History of Rhineland-Palatinate

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Coat of arms of Rhineland-Palatinate

The history of Rhineland-Palatinate encompasses developments in the area of ​​the German state of Rhineland-Palatinate from prehistory to the present. The history of Rhineland-Palatinate in the narrower sense began shortly after the Second World War on August 30, 1946, as a result of military ordinance No. 57 of the French occupying power from the formerly Bavarian Palatinate , from the administrative districts of Koblenz and Trier of the former Prussian Rhine province , from the left bank of the Rhine Parts of the province of Rheinhessen , which was formerly part of the People's State of Hesse , from parts of the Prussian province of Hesse-Nassau( Montabaur ) and from the former Oldenburg area around Birkenfeld the state of Rhineland-Palatinate was founded.

History before the state was founded

Early history and antiquity

In prehistoric times, the area of ​​today's Rhineland-Palatinate on the Rhine and on the other larger rivers was continuously populated. This is evidenced by finds since the Stone Age. Before the turn of the ages, Celtic tribes settled in the region, including the Treveri , Mediomatriker , Nemeter and Vangionen .

During the Gallic War , the Romans conquered under Julius Caesar in 55 BC. The area on the left bank of the Rhine. During punitive expeditions against the Teutons, Caesar sometimes penetrated the right bank of the Rhine and had temporary Rhine bridges built at Neuwied and Urmitz . The right bank of the Rhine came permanently under Roman rule under Drusus and Tiberius . After the areas on the left bank of the Rhine were secured, there was an increasing number of Roman foundations there. Among other things, today's towns of Andernach (Latin Antunnacum ), Bingen (Latin Bingium ), Boppard (Latin Baudobriga ), Koblenz (Latin Confluentes ), Mainz (Latin Mogontiacum ), Remagen (Latin Rigomagus ), Speyer ( lat. Noviomagus Nemetum), Trier (lat. Augusta Treverorum ) and Worms (lat. Borbetomagus ) go back to Roman settlements and camps. A majority of the oldest cities in Germany are in Rhineland-Palatinate.

The Romans opened up the area by roads and paths and organized it into provinces; today's Rhineland-Palatinate includes parts of the provinces Germania Superior , Germania Inferior and Gallia Belgica .

Around 17 BC Augusta Treverorum , founded in BC , became the capital of the province of Gallia Belgica before the middle of the 3rd century and became an imperial residence at the end of the 3rd century. The palace auditorium and the imperial baths bear witness to this . With a high five-digit population in the year 300, Augusta Treverorum was the largest city north of the Alps.

After the founding of Mogontiacum around 13/12 BC Through the construction of a legionary camp and the stationing of up to 40,000 soldiers, the location was the starting point for numerous campaigns in the Germania magna on the right bank of the Rhine . With the establishment of the province Germania superior in the year 90, which included large parts of what is now Rhineland-Palatinate, Mogontiacum was designated the capital of the province. The findings of the Roman ships in Mainz testify to its importance as a Roman Rhine port .

Under the pressure of united Germanic tribes on the eastern border, the Upper Germanic Limes , the Romans had to give up the right bank of the Rhine in the 3rd century. To the left of the Rhine they were able to hold their rule until the 5th century.

middle age

In 406, Germanic attackers crossed the Rhine during the migration of peoples and plundered several Roman cities. In the early 5th century, Burgundians (411-435) initially controlled the area as foederati together with regular Western Roman units until they rebelled and were bloodily overthrown by Flavius ​​Aëtius in 436. After around 455, the Alemanni and finally the Merovingian Franks succeeded Roman rule on the Rhine: When Clovis I succeeded his father as rex around 482 , he also became formally administrator of the Germania Prima province , which emerged from Germania Superior , which then gradually expanded should transform into Franconian crown land.

Clovis took over the functional late antique Roman administrative apparatus (the core of which was the civitates , especially in the south ). The power of the local bishops, who had often taken on administrative tasks in the civitates , played an important role, so that the church should develop into another pillar of power for the king. In what is now Rhineland-Palatinate, these were the Roman dioceses of Trier , Mainz , Worms and Speyer . In the north of what is now Rhineland-Palatinate, the Archdiocese of Cologne reached south as far as Ahr .

