Gömnigk
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Gömnigk
City of Brück
Coordinates: 52 ° 10 ′ 10 ″ N , 12 ° 44 ′ 0 ″ E
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| Height : | 53 m above sea level NN |
| Residents : | 250 |
| Incorporation : | 1st February 1974 |
| Postal code : | 14822 |
| Area code : | 033844 |
The street village of Gömnigk is part of the municipality of Brück in the Brandenburg district of Potsdam-Mittelmark . The place with about 250 inhabitants is located in the nature park Hoher Fläming on the Fläming main river Plane . The river drove two water mills in the agricultural village . Gömnigk, first mentioned in 1251, is located in an area for whose ownership Saxony and Brandenburg fought until 1815.
Since some of Gömnigk's medieval historical sections are well documented with extensive source material, rural development lines in the Mark Brandenburg can be traced using the example of the village . These include changes in the rural social structure , the impact of fires on progress in house and farm construction, and the history of mills. The history of the village school contains aspects of pedagogy in the 19th and 20th centuries and the financial resources of teachers during this period that are worth preserving . In addition Gömnigk has a medieval stone church with a half-timbered - front tower .
Location and natural integration
Neighboring villages and transport links
The place is located between the Brück suburb of Rottstock in the northeast and the Bad Belziger district of Neschholz in the southwest, about two kilometers away . The federal highway 246 runs through the town . The village of Trebitz , which also belongs to Brück as part of the municipality, is in the immediate vicinity to the northwest . The Linthe district of the municipality of the same name is located five kilometers east of the Autobahn 9 .
The Wetzlarer Bahn , the railway line between Berlin and Dessau , runs through Trebitz around a hundred meters west of Gömnigk . The regional express (RE 7) runs every hour to Berlin and Bad Belzig and every two hours to Dessau (from Bad Belzig). The next stops are in Brück or near Baitz.
Planetal
Gömnigk is located on the eastern edge within the Hoher Fläming Nature Park . To the west of the village the tarpaulin flows into the Belzig landscape meadows.
At Trebitz / Gömnigk, the river cuts through a small chain of hills in the Belziger Vorfläming, which narrows the Baruther glacial valley from eight kilometers in the area of the Belziger landscape meadows to three kilometers in the passage near Brück. To the west of the Planetal and of Gömnigk, the range of hills with the Fuchsberg (64 meters) and the Räuberberg (68 meters) rises around 20 meters above the level of the landscape meadows and the glacial valley, which fluctuates between 40 and 44 meters above sea level . The western part of the small plateau is covered by the Neschholzer Heide, which borders the valley of the Streckerbach and Baitzer Bach to the west.
To the north, between Trebitz and Brück, there is a forest area in a slightly elevated position along the Kleine Plane. A slightly undulating plateau with the forest area Oberheide extends to the southeast beyond the Planetal as far as the motorway near Linthe. Like the Neschholzer Heide, this elevation is almost 70 meters high.
Etymology and development of territorial affiliation
etymology
The first written mention of Gömnigk comes from 1251 as Gomenik . As early as 1596, the current spelling Gömnigk can be found , which, according to Reinhard E. Fischer, is spoken dialectically Jöömelick, Jöömlick with a long open ö . Fischer derives the name from the Slavic Gum'n-k , [...] which originally meant "threshing floor", but has developed different meanings in the Slavic languages, e.g. B. in Lower Sorbian »garden, especially the orchard behind the barn«, in Polish »barn«.
1251: Monastery property in Saxony
The specified first mention of Gömnigg can be found in a deed of donation, which the register of registers of the Lehnin Monastery noted on August 6, 1251. Afterwards, the influential Cistercian monks from the neighboring Zauche in the Brandenburg region received the Gömnigk water mill ( molendinum Gomenik ) on the river plan to the Belzig landscape meadows with the associated waters from Count Bederich von Belzig as a gift. The entry read: “Donation of Count Bederichs v. Belzig: a mill near Rottstock on the river Plane with all waters up to the village Trebegotz ” (Trebegotz = Trebitz). In doing so, the monks from the Brandenburg Zauche extended their sphere of influence into what was already Saxon at that time and tried to support the development of the state and the settlement policy of the Brandenburg Ascanian margraves .
