives, Association for History and Antiquity of Westphalia, Department of Münster . From 1807 to 1834 Ignatz Ostenfelde was pastor of the Pankratius parish.
It is not known how many residents of the two villages took part in the Napoleonic Wars from 1806 to 1815. Serfdom was abolished by order of Napoleon . French administration and jurisdiction were introduced. The parish of Heessen was merged with the parishes of Hövel and Bockum to form one administrative unit. Mayor of the three parishes was Baron von Wintgen on House Ermelinghof. In 1810 civil weddings before the Maire (mayor) were introduced.
The continental blockade against Great Britain and the still existing internal customs borders formed the basis for intensive smuggling. A customs border ran from north to south along the Stever through the Lüdinghausen district. In 1809 some young men from the parishes of Hövel and Bockum tried to smuggle in salt from the Werl saltworks . At the Torksbrücke on the Lippe, however, they were picked up by customs officers and tied up in the Ahlen canton prison. In 1811, French customs officers spent an hour and a half examining the pastorate, vicariate and sextonry in Bockum for alcohol, tobacco and food, without finding anything.
Heinrich Schulze Bockum, Ferdinand Dahlhoff, Berndt Harfeld, Dietrich Schroer and Ludolf Vormann, who - like other Bockumers - moved to Russia with Napoleon , did not return. Gerhard Altfelder fell from Hövel. The other participants from Hövel were able to flee. Sons of other farms had to fight in France and Spain at the same time. In 1813, after the Battle of Leipzig , Prussia, Saxony, Swedes and Russians passed through Bockum and Hövel. The Höveler pastor Ostenfelde wrote about the Bashkirs : We were astonished not a little when we saw these people; wrapped in sheepskin from head to toe; ... a Cossack pike, a bow and arrow were their weapons ... You could almost chase them out of the house with pork, which is why they were generally thought to be nothing but Jews; but they were Mohammedans. According to Schwieters, old people, who still remembered, described the Cossacks as "raw, unrestrained people" who valued the "brandy above everything" and even "spiced it up with pepper and mustard"; "no shame", "full of vermin" and thieves. They were "full of untamed lust". Women and girls have hidden from them "in remote houses and bushes".
In 1814 the Münster Landwehr Regiment was set up, to which Bockum and Hövel also provided men. In every village a country storm was built on foot and on horseback and armed with lances. In addition, local burdens and war tension services put a strain on the population.
Congress of Vienna and the Prussians (1814–1848)
1816 it rained all summer, so the harvest exceptionally badly failed, and famine and hunger made noticeable only slightly alleviated by grain imports from Austria. In 1817 Pastor Kumann from Bockum filed a lawsuit in vain against almost all farmers in the parish because they did not pay their tithes . It rained that summer too, and the harvest was very poor. Now barley was also baked. As a result of the wet weather last year, cattle also developed a lung disease. Almost 800 sheep all died in Hövel. While the summer of 1818 brought a plentiful harvest, processional caterpillars ate the forests in the parishes in 1828 and 1829 , which had a significant impact on the rural lower classes, which were still partially dependent on the forest fruits.
Prussia implemented its concept of order from 1816. So the Lüdinghausen district was re-established, and Bockum and Hövel (but not Heessen, as in the French period) were incorporated into this district. The joint mayor's office of Bockum and Hövel was dissolved again in 1818. The two villages and Waldstedde were now assigned to the Drensteinfurt mayor , a regulation that lasted until 1908. To carry out the Stein-Hardenberg reforms , a general commission was set up in 1817, which was primarily intended to determine the amount of the redemption amounts. This replacement dragged on for decades. In 1821 the brand was split, which concerned the use of pasture and wood. In 1822 Bockum had 731 inhabitants.
In 1840 a fire destroyed Geinegge Castle, only the watermill driven by the stream survived. A house was built for the tenant at Hammer Straße 247. The mill later fell victim to the bathing establishment (where the miller's house stood) and in 1925 the sports field. During its expansion, the remains of the castle came to light, the finds ended up initially in the collection of the monastery mill.
In the following years the region was increasingly connected to new traffic routes. In 1824 the first ship from the Rhine was able to sail through the new lock near Stockum up the Lippe to Hamm. In 1825 the first "Art Street" was laid out from Münsterstrasse to the Ermelinghof house. The new prosperity was also reflected structurally: in 1833 the gatehouse on Haus Ermelinghof was built with a front in the style of a Greek temple.
The two churches also benefited from the prosperity. The Pankratiuskirche received a new high altar in 1814. In 1846 the Stephanuskirche received a new organ from the church in Herbern, after the old one could no longer be played for three years. The organ cost 135 thalers and was built in 1665. Theodor Westhoff was pastor in Hövel from 1834 to 1885, while Bernhard Homann was the pastor in Bockum from 1836 to 1884.
In 1848, citizens of Hamm took part in the European political disputes. This is how the Political Association was formed . The Volksblatt , which appears in Lüdinghausen, wrote a greeting to the association : “Heil! Germany you! You are approaching a great future! Your sons in the most remote corner have awakened to the cry of freedom, here too the dawn of a new age has dawned! "
Taxes, services and rights, peasant exemption
Social and legal structures were closely related until well into the 19th century. On the whole one distinguished from the free peasants, serfs and colonists . The serfs and their families belonged with body and property to the landlord. Most of the time they were given a cottage or farm to manage. Their children often had to serve a year in their master's house without wages. The Lord also determined the children's occupation, and marriage was also required. After their death, the property of the serfs fell to the master, but could be bought back by the relatives. Taxes such as grain, cattle, flax , butter, eggs, cheese etc. had to be paid by the farm or Kotten . Then there were manual and clamping services . In addition, the landlord had a certain criminal law.
The colonists (lat. Colonus = farmer, tenant) were not personally serfs as owners of leasehold colonates, i.e. they were exempted from compulsory servant service, from the penal law of the landlord, who could not determine the occupation of the children here. The Anerbe but had to obtain the marriage license.
The farms were almost all colonies until the peasants were liberated. The colonies on them were passed on to their children, but they were not the owners. In Bockum and Hövel the courts belonged to the lords of Hövel, von Ermelinghof, von Heeßen, von Westerwinkel, the Kentrop monastery, the Herdecke monastery , the north monastery of Hamm and other gentlemen. The farmers had to pay annual taxes to the owners as well as hand and tension services. On special occasions, such as death or marriage, additional taxes were due (the gradient ). The Eschhaus farm, which the lords of Ermelinghof had under a fiefdom from the sovereign, the bishop of Munster, was given to the Ermelinghof u. a. To make: the profit, that is a payment in cash when the farm is taken over, annually two pigs, two geese, eight chickens, the third sheaf (1/3 of the grain harvest), half the acorn fattening, five pounds of woven hede , weekly one tension and two hand services. It was not until 1853 that these obligations were replaced by a one-off payment of 2,400 thalers. The church also made claims. The pastor in Hövel received one and a half bushels of barley, three clumps of flax, the sexton one and a half bushels of rye, half a pig's head, two clumps of flax and a cheese from the Eschaus farm . It was similar with the burdens that rested on the other farms.
The landlord was able to sell a colony, but was not allowed to remove the farmer from the farm. The new landowner bought the people along with the farm and now had the right to the taxes, which made the real value of the farm for a buyer.
When, through the Reichsdeputationshauptschluss of February 25, 1803, with the Hochstift Münster, the communities of Bockum and Hövel also fell under the Kingdom of Prussia, nothing changed in these circumstances. Under Napoleon, however, on December 12, 1808, serfdom was abolished by a Bergisch law and full property was granted to the owners of peasant heirs and fiefdoms. All rights of the landlord to the person of the peasants were abolished without compensation, as was the bondage divide. The other taxes remained.
In November 1813 Prussia took possession of its lands again. In 1825 it passed a law to regulate rural conditions. Thereafter serfdom and cases of serfdom remained suspended. All other obligations could be replaced by money. It was 18 to 25 times the annual burden on the farm. The redemption of church taxes was also regulated by several laws. But it dragged on until the end of the 19th century.
Dissolution of the common trademarks
Until about 1820 there was land in the communities that was not in the personal possession of an individual. It was mainly about forest, pasture and heather , which were mostly on the borders of the municipality and were used by a community. These areas were called brands or common brands . Mark designated border or borderland.
The farmers, who had the right to share the mark, were united in mark cooperatives . Markgenossenschaft is not to be equated with village community or farmers. Farmers from different farmers or even different communities could also be entitled to the same mark. The Bockum brands Schliek and Hanloh not only included farmers from Bockum and Kötter, but also farmers from Horst and the residents from Gottesort (southern part of the Nordick farmers near Haus Hardenberg , which belonged to the Herbern parish).
The rights of use of the march comrades were precisely defined. For example, the resident Hunloh and Knippenkötter from the Bockum farmers were allowed to raise (graze in the marrow) all the cattle that had survived the winter on their farms.
The woods of the Mark supplied the building, furniture and firewood for the rural economy. The fattening pigs were driven into the oak and beech forests in autumn. The clay, sand and marl pits were also exploited together.
Relating to trade marks the monitored brand Richter . For the Höveler Mark it was z. B. the gentlemen from Ermelinghof, for the Hanloh the gentlemen from Haus Beckedorf responsible. The trade mark judge was assisted by the wood judge or wood count (Holtgrewe). This determined which trees could be felled and how the firewood was to be distributed. Every year the trademark judge held the trademark or pasture court in the open air, on which one read the trademark regulations, offenses against them, e.g. B. increased uptake of cattle, punished and decided on the surrender of land to Kötter. All march comrades had to come to this meeting if they did not want to lose their rights.
The trademark court was followed by a happy feast, during which the fines were drunk together after the judge and Holzgraf had received their fees.
The rights and customs relating to the trademarks were summarized in so-called wisdom and written down. The Horster Weistum is the oldest Westphalian trademark system. It dates from 1303.
In the 19th century, the brands were divided among the brand comrades. For this purpose, the Prussian government set up the General Commission, which divided the country into five to eight quality classes (creditworthiness classes) and, depending on their eligibility, awarded their share to the individual march comrades. The price at which the comrades could purchase the land was also determined by the quality class. The Hof Lübbert z. B. got 13 acres for 302 thalers in the Höveler Mark.
The history of the brands spans more than a millennium. During this time, the total area of the individual nasties changed, their affiliation to the various administrative districts changed, and changes often occurred in the circle of fellow marchers. As a result, it is not always clear today about the exact location and dimensions of the brands in the various centuries.
According to Schwieters, the Bockumer and Höveler farmers and Kötter were entitled to the following brands:
- The Geinegger Mersch an der Lippe, 63 acres in size. She came early into private ownership, but was still with common Hude charged d. H. the associated march comrades were allowed to raise cattle from the harvest until November 24th. In addition, the Ermelinghof house had the right to graze 300 sheep there from November 24th to April 7th. In 1856 the right to hud was replaced by money.
- The Höveler Mark, a pasture area of 225 acres. It was east of the village of Hövel. In 1845 it was split up.
- The Bockumer Heide and Nagels Heide, 331 acres in size. This land area, northwest of the village of Bockum, was divided up in 1829. Trademark judges were the gentlemen at Schloss Heeßen , who were compensated with three acres of land as compensation.
- The Schliek and the Hanloh, 332 acres, located in the north-western border area between Bockum and Herbern. The division took place in 1836. The Beckedorf zu Horst house received the two best oak trees for the task of the trademark judge's office in Hanloh. The owner of the Hardenberg house, trademark judge for the Schliek, received a morning of the best land.
- The brands Dornheide, Hölterbrede, Lausbach, Nierfeld and Wellingholz, together 336 acres in size. They were located southwest of the village of Bockum and were also divided in 1836. The house of Nordherringen held the office of trademark judge here.
- The Bockumer Mersch in the Lippetal, 130 acres, split in 1836.
- The Mark Barkerholz. In 1827 around 400 acres, located in the Barsen farming community, were divided among the beneficiaries. Brand judges were the gentlemen from Heeßen.
- The Mark Waldemey, 100 acres in size, split in 1829. It was in the western part of the Merschhoven peasantry.
The forms of settlement and economy also changed as a result of the brand divisions. The property of the general public passed into the hands of individuals. The arable land of the farms increased, pastures were cultivated into meadows and quarries and swamps were drained.
Pre-industrial rural crafts
The cities suppressed the rural handicraft as soon as it did not serve the exchange between the rural residents, but competed with the urban handicraft. They induced the sovereigns to restrict the rural craftsmen by ordinances. So had z. For example, the Counts of the Mark banned the practice of any handicraft in the country, again around 1444. However, the implementation of this ban repeatedly caused difficulties. 1661 carpenters were forbidden to provide work for the city, according to a hammer breeding letter from 1735 should all Schneider from land taken away to be and transferred to the cities.
