Youth participation

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Children participate on a topic

Under youth participation and youth participation is the active participation of children and young people in planning and decision processes of public life , in school, clubs, or various political levels , or on family life understood. It means more than political participation by young people, such as party membership, participation in political organizations, elections, etc. Through Article 12 of the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child , which came into force in 1990 and has so far been accepted by 196 countries (including Germany , Austria and Switzerland ) and has been ratified, the signatory states undertake to act on the principle of participation .

Basic requirements for youth participation

Basic requirements for participation, attitude - method - structure.

A model of civil society is fundamental for participation in general , where the individual assumes greater responsibility for the interests of society and at the same time has expanded opportunities for participation, and as a self-confident and responsible citizen, demands a society of self-empowerment and self-organization.

Participation of children and adolescents means enabling their binding influence on various processes, v. a. that affect them themselves. For this purpose, these processes must be designed by adults and decision-makers using adapted forms and methods so that decisions are negotiated with young people on an equal footing, with nothing for us without us! -Principle applies.

Decisive for a strong youth participation are the principles of power transfer, transparency and clarity, information, target group fairness, resources, time, impact, evaluation and documentation of the results, as well as fun.

In summary, it can be said that successful participation processes require a child-friendly methodology , a protective structure as well as a supportive and benevolent attitude that enables children and young people to articulate their interests. They form the basis for every participation process. If one factor is missing, participation processes are doomed to failure. A lack of implementation options leaves frustration and disappointment with every well-intentioned and moderated participation project. The best method is pointless without a respectful, trusting attitude. This includes the willingness to participate and reliable support, a culture of questioning and listening, the willingness to go unconventional and trusting young people who are classified as "difficult".

Levels of youth participation

Levels of participation according to Hart and Gernert.

On the basis of the conceptual framework of Sherry Arnstein's Head of Citizens' Participation (1969), Roger Hart and Wolfgang Gernert have divided the various levels of participation from external control to self-administration. This ladder of participation has become an influential and widely used model in child development, education, civic participation, and democratic decision-making. At the lowest level are the so-called malformations of participation, which must be avoided.

  • Of foreign rule is when children and young people run what adults apply them without knowing it, what are they really, and what is the purpose of what they are doing or should be avoided.
  • Decoration means that, for example, a children's or youth choir appears at an election event, that people can be photographed with children for staging (" baby kissing ") , or that children carry checks to the television studio at a gala .
  • The Alibi Participation describes the installation of structures that suggest a participation, but their decisions actually have no impact on reality. It is usually important for the initiators of such pseudo-participatory instruments to appear in a better light in public.

Real participation, participation, co-determination and alibi participation cannot always be easily distinguished from one another.

  • Participation means qualified participation that enables young people to get involved, to formulate interests, to make their contribution to society and to be recognized by it. Fair opportunities and access are important keywords here.
  • Under "allocated but informed" are understood projects which, although prepared by adults but are specifically tailored to young people and know how exactly what purpose they are working on their project. You can have a say in the design of the project (which topics do we work on, how do we want to work?).
  • Participation does not yet include direct decision-making authority, e.g. B. if the opinion of the young people on a topic is obtained and taken into account through a hearing in the youth welfare committee .
  • Co-determination , on the other hand, requires a clear framework for the children's influence on decisions. Children / young people and adults decide here democratically together.

In turn, self-determination and self-administration are differentiated from this classic area of ​​participation.

  • Self-determined projects are initiated by young people themselves and can be encouraged and supported by adults.
  • In the municipal adults play no role. If necessary, you will be informed of the group's decisions.

Criticism of the step model

Differentiating the concept of participation makes sense and is necessary, as it offers orientation and an opportunity to exchange ideas about the basis of a participation process. Nevertheless, the term “step ladder” is sometimes misleading, as it suggests an upward trend. Alibi participation, i.e. the pretense of participation opportunities that remain without real influence, is in no way superior to outside control. On the contrary: If young people take part in the conference in the hope of being able to represent their interests with commitment and then find that neither someone is bothering to make the conference understandable for themselves nor is really interested in your advice, then they will probably only waving them aside when their commitment is required. Self-management at the top end of the participation ladder is not necessarily more desirable than participation, for example. For the construction of the youth club, for example, it makes sense and is necessary for authorities and architects, employees and young people to plan and decide together.