Around a hundred years earlier, in 1157, the Ascanian Albrecht the Bear founded the Mark Brandenburg after a decisive victory over the Slav prince Jaxa von Köpenick . However, the Brandenburgers could not hold the area around Belzig for long and had to give it to the Archdiocese of Magdeburg or the Margraviate of Meißen , despite the support of the Lehnin Monastery . The route from Brück via Gömnigk to Belzig was of great strategic importance, because the narrowness in the swampy Baruther glacial valley represented a coveted transition from the Zauche to Belziger Vorflming. Trade routes and a military road that secured a no longer existing castle in Brück ran here along.
Back to Brandenburg from 1815
Until the Congress of Vienna in 1815, the Belzig landscape meadows formed the border between the Kingdom of Saxony and the Mark Brandenburg. Only with this conference of all political powers in Europe after the defeat of Napoleonic France did the northern part of the Saxon Kurkreis and with it Gömnigk finally fall to Prussia and back to Brandenburg. A post-milestone pillar in Saxony still stands in Brück today as an eloquent stone testimony to the Saxon past.
Legal problems caused by the transition from Saxony to Prussia can be read in many Gömnikger documents. For example, it had to be clarified whether the development of the inheritance dispute over the Gömnigker Schmiede in 1821 should still be carried out according to the Royal Saxon general state laws or according to the provisions of Prussian land law, since the widower was the testator in 1816, i.e. according to that of the Russian Gouvernement took place on May 24, 1814 and § 10 of the publication patent on land law confirmed the annulment of the statutory rights previously valid here had married to Zinna . The choice was left to the blacksmith. (Statutory = bylaws, properly) Payment regulations also reflect the transition period. In 1816, the buyer of this smithy paid 140 thalers in Saxon money and 200 thalers in Prussian courant .
Incorporation
Gömnigk was incorporated into Brück on February 1, 1974.
Development of farms and social hierarchy
First counts
Gömnigk belonged to the Vogtei Brück until about 1496 and came to the Belzig office around 1500 and later to the Belzig-Rabenstein office.
The first information on the number of inhabitants can be found in a list from 1496, which is in the Thuringian main state archive in Weimar . As was customary at the time, the census recorded the names of the farm or house owners and shepherds. Women and children, or any servants or maids, were not listed. After that there were eighteen farms in 1496. In addition to surnames without first names, which come from the job title like Der Schulte , Der Hirte or Der Moller , the list includes names such as Hans Nilius or Symon Mauritz . A few years later, the Belzig-Rabenstein Office's inheritance book from 1500/1506 differentiates the eighteen properties into eight Hüfner estates and ten Kossaten estates . After that the village had its own judge with the Hüfner Jorge Lobze and now Jordan a blacksmith with the Kossaten Smith [blacksmith] Michael Merten .
- In the village social hierarchy, the Hüfner were at the top as full farmers and owners of an entire farm and arable land of around 30 acres - their land and livestock should be such that a farming family could feed on their own land.
- The Kossät owned simple, small farms or cottages and scarce land, the income of which was usually not enough to support themselves, so that they took on sideline jobs or, from the outset, for example, as craftsmen or shepherds, and later also as teachers, had a main job outside of arable farming. In old documents, Hüfner and KössÄT are often referred to as the possessed man .
- The Büdner ( cottagers , colonists), who are listed separately in the Gömnigker sources from 1747 onwards, were included in the Kossäts. The small farmers often had their own small house, but very little land and rarely their own cattle. Since, as a rule, in the course of the colonist flows, they found structured village communities with largely completed division of the existing land, they usually hired themselves out as day laborers and tried to find a livelihood as teachers, shepherds or in small-scale trades (although there were also complete new foundations such as the village Freienthal in the years 1754 and 1756 a few kilometers down the plane as a weaver colony). With the division and partial sale of large farms in the 19th century, the cottagers also had the opportunity to purchase land on a larger scale.
For the year 1550 a total of 24 hooves are recorded, although this information very likely also includes Bolzer hooves - however, the term Bolzer hooves remains unclear. The dues of the village went to Gut Sandberg , among others, which was incorporated into Belzig in 1914 with part of the village of the same name, Sandberg, which began below Eisenhardt Castle and reached as far as Jaegers Hintermühle. Another part of the duty went to the von Hake family , who were mainly based in Kleinmachnow .
The inheritance book from the year 1591 again names 18 farms: 18 possessed men, including 10 gardeners ( kossaten ). This book differentiates for the first time between hereditary hooves and leaning hooves and makes the differentiation between Hüfnern and Kossaten with the indication of house or little house . After that, for example, Mertin Kempnitz owned a house, farm, 1 fiefdom and 2 hereditary hooves , Baltzer Gerken a house and 1 garden , Paul Rühl a house, the church and George Schertz has a mill with two aisles .