The Roman provincial capitals Trier and Mainz were able to establish themselves as metropolitan seats in the course of the early Middle Ages . Trier became the seat of an archbishop in the 6th century . Mainz followed in this rank in the 8th century under Bonifatius and Lullus . Both dioceses were able to maintain their status until the beginning of the 19th century. The Trier ecclesiastical province included the suffragan dioceses of the Trois-Évêchés (French since 1648) : Metz , Toul and Verdun . The ecclesiastical province thus comprised a central region of the Franconian Empire. The diocese of Trier itself was able to expand through the incorporation of the Mayengau along the Moselle to the Rhine to Koblenz and beyond to the lower reaches of the Lahn .

Under the mission archbishop Bonifatius, the diocese of Mainz became the starting point for the mission of Germanic areas east and north of the Rhine; The suffragan dioceses of Verden , Hildesheim , Halberstadt , Paderborn , Würzburg , Worms , Speyer , Augsburg , Eichstätt , Constance , Strasbourg and Chur belonged to the ecclesiastical province of Mainz , which was established in 782 . While the bishopric of Trier was initially very important due to its central location in the Merovingian Empire, with the expansion of the empire to the east under the Carolingians, the importance of the bishopric of Mainz increased significantly.

The region of today's Rhineland-Palatinate belonged in the Franconian Empire to the partial kingdom of Austrasia and remained unaffected by several divisions of the empire . After the rise of the Carolingians to royal dignity in the Frankish Empire, Charlemagne became emperor from 800 . The Rhineland occupied a central position in the Frankish Empire. The Carolingians preferred the Rhenish Palatinate and episcopal seats; the imperial palace Ingelheim became a preferred residence for Karl and his son and successor Ludwig the Pious . After his death in 842 negotiations between the representatives of the sons of Ludwig in the St. Castor Church near Koblenz, which led to the Treaty of Verdun concluded in 843 . With this the empire was divided: The western parts of today's Rhineland-Palatinate with the metropolitan seat Trier as well as the Mayengau and Koblenz came to Ludwig's son Lothar I ; the eastern parts, including the Wormsgau , Speyergau and Nahegau as well as the metropolitan seat Mainz, the bishopric Worms and Speyer and the imperial palace Ingelheim, fell to Lothar's brother Ludwig the Germans . Further disputes between the successors of Ludwig the Pious were settled in 860 in the Treaty of Koblenz, which was also negotiated in the Kastor Church . The division of the region of present-day Rhineland-Palatinate had not last long, and after the Prüm division 855 and the Treaty of Meersen 870 were the territories of present-day Rhineland-Palatinate under Louis the German in the eastern kingdom , the forerunner of the Holy Roman Empire , again united. The areas of what is now Rhineland-Palatinate have remained part of the German cultural area since then, while France developed from neighboring western France in the course of the 9th and 10th centuries .

Within the East Franconian Empire, from the end of the 9th century, the parts of the Lotharinigschen Mittelreich formed the Duchy of Lorraine ; the region to the east formed the Duchy of Franconia . The latter fell back to the king after the battle of Andernach . As a result, it formed the heartland of royalty for several centuries. The Rhenish imperial cathedrals of Speyer , Worms and Mainz as well as the Palatinate and royal courts of Kaiserslautern , Oppenheim , Worms, Ingelheim, Bingen, Bad Kreuznach , Oberwesel , Boppard , Andernach, Remagen and Sinzig attest to the importance of the Salier and Staufer dynasties .

With the territorialization, the power of the kings dwindled in favor of the sovereigns. The ecclesiastical electoral principalities of Kurtrier and Kurmainz as well as the secular electorate of Kurpfalz were formed in what is now Rhineland-Palatinate .

Modern times

Liberty tree with a Jacobin cap in the Moselle landscape on the border between the Duchy of Luxembourg and the French Republic with the town of Schengen in the background; Watercolor over pen and pencil drawing by JW Goethe (1792)
The train to Hambach Castle
Withdrawal of French troops from Mainz in 1930
American air raid on Koblenz in 1944

Johannes Gutenberg from Mainz invented letterpress printing with movable metal letters around 1440 . The new printing technology revolutionized the world by enabling the rapid reproduction of books and the rapid dissemination of knowledge among all strata of the population.

On April 17, 1521, Martin Luther stood in front of the Diet in Worms . He was interrogated in front of the assembled princes and imperial estates and asked to withdraw for the last time. After a day to think about it and knowing that this could be his death, he declined on the following grounds:

“[Since] ... my conscience is trapped in the words of God, I cannot and will not revoke anything because it is dangerous and impossible to do something against conscience. God help me. Amen."