In 1789 every village was granted a tailor. In the same year the order came that the riders from the country and the police were to arrest the work found by unauthorized companies and the tools . But such restrictions were already proving to be ineffective, and around 1800 agricultural crafts even flourished to a certain extent. Around this time there was one craftsman for every twenty-four inhabitants in the area of the Münster administrative district. It is fair to say that at that time the country was saturated with craftsmen. As a result, they were mostly unable to make a living on their own, but almost always looked after a small farm on the side.
42 craftsmen lived in Bockum, which had a total of 665 inhabitants around 1800: 1 wheelwright , 1 cooper , 1 carpenter , 2 clog makers , 3 blacksmiths , 2 carpenters , 1 bricklayer , 12 linen weavers (flax construction), 6 tailors , 8 shoemakers , 2 bakers , 1 butcher and 2 brandy distillers and brewers (they brewed brandy and beer for the farmers who supplied grain and malt ). In Hövel there were 32 craftsmen with 585 inhabitants, namely 1 wood turner (he made spinning wheels, distaffs , chairs and tools for flax preparation), 3 cooper, 1 carpenter, 2 blacksmiths, 5 carpenters, 2 bricklayers, 1 brick burner , 5 linen weavers , 5 tailors, 4 shoemakers, 3 brandy distillers and beer brewers.
The brickmaker was certainly working in the brickworks that was across from Hof Teiner on the road to the Mangels farm. The number of linen weavers is striking. Unlike the other craftsmen, they did not work solely for the needs of the village. The Kiepenkerlen brought their products to the headquarters of the linen trade in Münster and Warendorf and from there even sent them to Holland and Brabant .
schools
A son of Schulzen Krechting is known as a Höveler teacher at a one-class school, who was also a tax collector and sexton until 1743, similar to Pastor Baggel. The school was located in the Mesenkampschen house on today's Overbergstrasse, which served as a schoolhouse and sexton's apartment until 1820. It was sold to Krampe for 500 thalers in 1831; the parish of Hövel is still negotiating the purchase. From this time on, school lessons were held in the building next to the pastorate, which was used as the third office building from 1909.
Teacher Schulze Krechting's successor was Johann Klostermann, who remained in office for 45 years. From 1794 a Menke was both a teacher and a sexton. He was followed by Heinrich Berring, who died in 1838, then Eisenbach, Silkenbäumer, Wilkmann and Schächter.
From 1750 a school can be found in Bockum, which, however, had to give way to the new church of St. Stephanus in 1905. Since the town had about 200 more inhabitants than Hövel in 1880, a one-class girls' school had to be set up. This was located in the house of Striepens until the new Stephanuskirche was built. In 1909, after the population had risen sharply in the course of industrialization, school lessons were started in the eight-year Ludgeri School (later Maschinenfabrik Scharf GmbH).
Away from industrialization (1848–1905)
The rural communities around Hamm were initially barely affected by the industrial revolution . A railway line from Hamm to Münster was built in 1848 by the Royal Westphalian Railway Company and inaugurated on May 26, 1848, but the trains did not stop in Bockum or Hövel. Baron von Twickel was only allowed to pull the emergency brake in Ermelinghof to get out. It was not until 1860 that trains belonging to the company that was nationalized on January 1, 1855 also stopped in "Ermelinghof". The company had four locomotives, namely the Hamm , the Münster , the Hermann and the Wittekind . When the municipality of Bockum-Hövel was established in 1939, the station was given the name "Bockum-Hövel". From 1902 to 1903 the Werner Zechenbahn had been expanded to Ermelinghof, with the company undertaking to maintain passenger traffic until 2001 (it was stopped in 1985).
The schools were financed by the municipalities, with the parents sharing the costs. In 1849 they had to raise 64.20 marks in the winter half-year and 51 marks in the summer half-year at the Höveler village school, which existed until 1909. Despite fines collected by a police officer, lessons for many children only took place in winter, as their labor was indispensable in the rural region and school fees were difficult to come by. The teacher received a free apartment and a kitchen garden of one acre (a quarter of a hectare), and he had to compensate for the low salary with activities as a sexton , organist , private lessons and scribe . After all, in 1891, teacher Prinz received an annual salary of 1,075.93 marks from the community. In 1875 he taught 120 to 130 children aged 1–8 in one room. In 1879 the teacher Rötering took up her duties. In 1898 the schools passed into state hands and school fees were abolished.
In 1861 Bockum and Hövel had a total of 1242 inhabitants. Their wages rose sharply within a few decades. In 1861 an older farmhand earned 60 to 120 Reichsmarks per year, in 1911 this was already 350 to 450 marks. From 1861 to 1911, wages for male and female servants rose five to six times as much. This was also noticeable in day wages. With free food they received 50 pfennigs in 1861 , maids 30, in 1913 these values were already 3 and 1.50 marks. The wages of a hauer in 1897 were 4.50 marks per shift, in 1911 it was 5.98 marks gross .
For the farmers, the fact that they were exempted from paying church tithes around 1865 and became free farmers by replacing the rent had an even more relieving effect . At the same time, the prices of many agricultural products fell, but they rose again before the First World War . 100 kg of wheat cost 21 marks in 1862, only 13.20 marks in 1900, and 18 marks again in 1911; similar to rye , the price of which fell from 17.50 marks to 11.40 in these years, only to rise again to 16.20 marks. While in 1862 around 80 marks were paid for 100 kg slaughter weight of beef and in 1912 already 150 to 180 marks, the same expensive pork rose to as much as 240 marks. In 1880 butter cost 1.55 marks per kilogram , in 1912 the price was around 1.80 to 2.50 marks.
The extent to which the rural communities were affected by the war between Austria-Hungary and Prussia in 1866 could not be determined, and the number of war participants from Bockum and Hövel cannot be determined. At the Franco-German war from 1870 to 1871 took part 49 soldiers.
In 1872, hard coal was drilled in the neighboring communities of Herbern and Werne , but this discovery was pushed into the background by the culture war that broke out in 1873 . There was no service in Bockum for two years and the chaplain was arrested. Baptisms had to be carried out in Hövel, funerals by the village teacher. Vicar Niesing from Hövel was expelled. The civil marriage was introduced. The cemetery in Bockum was created.
The organizational penetration by the Reich , which was led by Prussia from 1871, led to the Reichspost opening its first office at Dabrock in Ermelinghof in 1876 . The first telegraph station followed in 1878 . The manors were withdrawn in 1887 by law, the hereditary municipal and parliamentary seats.
Raiffeisen banks and savings banks were set up to promote loan financing and savings , the first of which opened in Bockum in 1883 and was named Höveler und Bockumer Sparkasse . The later savings and loan fund Bockum-Hövel eG ( Rheinisch-Westfälischer Genossenschaftsverband ) developed from this.
Beginning of industrialization
Industrialization finally reached the region in 1887 when large strontianite deposits were discovered in the Lüdinghausen district , especially in Herbern and Drensteinfurt . Many workers from Bockum and Hövel found employment.
Population growth and a change in mentality made themselves felt in the two main churches. In 1884 and 1885 new pastors came to the two churches, first Heinrich Rolff at the Stephanuskirche, then Hermann Gerbermann at the Pankratiuskirche. The Höveler church, which had become too small, should be demolished. Demolition began in 1892 after an emergency church had been built in Hövel near Dabrock in the barn. The high altar purchased by Pastor Ostenfelde in 1814 was given to a diaspora community in Emsland . The four bells bought over the years (1511 from Pastor Johann von Morrien, 1678 from Pastor Adolf K. Zumbülte, 1778 from Pastor J. Berg, and the fourth bell, which was used as a striking bell, year of purchase and pastor unknown) were secured. The fourth bell, which was the smallest, was hung in the emergency church. The new church was consecrated on July 5, 1894. The building contractors Brandhove and Schmettkamp from Sendenhorst carried out the demolition and new construction .
Under the aegis of the pastor Bernhard Weckendorf, appointed in 1901, the Stephanuskirche was also demolished. The church, which was inaugurated by Prince-Bishop Hermann von der Mark in 1280, was brought down by the citizens of the community , despite objections from the state curator, when Pastor Weckendorf was in Berlin to obtain a new building permit . During the excavation work, two tree coffins were found in good condition. One was taken to a museum in Berlin. It contained a very well preserved skeleton. The other is in the Gustav Lübcke Museum in Hamm.
Industrialization and coal mining, mixed denominational immigration
With the opening of the first mine, industrialization began to accelerate. In 1904, the preliminary work for sinking the Radbod colliery was completed, and the next year the sinking work for Shaft I began. In 1905, Bockum and Hövel had a combined population of 2,128, of which around 1,200 belonged to the municipality of Bockum. On June 16, 1906, the first seam was reached at a depth of 695 meters. The first coal wagon decorated with flowers was sent to the trades in Trier . Shaft I ended at a depth of 377 meters. The depth of the earth at shaft II was 864 meters.
The growing population led to the construction of miners' houses and schools, such as the Stephanusschule. The Stephanuskirche was rebuilt from 1905 to 1907 according to the plans of the architect Jenner from Berlin. In 1909 the Ludgerischule was moved into (today Scharff GmbH, as of 1980). The rapidly growing miners' settlement was called the Radbod colony . The workers recruited by the mine administration and their families came mainly from Silesia , East and West Prussia, Bavaria , Saxony and Thuringia . Around 350 families came from Carinthia , Styria and Bohemia in Austria-Hungary . Accordingly, the proportion of the Protestant population in the previously consistently Catholic population increased sharply. At the same time, land consumption accelerated, and the question of local recreation areas, based on the metropolises, was viewed as increasingly important. The last time in 1913 a surprisingly large rook colony with 250 nests was observed in Bockum-Hövel , while by the end of the 1950s these animals had long since disappeared from the area.
With the industrial development a separate administration became necessary. On April 1, 1908, the Bockum-Hövel Office was formed, an area that had previously belonged to the Drensteinfurt Office. The former honorary officer Fritz Freiherr von Twickel (1847–1913) was elected as bailiff. With two employees, he moved into the gatehouse at House Ermlinghof as the administration building, and soon afterwards occupied the second administration building in the garden of House Ermelinghof. The administration was housed in an adjoining building until 1910, then in the old school in Hövel, which was expanded in 1913 to become the official building (now a day-care center ) that was used until the 1970s . Volunteer Fritz von Twickel died as a result of a hunting accident on July 11, 1913, and was succeeded by Karl von Eichstedt , who was in office from July 31, 1913 until he was dismissed by the NSDAP in 1933.
In 1908 Bockum and Hövel already had 5,290 inhabitants, but the Radbod colliery was hit by one of the largest mining accidents that ever took place in Germany. On November 12, 1908, 350 out of 1,800 members of the workforce were killed. After that, electric pit lights and helmet lights replaced the gasoline-powered lights.
The promotion was resumed in 1909. The workforce continued to grow, as did the population. The recruited workers came mainly from Silesia , East and West Prussia, Bavaria , Saxony and Thuringia . About 350 families came from Carinthia , Styria and Bohemia . The Protestant population increased sharply in the region north of the Lippe, which was dominated by Catholicism up until then.
In quick succession, new schools were built for the rapidly growing number of pupils, the old village schools were demolished, like the one in Hövel in 1909. In 1908, 285 children were still being taught there in three, then four classes by two teachers. In addition, two new teachers were hired this year. Since the school was now too small, the Protestant children were sent to the Protestant school in Bockum, which was located in the emergency church there. In the same year, planning began for a larger school building, the mountain school . In 1910 the Protestant elementary school with 190 pupils, the valley school, was inaugurated, in 1911 the Pestalozzi School, and in the same year the former Catholic cemetery on Erlenstrasse in Hövel. In 1912 the Overberg School followed, attended by 675 children, then the Von Vincke School. There were also numerous non-Catholics among the immigrants, so that on February 18, 1912 the foundation stone of the Evangelical Church was laid, which was inaugurated on November 17. The cornerstone of the church is the Radbod Bible, which was found in a box during the colliery accident . The empress donated the first altar Bible. The first pastor was Wilhelm Wiehe from 1911.
On July 2, 1908, the 49th General Assembly of the Cooperative of the Rhenish-Westphalian Knights of the Maltese Devotion declared that it was fundamentally ready to build a Maltese hospital in Hövel. The impetus came from the Maltese order member Fritz Freiherr von Twickel, who had recently become the bailiff of the new Bockum-Hövel office and who gave the Maltesergenossenschaft the necessary property. Due to the mining accident of November 12th, the rapid implementation of the plan seemed all the more urgent. In June 1909, the Maltese decided at the next General Assembly in Cologne to build the hospital quickly. For nursing, they won the women's order of the Sisters of Mercy from Münster, known as the Clement Sisters . The foundation stone of the hospital on Hohenhöveler Strasse was laid on November 21, 1911, and the inauguration took place on February 23, 1913, and Twickel was appointed hospital inspector. At the request of his wife Therese, the house with its 100 beds was named "St. Josephs Hospital" when it was opened. The first "senior doctor" of the house opened on March 10th was Dr. Josef Wessing from Recklinghausen . Under the direction of his successor, Dr. Albert Struck (from 1922), the hospital expanded.