Destruction in the Thirty Years War between 1618 and 1648
The effects of the Thirty Years' War hit the area around Gömnigk hard. In 1636, Swedish troops destroyed the church building in the neighboring village of Baitz and the church in today's Bad Belzig district of Schwanebeck was razed to the ground. The war atrocities are reflected in the records of the Gömnigker Höfe. The Hüfnergut No. 24 (today Dorfstrasse 51) fell in desolation , the owner "was martyred to death by soldiers in 1637".
1640/1645 (partly later in 1682) sixteen of the existing courtyards are directly recorded as “desolate”. There is no such entry for Kossatengut No. 15 (today Dorfstrasse 6), but there is a message from Börge Wielandt in 1661: "If he died 21 years ago and the building was completely destroyed, there is no use to be made of it." the mills, for which no conclusive information is available, Gömnigk was destroyed to at least 80 percent after the Thirty Years War. Only a few previous owners are still recorded after the war, most of the goods are registered under new names.
Poll tax tender Laetare in 1747
If the previous counts were based on farms or families, the transition to poll tax required a listing of all adult residents, including servants, maids or day laborers. Wives were still not mentioned and since small children are still not recorded, the number collected only gives an indication of the actual number of inhabitants.
On the Sunday before Easter ( Laetare ) 1747, the Belzig-Rabenstein office wrote out for the Gömnigker head taxes and recorded - in the available sources for the first time - the Büdner (Häusler). The office raised almost 70 people to a total of 22 living places (including shepherds). If you add 20 wives, Gömnigk's population without small children was around 90 in 1747. These included, for example:
- Martin Bräsigke, a Ganz Hüfner, estate and land worth 300 Th.; his daughter Maria Elisabeth Bräsigkin as a cattle girl; his servant George Haseloff; whose wife Maria Haseloffin lives with Hanns Hannemannin as a housemate; whose sister Gertraute Bräsigkin is lame and is well preserved; his old mother Bräsigkin up to 74 years old; (former Hüfnergut No. 24, today Dorfstraße 52, west of the church)
- Peter Ziemen a Coßate, is respected by a third-part Huefner, property and land, worth 100 th.; his father Urban Ziemen of 66 years with his wife, the mother; this latter daughter u. that sister Anna Ziemen, 16 years old, is sickly with narrow-mindedness, and cannot do goose-maid services; (on the former Hüfnergut 2, today Dorfstrasse 49)
- Peter Ruhl, a bad Häussler; Häussgen and Gärtgen worth 20 th., House butcher; his son Martin Ruhl, aged 15, is to be rented out as an ox boy as soon as an employer is found.
On average, around 4 people lived in each courtyard or house in 1747. In the first place, the survey names the village mayor , the Hüfner Peter Gehricke, who owned the property with the highest valuation at 300 Talers . The village hierarchy is also reflected in the fact that Gehricke's son, in contrast to the 15-year-old son Martin of the aforementioned Büdner (Häussler) Peter Ruhl, had already found a job as an ox boy. The Schulzenamt remained in the family as an inheritance, because a list of the personal tax on Bartholomäustag (August 24th) 1790 also mentions Huefner George Gehricke as an inheritance owl in the first place.
Land register around 1810
The estate of the Gehricke family had developed further around 1810. Regarding the property of the court mayor and Hüfner Gottfried Gehricke (Hüfner- / Schulzengur No. 1, today Dorfstraße 50), it says in a land register:
- Has a translated house with a chimney, a garden of 1/2 acres, of which 15/32 acres are fruit and grass and 1/32 acres are vegetable gardens; 3 horses; 5 oxen; 4 bulls, one of which is overgrown; 4 cows; 1 heel; 1 breeding sow and 37 pieces of sheep including the fastlings; 1 acre of meadow on rolling land […]. (Rolling land = hereditary land in free availability by the owner.)