The oft-quoted version Here I stand, I can't help it, God help me, Amen is not proven. The Reichstag thereupon imposed the Worms Edict on him on May 26, 1521 .

In the Palatinate War of Succession (1688–1697), troops of the French King Louis XIV marched into the Rhineland in order to obtain permanent recognition of the territories annexed as a reunion by the German imperial princes and to claim parts of the Palatinate on behalf of his sister-in-law Liselotte von der Pfalz . The rejection and resistance by the emperors and imperial princes led to a long-term war in which large parts of what is now Rhineland-Palatinate were devastated, primarily through a French policy of scorched earth . Many cities in northern Kurtrier and the Electoral Palatinate went up in flames or were badly damaged. Many castles on the Rhine and Moselle, for example Stolzenfels Castle in 1689 , were completely destroyed. In the Peace of Rijswijk in 1697, Louis XIV gave back all occupied or reunited territories with the exception of northern Alsace, which at that time also included the fortress town of Landau .

After the French Revolution , during the First Coalition War, the areas on the left bank of the Rhine were occupied by French troops. Bavaria lost the Electoral Palatinate and the three Rhenish electors had to flee, Kurköln and Kurtrier were finally dissolved in 1803 in the course of the Reichsdeputationshauptschluss . Protected by the French troops, the Mainz Republic was proclaimed in Mainz in 1793 , the first state on German soil based on bourgeois-democratic principles.

The proclamation of a Cisrhenan Republic in the summer of 1797 was another attempt to establish a republican, democratic form of government in the Rhineland. This was preceded by the negotiations at the preliminary peace of Leoben (April 8, 1797), in which Austria, among other things, offered the prospect of renouncing its interests on the left bank of the Rhine. France then instructed the commander-in-chief of the occupation forces and head of the civil administration, General Hoche , to establish a republic associated with France. The project failed both because of the lack of support from the Rhineland population and because of a change of French government in which the proponents of an annexation of the Rhineland came to power.

Until the fall of Napoléon , the departments Rhin-et-Moselle , Saar and Donnersberg were established in the areas to the left of the Rhine from 1798 to 1814 . Thereafter, the areas fell to Prussia ( Rhine Province ), the Kingdom of Bavaria ( Palatinate ), the Grand Duchy of Hesse (Rheinhessen), the Duchy of Oldenburg ( Principality of Birkenfeld ) and the Landgraviate of Hesse-Homburg ( Oberamt Meisenheim ).

The liberal spirit of the French Revolution remained in many cities for a very long time. On May 27, 1832, around 30,000 freedom-loving citizens from all over Germany celebrated the Hambach Festival at Hambach Castle near Neustadt an der Weinstrasse . In the meantime, this demonstration is considered a milestone on the way to German unity and the Hambach Castle as the “cradle of German democracy”. The street of democracy is a reminder of the importance of this era for Germany .

After the creation of the German Confederation , the Mainz and Landau fortresses were expanded into federal fortresses. The most powerful of the fortification systems built at the time, the Koblenz Fortress, was built in the Prussian town of Koblenz . The lost First World War and the Versailles Treaty of 1918 meant the end of the fortresses in what is now Rhineland-Palatinate and ultimately their demolition . Only a few parts of the fortress have been completely preserved, for example the Ehrenbreitstein Fortress in Koblenz, as its historical significance and its landscape-defining character saved it from being de-fortified, as did the Mainz citadel .

In the course of the Allied occupation of the Rhineland from 1918 to 1930, the Rhineland was occupied and demilitarized by initially American and then French troops. In the economically and politically catastrophic times after the First World War, separatist movements occurred in various cities and the Rhenish Republic and the Autonomous Palatinate were founded . However, both movements were short-lived and at the latest disappeared with the economic upswing after the end of inflation. In 1930, after the withdrawal of the Allied troops, Reich President Paul von Hindenburg visited many cities in the Rhineland on the occasion of the liberation celebrations and triggered a wave of national enthusiasm. The national liberation ceremony took place on July 22, 1930 in Koblenz. The day ended with a pontoon bridge overturning ; 38 people (who could not swim) died. After the occupation of the Rhineland in 1936 , German troops were again stationed in the Rhineland.

The Nazis and the following World War II changed the lives of the people and the appearance of cities drastic. The Jewish communities were almost completely wiped out. The Allied air strikes destroyed most of the larger cities to 80% or more, as the bomber fleets could easily reach the targets in the west of the empire. US troops reached the Rhine in March 1945; they succeeded in conquering the Remagen bridge between Remagen and Erpel undamaged.