At a later point in time, Roger Hart distanced himself from his step-by-step model by making it clear that his metaphor, established in 1992, was only intended to stimulate a dialogue on a topic and initiate a critical discussion.

Phases of youth participation

Phases of participation, information - forming an opinion - becoming active.

Participation can be understood as a phase model, the basis of which is the information on participation options. Next, it is important to consider personal resources and strengths for participation. Finally, the feedback of the (impact) of the participation is decisive.

Based on the goal that a project or an action is implemented with the serious participation of children and young people, steps can be described that have to be passed on the way there. First of all, prerequisites must be met so that participation is even possible: At the beginning, there must be an information space, i.e. topics about the information exist and which arouse the interest of those involved. This means that the basic factors for successful participation are already given. Once the interest has been aroused, an opinion- forming process must take place so that afterwards participation can really be lived: by having a say , having a say in decision-making and, ultimately, by actively involving the target group. At the end there is implementation with a specific goal.

After the implementation phase in participatory processes, which is intended to motivate young people to get involved and help shape the process, the consequences must be documented, made visible, explained and evaluated. For this, a participation process needs clear framework conditions that ensure timely implementation, since children and young people who invest time and commitment in problem analysis, brainstorming and project development have a right to know what happens to the results of participation and how they themselves are actors stay in the action.

Effect of youth participation

The participation of young people in social processes is, on the one hand, a children's right and, on the other hand, participatory offers enable civic further education through co-determination and self-determination, co-creation, independence and personal responsibility, as well as by learning a social sense of responsibility and community ability.

Participation in general has a positive effect on society and its members, as it usually makes an important contribution to the stability and vitality of democracy. Through the possibility of active participation, young people learn the skills to get involved in democratic processes, namely to make decisions themselves, to form and express their own opinions, to lead debates, to compromise and to endure dissent, as well as to bring forward their own ideas implemented together. Through these informally learned key competencies, young people tend to take on long-term responsibility for their living space.

Places of participation

family

As a place of initial socialization, the family has a formative function for the later participation behavior of children and young people. The possibility of participation in the family has several dimensions for young people. On the one hand, it is about participation in decision-making processes for the whole family, such as the choice of the vacation spot, regarding eating together or other family activities, and on the other hand, about decisions in the sense of self-determination and responsibility for one's own life, such as about appearance, clothing, friends, School decisions, money decisions, or scheduling.

school

Class representatives and adults from politics, business and youth work for a mutual exchange at the Liechtenstein jubilation forum in Schaan (2019).

Schools have a special status and responsibility with regard to youth participation, since it reaches all young people. There are different forms of participation of young people in schools. As a rule, the participation of the pupils through the design of curricula, lessons and everyday school life is not an issue and profound changes are required to transform democracy from learning subjects in school subjects to a democratic school culture apart from being introduced at school events or in the design of the schoolyard. Practice shows that children and adolescents are predominantly v. a. have a right to participate where the interests of parents or teachers (grading, teaching, selection of content, setting deadlines for class work) are not directly affected.

Well-known forms of participation of students are the class council , which meets regularly in order to implement ideas and make decisions in the class , as well as to solve conflicts and problems, or school parliaments, where decisions for the whole school are at stake . In Austria there is also the student parliament .

Every two years, the German Society for Democracy Education awards the “Democracy Experience” prize to schools of all school levels and types, which particularly encourage children and young people to actively and responsibly help shape democracy.

Clubs, associations and religious communities

Scouts at the Austrian Jubilee Jamboree scout meeting urSPRUNG (2010)

Religious communities, clubs and youth associations are classic places for youth participation, as they offer young people a variety of opportunities to participate. A large range of tasks within the structures of the individual organizations, through the assumption of functions and responsibility for activities, leads to a strong culture of participation in these places. Classic functions for children and young people in churches, clubs or associations are trainers, group leaders, members of decision-making bodies and youth departments, which often focus on social engagement . Clubs, communities or associations have a great interest in a vital life and growing membership, which is why active participation of young people is usually very desirable.