On the 2nd Sunday in May 1912 the first flight day took place in the Ermelinghofschen Wiesen. The aviator was engineer Kurscheidt from Hamm. The city of Hamm was unable to provide the aviation pioneer with any land.
In 1914, Bockum and Hövel had 13,786 inhabitants, six years earlier it had been 5,290. In 1917 the Overberg School alone had 1,093 students and 17 teachers.
First World War
During the First World War, 1500 of the 4,000 men in the Radbod colliery were drafted into military service, the younger teachers - six from the Overberg School alone, so that the rector was the only man left - also had to march towards Ermelinghof station and from there they were on the war fronts spent. 119 soldiers from Bockum and 152 soldiers from Hövel perished in the war; Altogether there were 163 deaths in Hövel among 7740 inhabitants at the beginning of the war. The war widows received 15 marks a month in summer, 20 in winter, plus 10 marks per child.
At first, the war was barely noticeable to the civilian population. In 1915 Hohenhöveler Straße was paved. But the initial euphoria quickly disappeared after the “victory-free” days at schools became increasingly rare. The first prisoners of war, French at the Overberg School, were quartered and planted an orchard. Grocery cards were introduced as early as 1915.
In 1917, all bronze bells weighing over 20 kg were confiscated. In the so-called turnip winter of 1916/17, when turnips replaced potatoes as the main food, the tram line from Hamm was moved up to 150 meters from the Radbod colliery. A violent ( typhus ) epidemic raged from spring to autumn . In 1917 all children over the age of 13 ½ left school to help at home. Shortly after the war, the Spanish flu claimed numerous victims among the population, aided by the privations of the war years.
For the students of the Overberg School, as in all schools, lessons began at 7.15 a.m. with a service - in this case in the Pankratius Church. The actual lessons began at 8 a.m. in summer and at 8:30 a.m. in winter; most of the children walked in wooden shoes in winter and barefoot in summer. In the last two school hours on Saturday the weekly cleaning took place in the outdoor pool on the Geinegge, only in winter there was a shower, in a shower room in the basement. An important learning tool was the slate, which cost 5 marks. It was only replaced by a booklet in the 5th school year. The school servant lived in the basement and received 75 marks a year for cleaning the rooms. In September 1914 there were 1162 students, in May 1919 there were 1226. In December 1918 the school was closed. Three teachers had died, one of them still in French captivity in April 1919.
At the end of the war the troops returned, many were housed in the Overberg School; their field kitchen supplied the impoverished population. A workers 'and soldiers' council took over the management of community affairs. A Saxon regiment took up quarters in the village for several weeks.
Weimar Republic and the Great Depression
With the proclamation of the republic on November 9, 1918, the monarchy and World War I ended. However, the further development of the political orientation was contested. So it came to violent disputes in the Ruhr area . On July 1, 1919 (other information: July 3) there was looting in Bockum-Hövel; the Heuveldop and Goldschmidt stores were particularly hard hit. Government troops stepped in that evening. Something similar happened in Hamm and other cities. Revolutionaries invaded the municipal administration and disarmed the police. Government troops later disarmed the revolutionaries.
In 1919 the long-planned construction of the water and power lines was completed, so that the kerosene lamps were gradually replaced.
Between March 15 and May 10, 1920 there was an uprising in the Ruhr area supported by communist groups . After an ultimatum , the newly founded Reichswehr moved in on April 2 - the workers' councils had arranged for the railway line to be torn down to prevent this - and began the fight against the so-called Red Army . An armored train stopped in the Zechenhof, artillery took up position on the Schmerberg and shot at the Canal and Lippe Bridge in northern Heringen . Along the Lippe, the workers withdrew to the other side of the river. Heavy fighting broke out on Maundy Thursday (April 1st), known as the Battle of Pelkum . Pelkum was stormed, 79 members of the workers' militias were shot by Reichswehr troops. Estimates, however, amount to 150 to 300 deaths.
The second significant turning point in the history of the Ruhr area after the war came in 1923 with the invasion of the French and Belgians , who had already occupied Duisburg two years earlier . Bockum-Hövel was cut off from the Ruhr area. Funds that were earmarked for the Ruhr area have now been paid out here. Around 300 of these miner's houses could be built. On the other hand, the second building of the Overberg School had to be closed in the winter of 1922 because the heating costs could not be raised. But the two-shift teaching system had to be abandoned after five months. In addition, on May 22, 1923, a six-month school strike began by numerous parents who demanded a school without religious instruction. About 130 students stayed away from the Overberg School. Finally, “secular classrooms” were set up at the valley school.
At the same time, hyperinflation made itself felt in Germany , which only ended with the introduction of the Rentenmark on November 15, 1923. A Rentenmark was assigned the value of one trillion Reichsmarks , or one gold mark. Numerous citizens lost their wealth during the period of inflation, 50 students from the Overberg School were taken in by farmers in Ennigerloh.
In 1929 the world economic crisis began , which had an impact in the Reich especially from 1930 onwards. Beggars received 5- and 10-pfennig notes, which they could redeem after checking with the local government. The workforce at the Radbod colliery was reduced to 1700, and numerous party shifts had to be put in place. In 1931 the number of unemployed in the Reich was over six million.
Meanwhile, the management passed into new hands in numerous places in the expanded city. This affected the village churches on the one hand - Bernhard Iserloh became the pastor of the Stephanus congregation in 1920, followed by Josef Kloster in 1931 - on the other hand, new churches were built in view of the rapidly growing population. In 1927 the foundation stone was laid for the Herz-Jesu-Kirche in Bockum and that of the Christ-König-Kirche in Hövel. Both churches were consecrated the following year. Johannes Wellekötter was rector in Bockum, Kaup in Hövel.
In 1924 the Freiligrath School was inaugurated, on August 3rd the Klostermühle Youth Hostel , on August 2nd, 1925 a stadium, the former Adolf-Brühl-Kampfbahn, today Adolf-Brühl-Stadion. The remains of Geinegge Castle came to light. The facility was named after Adolf Brühl (1873–1962), who headed the community from 1930 to 1933 and 1945 to 1948. He gave up this office because of his old age, but remained on the local council until 1952. He became an honorary citizen of the city on February 24, 1953 .
In 1925, the colliery released 2,000 miners. In 1926, after thinning the Hallohbusch, a nature park was created for the general public. In the same year the infrastructure was also improved with the completion of the tram line from the Radbod colliery to the village of Bockum. In 1928 a second Catholic church, the Christ the King Church, was built in Hövel, which was replaced by a new building 50 years later.
In line with this development into an independent municipality, the city of Hamm rejected the attempt to incorporate it in 1930.
National Socialist dictatorship, persecution of the Jews, forced labor, World War II
On January 30, 1933, Adolf Hitler was appointed Reich Chancellor . On April 27, the district leader of the NSDAP occupied the office building in Hövel with an SA troop. He arrested the mayor, v. Eichstedt, the senior office clerk, Riethmüller, and the chief of police, Diekmannshemke. The public was a message of the first on May 1 Westphalian Gazette informed: Riethmüller and Diekmannshemke be April 28 again in their full rights used was while v. Eichstedt had been removed from office because of rumors spread about him . Apparently in a fit of sadness , he voluntarily passed out of life. When this press release came out, v. Eichstedt had already been buried in Recklinghausen. 1956, teacher Fritz Schumacher reported in the brochure "Das Wachsen und Werden" by Bockum-Hövel: "He passed out of life voluntarily." Willi E. Schroeder, "local home keeper of the districts of Bockum and Hövel", said in 1980 that on April 27, 1933 a case against v. Eichstedt had been initiated. He was not aware of any guilt "and acted as an officer. On April 29, 1933, he committed suicide." One thing is certain: the official criminal chamber at the Münster government initiated official criminal proceedings against v. Eichstedt, which was discontinued on July 10, 1933. The files about it and an explanatory letter to the Bockum-Hövel office have disappeared. No offenses are known from his personal file.
On the same April 27th, when the NSDAP forcibly took power in the Bockum-Höveler Amtshaus, the seven Jewish citizens fled to the Netherlands. The two merchant families Bock and Gobas had settled in Hövel towards the end of the First World War. The Dutchman Leo Bock was married to Mathilde Silberberg from Wadersloh. Her daughter was Agathe, born in Hövel. The family ran a manufactured goods store. Little is known about the Gobas family. Siegmund Gobas from Lüdenscheid was married to Agathe Friedlich from Bünde / Westphalia. The family reportedly owned a small business. The three children Edith, Paul and Rolf, it is said, had attended secondary school in Hamm. Edith Gobas married a Dutchman in 1931, with whom she opened a kosher restaurant in Haarlem near Amsterdam. After the targeted campaigns against the Jews in the German Reich began on April 1, 1933 and their businesses were boycotted, the Hövel Jews felt their very existence was threatened. Bock's business was broken into and robbed at night in the first days of April. On the eve of their escape, Paul Gobas told a friend that they would "leave for Holland and later perhaps overseas" under cover of night. The friend could go into the shop from behind in the dark and get what he wanted; the door is open. In the Netherlands, however, after the German occupation, the Jews came under Nazi control again. Between 1942 and 1944 all of them, including Edith Gobas-Noach, were deported to Auschwitz and murdered. The Nazi victims from Bockum-Hövel who perished in the Holocaust also include four Jews from the Blumenthal and Simons families, who were born in Bockum between 1860 and 1924 or who lived there for a while.
In the course of 1933 several teachers were dismissed, some of them were taken to "protective custody camps" or concentration camps together with KPD and SPD functionaries . 54 people from Bockum and Hövel known by name were taken into "protective custody" in 1933.
On May 1, 1933, the SS man Erich Lorek, who worked at the welfare office of the city of Haltern , was appointed (initially provisional) mayor. However, he was removed from office in 1936 for embezzlement. Erich Kieke , NSDAP local group leader of Hövel, continued his business . In 1937 SA man Lothar Held , a "traveler" from Hamm, who had stated in his application that his "personal commitment during the fighting years ... was not forgotten by the top SA leadership", was appointed mayor.
On April 1, 1939, the communities of Bockum and Hövel were merged to form an unofficial community. The post office (previously Radbod ) and the train station (previously Ermelinghof ) were now called Bockum-Hövel . In addition, all denominational schools were dissolved and the schools were given new names. The Overbergschule was named the Ludendorffschule (after Erich Ludendorff ), the school on Hohenhöveler Straße after Gauleiter Hans Schemm , the school on Stefanstraße was named after the Swiss pedagogue Pestalozzischule, the one on Freiligrathstraße Litzmannschule (after the National Socialist Karl Litzmann ), the school on Horst-Wessel-Strasse (Dörholtstrasse) was now called Hindenburg school, and that on Schultenstrasse was named after Dietrich Eckart , who had been editor-in-chief of the Völkischer Beobachter from 1921 to 1923 . There were also two auxiliary schools on Freiligrathstrasse and Bahnhofstrasse. Above all in the village of Bockum there was opposition to the merger. On April 18, 1945, two weeks after the liberation, the Catholic pastor Johannes Wellekötter wrote to the military government that "the unification of the communities of Bockum and Hövel" took place "without the democratic participation of the population". Therefore it must be lifted
Wilhelm Weber became pastor at the St. Pankratius parish in 1939. He followed Ferdinand Holtmann (since 1913). As early as 1937, clergymen were no longer allowed to give religious instruction in schools. On November 27, 1943 Weber was arrested and taken to the Münster penitentiary for illegal behavior . First, he had demanded that an SA emblem be removed from a tomb in the then still Catholic cemetery (Erlenfeldstrasse). Second, he had refused to bury a firefighter who was killed in an air raid, who was a member of the NSDAP and had recently left the Catholic Church, because he was no longer Catholic. Thirdly, he had a Catholic Polish woman who had to do forced labor on a farm in the village of Hövel and who, according to general belief, had hanged herself, buried in the cemetery or buried herself. According to Catholic canon law ( Codex Iuris Canonici - CIC) as amended at that time, it was forbidden to bury suicides in Catholic cemeteries. Fourth, the Gestapo in Münster reported Weber's "disparaging remarks about Nazi officials". From February 19, 1944 to April 10, 1945, he was imprisoned in the so-called pastors' block of the Dachau concentration camp . In the summer of 1945 he returned to Hövel and campaigned for the reconstruction of the nave of St. Pankratius Church, which was destroyed by two bombs in 1944. In the period from 1954 to 1957, the reconstruction took place under his direction. In 2009 a stumbling block was laid for him because of his resistance against the Nazi regime and his deportation to the concentration camp .