Founding of Rhineland-Palatinate

Rhineland-Palatinate was after the Second World War, part of the French occupation zone and was born from the former Bavarian Palatinate , from the administrative districts Koblenz and Trier the former Prussian Rhine Province , from the left-bank parts of the former to the People's State of Hesse belonging province Rheinhessen , from parts of the Prussian province of Hesse -Nassau ( Montabaur ) and from the former Oldenburg area around Birkenfeld .

After the Second World War

In the course of the advance of the Western Allies, there were no more German soldiers in what is now Rhineland-Palatinate until March 27, 1945. Almost the entire area was occupied by the Americans; French units fighting with American troops only took command in the southern Palatinate at the beginning of April 1945. As early as March and April, the Americans set up communal administrations in the areas they controlled, which they occupied with Germans who were unaffected by the National Socialists.

On April 25, 1945, the Americans formed a military government for the districts of Koblenz, Trier, Pfalz, Rheinhessen and Saarland. A few days after the surrender of the Wehrmacht , on May 10, the Americans installed a provincial government in Neustadt an der Haardt for the Palatinate (excluding the southern areas occupied by France), Rheinhessen (including its parts on the right bank of the Rhine) and the Saarland under the chairmanship of Hermann Heimerich and Involvement of, among others Alexander Mitscherlich . On June 1, 1945, this province was expanded by the American occupation forces to form the Central Rhine-Saar Regional Presidium, adding the former Prussian administrative districts of Trier and Koblenz . Heimerich became provisional upper government president.

On June 22, 1945, the Americans and the French agreed on the restructuring and demarcation of the French occupation zone . As a result, on July 10, 1945, the occupation sovereignty in what is now Rhineland-Palatinate passed from the Americans to the French. Heimerich and the other members of the government announced their resignation on July 5th after the crew change became known. With the Berlin Declaration of June 5, 1945, the Allies also formally assumed supreme governmental power in the territory of the German Reich and announced the division of Germany into four zones of occupation, the boundaries of which were also laid down in writing between the Allies in the 3rd Zone Protocol on July 26, 1945 and with which the handover to the French occupying power that had already taken place was reconstructed.

In the French occupation zone, the supreme command had been with Marie-Pierre Kœnig since July 23, 1945 ; He formally took over government power with ordinance No. 1 on July 28, 1945. On July 25, 1946, the French spun off the Saarland from the recently created administrative region of Central Rhine-Saar . The northern administrative districts of Koblenz and Trier were also separated at the end of July 1945, the remaining part was named as the Oberregierungspräsidium Pfalz-Hessen on July 31, 1945 and Hesse-Palatinate from August 29, 1945 .

The government of Hesse-Palatinate was chaired by Hans Hoffmann, who was still appointed by the Americans on July 7, 1945 . However, this was replaced by the French occupation forces in October 1945 by Otto Eichenlaub . Supported by the French occupying power, tendencies towards statehood developed in Hesse-Palatinate (also against the background of Palatine separatism after the First World War ). For example, the state of Hesse-Palatinate wrote in the press, which was influenced by the occupying power , and the presidential directors were addressed by the occupying power as ministers .

From the separate administrative districts of Trier and Koblenz (with the French-occupied former Nassau districts), the Oberpräsidium Rheinland-Hessen-Nassau was formed with effect from January 3, 1946 , whose first Oberpräsidium was Wilhelm Boden . In May 1946, the four former Nassau districts were spun off from the Koblenz regional council and merged into an independent administrative district of Montabaur, which was still subordinate to the Rhineland-Hesse-Nassau regional council.

At the end of May 1946 the following existed in what is now Rhineland-Palatinate:

Established by French regulation

The state of Rhineland-Palatinate was created on August 30, 1946 as the last state in the former western occupation zones by ordinance No. 57 of the French military government under General Marie-Pierre Kœnig , which means that historically and economically related areas (Koblenz-Bonn, Rhine-Main) the former Prussian Rhine Province and other territories were separated. The French government originally wanted to leave open the possibility of annexing further areas on the left bank of the Rhine after the Saarland was converted into a protectorate . As the Americans and British pioneered the formation of German states, the French came under increasing pressure and followed the example of the other Western Allies with the states of Baden and Rhineland-Palatinate. However , the French military government prohibited the Saarland from being linked to Rhineland-Palatinate. Mainz was designated as the capital in the ordinance. The "Mixed Commission", which was decreed when the state was founded , as the highest state body charged with securing the administration and preparation of the advisory state assembly , met for the first time on September 12, 1946 in the state capital Mainz during the festivities for the state's founding that took place there at the same time King's will in Mainz "as the capital of the new state" to underline the "importance attached to the creation of the new Rhineland-Palatinate state". Since Mainz did not have enough administrative buildings at that time due to war damage and destruction, the seat of the state government and state parliament was provisionally set up in Koblenz later . About 80% of Mainz was destroyed by the air raids of the last months of the war . It was therefore impossible to provide the necessary service buildings for administration, parliament and government here immediately. In addition, the administrative centers of the previous post-war organization were in Neustadt and Koblenz. Numerous premises of the former Prussian administration were still available in Koblenz, which is why the state government set up its seat in Koblenz in agreement with the occupying power. The French state commissioner, General Claude Hettier de Boislambert , set up his official residence in Koblenz. The assemblies for the foundation of the new country were therefore held in Koblenz. On November 22, 1946, the constituent meeting of the Provincial Consultative Assembly took place in the Koblenz Theater , in which a draft constitution was drawn up. Before that there had been local elections. Wilhelm Boden was appointed provisional prime minister of the newly formed state of Rhineland-Palatinate by the French occupation authorities on December 2nd after a short term in office as head of the state government of Rhineland-Hesse-Nassau .

The Peter Altmeier Monument in Koblenz

Adolf Süsterhenn submitted a draft constitution to the consultative state assembly, which was passed after several negotiations on April 25, 1947 in a final vote by name with an absolute majority of the CDU and against the votes of the SPD and KPD. This came about, among other things, because the draft constitution was clearly based on state theories of political Catholicism and, among other things, provided for schools that were separated according to denomination . On May 18, 1947, the constitution for Rhineland-Palatinate was adopted in a referendum by 53 percent of the electorate. The majority of voters in the Catholic north and west of the new country voted for the constitution; the majority of voters in Rheinhessen (53.2%) and the Palatinate rejected it (more details here ). The first state election took place on the same date . The Rhineland-Palatinate state parliament was constituted on June 4, 1947 in the large hall of Koblenz's town hall ; Wilhelm Boden was elected the first Prime Minister of Rhineland-Palatinate. One month later he was succeeded by Peter Altmeier in this office.

After the renovation of administrative buildings in Mainz and two votes in the state parliament, it was decided on May 16, 1950 that the state parliament and state government should give up their provisional seat in Koblenz and move to Mainz. The first session of the Landtag took place there on May 18, 1951 in the rebuilt Deutschhaus .

Land from the retort

A sense of community developed only very hesitantly in the “land from the retort ”, which arose largely without regard to the historically evolved affiliations of the inhabitants. He was given little chance of survival, especially since there were hardly any major industrial centers. The settlement of numerous military bases, both of the Allies and the Bundeswehr , caused a certain economic upturn . In 1956, on the basis of Art. 29 GG , referendums took place in the then administrative districts of Koblenz, Trier, Montabaur, Rheinhessen and Palatinate , which concerned the affiliation of the regions concerned with North Rhine-Westphalia, Hesse or Bavaria and Baden-Württemberg. All plebiscites except those in the administrative region of the Palatinate received the required majority; but it took almost 20 years before the referendums that were required were finally carried out . In the vote of January 19, 1975, a majority in favor of reclassification (nor the necessary quorum of 25% of the electorate) was achieved in any of the regions concerned . This was the end of a discussion that had lasted for decades. Politicians are only concerned with the AKK conflict to this day.

Historical events in Rhineland-Palatinate after 1946

Prime Minister Peter Altmeier at the Rittersturz Conference in 1948
The Rhine cable car in Koblenz
The main reason for the large-scale evacuation in Koblenz in 2011 : a British 1.8-tonne air mine

In the days from July 8 to 10, 1948, the so-called Rittersturz conference with all the German prime ministers at the time took place in the mountain hotel at the Rittersturz vantage point in Koblenz . The “ Koblenz Resolutions ” passed there paved the way for the formation of the Federal Republic of Germany.