A kossate like Gottfried Wilke, on the other hand, only had a "Worth garden of 2 acres" , 2 horses and a cow in addition to a similar house . The Häusler son Martin Ruhl, who was still looking for a job as an ox boy in 1747, must have achieved a certain level of prosperity, because almost 20 years later, in 1764, was able to buy the Neue Mühle (see chapter below). The mill ownership of his descendant Johann Friedrich Ruhle (the family name had meanwhile been given an ending "e") is described in a land register around 1810 as follows:
- Has a translated dwelling house with a chimney, a garden of 1/16 acre opposite the house, the consigned garden of 3 M (et) z (en) by the house is quite insignificant size, therefore wrongly to 3 M (et) z ( en) sowing indicated; 2 cows after the consignation, but one of them has since been slaughtered; on rolling plots 2 acres of meadow behind the Dunkt and 1 2/3 meadows on half Hufen […]. (Consignation = judicial resignation)
This information comes from the land register of the Belzig district, which was created before 1815, at least during the Saxon period. After that, the plots were "mixed up so that no one from Hüfner has his plots together." The book describes Gömnigk as a classic street village with two rows of houses that run "from morning to evening" , i.e. from east to west. The respective gardens and fields were directly behind the houses. The land register recorded a total of 24 plots of land, including a church with a "God's field" and two-part parish property (shepherd's house with a chimney and house garden of 1/16 acre, the shepherd had 27 sheep and a cow. Another house with a chimney, house garden "of insignificant size" , inhabited by the horse herdsman, who “does not keep cattle” .) The village social hierarchy in the middle and end of the nineteenth century is also vividly reflected in the contributions in kind that Gömnigk parents had to give for their schoolchildren - the shepherd was obliged to give one Ice cream very clearly at the end of the scale (see chapter on school below).
In 1855 Gömnigk was hit by two disasters: a great fire and a cholera - epidemic . Four members of the Otto family fell victim to the infectious disease in Hüfnergut No. 24 (today Dorfstrasse 51) alone. The fire triggered an architectural upheaval.
Change from half-timbered to solid construction
In the 19th century, there was a change from traditional half-timbered construction to solid construction, which in many villages was promoted by the destruction of large districts by fire. In Gömnigk, the fire on June 11, 1855 initiated this change.
Märkisches Mittelflurhaus
Before the building change, the Gömnigker Höfe, which were lined up on both sides of the Dorfstraße, consisted mainly of the Märkisches Mittelflurhaus (also Märkisches Dielenhaus ) and in some cases of its special form Nuthe-Nieplitz-Haus (also Spiekerhus ), such as Hüfnergut No. 2 by Martin Ziem at Dorfstrasse 49.
The construction of the Märkisches Mittelflurhaus was strongly influenced by the Low German Fachhallenhaus or Lower Saxony house, which could be proven for the first time in the 15th century. One of the oldest preserved middle-corridor houses is in Blankensee . The Nuthe-Nieplitz-Haus from 1649 now serves as a farming museum. Such a historic and restored Nuthe-Nieplitz house also stands in the Kemnitz district of the Nuthe-Urstromtal community , whose coat of arms depicts a middle-floor house.
The designation middle corridor house is misleading. Since the central corridor did not run through the middle of the house, the name Märkisches longitudinal corridor house would be more appropriate. Originally characteristic of the half-timbered building was the mixed living-stable house with a longitudinal structure, in which the old floorboard narrowed to the longitudinal or central corridor (longitudinal access). The entrance to the house was in the gable , which thus faced the street. This predominantly two-story house type, which was used by Kossaten and Hüfner alike, was built around 1800, then as a pure residential house. Stables and barns were separate in the yard . Only the day wage houses (Büdnergüter) built since the 1870s deviated from the medium-floor house style.
A characteristic of the special form Nuthe-Nieplitz-Haus was the additional gable store (formerly Spieker ), which was a front of the house facing the street and was originally intended for grain storage. Since the end of the 18th century, the gable granary was increasingly being converted into living space for the elderly . In the purchase contract of August 20, 1791 between the widow Gehricke and her son Gottfried Gehricke for Schulzengut No. 1 (Dorfstrasse 50; purchase price 600 thalers), for example, his mother reserved the Spieker for life , which she wants to have her rights made for, and the small soil on it, […].
The only heatable room in the central corridor houses was the living room , which was next to the corridor on the entrance side of the courtyard. The room served in one as dining, living, handicraft and bedroom. The parlor in the corner between the parlor and the kitchen was usually given to the elderly as an additional bedroom, to which the so-called best place by the stove was regularly assigned by contract. Opposite the room were smaller chambers as storage rooms for food and equipment.
Black kitchen, thatched roof and fire of 1855
The roofs of the central corridor houses were covered with straw , which kept the summer heat out and warmed in winter, but quickly rotted and was easily flammable. The main cause of many medieval village fires was the black kitchen , which joined the hallway in the Märkisches Mittelflurhaus. The mighty German chimney rose above the kitchen , in which slaughter supplies were hung for smoking and through which the smoke from the open hearth was drawn off. With the smoke, sparks got onto the thatch of the roof and the half-timbered chimney itself was anything but fireproof.