Emil Schumann (born December 28, 1908 in Duisburg), vicar in the Catholic Stephanus community in Bockum, also received a stumbling block in 2009. The Father of the Order of Missionaries of St. Herz Jesu was denounced to the police by a young woman from Bockum: he is said to have advised her in the confessional that she should separate from her fiancé, an SS man; otherwise he will pray for him to fall at the front. Schumann was arrested on September 20, 1941. He could not defend himself against the accusation because it was subject to the confidentiality of confession. Without a trial he was brought to the Dachau concentration camp , suffering from a severe heart condition and, according to a doctor's certificate, unfit for transport , where he, like Weber later, was taken to the pastor's block. In 1945 he returned sick from the concentration camp and became a pastor in the border area between Germany and Belgium. He died in 1981 after suffering a heart attack.
Ladislaus Rune (born November 9, 1907 in Bergesgrün / Bohemia), miner at the Radbod colliery, was honored with a stumbling stone in 2009. The Hauer with the brand number 2222, who was married and had six children, was a staunch opponent of the war. He was denounced by a friend. He said: “If I had something to say, then I would put everyone on the wall, from Hitler to Goebbels and Göring. Then the murder would come to an end. ”On July 2, 1943, the Gestapo had him arrested by the Bockum-Höveler police and transported him to Berlin. He was tried in the People's Court . "Lado", as his friends called him, was sentenced to death for "anti-fascist and defensive remarks". His wife, who had traveled to Berlin despite the bombing, tried in vain to appeal. On May 15, 1944, Ladislaus Rune was executed in the Brandenburg Görden prison.
At the beginning of the Second World War , Bockum-Hövel had 17,401 inhabitants. In 1943, Johannes Wellekötter, who had been the first pastor of the Sacred Heart Congregation since 1939, moved to the St. Stephanus congregation as pastor. In 1945 Hermann Rekers became his successor there.
On May 25, 1940, British bombers severely damaged seven houses, 33 slightly. The target of the attack, the Radbod mine, was supposed to be protected by building Scheinzechen in Nordick (farmers in Herbern , today Ascheberg) and Ameke (today Drensteinfurt ). The second attack took place on November 19, 1943, in which “the Berkhoff, Reher and Jochmann properties (today Buschkötter) in Unterholsen and Döbbe in Oberholsen” were severely damaged, and the Reher and Jochmann properties (where a fireman was killed) were also destroyed up in flames.
In 1944, the Allied bomber units started day raids. Many residents drove into the colliery to avoid the threat of the air strikes. On March 23, the nave of the Pankratiuskirche was destroyed, but the damaged tower remained standing. In the attack on September 26, bombs damaged the Protestant church and the parish hall, the hall of which was completely destroyed. 16 women were killed. 46 people died and 160 were wounded in this attack. Further attacks followed on October 2, 25 and 28, killing 105 people and injuring 104. A total of 166 people were killed and 313 wounded in the air war in Bockum-Hövel. After the bombing, corpses wrapped in sacks were brought to the Sacred Heart Church on wagons and horse carts. There they were laid out, identified and placed in coffins.
In January 1945 a V1 got lost in the park of the Ermelinghof house. In the summer of 1944, a special train with around 1,000 people who had been forcibly evacuated from Aachen and the surrounding area arrived in Bockum-Hövel. You were housed here. Some of them were later sent on to Thuringia. Residents from Bockum-Hövel fled to the countryside, often to relatives. In the course of the war, 552 of the soldiers called up for the Wehrmacht were killed,
In 1991 a class from the Albert Schweitzer School in Bockum-Hövel found out next to the colliery sports ground that until recently there was a small bunker as protection against air raids. While the guards found shelter there, Russian prisoners of war who lived in a barrack camp were not allowed to go to safety in the bunker. There is now a parking space for used cars. There were, however, four barrack camps at the Radbod colliery: first, the community camp for civilian forced laborers from the areas of Poland occupied by Germany (since 1940) and the Soviet Union (since 1941); secondly, the aforementioned prisoner of war camp for Red Army soldiers (since 1942); third, a POW camp for Italian military internees-IMI (since 1944) ; fourth, a labor education camp (AEL) for women (since 1944). The civilians as well as the prisoners of war from the former Soviet Union, namely Russians, Belarusians and Ukrainians, who had to do hard work on the colliery , are still called "Russian prisoners of war" in the common Bockum-Höveler parlance.
Forced laborers not only had to toil at the Radbod colliery, but also in commercial enterprises. Because many German men were at war, the German state needed a large contingent of foreign workers for industry and agriculture. Since 1940 Polish prisoners of war and civilian slave laborers have been shipped to the German Reich - from areas that had been occupied by the Wehrmacht . In 1942 there were captured Red Army soldiers and prisoners of war from Western countries. In Bockum-Hövel their total number was more than 4,000. For four years they made it possible for economic life in the community not to collapse.
The first forced laborers in Bockum-Hövel were 30 Polish prisoners of war who had lived in a camp near the Klostermühle since 1940 and had to work in agriculture. At least 514 civilians known by name were active on 54 farms, in 37 businesses and two small companies working for the war economy as well as in private households. They came from Poland (252, including 59 women), the Soviet Union (161, including 49 women), the Netherlands (65, including 1 woman), Belgium (29) and France (7). Most of them lived in their workplaces. 18 other Dutch people lived in the camp at the train station between 1944 and 1945 . They had to repair tracks on the Reichsbahn line between Münster and Hamm. The route was repeatedly bombed and shot at by low-flying planes. A camp with at least 17 women from the Soviet Union who worked in one of the two smaller, war-important companies, had been in the monastery mill since 1943.
According to the Nazi racial ideology , so-called “ Aryan ” forced laborers, for example the Dutch, were able to move around fairly freely, while forced laborers from other countries had to live isolated from the German population. Poles and Soviet citizens who were discriminated against as “Slavic subhumans” were not even allowed to attend church services in German churches.
In the camps at the colliery, the drastic isolation regulations, the violation of which could also be punished with the death penalty, were easier to enforce than on farms and in private companies where forced laborers lived with their employers. At the Radbod colliery, the aforementioned communal camp was built in 1941 with seven residential barracks for 72 people each, a utility barrack and a residential barrack for the security personnel. The Polish civilians moved in here first. In the autumn of 1941, civilian forced laborers came from the Ukraine. In mid-1942, deportees from all parts of the German-occupied Soviet Union - with the exception of the Baltic states - were present and were working underground. In August 1942, Soviet prisoners of war were sent to the POW camp behind barbed wire. A year later their contingent was 1090.
Since 1944 “Italian military internees (IMI)” were also behind barbed wire - 150 prisoners of war who did not want to continue the war on the part of the fascists.
In 1944 the Radbod colliery was one of ten industrial companies in the Ruhr area, in which a so-called large - scale experiment on forced laborers was carried out for several months . According to the National Socialist racial ideology, the aim was to find out in the various ethnic groups - including the Italians - how calories could be optimally converted into profitable muscle power. Hoesch AG placed 1,500 human test objects on Radbod. The number of calories per meal was precisely defined. The work slaves were weighed every week and their calves measured. The recklessness of the experiment soon resulted in an increase in digestive diseases.
It was not until 2018, u. a. Through research in the access book of the Radbod colliery and with the help of the aforementioned publication by the Albert-Schweitzer-Schule and another from the secondary school in Bockum-Hövel, discovered that the Gestapo established a labor education camp (AEL) , also known as the local concentration camp , for Has set up female forced laborers. They were brought in by the Gestapo in Münster, Recklinghausen and Hamm, as well as by the local police. Apparently some of them also had to work underground. 131 women, all except one French woman came from Eastern Europe, are known by name. They fled from the mine or were liberated on April 1, 1945. However, 16 of them are missing. The AEL, which also existed in other industrial companies in the Ruhr area, was run by the SS. The entry book of the Radbod colliery records two members of the Waffen-SS as official employees on Radbod at the beginning of 1945 and once between 1939 and 1945 . One was from Riga. The other, a police sergeant from Holland, bears the job title “shooter” in the Hoesch AG access book. This is the name given to the police in Riga who murdered 27,000 Latvian Jews in the 1941 massacre in Rumbula: it is reported that they executed the people who had to lie in pits with targeted shots in the neck.
SS units were quartered in the Overberg School at the end of 1944. Mayor Lothar Held had received the order to have the collieries blown up when the Allies moved in. However, this command was not executed. Hero took his own life. However, the assertion in the brochure The Becoming and Waxing of Bockum-Hövel published by the city of Bockum-Hövel in 1958 , not least due to a new edition of the Bockum-Hövel district council from 2010, has been consolidated: “He was a Volkssturmmann on April 10, 1945 fallen near Rinteln on the Weser. ”Meanwhile, according to a testimony, the mayor had initially confiscated the car of a Bockum-Höveler citizen and on March 31, 1945 set off to the north in front of the advancing American troops. Behind Minden he was apparently in the Weserbergland-boiler of the Allies advised and had, as the witness reported suicide in this hopeless situation. In Rinteln , after the city surrendered, he was buried in the Seetor cemetery in a cemetery of fallen war victims from Rinteln and the surrounding area. The “13th April 1945 ”as the date of his death. In contrast, on September 22, 1945, it was entered in the city's death register that he had been killed on April 10, 1945 as a Volkssturm man and shot in the head .
On Holy Saturday 1945, American troops reached the northern parish boundary. On Easter Sunday , April 1st, the invasion of Bockum-Hövel took place. The Americans came through the Barsen, Oberholsen and Hölter farmers. In the morning there were fighting in Bockum. The tower of the Stephanuskirche was hit. The visitors to the Easter service fled the church. A Hessian corporal was killed. The German soldiers came out of hiding with their arms raised. Then the American tank chain advanced on Hammer Strasse to the north of Hamm.
post war period
The American troops were replaced by the British. Weapons, radios and cameras had to be surrendered, and an exit ban was imposed, which was later changed to a curfew that lasted several months. Allocation of food and consumer goods, especially clothing, had already been carried out since 1939 using cards and vouchers. Money was almost worthless. But anyone who was in possession of fat, tobacco or alcohol could exchange anything else. The black market flourished. The population grew by more than 2000 displaced persons , many of whom found work at the colliery.
At the instigation of the British military government and probably also the Soviet military mission in the British zone , the so-called Russian cemetery was built around 1946 on the Höveler Friedhof (Erlenfeldstrasse) . According to the aforementioned research by the Realschule and the Albert-Schweitzer-Schule in Bockum-Hövel, slave laborers who died between 1942 and 1945 were thrown into mass graves on a grave field on the edge of the cemetery. 49 wooden panels have now been set up there. They bore names, dates of birth and dates of life of dead prisoners of war and forced laborers from the Soviet Union. Later the wooden plaques were replaced by stone plaques. Apparently the data was based on two registers of the municipality of Bockum-Hövel and the district of Lüdinghausen , which had been drawn up on the instructions of the Allies. However, they only bore the names of those dead who were known after the liberation or who could be determined based on entries from the registry office and lists from the St. Josef Hospital in Bockum-Hövel. At least two of the 49 were not buried in Hövel at all, but in the Ehrenfriedhof in Hamm- Süd. On the other hand, the recognizable graves of seven Poles, three Belarusians and two Italians, who were Roman Catholics and were buried in individual graves of the "Catholic ranks" during the Nazi era, were apparently removed from the originally Catholic Höveler cemetery. In 2017, by the way, the missing common grave of a native Romanian and a Polish woman who had done forced labor in the Barsen peasantry was discovered in the Bockum cemetery . The city of Hamm then set up a small memorial.
On April 15, 1945, Adolf Brühl , who had been community leader twice before 1933, was appointed mayor by the military government. On June 20, postal traffic was resumed - initially only as postcard traffic. People received only 1200 kcal per day . Brandy was often blackened, corn bread was the order of the day. By order of the British Military Government, schooling was resumed on August 27, 1945. After three votes by parents, at least 77.4% of whom voted for denominational schools, three Catholic, two Protestant and two community elementary schools were established. In 1945/46, each student paid 10 pfennigs, from 1947 one pfennig per month. In 1951, 68 teachers were teaching 3,125 students in Bockum-Hövel.
On the basis of the revised municipal code , Adolf Brühl was appointed head of the municipality on April 25, 1946 , at that time Bockum-Hövel had 19,168 inhabitants.
On January 8, 1947, the last troops left the town, which on December 31 had around 20,000 inhabitants, including a good 3,000 displaced persons.