In addition to sports clubs and religious communities, youth participation takes place on the one hand in traditional associations with strong structures, such as the Youth Red Cross , Boy Scouts , Hashomer Hatzair , German Bläserjugend (Germany), the Union Youth ( Austria), the Federation of German Catholic Youth (Germany), Catholic Youth (Austria), Christian Catholic Youth of Switzerland , Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Evangelischen Jugend (Germany) etc. instead and on the other hand in more informal youth groups and initiatives that work on a project-oriented and occasion-related basis, but often at the stage of a purely ad hoc group outgrown and are now weakly institutionalized .

For young people, as a member of youth associations, sports clubs and religious communities, there is not only participation on site and within the structures, but also the opportunity to participate politically in the context of youth rings , youth councils or youth representatives in the interests of their own interests.

Political youth participation

Suffrage

Sinn Féin campaign to lower the voting age to 16 years (2017)

The right to vote is one of the basic democratic rights that is achieved in most countries when they reach the age of 18. The voting age at all administrative levels is 16 in Austria and Malta and 17 in Greece . Everywhere else in Europe (as well as in Germany and Switzerland) and in most non-European countries it is 18 years in national parliamentary elections, with exceptions such as B. Indonesia , Sudan , South Sudan , North Korea and East Timor (17 years) or Nicaragua , Ethiopia , Ecuador , Cuba , and Brazil (16 years).

In Germany in Hamburg, Bremen, Brandenburg and Schleswig-Holstein, the minimum age for the right to vote in the election of the state parliament is 16 years. In Baden-Württemberg, Schleswig-Holstein, Brandenburg, North Rhine-Westphalia, Lower Saxony, Saxony-Anhalt, Thuringia and Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, young people from the age of 16 can participate in municipal elections .

Lower voting age

The lowering of the voting age from 18 to 16 or 14 is important for the political participation of young people, as it ensures that young people participate more in social and political decision-making processes. The arguments in favor of such a reduction are in most cases that, on the one hand, any age limit above zero is arbitrary and that many statutory rights and obligations already begin at the age of 14 or 16, e.g. B. To become a member of a party, to choose their religion or that they are of limited criminal age.

Advocacy groups

Vote at the assembly of delegates of the Swiss Working Group of Youth Associations (2015)

Political youth participation takes place in that young people can participate in political decisions, develop joint positions of the youth associations and campaign for the improvement of the framework conditions for young people and youth associations, as well as that young people become members of youth associations, youth rings, youth representatives or youth umbrella organizations in the Intervene politics that affect their environment and participate in youth welfare committees .

As a rule, young people represent their interests in voluntary associations of youth associations. In Germany, this takes place in youth groups at district , city , state and federal level through the German Federal Youth Association (DBJR). At the European and global level, young people are involved in decision-making bodies through the German National Committee for International Youth Work (DNK) . An important task of the DNK is to reach agreements on the joint international work of the German youth associations.

In Austria there is a strong representation of the interests of children and young people at the federal and international level through the Federal Youth Representation (BJV) and, to a lesser extent, by youth councils at the state and municipal level .

In Switzerland, the Swiss Association of Youth Associations (SAJV) advocates the interests of youth associations and young people at the cantonal , national and international level. In Switzerland, child and youth policy is the responsibility of the cantons.

For the young people of the German-speaking minority in Belgium , the Council of German-speaking Youth (RDJ) represents the link between youth and politics. Its members are youth organizations as well as interested young individuals who show their interests to political decision-makers at local, Belgian or European level represented.

At the European level, young people represent their interests vis-à-vis the European Union , the Council of Europe and the United Nations in the European Youth Forum (YFJ) . The European Youth Forum is an independent, democratic umbrella organization organized by young people and made up of national youth representatives and youth associations, as well as international youth NGOs .

At the community level

Public session of the Children's and Youth Parliament Berlin, Charlottenburg-Wilmersdorf (2011)

The community level is a predestined place for young people to participate, as they can experience and shape politics directly in their living environment and are directly or indirectly affected by many plans and decisions. The participation of young people, however, is not an inherent part of the system in local decision-making processes, with the result that children and adolescents are much less involved at community level than in school or family. For this reason there are initiatives and grassroots movements that enable children and young people to participate in everyday political life. The Berlin children's rights project Krätzä , which was founded in the early 1990s , campaigned for equality between children and adults and drew attention to legal and social regulations, deserves special mention .