On June 23, 1855, the Zauch-Belziger Kreisblatt reported that on the morning of June 11, 1855, around 80% of the village with 17 farmsteads had burned down. According to Torsten Hartisch's research, the Kreisblatt clearly exaggerated because in fact, with 12 farms, 50% of the village had been destroyed. The damage was spread over 4 Hüfner, 2 Kossät and 6 Büdner properties. Among the farms that burned down were Hüfnergüter 1 (Dorfstrasse 50, Schulzen family Gehricke) and 2 (Dorfstrasse 49, family Ziem). At least some farms had fire insurance . For example, it is known from Kossatengut No. 4 (today Dorfstrasse 47a) that the building was insured for 400 Talers with the Ständische Land-Feuersozietät for the Kurmark . The sum insured roughly corresponded to the value, because when it was taken over in 1835, the son had paid his father 450 thalers for the property. The farms were rebuilt on the spot. Three Büdner houses were given alternative construction sites in the village because they were too close together according to the fire protection regulations . These alternative points led to changes in area and restrictions on all the parcels affected, which had to be clarified in court, as initially not a single farm owner was willing to reach an amicable settlement.
Effect of fire on the courtyard architecture
Although there is no information on the cause of the fire, the Gömnigker took the fire as an opportunity to rebuild their courtyards in massive construction and modified overall facilities and gradually modernize the intact buildings accordingly. In particular, the Prussian law that had existed since 1777 for the massive execution of black kitchens and smoke chimneys was now consistently adhered to. The kitchens received so-called economy stoves and the parlors modern muzzle-loading ovens . Due to the possibility of installing additional separate and massive chimneys , the living room, the only warm room , had gradually become obsolete in the cold season at the end of the 19th century. The new building of Kossaten Friedrich Ehle (Dorfstrasse 54) from 1882 was the first to be equipped with several narrow chimneys.
Various floor plans from this period show the design of ovens , which many farmers relocated from the living room to the garden behind the barn because of the high risk of fire. Even if it was allowed to operate the ovens in the house again after the thatched roofs had disappeared, most Gömnigkers stayed with the outsourcing and built the new ovens, protected with a fire wall, outside on the house or the stable.
In the second half of the 19th century, the half-timbered structure increasingly gave way to the bricks and the thatched roof to the hard roof. The houses were now aligned on the eaves side, i.e. across the street. Massive firewalls had to be built to the buildings on the neighboring properties . The now consistently separated cowshed stood behind the house. The second stable, for horses and oxen , was opposite the house and was allowed to continue to be built in half-timbered construction. Some of these stables with overhanging full floors ( knee sticks ) are still visible from the street today. The pigsties, which were also standing separately, were among the first complete brick buildings and were often given dovecotes above them that no longer exist. The new pent roofs of the stables also served as fire protection. The barns closed off the gardens at the back. With the increasing opportunity to purchase land, the Büdner barns were built, although they were much smaller than the barns of the Hüfner and Kossäts and which also served as a cattle shed.
Development to today's village image
The last steps towards the current appearance of the gatehouses with their complete building rings took place after 1900. The Gömnigker gatehouses were usually not built as independent buildings, but rather through flat roofs with a gate and entrance door that lay on the adjacent buildings and connected the house and stable. The spread of agricultural machinery required new sheds and sheds to fill the gaps between the buildings. After the collectivization of agriculture in the GDR era, the decay and demolition of barns and stables that were no longer needed tore gaps in the building rings. This process continues today. In addition, renovations and modernizations have changed the architectural image of the village in many places in recent decades.
Several factors determined the tripling of the population from around 90 people in 1747 to around 250 in 1900 and today. This included inheritance-related splits and partial sales of the farms. The influx of colonists led to the development of Büdner houses in the open spaces at the southern end of the street. With the settlement of the brickworks and other small businesses described below in the middle of the 19th century, workers' houses were also built on the other side of the central village street, such as in Niemegker Straße or Trebitzer Weg, which have remained wider dirt roads to this day.
Inheritance and sales of the farms
Torsten Hartisch's collection of sources provides a wealth of data on every property. This includes listing of owners since 1496 or 1500, inheritance and tax collection. From today's perspective, the unusual rule is striking, according to which the children bought the goods or parts of the goods from their parents when they were inherited . Even the exact provisions on the so-called old-age part (today: personal belongings ) with detailed specifications right up to the open bed seem strange today. The following information on the former Hüfnergut 11 (today Dorfstrasse 9) serves as an example of this development.