In 1948, the community director Brühl retired for reasons of age. Karl Beermann was elected his successor on March 31st. This led to a solid political scandal: Beermann, a former NSDAP comrade, was not yet denazified. When he was introduced to his office - according to a newspaper report from 1990 - the North Rhine-Westphalian state parliament member Anton Pytlik from Bockum-Hövel, who had been arrested by the National Socialists as an SPD functionary in 1933, went into the administration building opposite and pushed "a swastika flag that was still in the attic through the window". At the same time, a mine band marched up and staged the "Badenweiler March", which was played during Hitler's appearances during the Nazi regime. The musicians were arrested by the British military government and released after admonitions. A former administrative member confirmed the information from his own experience in 2018.
At the end of the 1940s, the Winkhaus shaft was expanded, the coking plant at the Radbod colliery, the establishment of an employment office with rooms for the community library, the construction of the district vocational school and the secondary school, but also the expansion of the sports facilities and the construction of a theater and concert halls (hall construction). In addition, there was a partnership with Tarnowitz in Upper Silesia from 1950 to 2000 , which was also continued by the newly founded town of Bockum-Hövel; home meetings were held every two years. In 1967 the Bockumer Lindenstrasse was renamed Tarnowitzer Strasse.
In 1950 the place had 21,716 inhabitants, in 1955 there were 23,250. In 1953 a secondary school was established , but it was not until 1954 that the reconstruction of the St. Pankratius Church could begin, which was completed in 1956.
On September 14, 1955, the community received the right to use a coat of arms and a seal. It shows the colors red and silver as a symbol of the Lords of Hövel, beechnuts as a symbol for Bockum and Schlegel and iron as a reference to the local mine.
City of Bockum-Hövel (1956–1974)
By resolution of the state government, Bockum-Hövel was elevated to a town on May 15, 1956. On October 4th, the Minister of the Interior presented the city charter. On July 1, 1957, Heinz Förster was elected city director . In 1958 a new post office was built in Bockum-Hövel.
On April 25, 1957, the Ludgerischule was re-established to respond to the growing number of students. The school accepted 268 children from the Christ the King Congregation. A new building was built on Eichstedtstrasse, which the Albert Schweitzer School moved into in 1962, which until then had been on Bahnhofstrasse. The Ludgerischule, split off from the Overbergschule in 1957, was dissolved again in 1967/68. Short school years were held in 1966/67 when the start of school was moved from Easter to summer. In 1960 Franz Fischedick became pastor of the Catholic St. Stephen's community in Bockum; 1961 Ludwig Uhlenbrock of the Catholic St. Pankratius parish in Hövel; 1969 Karl Heinz Supplie at the Protestant Cross Church and 1973 Ludger Bügener at the St. Pankratius congregation.
In the sixties and seventies, the city was considerably expanded to the north and east, and new residential and industrial areas were created along Römerstrasse.
The regional reform was implemented against fierce opposition , and on January 1, 1975, Bockum-Hövel was incorporated into the city of Hamm on the basis of the Reorganization Act. In a survey that was carried out from October 26th to November 14th 1972, 93% of the citizens had spoken out against the incorporation. In view of the strong resistance, the SPD parliamentary group of Bockum-Hövel suggested to the state executive "to suspend the reorganization and rethink", because 49.3% of the population of the still independent municipality had joined the Bürgerwille campaign . In 1974, the Minister of the Interior, Willi Weyer , who was responsible for municipal reform, stated that the results of citizen surveys were merely an expression of an “uninhibited emotionalization”. The mayor Helmut Pytlik , who had been in office since 1962 and who had vehemently opposed the incorporation, had informed Interior Minister Weyer about the "notarized results" of the 1972 referendum. But he replied succinctly: “It may be that such a survey reflects the expectations of the population more accurately than a department store survey. But neither one nor the other type of survey can be taken into account as a criterion for the reorganization. "
Despite the foreseeable merger, the town hall was built on Teichweg from 1972 to 1973. The old town hall or office building in Hövel on Bahnhofstrasse (later Ermelinghofstrasse) was sold to an architect and almost completely demolished in the 1980s. A similar procedure was followed with half-timbered houses at the Stephanuskirche and near the train station, in 1978 with a mill near Ermelinghof and one near the cemetery on Ermelinghofstrasse. In 1993 the last visible evidence of the Jewish history of Bockum was removed with the former "Judenhaus". The handsome half-timbered house was inhabited by the Blumenthal family in the 19th century. In 1906 it had to give way to the church square and the street widening when the St. Stephen's Church was rebuilt. The Blumenthals, who moved to Hamm, sold their house to the Stephanus congregation, which demolished it and rebuilt it at Hammer Straße 4,
On January 1, 1975, the town with 26,210 inhabitants , which had previously belonged to the district of Lüdinghausen , was incorporated into the city of Hamm against the will of the population as part of the municipal reorganization carried out in North Rhine-Westphalia ( Münster / Hamm Act ). Interior Minister Willi Weyer reduced the total number of municipalities in the state from 1968 to 1978 from 2277 to 396.
District of the city of Hamm (since 1975)
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The incorporation of 1975 was by no means structurally processed, but rather gave rise to less transparent, cross-party groups from the CDU and SPD within the incorporated districts, which at the same time were little controlled by the local press, which for its part had completely lost its diversity. This was shown in 1986 in the "Masannek Affair" around Winfried Masannek , who was a member of the council of the then still independent town of Bockum-Hövel until March 1973, in a way that caused a sensation nationwide. The two doctoral degrees of the long-standing department head for economic development, sport and waste disposal, to whom the city u. a. the waste incineration plant of Deutsche Babcock AG in Oberhausen, which went into operation in Bockum-Hövel in 1985 - which had paid him over 1.7 million marks - turned out to be falsified. In addition, he had built a property in the middle of the nature reserve under the pretext of a heather nursery and a tree nursery. Sentenced to seven years imprisonment before the Dortmund Regional Court in July 1987, he was sentenced to four years and six months imprisonment on February 14, 1989 for corruption and forgery of documents in connection with the construction of the waste incineration plant by the Bochum Regional Court .
In addition, the Bockum-Hövel district also fell behind in other respects, because apart from Halloh-Park there were hardly any local recreation areas - in 1983 the district had the lowest forest cover. The establishment of another local recreation area on the Geinegge had been decided before the incorporation. At the end of 1982, Salzgitter AG decided to have this Krähenbusch , which it owned, felled with its 500 to 600 beech and oak trees that were up to 150 years old. As a result, the forest area was occupied by a group of citizens for almost four weeks on January 10, 1983, and on January 17 there was a police operation. The municipality rejected the declaration of the nature reserve. The owner, however, undertook to reverse the sale of the not yet felled trees on the 1.67 hectare area. The former mayor of Bockum-Hövel, Helmut Pytlik, took the side of the forest squatters, who, according to the Hamm West landscape plan, considered the trees to be an immission control forest. They demanded protection as a natural monument. At least the western oak ring should remain. The commune was not prepared to spend 143,000 marks; Sabine Zech , the mayor, stated that the forest should long ago have been declared a natural monument. In the meantime, the forest occupiers had collected more than 2,000 signatures, even if a third of the trees had already been felled. The timber buyers announced lawsuits in the amount of 5,500 marks, whereupon the owner used the absence of the forest occupiers to clear the forest except for a few oaks, although the company had promised a "felling stop" by the end of February. Said Winfried Masannek approved of the secret deforestation. However, the recreation area was preserved through new planting, even if only in the long term.
The influx of "guest workers", who mostly found employment at the colliery, increased so that from the 1980s the proportion of Turkish students in some schools rose to over 40%. In 1975 a fifth elementary school, the Brothers Grimm School, was established.
In 1990 the Radbod colliery was closed and most of the buildings demolished. There are a few large local employers, but many workers are dependent on commuting to neighboring communities, especially to neighboring Münster and Hamm. From the 1970s onwards, long-established Bockum-Höveler companies settled in the Römerstrasse industrial park, and various start-ups were established. The largest employer is the Hella plant founded in 1964 (Plant 4, factory for body electronics, heating control and small series) with 1426 employees, followed by Hesse GmbH & Co. KG , a manufacturer of paints and stains for wooden surfaces with 420 ( Status: 2015) and the hospital with over 400 employees. Jäschke Logistics, founded in 1949, which relocated its headquarters to Hafenstrasse in 2013 and last had 46 employees, filed for bankruptcy in 2015.
On January 1st, 2005 the parishes of Christ the King, Herz Jesu, St. Pankratius and St. Stephanus were merged to form the Catholic parish of Heilig Geist Bockum-Hövel; the new parish church was St. Pankratius, the others became branch churches. The Catholic parishes of Maria Königin and Herz Jesu in Hamm-Norden were merged to form the Catholic parish Clemens August Graf von Galen with effect from November 27th .
At the end of 2014, the municipality had 34,898 inhabitants. In 2017 it became known that the St. Josefs Hospital would be closed and moved to the St. Barbara Clinic in Hamm-Heessen. A citizens' initiative was formed for the preservation of the Bockum-Höveler Hospital, which was just as unsuccessful as the objection from local politicians. The move to Heessen is finally planned for the end of 2021.
Dealing with the historical legacy
Naming of the streets in Bockum-Hövel
The construction of housing estates confronted the municipal administration with the task of giving new streets names. These names were chosen and changed from very different perspectives. Finally, the names used several times by the incorporation were replaced.
The important connecting roads were named after the places they approach, such as Hammer Strasse, Bockumer, Stockumer and Horster Strasse, Barsener and Oberholsener Strasse, which run in the direction of the eponymous farmers.
In the colony there are mainly the names of men who have made a name for themselves in the colliery, such as: Bergassessor Heinrich Janssen († 1919), the first director of the Trier mining company ; Ernst Middendorf, head of the excavation work until 1906; District Administrator a. D. Dr. Walter Langen, Chairman of the Supervisory Board of the Trier Mining Company, and as members of the Supervisory Board: Government Councilor Walter Glatzel, Bergassessor Kurt Klemme, Privy Councilor of Commerce W. v. Oswald; Councilor of Commerce Adolf Flemming; Louis Hagen, banker in Cologne; Wilhelm Rautenstrauch, Belgian consul and founding member of the Trier mining company; Counselor Dr. Otto Strack. Next: General Director Eugen Wiskott from the Hermann colliery in Selm ; Government Councilor Bäumer, legal advisor to the Trier mining company; Building officer Karl Siebold from Bielefeld, who rejected the plans for the old colony.
Streets are also named after some notables: Karl v. Eichstedt, acting bailiff (1913/14) and mayor (1914 to 1933); Heinrich Koch, official builder in the twenties, August Kramann, innkeeper, who built the first houses on the street named after him; Heinrich Dörholt, community leader in Bockum from 1900 to 1920; Adolf Brühl, from 1919 to 1924 mayor of the Hövel community.
Memories of the empire are recorded in Wilhelmstrasse and Augustastrasse: Kaiser Wilhelm I and his wife Augusta .
Stephanstraße got its name after the first German general post director Heinrich von Stephan , Bodelschwinghstraße after the founder of the Bethel establishment, Friedrich von Bodelschwingh .
In the so-called Feldherrenviertel the streets were named after the military: Derfflinger , General of the Great Elector; Ziethen , Seydlitz , Keith , General of Frederick the Great; Yorck , Bülow and Blücher , commanders in the wars of freedom; Schill and Lützow , well-known officers from the wars of freedom; Tilly and Wallenstein , generals from the Thirty Years' War; Haeseler , Goeben , Manteuffel , Estorff , Steinmetz , generals from the war of 1870/71 against France.
The following were named after the slaughter : the Düppelstraße after the Düppeler Schanzen ; the Alsenstrasse to the Danish island of Alsen , both made famous in the German-Danish War ; the Sedan, Spichernstrasse and Wörthstrasse after famous locations from the Franco-German War .
The Großstraße and the Parsevalstraße were named after the airship designers Hans Groß and August von Parseval .
The following personalities gave the streets their names in the official colony : Bismarck , first German Chancellor (1815–1898); Roon , Minister of War under Wilhelm I .; Moltke and Alvensleben , generals under Wilhelm I .; Tirpitz , Grand Admiral under Wilhelm II .; Zeppelin , designer of the rigid airship (1838–1917).
The streets in the Jägerblock were named after the troop units billeted during the miners' strike in Bockum-Hövel in 1912: the Bückeburgerstrasse and the Jägerstrasse after the Bückeburger hunters ; the Paderbornerstrasse and the Husarenstrasse, also the Reiterstrasse after the Paderborn Hussars .
The following were named after the German states of that time: Sachsen-, Elsässer-, Lipper-, Bayern-, Schaumburgerstraße. Male first names such as Werner, Peter, Adolf etc. are used as street names near the valley school. Names of poets were the inspiration in the poets' quarter : Goethe (1749–1832), Schiller (1759–1805), Körner (1791–1813), Uhland (1787–1862), Lessing (1729–1781), Geibel (1815–1884), Arndt (1769–1860), Heinrich Heine (1797–1856), Hermann Löns (1866–1914).