In addition to the general participation opportunities on site, which are intended for residents of all ages, there are often forms of participation for young people in which (elected) youth representatives regularly and long-term participate in political opinion-forming and decision-making at the local or regional level. With regard to their electoral process, such as B. General meetings of voters, posting or mixed forms, their financial resources and their legal basis, these forms of participation work very differently in different places. The councils are often given the right to be heard and to propose to the municipal council . Their most common names are youth parliament , youth council or youth advisory board . As a rule, they are based on the example of city or local councils and offer young people the opportunity to influence decisions relevant to young people.

In Baden-Württemberg , this form of participation is called youth community council and the participation of young people is taken up in § 41a GemO BW of the Baden-Württemberg municipal code. These have come together in the umbrella association of youth community councils in Baden-Württemberg. There is currently no nationwide umbrella organization for youth community councils.

Youth welfare committee (KJHA) , all matters of youth welfare in the community are discussed here. The SGB ​​VIII intervenes in the local self-government of the cities and districts and forces them to form a youth welfare committee, which consists of 3/5 elected city ​​councilors and at least 2/5 knowledgeable residents with voting rights. Other knowledgeable residents can be consulted. With this responsible participation, the youth welfare office becomes twofold . Some of the knowledgeable residents are sent by the representatives of the youth associations. This also gives the opportunity to put young people on this committee. In addition, the local youth (community) councils are often given seats on this body. The KJHA offers numerous, unfortunately still not fully exhausted opportunities to involve young people in questions that concern them. Financing, the municipalities are responsible for youth welfare. Youth welfare and thus participation is a compulsory task of the municipalities (as well as social assistance, fire brigade, school buildings etc.). You have to provide the necessary financial resources for this. You are free to design and implement.

Youth officers are special positions and personsin the municipal administration who are not involved in the usual administrative structures. As partisan lawyers within the administration, they should protect the interests of children and young people and serve as contact persons for young people. They are usually determined from the midst of the municipality or district council .

Family or child friendliness test. are formalized procedures within the administrations in Germany that are intended to safeguard the interests of children and young people (e.g. when setting up building areas or other public measures).

Youth parties - Another phenomenon are the young lists or youth parties, represented in a number of smaller cities, but also in larger cities such as Freiburg and Magdeburg. These young lists participate in the structures of local politics and send young people to the local council in their home town.

At the state level

In Germany there are different programs and initiatives in the federal states with an explicit reference to an independent youth policy and youth participation. They already exist in Baden-Württemberg, Bavaria , Lower Saxony , North Rhine-Westphalia , Rhineland-Palatinate , Saxony , Thuringia and Saxony-Anhalt .

In Austria, the state youth council is responsible for the implementation of youth policy, but apart from promoting child and youth work outside of school, they do not offer any explicit participation. The state youth councils are a body in which representatives of the extracurricular child and youth work sit, which advise the state government in almost all federal states in the field of youth policy, whereby the designation, composition and competencies vary from country to country.

In Switzerland's federal system , the principle of subsidiarity applies , which means that the lowest possible level is responsible. Cantons appoint child and youth officers who are responsible for promoting children and young people at national level and for supporting the municipalities in this area. In many cantons, part of the Swisslos distributions go to the youth sector, where projects devoted to political participation are also supported. Youth sessions are held in Switzerland especially at the cantonal and national level. These are regular events where young people and politicians discuss political issues. The young people try to bring their concerns politically to the fore, supported by the majority of the participants.

At the federal level

In the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child of 1989 , which Germany, Austria and Switzerland signed and ratified, children and young people are given the right to protection, basic services and, in Article 12 , the right to participate . Children are defined as legal subjects who are to be taken seriously and to be involved in social life. Despite a rather slow implementation of the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child, it has increasingly introduced the idea of ​​participation into political programs at state and federal level.

Germany

Presentation of the Federal Government's youth strategy by Franziska Giffey and Angela Merkel (2019)

The German framework legislation for the social area, which also includes youth welfare and thus participation in this area, is the responsibility of the federal government. He takes this according to SGB VIII, the Juvenile Court Act and others. Youth participation is taken into account in SGB VIII § 8: “Participation of children and young people: (1) According to their level of development, children and young people are to be involved in all decisions concerning public youth welfare that affect them. They must be made aware of their rights in the administrative procedure [...] in a suitable manner . and 11§: “Youth work. Young people are to be provided with the youth work that is necessary to promote their development . They should tie in with the interests of young people and be determined and shaped by them , empower them to self-determination and stimulate and lead them to social responsibility and social commitment ” . Those acting in the community are obliged to lay the foundations that enable young people to participate ( see also: Community work ).