A tank car explosion at BASF occurred on July 28, 1948 in Ludwigshafen am Rhein . 207 people died and 3,818 were injured; 3,122 buildings were affected. A coal dust explosion led to a railway accident in the Kaiser Wilhelm Tunnel on November 22, 1948 , in which the courageous efforts of the train driver prevented a catastrophe. The city was badly destroyed in the explosion in Prüm on July 15, 1949, twelve people died, 15 injured and 965 homeless. In the tank farm explosion near Niederstedem on September 23, 1954, 29 people were killed by the explosion of a large tank filled with aircraft fuel. With the canalization of the Moselle between 1958 and 1964, the river was expanded into a major shipping route and later one of the busiest waterways in Europe.

In 1969 the "Altmeier era" ended; Helmut Kohl became Prime Minister and remained so until he resigned after the Bundestag election in October 1976 and switched to federal politics as leader of the opposition. Bernhard Vogel was his successor ; he remained Prime Minister of Rhineland-Palatinate until 1988. His successor was Carl-Ludwig Wagner ( Cabinet Wagner ).

As part of the NATO double decision , a total of 96 cruise missiles with nuclear warheads , ready to be fired, were stationed at the Pydna missile base in the Hunsrück in 1986 . The protest of the population culminated in a large demonstration on October 11, 1986, in which around 200,000 people, led by Pastor August Dahl , protested peacefully against the stationing (see also peace movement ). The numerous military bases and nuclear weapons in Germany were also repeatedly the cause of protests in other parts of the state and Germany.

On August 28, 1988, the Ramstein air conference accident occurred . According to official information, 70 people died at Ramstein Air Base in this aircraft disaster , and another 345 were seriously injured. After 1989 (the fall of the Berlin Wall , the end of the Cold War , the collapse of the Soviet Union ), numerous garrisons (especially those of the US troops) in Germany were downsized or disbanded because the security situation in Europe had eased. The garrison towns and regions lost numerous jobs as a result. This was also perceived as problematic elsewhere in southwest Germany (e.g. in Saarland ). Attempts were made to use the freed areas for civilian purposes ( conversion ).

The first Federal Horticultural Show in Rhineland-Palatinate took place in Koblenz in 2011 . In addition, the city experienced investments in the urban development of an estimated 500 million euros. The largest cable car in Germany, the Rheinseilbahn, was built as an attraction and an ecologically sensible transport link. According to the state government, the 2011 Federal Horticultural Show was the largest event in the history of Rhineland-Palatinate. With over 3.5 million visitors, it was the most successful federal horticultural show since the electronic counting system was introduced in 1997.

Due to the extremely low level of the Rhine, a large number of ordnance from the Second World War came to light in the river in November / December 2011 . The largest find was made on November 20, 2011 in Koblenz. Here a British 1.8 tonne air mine was discovered on the banks of the Rhine near Pfaffendorf . For the defusing on December 4, 2011 , the largest evacuation in the history of the city after the Second World War had to be carried out. This affected 45,000 city residents, a prison, two hospitals and seven old people's homes within a 1.8 kilometer radius of the site.

literature

  • Lucas Clemens, Norbert Franz: History of Rhineland-Palatinate . Verlag CH Beck, Munich 2010, ISBN 978-3-406-60505-5 .
  • Cross - wheel - lion: Rhineland-Palatinate. A country and its history.
  • Heinz Cüppers (Ed.): The Romans in Rhineland-Palatinate . Nikol Verlag, Hamburg 2005, ISBN 3-933203-60-0 .
  • Michael Kißener: A short history of the state of Rhineland-Palatinate . DRW-Verl. Weinbrenner, Braun, Karlsruhe 2006, ISBN 3-7650-8345-3 .
  • Rhineland-Palatinate . Contributions to the history of a new country. In: Hans-Jürgen Wünschel, Christophe Baginski (Hrsg.): Landauer Universitätsschriften Geschichte . tape 4 . Knecht, Landau in der Pfalz 1997, ISBN 3-930927-16-0 .
  • Peter Haungs (Ed.): 40 Years of Rhineland-Palatinate . A political study of the country. H. Schmidt, Mainz 1986, ISBN 3-87439-126-4 .
  • Ulrich Sarcinelli (ed.): Political culture in Rhineland-Palatinate . V. Hase Koehler, Mainz 2000, ISBN 3-7758-1390-X .
  • General Directorate for Cultural Heritage , Directorate Archeology (Ed.): Archeology in Rhineland-Palatinate . Cultural and geological history. No. 2003-2007 . von Zabern, ISSN  1614-4627 , ZDB -ID 2127261-X .
  • Edgar Wagner (Ed.): "Get started! Have confidence!" : on the emergence of the state of Rhineland-Palatinate and its contribution to the establishment of the Federal Republic of Germany (=  series of publications of the Landtag Rhineland-Palatinate . Volume 35 ). Landtag Rhineland-Palatinate, Mainz 2007, ISBN 978-3-9811001-2-9 .
  • Friedrich Schütz : "Le siège de ce land est fixé à Mayence" . Mainz on the way to the capital of Rhineland-Palatinate 1946–1950; Lecture at the festival of the city of Mainz "50 Years of the State Capital" on August 30, 1996. Schmidt, Mainz 1996, ISBN 3-87439-418-2 .