Old field , place and farm names also live on in street names : Pieperstraße was named after Piepers Kotten; In Sundern it means that which is separated; Halloh is interpreted as Hanloh, small wood on a slope. The street Am Wemhof is named after the adjacent pastorate, which is called Wemhof; Hohenhöveler Straße to Hofe Hohenhövel (Schwering). The Heideweg takes its name from the Heidekamp, which was located between Wilhelmstrasse and Augustastrasse; the Wellenbuschstraße after the Wellenbusch, which was cut down in 1920. From other field names are derived: Eschstraße; Am Rosengarten, Geiststraße and Südgeist (from Geest), Vogelbrinkstraße, Uphofstraße, Greitebrede, Am Böcken and others.
Overbergstrasse was named after the theologian and pedagogue Bernhard Overberg (1754–1826), who worked in Münster and had made a special contribution to teacher training.
The interpretation of many street names results from the location of the streets, e.g. B. Kirchstrasse, Hauptstrasse, Bahnweg etc. The Wittekindstrasse runs above the former mine field of the Radbod colliery named after the Saxon Duke Wittekind ( Widukind ) . Ulanenstrasse and Husarenstrasse commemorate the suppression of the strike of 1905.
literature
- Franz Bäumer (responsible), Rev. Johannes Werges, Günther Bachtrop, Hermann-Josef Dörholt, Anneliese Langenstroth, Andreas Weber: St. Stephanus Bockum 1907–2007. Ed .: Catholic parish HeiligGeist Bockum-Hövel, parish St. Stephanus Bockum, Löcke Druck GmbH, Hamm, December 2006.
- Peter Hertel , in front of our front door. A childhood in the Nazi state - experienced early, explored late, agenda-Verlag, Münster 2018, ISBN 978-3-89688-596-8 .
- Friedrich Lampp: The grain trade policy in the former county of Mark during the 18th century. A contribution to the national culture of the Brandenburg-Prussian rulers. In: A. Meister (Hrsg.): Munster contributions to historical research. N. F. 28. Munster 1912.
- Winfried Masannek: Bockum-Hövel. Memories of a young, dynamic city. 1974.9
- Wolfgang Pabst: 350 men died - now let's dance. The disaster in the Radbod / Hamm coal mine in November 1908. Pabst Science Publishers, 1982, ISBN 3-89967-029-9 .
- Arthur Schauerte, home nurse and Fritz Schumacher: The development and growth of Bockum-Hövel. Ed .: City of Bockum-Hövel, Westfaldruck, Dortmund 1958, new edition 2010.
- Willi E. Schroeder: A home book. Two districts introduce themselves. Bockum and Hövel , o. O., 1980 (the author was a local hometown worker ).
- Fritz Schumacher and Hartmut Greilich: Bockum-Hövel. From history and local history. Regensberg Verlag, Münster 1956. New edition 2002.
- Julius Schwieters: Historical news about the eastern part of the district of Lüdinghausen. The parishes of Werne, Herbern, Bockum, Hövel, Walstedde, Drensteinfurt, Ascheberg, Nordkirchen, Südkirchen and (branch) Kapelle , 1st edition, Aschendorff, Münster 1886 (unchanged photomechanical reprint, Aschendorff, Münster 1974, ISBN 3-402-05708 -5 ).
- Anton Fahne : The Lords and Barons v. Hövel, along with the genealogy of the families from which they took their wives , 2 vols., Heberle, Cologne 1856. ( Vol. 2: Document book )
Web links
- A tour through Hövel , a historical school project of the Albert Schweitzer School
Remarks
- ^ Fritz Schumacher, Hartmut Greilich: Bockum-Hövel. From history and local history , Regensberg, Münster 1956, p. 15.
- ↑ Michael Becker: The Unna area from the beginnings to Roman times , p. 1.
- ^ Fritz Schumacher, Hartmut Greilich: Bockum-Hövel. From history and local history , Regensberg, Münster 1956, p. 16.
- ^ Fritz Schumacher, Hartmut Greilich: Bockum-Hövel. From history and local history , Regensberg, Münster 1956, p. 16.
- ^ Fritz Schumacher, Hartmut Greilich: Bockum-Hövel. From history and local history , Regensberg, Münster 1956, p. 18.
- ^ Brukterer, § 2 (Historical) . In: Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde . Vol. 3 (1978), p. 585.
- ^ Tacitus, Germania 33. See Ulrich Nonn: Die Franken , Stuttgart 2010, p. 21.
- ↑ Cf. Eugen Ewig : The Franks and Rome (3rd – 5th centuries). An attempt at an overview , in: Rheinische Vierteljahrsblätter 71 (2007) 1-42.
- ↑ Jacob Schneider: The Roman military roads on the Lippe and the Castell Aliso depicted according to own local research , in: Jacob Schneider (Ed.): New contributions to the old history and geography of the Rhineland , Düsseldorf, 1878, p. 10 ( online ).
- ↑ Matthias Springer : Die Sachsen , Kohlhammer, Stuttgart 2004, pp. 57–96.
- ^ Matthias Springer: The Saxons. Kohlhammer, 2004, p. 149.
- ^ Fritz Schumacher and Hartmut Greilich: Bockum-Hövel. From history and local history . Regensberg, Münster 1956, p. 19 .
- ^ Peter Hertel: To Saxon and Franconian place names. Some informative, compelling research, in: Westfälischer Heimatkalender 1970 . Ed .: Westfälischer Heimatbund. tape 24 . Aschendorffsche Verlagsbuchhandlung, Münster 1969, p. 103-105 .
- ↑ Hans Gebhart, Konrad Kraft , Maria R. Alföldi : The found coins of the Roman era in Germany , Gebr. Mann, Trier 1971, n. 4036, p. 43.
- ↑ In 1092 Abbot Otto I had a certificate made out according to which Alfrik, a free man in Langonbukheim, donated his property there to the Werden monastery, but received it back as a fief and a farm in Herten. Local historians such as Schwieters see this document as the first mention of Bockum. With the place of jurisdiction the free chair at today's Hofe Frye in Bockum is meant. However, there is much to suggest (for example the enfeoffment with the court in Herten) that Langonbukheim refers to the place Langenbochum near Herten and not Bockum. Local researchers Gustav Griese from Gelsenkirchen and Max-Joself Midunski from Herten also take this view .
- ↑ On the Counts of Lauffen cf. Lexicon of the Middle Ages .
- ↑ Willi E. Schroeder: A home book. Two districts introduce themselves. Bockum and Hövel , 1980.
- ↑ Wolfgang Viehweger sets the foundation of the county after 1080 (Ders .: Die Grafen von Westphalen. A family from the primeval nobility of our country , Aschendorff, Münster 2003, p. 90).
- ↑ Paul Leidinger: The time of the counts of Werl (approx. 950-1124) , in: Amalie Rohrer, Hans-Jürgen Zacher (ed.): Werl. History of a Westphalian City , Volume 1, Paderborn 1994, ISBN 3-87088-844-X .
- ↑ Archaeologists find Nienbrügge Castle , in: Westfälischer Anzeiger, December 2, 2011.
- ↑ On genealogy cf. Berg-Altena .
- ↑ Julius Schwieters: Historical news about the eastern part of the district Lüdinghausen. The parishes of Werne, Herbern, Bockum, Hövel, Walstedde, Drensteinfurt, Ascheberg, Nordkirchen, Südkirchen and (branch) Kapelle . Aschendorff, Münster 1886, ISBN 3-402-05708-5 , p. 99 f .
- ↑ Julius Schhwieters: Historical news about the eastern part of the district Lüdinghausen. The parishes of Werne, Herbern, Bockum, Hövel, Walstedde, Drensteinfurt, Ascheberg, Nordkirchen, Südkirchen and (branch) Kapelle . Aschendorff, Münster 1886, ISBN 3-402-05708-5 , p. 95-98 .
- ↑ Julius Schwieters: Historical news about the eastern part of the district Lüdinghausen. The parishes of Werne, Herbern, Bockum, Hövel, Walstedde, Drensteinfurt, Ascheberg, Nordkirchen, Südkirchen and (branch) Kapelle . Aschendorff, Münster 1886, ISBN 3-402-05708-5 .
- ↑ Julius Schwieters: Historical news about the eastern part of the district Lüdinghausen. The parishes of Werne, Herbern, Bockum, Hövel, Walstedde, Drensteinfurt, Ascheberg, Nordkirchen, Südkirchen and (branch) Kapelle . Aschendorff, Münster 1886, ISBN 3-402-05708-5 , p. 97 .
- ↑ Franz Bäumer (responsible), Rev. Johannes Werges, Günther Bachtrop, Hermann-Josef Dörholt, Anneliese Langenstroth, Andreas Weber: St. Stephanus Bockum 1907–2007. Ed .: Catholic parish HeiligGeist Bockum-Hövel, parish St. Stephanus Bockum. Löcke Druck GmbH., Hamm December 2006, p. 52 .
- ^ Fritz Schumacher, Hartmut Greilich: Bockum-Hövel. From history and local history , Regensberg, Münster 1956, p. 37 f.
- ↑ Julius Schwieters: Historical news about the eastern part of the district Lüdinghausen. The parishes of Werne, Herbern, Bockum, Hövel, Walstedde, Drensteinfurt, Ascheberg, Nordkirchen, Südkirchen and (branch) Kapelle . Aschendorff, Münster 1886, ISBN 3-402-05708-5 , p. 206 .
- ↑ Julius Schwieters: Historical news about the eastern part of the district Lüdinghausen. The parishes of Werne, Herbern, Bockum, Hövel, Walstedde, Drensteinfurt, Ascheberg, Nordkirchen, Südkirchen and (branch) Kapelle . Aschendorff, Münster 1886, ISBN 3-402-05708-5 , p. 206 .
- ↑ Arthur Schauerte: A review, in: The becoming and growing of Bockum-Hövel . Ed .: City of Bockum-Hövel. Westfaldruck, Dortmund 1958, p. 12 .
- ↑ cf. Julius Schwieters: Historical news about the eastern part of the district of Lüdinghausen. The parishes of Werne, Herbern, Bockum, Hövel, Walstedde, Drensteinfurt, Ascheberg, Nordkirchen, Südkirchen and (branch) Kapelle . Aschendorff, Münster 1886, ISBN 3-402-05708-5 , p. 26-62 .
- ↑ Jürgen Deininger (Ed.): Max Weber. The importance of the Roman agricultural history for state and private law. 1891 , Tübingen 1986, p. 213, note 25.
- ↑ The Chronicles of the Westphalian and Lower Rhine Cities , Vol. 1, Göttingen 1969, p. 162.
- ^ Fritz Schumacher, Hartmut Greilich: Bockum-Hövel. From history and local history . Regensberg Verlag, Münster 1956, p. 35.
- ↑ Johann Hard changed the aeterno deodorant to terreno deodorant in the preface of the missal .
- ↑ Julius Schwieters: Historical news about the eastern part of the district Lüdinghausen. The parishes of Werne, Herbern, Bockum, Hövel, Walstedde, Drensteinfurt, Ascheberg, Nordkirchen, Südkirchen and (branch) Kapelle . Aschendorff, Münster 1886, ISBN 3-402-05708-5 , p. 98 .
- ↑ Julius Schwieters: Historical news about the eastern part of the district Lüdinghausen. The parishes of Werne, Herbern, Bockum, Hövel, Walstedde, Drensteinfurt, Ascheberg, Nordkirchen, Südkirchen and (branch) Kapelle . Aschendorff, Münster 1886, ISBN 3-402-05708-5 , p. 266 .
- ↑ Julius Schwieters: Historical news about the eastern part of the district Lüdinghausen. The parishes of Werne, Herbern, Bockum, Hövel, Walstedde, Drensteinfurt, Ascheberg, Nordkirchen, Südkirchen and (branch) Kapelle . Aschendorff, Münster 1886, ISBN 3-402-05708-5 , p. 268 .
- ↑ Julius Schwieters: Historical news about the eastern part of the district Lüdinghausen. The parishes of Werne, Herbern, Bockum, Hövel, Walstedde, Drensteinfurt, Ascheberg, Nordkirchen, Südkirchen and (branch) Kapelle . Aschendorff, Münster 1886, ISBN 3-402-05708-5 , p. 276 .
- ↑ Julius Schwieters: Historical news about the eastern part of the district Lüdinghausen. The parishes of Werne, Herbern, Bockum, Hövel, Walstedde, Drensteinfurt, Ascheberg, Nordkirchen, Südkirchen and (branch) Kapelle . Aschendorff, Münster 1886, ISBN 3-402-05708-5 , p. 274 .