With the youth strategy adopted by the Federal Government , there has been an inter-departmental document for the first time since 2019 to strengthen the interests of young people. It is aimed at people between 13 and 27 years of age and, with regard to the field of participation, includes the demand for strong children's and youth parliaments, as well as a federal youth conference.

Service Agency Youth Participation (SJB) , founded in 2001 , a youth initiative (formerly sponsored by the Democratic Youth Foundation and the German Children and Youth Foundation , since the end of 2004 as a non-profit registered association). She sees her task in supporting participation processes and the necessary qualifications. In addition, it organizes congresses and events on these topics and operates a network of committed young people so that they can help and exchange ideas. There is also an ever-expanding network of regional service points that support investment projects in their region and implement model projects. The entire initiative is led by young people and advised and coordinated by a voluntary board.

Youth Bank Deutschland eV , founded in 2009 , a youth aid organization (formerly a model project of the Youth Participation Service Agency (SJB)) sponsored by the German Children and Youth Foundation . It would like to offer young people the framework conditions to get involved in civil society and thus to help shape society democratically. For this purpose, the Youth Bank Deutschland eV administers and supports a network of currently 17 local Youth Banks. These offer young people advice, contacts and financial support for charitable projects.

Austria

Youth Strategy Forum on Youth Participation in Austria (2017)

In Austria, the federal government tries to strengthen the inclusion of children and young people in four fields of action with the youth strategy. The aim is for young people to have the best possible say, help to shape and have a say in decisions that affect their environment.

The Federal Youth Representation Act enables the establishment of the Federal Youth Representation , the legally anchored representation of the interests of all children and young people, which represents the concerns of young people vis-à-vis political decision-makers at federal level.

Switzerland

In the federal system of Switzerland, the federal level has very weak competence in relation to youth participation. In addition to supporting the political integration of young people, the Child and Youth Promotion Act (KJFG) is the federal legal basis for youth participation. The focus is on the social, cultural and political integration of children and young people up to the age of 25, the expansion of open and innovative forms of extracurricular work, as well as the promotion of model projects and participation projects from private and public sponsors (Art. 8 and 11 KJFG).

The federal government partially finances the young parties and the national umbrella organizations in the youth sector.

On European level

European Union

The youth goals of the European Union

In the European Union, the EU Youth Dialogue (until 2018 under the name Structured Dialogue ) is the most important instrument for the participation of young people, which has been one of the EU's contractually agreed objectives since the EU Strategy for Youth adopted in 2009 . The aim of this instrument is to strengthen the exchange between young people and politically responsible persons so that they can help shape regional, national and European youth policy within its framework. In order to ensure that the issues, needs, concerns and demands of young people are heard by EU decision-makers, EU youth conferences take place twice a year , at which these are brought up by young people from the member states. This process is coordinated and accompanied by a national working group (NAG) in each country . In the successor strategy adopted by the EU in 2018, this instrument was further developed from the technical-sounding structured dialogue to the EU youth dialogue, and the European youth goals were defined, with youth participation playing a central role.

Before the EU Youth Strategy came into force, the European Commission put youth participation and youth participation in general on the European agenda for the first time in 2001 with the White Paper New Impetus for Youth Policy in Europe .

The program Youth in Action ( 2007 - 2013 ), which from 2014 in the Erasmus + was included program of the EU supports projects by young individuals and youth organizations and experts in youth work in the fields of participatory democracy , youth initiatives, mobility, collaboration and exchange, as well as participation.

Council of Europe

With regard to youth participation, the youth sector of the Council of Europe is unique and exemplary, as the co-management structure used guarantees equal participation by young people. All decisions in the youth field are made jointly and on an equal footing by representatives of governments and young people. The young people are organized in the Advisory Council on Youth and the government representatives in the European Steering Committee for Youth . In the Joint Council on Youth , both groups come together, where they shared the Committee of Ministers advised to adopt concrete recommendations for Member States, determines the budget of the youth sector and welcomed, and carry out common activities. Previous recommendations deal with e.g. B. with youth work, access to rights, participation, information, advice, research, social inclusion and coexistence, as well as young refugees on the way to adolescence. The Council of Europe received the " Future Policy Award " in 2019 for this system of participatory management, which means strengthening the self-determination of young people. In addition, national and international youth associations and youth rings are funded by the European Youth Office , and opportunities for encounters, participation and further training are created in the European youth centers in Strasbourg and Budapest .