1500 to 1850, immigration regulations
The first recorded owner of the Hüfnergut or Stammgut No. 11 was Andreas Kempnitz in 1500. The estate remained with this family until the 17th century, which later wrote itself to Kemnitz . In 1640 a Paul Kemnitz is mentioned, but at the same time the property is marked as desolate (Thirty Years War, see above). According to Augustin Höppner 1661, Laetare 1672 the surety Jehricke is listed by Augustin Höppner on cultivated desert goods with a new tax assessment . Presumably because of the devastation and harsh post-war times, the tax was significantly reduced from 151 shock to 58 shock (1 shock = 5 dozen ).
After further changes of ownership in the 17th and 18th centuries, Johann Martin Friedrich (1758–1827) bought the estate on September 28, 1779 for 350 thalers from the Kühne family. In doing so, he offered his half-brother Martin Kühne a so-called "father's estate" in the amount of 16 thalers and 16 groschen and undertook to keep precisely listed items such as a horse, a quarter liter of beer or two metzes of salt for his marriage. The purchase included the estate consisting of a leaning [...] and two village hooves, 9 acres of meadows, three horses, a foal, four oxen, three cows, two cattle, sixteen sheep, large and small, three pigs, two breeding Geese, the existing chickens, two wagons with all accessories, two plows with iron, three harrows, two axes, three pitchforks, two pitchforks, two kettles, the servant's and maid's beds, also all the other household utensils [...].
On May 5, 1809, Johann Martin Friedrich sold to his son Peter Friedrich (1786–1862) for 700 thalers, who at the same time took over the obligations towards Martin Kühne. The stipulations for the "exodus" (right of use of the selling parents in old age) were entitled to:
- free stay in the living room and free seat where the migrants want,
- Use of the trees behind the barn,
- Use of the one morning meadow on the so-called Laakenwiese,
- bleach free linen and the necessary ingredients, e.g. B. ashes,
- the free use of a horse for riding for the escapee who chooses, but only three times in each year.
The parlor was left to the exiles for their sole use and authorization . The regulation also contained the distinctive concession that the chamber door can be left open at your discretion.
Division in 1853, from Hüfnergut to Büdnergut
The Hüfnergut was divided up in 1853 when Peter Friedrich sold, among other things, one of the barns and the stable on the farm property with the obligation to demolish it, as well as various pieces of land for 789 thalers and 18 silver groschen to a reindeer and a government surveyor. The yard property with the house and Spieker, the gatehouse barn, the pigsty and some lands remained in Friedrich's possession.
In the period that followed, the former Hüfnergut was run as Büdnergut. The estate was not affected by the great fire in 1855. On November 6, 1855, Friedrich's tenth child, Johann Friedrich Friedrich (1826–1901), took over the remaining estate for 700 thalers and in 1863 had a massive barn extension built. On November 26, 1886, the estate went to his daughter Wilhelmine Wilke (* unsafe; † 1915) and son-in-law Gustav Wilke (1855-1932), who after the death of his Mrs. was the sole owner of the Büdnergut. On March 19, 1927, Gustav Wilke sold the courtyard with the house garden and other partial plots for 3500 gold marks and an old part worth 800 gold marks to Bertha Petznick. The Jantke family had owned the estate since 1930.
Performance
The data shown only allow conclusions to be drawn about the performance of the farms to a very limited extent. The information about the subdivisions and additions is too imprecise. Furthermore, the quoted price units (talers, marks, gold marks) are difficult to bring to a reference value, especially since a differentiation would have to be made between Saxon and Brandenburg units. Above all, however, the commitments entered into (half-brothers, migrants) can hardly be quantified. In an overview, the available data are:
- before the Thirty Years War: tax collection 151 shock
- 1672: Tax collection on Laetare 58 shock
- 1779: Purchase price 350 thalers + obligation half-brother
- 1809: purchase price 700 thalers + obligation as before, also old people / migrants
- 1855: Purchase price 700 thalers, but after allocation, residual goods = Büdnergut
- 1886: Purchase price 1500 marks + retirement part with an annual value of 150 marks
- 1927: Purchase price 3500 gold marks + old age part worth 800 gold marks for one part (courtyard with house garden, partial plots)
Watermills
The tarpaulin, which has an astonishingly large gradient for a flatland river as far as the Belziger landscape meadows, drove a large number of mills, two of them in Gömnigk. The former mill of the Lehnin monastery, today's Alte Mühle , is located directly on the B246 (Dorfstrasse 1) at the northern exit of Gömnigg towards Rottstock. The Neue Mühle (Dorfstrasse 55) has been located around 200 meters upstream since 1730 . Further up the river, around eight kilometers away, near Dahnsdorf (municipality of Planetal ), there is a second “new mill” on the tarpaulin. It got its name to distinguish it from the neighboring medieval Komturmühle ( Commandery ) of the Teutonic Order .