Web links

Commons : History of Rhineland-Palatinate  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Leonhard Schumacher : Mogontiacum. Garrison and civil settlement in the context of the history of the empire in: Michael J. Klein (Ed.): The Romans and their heritage. Progress through innovation and integration . Philipp von Zabern, Mainz 2003, ISBN 3-8053-2948-2 . A military diploma dated October 27, 1990 in the Landesmuseum Mainz (inv.no.0.400, CIL 16, 36 ) is considered the earliest epigraphic evidence of the newly established province.
  2. ↑ Martin Treu : Martin Luther and the money. Luther Memorials Foundation in Saxony-Anhalt, Wittenberg 2000, ISBN 3-9806328-9-X , p. 49 ff.
  3. ↑ Yvonne Kafka, The "turning year" 1797/8: Cisrhenan Republic or Annektion [sic] ?, University of Cologne 2009, thesis in the European History Department, ISBN 978-3-640-96844-2 .
  4. ↑ Edgar Wagner: "Get started! Have confidence!" President of the Landtag Rhineland-Palatinate, Mainz 2007, ISBN 978-3-9811001-2-9 , p. 20 .
  5. ^ Michael Kißener: Brief history of the state of Rhineland-Palatinate 1945-2005 . DRW-Verl. Weinbrenner, Braun, Karlsruhe 2006, ISBN 3-7650-8345-3 , p. 13 .
  6. ↑ a b Edgar Wagner: "Lean on! Have confidence!" President of the Landtag Rhineland-Palatinate, Mainz 2007, ISBN 978-3-9811001-2-9 , p. 37 .
  7. ↑ a b Edgar Wagner: "Lean on! Have confidence!" President of the Landtag Rhineland-Palatinate, Mainz 2007, ISBN 978-3-9811001-2-9 , p. 39 .
  8. ^ Michael Kißener: Brief history of the state of Rhineland-Palatinate 1945-2005 . DRW-Verl. Weinbrenner, Braun, Karlsruhe 2006, ISBN 3-7650-8345-3 , p. 15 .
  9. ^ Ulrich Springorum: Development and structure of the administration in Rhineland-Palatinate after the Second World War . Duncker and Humblot, Berlin 1982, ISBN 3-428-05128-9 , pp. 61 f .
  10. ^ Michael Kißener: Brief history of the state of Rhineland-Palatinate 1945-2005 . DRW-Verl. Weinbrenner, Braun, Karlsruhe 2006, ISBN 3-7650-8345-3 , p. 42 and 216 .
  11. ↑ Martin Dehli: Life as a conflict . Wallstein-Verl., Göttingen 2007, ISBN 978-3-8353-0063-7 , p. 126 .
  12. ↑ Edgar Wagner: "Get started! Have confidence!" President of the Landtag Rhineland-Palatinate, Mainz 2007, ISBN 978-3-9811001-2-9 , p. 41 .
  13. ^ History of democracy until 1945. (No longer available online.) Archived from the original on July 26, 2011 ; retrieved on July 7, 2011 : "From these communal administrative units, the Central Rhine-Saar Regional Presidium was created on June 1, 1945."
  14. ^ Ulrich Springorum: Development and structure of the administration in Rhineland-Palatinate after the Second World War . Duncker and Humblot, Berlin 1982, ISBN 3-428-05128-9 , pp. 82 .
  15. ↑ a b Michael Kißener: Brief history of the state of Rhineland-Palatinate 1945-2005 . DRW-Verl. Weinbrenner, Braun, Karlsruhe 2006, ISBN 3-7650-8345-3 , p. 43 .
  16. ^ Ulrich Springorum: Development and structure of the administration in Rhineland-Palatinate after the Second World War . Duncker and Humblot, Berlin 1982, ISBN 3-428-05128-9 , pp. 101 .
  17. ^ Michael Kißener: Brief history of the state of Rhineland-Palatinate 1945-2005 . DRW-Verl. Weinbrenner, Braun, Karlsruhe 2006, ISBN 3-7650-8345-3 , p. 45 and 216 .
  18. ↑ Edgar Wagner: "Get started! Have confidence!" President of the Landtag Rhineland-Palatinate, Mainz 2007, ISBN 978-3-9811001-2-9 , p. 44 .