In addition to these instruments, the European Commission and the Council of Europe provide financial support to the European Youth Forum and thus its youth participation.

On a global level

UN envoy for youth Jayathma Wickramanayake (2018)

Since 1981 the United Nations has recommended that its member states include youth delegates in their delegations in order to ensure a direct form of youth participation. The World Program of Action for Youth is a United Nations program that was launched in 1995 and is concerned with improving the situation of young people in its member states. Within this framework, the World Youth Reports were drawn up by the Secretary General of the UN, the Youth Day proclaimed in 1999 was celebrated and the youth delegate program was coordinated.

Young people participate in the Economic and Social Council of the United Nations and the 3rd Committee of the General Assembly of the United Nations , which deals with social, humanitarian and cultural issues, where they can give a speech and the member states about the situation, visions and demands of young people in their home countries. In Germany, the youth delegate program to the United Nations General Assembly was founded in 2005 on the model of other countries by the German Federal Government together with the German National Committee for International Youth Work and the German Society for the United Nations , with the aim of helping young people to participate in the decisions of the United Nations To involve nations more and to bring the worlds of young people into the political processes on a global level. In the program of the youth delegates for sustainable development to the United Nations , young people are elected from the youth associations for two years and participate in the United Nations conference on environment and development held by the United Nations .

Austria has had a UN Youth Delegate Program since 2012 , which sends a youth delegate to the UN General Assembly every year. This program is coordinated by the Federal Youth Council.

In Switzerland, which has been a member of the United Nations since 2002 , the Swiss Working Group of Youth Associations has been running the Youth Rep program together with the Federal Department of Foreign Affairs since 2003 . The Youth Reps are elected for a period of two years and undertake to be active during this period.

Furthermore, the UN envoy for youth advocates the strengthening and meaningful participation of young people, especially the most marginalized and vulnerable young people, both within the organization and in the member states. Currently, Jayathma Wickramanayake from Sri Lanka by the UN Secretary-General appointed for this task.