Alte Mühle (former monastery mill)
Like many mills, the old mill in Gömnigk also has its legend , there about the Müller Pumpfuß .
Owned by the Brandts from Lindau / Wiesenburg
The Cistercians sold their mill along with the associated 11 Wispel Roggenzins on March 26, 1453 to Friedrich Brandt von Lindau , who three years later, in 1456, was enfeoffed with the castle and the "little town" Wiesenburg by the Saxon Elector Friedrich II. (Lit: Register of registers). The price was 100 guilders and 100 old shock . Twenty years later, on November 28, 1474, the wealthy monks concluded a pawn shop with Friedrich Brandt and left him 100 shock groschen at an annual rate of 5 shock groschen from the Gömnigk mill near Brück in Saxony . The miller's name, Jurge (Georg) Nichelmann, was first passed down in 1496 . In 1532 the mill belonged again to the Brandtschen Haus Wiesenburg.
Assault by Hans Kohlhase
In 1535, Hans Kohlhase , to whom Heinrich von Kleist created a literary monument in 1810 with the novella Michael Kohlhaas , and eight cronies plundered the mill and laid it to rubble. During this attack, the miller was badly injured by a spear . Seven years later, the mill must have been rebuilt, because for 1542 there is an indication that two servants were employed in addition to the miller. In 1550 two grindings are mentioned. In 1732 the mill is said to have been rebuilt. It remained in Brandt's possession until 1746, when General von Brandt von Lindau sold the building on the tarpaulin to master miller Johann Jacob Samuel Weichmann. The price was "400 thalers hereditary and that means that instead of the other 12 wispel rye or 11 bispel flour, 100 thalers a year base interest should be given" .
Fire in 1865 and reconstruction
After several changes of ownership, the old mill was probably owned by the Schiering family (also: Schierig) from 1836, who held it until 1920. Ten years after the fire devastated half the village, a fire on the night of January 9-10, 1865 also destroyed large parts of the mill and its stocks. For health reasons and because of his advanced age, the mill master Erdmann Schiering then tried to sell his mill. He wrote the building on 10./18. March 1865 as follows:
Mill property [...] on the Chaussee and the tarpaulin inflow for sale. The same contains the foundations and the remaining masonry of the burned down residential and mill buildings with the remaining large mass of bricks and significant iron works belonging to the mill, 9 remaining buildings, around 24 acres of gardens, fields and meadows with very important fruit and other tree plantations , approx. 20 horse water power with two massive meal and free arks. Sales price 18,000 thalers, […]. Reconstruction has already begun in all parts, […]. On request, about 250 acres of fields, meadows and heather can also be provided to neighboring lands.
Since no buyer could be found, E. Schiering decided to complete the reconstruction himself, trusting in God's help . This was achieved by November 18, 1865 at the latest, because in an announcement that day the miller asked the local public who had previously been attentive to me to want to refer to this article again from here; there will always be a supply both in flour and in boards of all kinds, [...]. Accordingly, at that time there was also a cutting mill in addition to the grinding mill .
Fishing rights and turbine operation
From 1869 to 1910 the mill was owned by Wilhelm Friedrich Schiering (1848-1920), who had it entered on December 10, 1872 under the number 456 in the company register of the Royal District Court under the name W. Schiering and the location Alte Mühle . In front of and next to the mill, Schiering had a park with a pond created, both of which no longer exist. In 1899 he built the current residential building, Dorfstrasse 61, on part of the park as a retirement home, which his wife Friedericke Rosalie, née Kuhlmey, and his two children kept as heirs after his death and the sale of the mill in 1920. Rosalie Schiering was born on May 29, 1858 at the Niemegker Werdermühle and died on March 9, 1953 at the age of 94 at the Alte Mühle.