- ↑ Julius Schwieters: Historical news about the eastern part of the district Lüdinghausen. The parishes of Werne, Herbern, Bockum, Hövel, Walstedde, Drensteinfurt, Ascheberg, Nordkirchen, Südkirchen and (branch) Kapelle . Aschendorff, Münster 1886, ISBN 3-402-05708-5 , p. 279 .
- ^ Rector [Heinrich] Niggemeyer: Bockum once and now, in: Festschrift for the 25th anniversary celebration of the Catholic workers and miners' association Bockum . Breer & Thiemann GmbH, Hamm 1932, p. 10 .
- ↑ Julius Schwieters: Historical news about the eastern part of the district Lüdinghausen. The parishes of Werne, Herbern, Bockum, Hövel, Walstedde, Drensteinfurt, Ascheberg, Nordkirchen, Südkirchen and (branch) Kapelle . Aschendorff, Münster 1886, ISBN 3-402-05708-5 , p. 98 .
- ↑ Julius Schwieters: Historical news about the eastern part of the district Lüdinghausen. The parishes of Werne, Herbern, Bockum, Hövel, Walstedde, Drensteinfurt, Ascheberg, Nordkirchen, Südkirchen and (branch) Kapelle . Aschendorff, Münster 1886, ISBN 3-402-05708-5 , p. 100 .
- ↑ Rector Nieggemeyer: Bockum then and now, in: Festschrift for the 25th Jubilee of the Catholic Workers' and Knapp Association Bockum . Breer & Thiemann GmbH, Hamm 1932, p. 11 .
- ↑ Quietly and quietly one of the oldest houses in Bockum's town center disappeared , in: Westfälischer Anzeiger, June 22, 1985.
- ↑ Julius Schwieters: Historical news about the eastern part of the district Lüdinghausen. The parishes of Werne, Herbern, Bockum, Hövel, Walstedde, Drensteinfurt, Ascheberg, Nordkirchen, Südkirchen and (branch) Kapelle . Aschendorff, Münster 1886, ISBN 3-402-05708-5 , p. 98 .
- ↑ Franz Bäumer (responsible), Rev. Johannes Werges, Günther Bachtrop, Hermann-Josef Dörholt, Anneliese Langenstroth, Andreas Weber: St. Stephanus Bockum 1907–2007. Ed .: Catholic parish HeiligGeist Bockum-Hövel, parish St. Stephanus Bockum. Löcke Druck GmbH, Hamm December 2006, p. 52 .
- ↑ Julius Schwieters: Historical news about the eastern part of the district Lüdinghausen. The parishes of Werne, Herbern, Bockum, Hövel, Walstedde, Drensteinfurt, Ascheberg, Nordkirchen, Südkirchen and (branch) Kapelle . Aschendorff, Münster 1886, ISBN 3-402-05708-5 , p. 308 .
- ↑ An impression of the completely different price structure is provided by a price table from the Hammer Domain Chamber dated August 1, 1768. A separately ordered, “very well prepared” meal should cost 20 to 25 Stüber per person (1 Reichstaler = 60 Stüber = 360 Pfennigs), for other travelers “of condition” 15, for a servant or maid about half; a pot of good Rhine or Moselle wine should cost 24 to 30 Stüber; a simple meal and beer 12. Coffee with milk and sugar cost 5 Stüber, whereas tea only 3. An overnight stay cost 5 in summer and 10 in winter ( a full meal for 72 pfennigs , in: Westfälischer Anzeiger, 12 December 1986 ).
- ^ Rector [Heinrich] Niggemeyer: Bockum once and now, in: Festschrift for the 25th anniversary celebration of the Catholic workers and miners' association Bockum . Breer & Thiemann GmbH, Hamm 1932, p. 11 .
- ↑ Julius Schwieters: Historical news about the eastern part of the district Lüdinghausen. The parishes of Werne, Herbern, Bockum, Hövel, Walstedde, Drensteinfurt, Ascheberg, Nordkirchen, Südkirchen and (branch) Kapelle . Aschendorff, Münster 1886, ISBN 3-402-05708-5 , p. 98 .
- ↑ FC Berkenvelder, JGJ of Booma, JM Kok, DE Lambert: genealogy in the German border area to the Netherlands. Anniversary volume of the 'Werkgroep Genealogisch Onderzoek Duitsland' 1967–1992 , Hilversum 1992, p. 57.
- ↑ Julius Schwieters: Historical news about the eastern part of the district Lüdinghausen. The parishes of Werne, Herbern, Bockum, Hövel, Walstedde, Drensteinfurt, Ascheberg, Nordkirchen, Südkirchen and (branch) Kapelle . Aschendorff, Münster 1886, ISBN 3-402-05708-5 , p. 100 .
- ^ Rector [Heinrich] Niggemeyer: Bockum once and now, in: Festschrift for the 25th anniversary celebration of the Catholic workers and miners' association Bockum . Breer & Thiemann GmbH, Hamm 1932, p. 12 .
- ↑ Julius Schwieters: Historical news about the eastern part of the district Lüdinghausen. The parishes of Werne, Herbern, Bockum, Hövel, Walstedde, Drensteinfurt, Ascheberg, Nordkirchen, Südkirchen and (branch) Kapelle . Aschendorff, Münster 1886, ISBN 3-402-05708-5 , p. 311 .
- ↑ Rector Niggemeyer: Bockum once and now, in: Festschrift for the 25th anniversary celebration of the Catholic workers and miners' association Bockum . Breer & Thiemann GmbH, Hamm 1932, p. 12 .
- ↑ Westfälische Zeitschrift, volumes 151–152, p. 464.
- ↑ Rector Niggemeyer: Bockum once and now, in: Festschrift for the 25th anniversary celebration of the Catholic workers and miners' association Bockum . Breer & Thiemann GmbH, Hamm 1932, p. 14 .
- ^ Rector [Heinrich] Niggemeyer: Bockum once and now, in: Festschrift for the 25th anniversary celebration of the Catholic workers and miners' association Bockum . Breer & Thiemann GmbH, Hamm 1932, p. 15 .
- ↑ Arthur Schauerte, Heimatpfleger: A review, in: The growth and development of Bockum-Hövel . Ed .: City of Bockum-Hövel. Westfaldruck, Dortmund 1958, p. 15 .
- ^ Ignatz Ostenfelde: quoted in: Julius Schwieters: Geschichtliche Nachrichten about the eastern part of the district of Lüdinghausen. The parishes of Werne, Herbern, Bockum, Hövel, Walstedde, Drensteinfurt, Ascheberg, Nordkirchen, Südkirchen and (branch) Kapelle . Aschendorff, Münster 1886, ISBN 3-402-05708-5 , p. 316 .
- ^ Fritz Schumacher, Hartmut Greilich: Bockum-Hövel. From history and local history . Regensberg, Münster 1956, p. 35 f.
- ↑ Annette Aistermann, Dietmar Kammann, Bern Ward Black, Bernhard Wacker: Overberg school. 1912-1987 , Hamm 1987, p. 35.
- ↑ Annette Aistermann, Dietmar Kammann, Bern Ward Black, Bernhard Wacker: Overberg school. 1912-1987 , Hamm 1987, p. 36.
- ↑ Joachim Zabel: The Rook in Westphalia , in: Treatises from the State Museum for Natural History in Münster in Westphalia, Volume 22, Issue 2, Münster 1960, pp. 3–28, here: p. 22.
- ↑ Joachim Zabel: The Rook in Westphalia , in: Treatises from the State Museum for Natural History in Münster in Westphalia, Volume 22, Issue 2, Münster 1960, pp. 3–28, here: p. 4.
- ↑ Annette Aistermann, Dietmar Kammann, Bern Ward Black, Bernhard Wacker: Overberg school. 1912-1987 , Hamm 1987, p. 41.
- ↑ Annette Aistermann, Dietmar Kammann, Bern Ward Black, Bernhard Wacker: Overberg school. 1912–1987 , Hamm 1987, p. 17.
- ↑ Paul Staufenbiel: Festschrift for the 50th anniversary of the Malteser Hospital "St. Josef" in Bockum-Hövel . Ed .: St. Josef Hospital. Print: Albert Löcke, Bockum-Hövel April 29, 1963, p. 11 f .
- ↑ Malteser Hospital St. Josef , History .
- ↑ Annette Aistermann, Dietmar Kammann, Bern Ward Black, Bernhard Wacker: Overberg school. 1912-1987 , Hamm 1987, p. 43.
- ↑ Annette Aistermann, Dietmar Kammann, Bern Ward Black, Bernhard Wacker: Overberg school. 1912-1987 , Hamm 1987, p. 74.
- ↑ Annette Aistermann, Dietmar Kammann, Bern Ward Black, Bernhard Wacker: Overberg school. 1912-1987 , Hamm 1987, p. 54.
- ↑ Jürgen Lange: The Battle of Pelkum in March 1920. Legends and documents. Klartext, Essen 1994, ISBN 978-3-88474-168-9
- ^ Anniversary of the Battle of Pelkum , in: Westfälische Rundschau, March 26, 2010.
- ^ "Battle of Pelkum" , Internet portal "Westphalian History".
- ↑ Freiligrathschule ( Memento of the original from September 14, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Peter Hertel: In front of our front door. A childhood in the Nazi state - experienced early, explored late . agenda-Verlag, Münster 2018, ISBN 978-3-89688-596-8 , p. 36 .
- ↑ Westfälischer Anzeiger, Kreis Lüdighausen, Hamm May 1, 1933, p. 9: quoted in: Peter Hertel, Vor unsrer Haustür. A childhood in the Nazi state - experienced early, explored late . agenda-Verlag, Münster 2018, ISBN 978-3-89688-596-8 , p. 36 .
- ^ Fritz Schumacher: The last 30 years - 1928 to 1958, in: The becoming and growing of Bockum-Hövel . Ed .: City of Bockum-Hövel. Westfaldruck, Dortmund 1958, p. 28 .
- ↑ Willi E .Schroeder - local curators of the neighborhoods and Bockum Hövel: - A home book. Two districts introduce themselves. Bockum and Hövel . 1980, p. 99 .
- ^ District administrator of the Lüdinghausen district: Letter to the mayor of Bockum-Hövel, quoted in: Peter Hertel: Vor unsrer front door. A childhood in the Nazi state - experienced early, explored late . agenda-Verlag, Münster 2018, ISBN 978-3-89688-596-8 , p. 37 .
- ↑ Peter Hertel: In front of our front door. A childhood in the Nazi state - experienced early, explored late . agenda-Verlag, Münster 2018, ISBN 978-3-89688-596-8 , p. 32-36 .
- ↑ Fritz Aperdannier: Member of the Bockum-Höveler municipal administration since 1942, information in: Peter Hertel, Vor unsrer front door. A childhood in the Nazi state - experienced early, explored late . agenda-Verlag, Münster 2018, ISBN 978-3-89688-596-8 , p. 34 .
- ↑ Peter Hertel: In front of our front door. A childhood in the Nazi state - experienced early, explored late . agenda-Verlag, Münster 2018, ISBN 978-3-89688-596-8 , p. 142-146 .
- ↑ Peter Hertel: In front of our front door. A childhood in the Nazi state - experienced early, explored late . agenda-Verlag, Münster 2018, ISBN 978-3-89688-596-8 , p. 146-152 .
- ↑ Lüdinghausen district: List of "prisoners in protection", quoted in: Peter Hertel: Vor unsrer front door. A childhood in the Nazi state - experienced early, explored late . agenda-Verlag, Münster 2018, ISBN 978-3-89688-596-8 , p. 38 .
- ↑ Peter Hertel: In front of our front door. A childhood in the Nazi state - experienced early, explored late . agenda-Verlag, Münster 2018, ISBN 978-3-89688-596-8 , p. 37 and 169 f .
- ↑ Peter Hertel: In front of our front door. A childhood in the Nazi state - experienced early, explored late . agenda-Verlag, Münster 2018, ISBN 978-3-89688-596-8 , p. 38 and 170 .
- ^ Lothar Held: Letter of application, quoted in: Peter HerteL Vor unsrer front door. A childhood in the Nazi state - experienced early, explored late. agenda-Verlag, Münster 2018, ISBN 978-3-89688-596-8 , p. 170 f .
- ↑ a b Stephanie Reekers: The regional development of the districts and communities of Westphalia 1817-1967 . Aschendorff, Münster Westfalen 1977, ISBN 3-402-05875-8 , p. 247 .
- ↑ Johannes Wellekötter: Letter to the military administration, quoted in: Peter Hertel: Vor unsrer front door. A childhood in the Nazi state - experienced early, explored late . agenda-Verlag, Münster 2018, ISBN 978-3-89688-596-8 , p. 21 .
- ↑ Peter Hertel: In front of our front door. A childhood in the Nazi state - experienced early, explored late . agenda-Verlag, Münster 2018, ISBN 978-3-89688-596-8 , p. 208 f .