  19. ^ Protocol on the zones of occupation in Germany and the administration of Greater Berlin. Retrieved July 7, 2011 .
  20. ↑ Edgar Wagner: "Get started! Have confidence!" President of the Landtag Rhineland-Palatinate, Mainz 2007, ISBN 978-3-9811001-2-9 , p. 50 .
  21. ↑ Edgar Wagner: "Get started! Have confidence!" President of the Landtag Rhineland-Palatinate, Mainz 2007, ISBN 978-3-9811001-2-9 , p. 53 .
  22. ↑ Edgar Wagner: "Get started! Have confidence!" President of the Landtag Rhineland-Palatinate, Mainz 2007, ISBN 978-3-9811001-2-9 , p. 65 .
  23. ^ Michael Kißener: Brief history of the state of Rhineland-Palatinate 1945-2005 . DRW-Verl. Weinbrenner, Braun, Karlsruhe 2006, ISBN 3-7650-8345-3 , p. 47 .
  24. ^ Ulrich Springorum: Development and structure of the administration in Rhineland-Palatinate after the Second World War . Duncker and Humblot, Berlin 1982, ISBN 3-428-05128-9 , pp. 111 .
  25. ^ Ulrich Springorum: Development and structure of the administration in Rhineland-Palatinate after the Second World War . Duncker and Humblot, Berlin 1982, ISBN 3-428-05128-9 , pp. 112 .
  26. ↑ Edgar Wagner: "Get started! Have confidence!" President of the Landtag Rhineland-Palatinate, Mainz 2007, ISBN 978-3-9811001-2-9 , p. 44 .
  27. ^ Michael Kißener: Brief history of the state of Rhineland-Palatinate 1945-2005 . DRW-Verl. Weinbrenner, Braun, Karlsruhe 2006, ISBN 3-7650-8345-3 , p. 47 .
  28. ^ Ulrich Springorum: Development and structure of the administration in Rhineland-Palatinate after the Second World War . Duncker and Humblot, Berlin 1982, ISBN 3-428-05128-9 , pp. 122-128 .
  29. ^ Ulrich Springorum: Development and structure of the administration in Rhineland-Palatinate after the Second World War . Duncker and Humblot, Berlin 1982, ISBN 3-428-05128-9 , pp. 127 .
  30. ^ Michael Kißener: Brief history of the state of Rhineland-Palatinate 1945-2005 . DRW-Verl. Weinbrenner, Braun, Karlsruhe 2006, ISBN 3-7650-8345-3 , p. 48 .
  31. ↑ Edgar Wagner: "Get started! Have confidence!" President of the Landtag Rhineland-Palatinate, Mainz 2007, ISBN 978-3-9811001-2-9 , p. 68 .
  32. ↑ digitized version
  33. ^ Ulrich Springorum: Development and structure of the administration in Rhineland-Palatinate after the Second World War . Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 1982, ISBN 3-428-05128-9 , pp. 185 .
  34. ↑ November 29, 1949. Koblenz or Mainz. The 72nd session of the Landtag of Rhineland-Palatinate. Discussions about the seat of the state government. ( Memento from December 2, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) in: Landeshauptarchiv Koblenz
  35. ↑ Article II of Ordinance No. 57 of August 30, 1946 read: “Le siège de ce Land est fixé à MAYENCE” ( digitized version ).
  36. ^ Kulturpromenade: The Buga transforms Koblenz into: Rhein-Zeitung , March 18, 2011
  37. ↑ Data and facts about the BUGA cable car ( memento from July 16, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) in: buga2011.de
  38. ^ "Bye-bye BUGA": End of the Federal Horticultural Show Koblenz 2011 ( memento from October 5, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) in: Kulturland Rheinland-Pfalz, October 17, 2011
  39. ↑ Bomb defusers are the heroes of the day in: Rhein-Zeitung , December 5, 2011