See also

literature

Web links

Commons : Youth Participation  - Collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e Sonja Moser: Be involved . Participation from the perspective of young people. 1st edition. Springer VS , Wiesbaden 2010, ISBN 978-3-531-16853-1 , doi : 10.1007 / 978-3-531-92149-5 .
  2. ↑ Forms of youth participation. German Federal Youth Council , accessed on May 1, 2020 .
  3. ↑ Child and youth participation. Youth work in Austria , accessed on May 1, 2020 .
  4. ^ A b Reinhard Fatke and Martin Biebricher: Youth participation - opportunity for civil society. Federal Agency for Civic Education , June 13, 2006, accessed on May 1, 2020 .
  5. ↑ a b Position paper for more participation of children and young people. (PDF; 447 kB) Federal Youth Representation , December 2006, accessed on May 1, 2020 .
  6. ↑ Convention on the Rights of the Child. Art. 12. admin.ch , October 25, 2016, accessed on May 1, 2020 .
  7. ↑ Sigrid Meinhold-Henschel and Stephan Schack: Child and Youth Participation in Germany - State of Development and Approaches to Action . In: Angelika Henschel, Rolf Krüger, Christof Schmitt, Waldemar Stange (eds.): Youth welfare and school . Manual for a successful cooperation. 1st edition. Springer VS , Wiesbaden 2008, ISBN 978-3-531-15289-9 , pp. 347-363 , doi : 10.1007 / 978-3-531-90820-5_22 .
  8. ↑ Youth cooperation for political child and youth participation. (PDF; 669 kB) Service Agency Political Education, April 2005, accessed on May 1, 2020 .
  9. ^ Waldemar Stange: Participation of children. Federal Agency for Civic Education , September 13, 2010, accessed on May 1, 2020 .
  10. ↑ a b c d Participation with effect! (PDF; 268 kB) Where - Why - How youth participation? German Federal Youth Council , accessed on May 1, 2020 .
  11. ↑ a b BDKJ Diözesanverband Paderborn (ed.): Participation - this is how it works! Handout for the introductory course "Participation Coach". Project “U28 - Communal” in the BDKJ Diocesan Association Paderborn. 2017 ( bdkj-paderborn.de [PDF; 3.7 MB ; accessed on May 1, 2020] CC-BY-SA).
  12. ↑ a b c d Rebekka Bendig: Dossier: Participation! Made strong !, February 2018, accessed on May 1, 2020 (CC-BY-SA 3.0).
  13. ^ A b Roger Hart: Children's Participation: From Tokenism To Citizenship . In: UNICEF (Ed.): Innocenti Essays . No. 5 . Florence 1992, p. 8 ( unicef-irc.org [PDF; 815 kB ; accessed on May 1, 2020]).
  14. ↑ a b Wolfgang Gernert: Youth Welfare - Introduction to Social Pedagogical Practice . No. 5 . Ernst Reinhardt Verlag , Munich , Basel 1993, ISBN 3-8252-8068-3 .
  15. ^ Sherry R. Arnstein: A Ladder Of Citizen Participation . In: Journal of the American Institute of Planners . tape 4 , no. 34 , 1969, p. 216-224 , doi : 10.1080 / 01944366908977225 .
  16. ↑ Roger Hart: Stepping back from “The ladder”: Reflections on a model of participatory work with children . In: Alan Reid, Bjarne Bruun Jensen, Jutta Nikel and Venka Simovska (eds.): Participation and learning: developing perspectives on education and the environment, health and sustainability . Springer Netherlands , Dordrecht 2008, ISBN 978-1-4020-6416-6 , chap. 2 , p. 19–31 , doi : 10.1007 / 978-1-4020-6416-6_2 .
  17. ↑ Karsten Speck: Formation of values ​​and participation of children and young people . In: Wilfried Schubarth, Karsten Speck, Heinz Lynen von Berg (eds.): Developing values ​​in youth work, schools and communities . Balance sheet and perspectives. 1st edition. Springer VS , Wiesbaden 2010, ISBN 978-3-531-17044-2 , p. 61-92 , doi : 10.1007 / 978-3-531-92551-6_4 .
  18. ^ Johanna Klatt: Participation: A goal worth striving for in political education? Federal Agency for Civic Education , November 6, 2006, accessed on May 1, 2020 .
  19. ↑ Youth welfare committee of the district of Sigmaringen (ed.): If already - because already: properly involve young people . A handout for the participation of children and young people in communities, clubs and associations. 3. Edition. Sigmaringen July 26, 2017 ( lpb-bw.de [PDF; 4.7 MB ; accessed on May 1, 2020]).
  20. ↑ a b Reinhard Fatke and Helmut Schneider: Child and youth participation in Germany . Data, facts, perspectives. Ed .: Bertelsmann Foundation . Gütersloh 2005 ( bertelsmann-stiftung.de [PDF; 487 kB ; accessed on May 1, 2020]).
  21. ^ A b Elisabeth Turek: Democracy in School . Have a say - help shape - participate in decision-making. Ed .: Zentrum polis - Politics learning in school. No. 5 . Vienna 2013 ( politik-lernen.at [PDF; 2.5 MB ; accessed on May 1, 2020]).
  22. ^ A b Thuringian Ministry for Education, Youth and Sport (ed.): State strategy CO-DETERMINATION of young people . Decision of the Thuringian state government of March 26, 2019. Erfurt March 26, 2019 ( thueringen.de [PDF; 985 kB ; accessed on May 1, 2020]).
  23. ↑ Angelika Eikel: Democratic participation in schools . Ed .: BLK program “Learning and Living Democracy” (=  contributions to promoting participation in schools ). Berlin October 2006 ( nrw.de [PDF; 563 kB ; accessed on May 1, 2020]).
  24. ↑ Participation in school - how does it work? kindersache.de, June 19, 2015, accessed on May 1, 2020 .
  25. ↑ Ulrike Kahn: Democratic school culture and democratic learning in the classroom . In: eNewsletter guide to civil society . No. 3 . Bonn March 15, 2018 ( buergergesellschaft.de [PDF; 63 kB ; accessed on May 1, 2020]).
  26. ↑ Children, youth, parents. Forms of participation. Guide to civil society , accessed on May 1, 2020 .
  27. ^ Voting with the 16th Federal Ministry of Labor, Family and Youth , accessed on May 1, 2020 .
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