- ↑ Peter Hertel: In front of our front door. A childhood in the Nazi state - experienced early, explored late . agenda-Verlag, Münster 2018, ISBN 978-3-89688-596-8 , p. 206 f .
- ↑ Peter Hertel: In front of our front door. A childhood in the Nazi state - experienced early, explored late . agenda-Verlag, Münster 2018, ISBN 978-3-89688-596-8 , p. 69 f .
- ↑ Peter Hertel: In front of our front door. A childhood in the Nazi state - experienced early, explored late . agenda-Verlag, Münster 2018, ISBN 978-3-89688-596-8 , p. 204 ff .
- ↑ Wochenblatt Hamm, death penalty for "stupid words", May 20, 2009: quoted in: Vor unsrer Haustür. A childhood in the Nazi state - experienced early, explored late . agenda-Verlag, Münster 2019, ISBN 978-3-89688-596-8 , p. 205 .
- ↑ Local home attendant reminds of bombs on Holsen. In: Westfälischer Anzeiger, November 19, 2013.
- ^ Fritz Schumacher: The last 30 years - 1928 to 1958, in: The growth and development of Bockum-Hövel . Ed .: City of Bockum-Hövel. Westfaldruck, Dortmund 1958, p. 31 f .
- ↑ Peter Hertel: In front of our front door. A childhood in the Nazi state - experienced early, explored late . agenda-Verlag, Münster 2018, ISBN 978-3-89688-596-8 , p. 54 .
- ^ Fritz Schumacher: The last 30 years - 1928 to 1958 . Ed .: City of Bockum-Hövel. Westfaldruck, Dortmund 1958, p. 34 .
- ^ Fritz Schumacher and Hartmut Greilich: Bockum-Hövel. From history and local history. Regensberg, Münster 1956, p. 96 .
- ↑ Class 10A of the Albert Schweitzer School, secondary school in the city of Hamm: "A bread and butter for my Iwan" in: Our Pütt. Radbod- a mine and its people . Ed .: City of Hamm, Adult Education Center. 1st edition. Klartext Verlag, Essen 1991, ISBN 3-88474-370-8 , p. 129-133 .
- ↑ The Oberkreisdirektor of the district Lüdinghausen: Ausländerlager 1939-1945 in the municipality Bockum-Hövel, list of July 4th 1949, quoted in: Peter Hertel: Vor unsrer Haustür. A childhood in the Nazi state - experienced early, explored late . agenda-Verlag, Münster 1949, ISBN 978-3-89688-596-8 , p. 230 f .
- ↑ Peter Hertel: In front of our front door. A childhood in the Nazi state - experienced early, explored late . agenda-Verlag, Münster 2018, ISBN 978-3-89688-596-8 , p. 123-136 .
- ↑ Bockum-Hövel community: List of United Nations members who have been employed in agriculture, quoted in: Peter Hertel: Vor unsrer Haustür. A childhood in the Nazi state - experienced early, explored late . agenda-Verlag, Münster 2018, ISBN 978-3-89688-596-8 , p. 103 .
- ↑ Peter Hertel: In front of our front door. A childhood in the Nazi state - experienced early, explored late . agenda-Verlag, Münster 2018, ISBN 978-3-89688-596-8 , p. 106 .
- ↑ Bockum-Hövel community: List of United Nations members who were employed by the Deutsche Reichsbahn, Bahnmeisterei Drensteinfurt, quoted in: Peter Hertel: Vor unsrer front door. A childhood in the Nazi state - experienced early, explored late . agenda-Verlag, Münster 2018, ISBN 978-3-89688-596-8 , p. 104 f .
- ↑ Police station Bockum-Hövel: Activity book from August 15, 1943 to April 17, 1948, quoted in: Peter Hertel: Vor unsrer Haustür. A childhood in the Nazi state - experienced early, explored late . agenda-Verlag, Münster 2018, ISBN 978-3-89688-596-8 , p. 125 .
- ↑ Dietrich Eichholtz: History of the German War Economy 1939-1945, Volume III, quoted in: Peter Hertel: Before our front door. A childhood in the Nazi state - experienced early, explored late . agenda-Verlag, Münster 2018, ISBN 978-3-89688-596-8 , p. 112 .
- ↑ The Oberkreisdirektor of the Lüdinghausen district: Foreigners camp in the municipality of Bockum-Hövel 1939-1945, quoted in: Peter Hertel: Vor unsrer Haustür. A childhood in the Nazi state - experienced early, explored late . agenda-Verlag, Münster 2018, ISBN 978-3-89688-596-8 , p. 113 f .
- ^ Dietrich Eichholtz: History of the German War Economy 1939-1945, Volume III: 1943-1945 . Akademie-Verlag, Berlin 1996, ISBN 978-3-05-002751-7 , pp. 134 .
- ↑ Bergbau-Archiv Bochum: Guidelines, Act 10/525, quoted in: Peter Hertel: Vor unsrer front door. A childhood in the Nazi state - experienced early, explored late . agenda-Verlag, Münster 2018, ISBN 978-3-89688-596-8 , p. 133-136 .
- ↑ Peter Hertel: In front of our front door. A childhood in the Nazi state - experienced early, explored late . agenda-Verlag, Münster 2018, ISBN 978-3-89688-596-8 , p. 103 .
- ↑ International Tracing Service Bad Arolsen (ITS): Access book of the Radbod colliery, quoted in: Peter Hertel: Vor unsrer front door. A childhood in the Nazi state - experienced early, explored late . agenda-Verlag, Münster 2018, ISBN 978-3-89688-596-8 , p. 123-133 and 231 ff .
- ↑ Six students from the 10th grade of the secondary school Bockum-Hövel: Fate of foreign prisoners of war and foreign workers in the period from 1939-1945 in our hometown Hamm Westphalia . Ed .: Körber Foundation, Contribution 83-0872 of the Federal President's History Competition. Hamm 1983.
- ^ Andrej Angrick / Peter Klein: The "Final Solution" in the "Ghetto" Riga: Exploitation and Destruction 1941-1944 . WBG (Scientific Book Society), Darmstadt 2006, ISBN 978-3-534-19149-9 , p. 159 .
- ^ Fritz Schumacher: The last 30 years - 1928 to 1958, in: The growth and development of Bockum-Hövel . Ed .: City of Bockum-Hövel. Westfaldruck, Dortmund 1958, p. 35 .
- ↑ Anneliese Beeck: This is how the new Hamm was created. End of the war and reconstruction. Griebsch, 1992, p. 17.
- ^ Fritz Schumacher: The last 30 years - 1928 to 1958, in: The becoming and growing of Bockum-Hövel . Ed .: City of Bockum-Hövel. Westfaldruck, Dortmund 1958, p. 29 .
- ↑ Peter Hertel: In front of our front door. A childhood in the Nazi state - experienced early, explored late . agenda-Verlag, Münster 2018, ISBN 978-3-89688-596-8 , p. 171-174 .
- ↑ Peter Hertel: In front of our front door. A childhood in the Nazi state - experienced early, explored late . agenda-Verlag, Münster 2018, ISBN 978-3-89688-596-8 , p. 158-160 .
- ↑ Peter Hertel: In front of our front door. A childhood in the Nazi state - experienced early, explored late . agenda-Verlag, Münster 2018, ISBN 978-3-89688-596-8 , p. 195-200 .
- ↑ Peter Hertel: In front of our front door. A childhood in the Nazi state - experienced early, explored late . agenda-Verlag, Münster 2018, ISBN 978-3-89688-596-8 , p. 197 f .
- ↑ Peter Hertel: In front of our front door. A childhood in the Nazi state - experienced early, explored late . agenda-Verlag, Münster 2018, ISBN 978-3-89688-596-8 , p. 194 f. and 229 .
- ↑ Peter Hertel: In front of our front door. A childhood in the Nazi state - experienced early, explored late . agenda-Verlag, Münster 2018, ISBN 978-3-89688-596-8 , p. 190 .
- ↑ Annette Aistermann, Dietmar Kammann, Bern Ward Black, Bernhard Wacker: Overberg school. 1912-1987 , Hamm 1987, p. 129.
- ↑ Anneliese Beeck: In 1948 the swastika flag waved at the Bockum-Höveler town hall . in: Westfälischer Anzeiger, Hamm May 7, 1990, p. 12 .
- ↑ Peter Hertel: In front of our front door. A childhood in the Nazi state - experienced early, explored late . agenda-Verlag, Münster 2018, ISBN 978-3-89688-596-8 , p. 176 .
- ↑ Goethe and the fire machine. Review of a long-term partnership between Bockum-Hövel and Tarnowitz , in: Westfälischer Anzeiger, September 4, 2015.
- ^ Sabine Mecking : Citizens will and territorial reform. Development of democracy and reorganization of state and society in North Rhine-Westphalia 1965–2000 , Oldenbourg, Munich 2012, p. 152 f. For the reorganization cf. Otto Löbke: Hamm. Municipal reorganization , Hamm 1999.
- ^ Sabine Mecking: Citizens will and territorial reform. Development of democracy and the reorganization of state and society in North Rhine-Westphalia 1965–2000 , Oldenbourg, Munich 2012, p. 191.
- ^ Sabine Mecking: Citizens will and territorial reform. Development of democracy and reorganization of state and society in North Rhine-Westphalia 1965–2000 , Oldenbourg, Munich 2012, p. 202.
- ^ Sabine Mecking: Citizens will and territorial reform. Development of democracy and the reorganization of state and society in North Rhine-Westphalia 1965–2000 , Oldenbourg, Munich 2012, p. 153.
- ↑ Quoted from Sabine Mecking: Bürgerwille und Territorialreform. Development of democracy and the reorganization of state and society in North Rhine-Westphalia 1965–2000 , Oldenbourg, Munich 2012, p. 153.
- ↑ Peter Hertel: In front of our front door. A childhood in the Nazi state - experienced early, explored late . agenda-Verlag, Münster 2018, ISBN 978-3-89688-596-8 , p. 140 f .
- ↑ Martin Bünermann, Heinz Köstering: The communities and districts after the municipal territorial reform in North Rhine-Westphalia , Deutscher Gemeindeverlag, Cologne 1975. ISBN 3-555-30092-X .
- ^ Sabine Mecking: Citizens will and territorial reform. The development of democracy and the reorganization of state and society in North Rhine-Westphalia 1965–2000 , Oldenbourg, Munich 2012, p. 44.
- ^ Wilhelm Ribhegge, Eva-Maria Schönbach, Manfred Witt: History of the city and region of Hamm in the 19th and 20th centuries , Schwann im Patmos, 1991, p. 495.
- ^ Henning Voss: The Masannek case. Chronicle of a political scandal , Hamm 1987.
- ↑ "Dr. Dr. “Masannek and the garbage of corruption , in: Die Zeit April 25, 1986
- ^ Rüdiger Liedtke: Scandal Chronicle. The Lexicon of Affaires and Scandals in Wild West Germany , Eichborn, 1987, p. 34.
- ^ Henning Voss: The Masannek case. Chronicle of a political scandal , Hamm 1987, p. 10.
- ↑ Luhofer: Districts to hear statutes. Zech: Krähenbusch negotiation in progress , in: Westfälischer Anzeiger , January 31, 1983.
- ↑ Guard at the crow's bush. Doubts about justification , in: Westfälischer Anzeiger, January 12, 1983.
- ↑ Police work in the forest. The personal details are noted in: Westfälischer Anzeiger, January 18, 1983.
- ↑ Instead of clearing, it is better to cut down only partial areas , in: Westfälischer Anzeiger, January 19, 1983.
- ↑ Stop the deforestation at the Krähenbusch. Refusal to sell the trees , in: Westfälischer Anzeiger, January 21, 1983.
- ↑ Politics unanimously for the preservation of the Krähenbusch - but without financial commitment by the city , in: Westfälischer Anzeiger, 25 January 1983
- ↑ Outrage over no of the parliamentary groups , in: Westfälischer Anzeiger, January 26, 1983.
- ↑ Luhofer: Districts to hear statutes. Zech: Krähenbusch negotiation in progress , in: Westfälischer Anzeiger, January 31, 1983.
- ↑ Last offer: Book away - the oaks stay and immediate afforestation , in: Westfälischer Anzeiger, February 2, 1983.
- ↑ Nature conservationists hope , in: Westfälischer Anzeiger, January 21, 1983.
- ^ Anton Fehn made a plea against the deforestation campaign , in: Westfälischer Anzeiger, 5./6. February 1983.
- ↑ Hella website
- ^ Company website .
- ↑ Hesse GmbH website
- ↑ Insolvency at Jäschke Logistics , in: Westfälischer Anzeiger, July 8, 2015.
- ↑ It remains with "St.Jupp" moving in 2021 . in: Westfälischer Anzeiger, Hamm May 15, 2019, p. Bockum-Hövel .