Probably in 1910 Wilhelm Friedrich Schiering handed over the mill to his son Werner Schiering, who applied on May 31, 1918 to enter his full fishing rights in the water book. According to him, it comprised the tarpaulin from the Gönninger to the driftnet mill, the entire open water ditch and parts of the lazy ditch. The application states: He bases his fishing rights on the existence of several hundred years for the owner of the Alte Mühle and on the undisturbed exercise by his father and himself since 1869 [...].
Two years later, in 1920, the Kahmann family of millers from Reuden bought the Alte Mühle, which in 1924 was looking for an honest servant for mill wagons and farm work under the name Kahmann & Sons, Alte Mühle near Brück . The sons traded under the name of Gebrüder Richard & Richard Kahmann and in 1930 bought the Neue Mühle , which had existed around 200 meters upwards from 1730.
In the meantime, three back-slaughtered or medium-slaughtered waterwheels with a width of 1.25 meters each and an average of 4.50 meters each operated the mill. In 1927, two Francis turbines replaced the water wheels.
Forced labor and war damage
During the Second World War , three prisoners of war from France worked on the grounds of the old mill and were housed in the journeyman's room. On May 3, 1945, the two railway bridges behind the stable and barn were blown up with twelve defused American aerial bombs in order to slow down the advance of the Red Army . This measure led to considerable damage to the buildings of the Alte Mühle.
Decommissioning, power generation and common ownership
The mill was in operation until 2002. After the shutdown, the grinding technology was mainly sold to Eastern Europe. At the end of 2007, the Kahmann family sold the building, including all of the equipment still in existence, as well as the 18 hectares of land belonging to it, to a private person. From then on, the declared aim was to establish a joint project on the site . In 2009 the turbines were renovated and put back into operation as a small hydropower plant; In 2011, a solar power system was installed on the roof of the mill and residential building. In the summer of 2014, with the help of the apartment house syndicate , the property was transferred to common ownership. In terms of area, the Alte Mühle Gömnigk is the largest syndicate project to date in the syndicate network. In Brück, the Alte Mühle has been perceived as a place for refugee aid since 2015 .
New mill
The new mill is located behind the houses on the eastern edge of the street village between the village street and the old connection route to Niemegk an der Plane. It was in operation for around two hundred years from its founding in 1730 until 1945. The builder was the Belziger Schlossmüller Johann Christoph Klunter (also: Klunker), who first leased the mill, expanded it to include an ancillary and allergy aisle in 1744 and sold it to Büdner's son Martin Ruhle in 1764. His son and successor, Johann Gottlieb Ruhle, received permission to stock and dispense beer in 1783, i.e. the right to be able to serve . This was not unusual because many Müller operated alongside or at the age restaurants in their villages.
On April 14, 1784, Ruhle was also given permission to build an oil mill with four pods. The mill, which had two grinding courses, remained in the possession of the Ruhle family until the middle of the 19th century. According to a document from 1790, the mill employed a miller and a brandy distiller from the family that year, as well as a servant , two cattle maids and two miller's boys . Ownership changed several times between 1856 and 1884, until Hermann August Lindner finally acquired the mill and after 39 years, in 1923, ceased operations due to unprofitability. When Lindner bought it in 1884, the property consisted of the watermill with a half-timbered brick-roofed house, the gatehouse, two sheds, two stables and the barn. With the exception of a barn, all the outbuildings were massive and had tiled roofs. In the same year, 1884, Lindner replaced part of the large stable with an oven.
Lindner sold the building in 1930 to the owners of the old mill, the Richard & Richard Kahmann brothers . According to Mr. Kahmann, the mill, which had already been closed and was offered at low prices, was bought in order to gain living space and to prevent possible new competition in the immediate vicinity. The building with the mill wheel and the turbine was demolished by the owners and built a terrace on the foundation, which is directly connected to the wooden walkway, which, as shown in the second picture next to the table of contents, leads over the tarpaulin. Today the Kahmann family operates rooms for rent in the restored buildings of the Neue Mühle.
Other small businesses and businesses
In addition to the two mills, there were other small businesses and businesses in Gömnigk. These included the forge , two brickworks , a colonial goods store and the restaurant that still exists today, which in the meantime provided a large dance hall for lively village evenings. During the GDR era, there was also a consumption as a rural corner shop in the former school building .
Wrought
The village blacksmith's shop was on Kossatengut 10, today's Dorfstrasse 10. The first references to this can be found with the names of the owners Hans Smidt (1496) and Severin Smith (1500). During the Thirty Years War, Hans Haseloff is registered as the owner in 1628. Under Haseloff, the forge fell into desolation (1640). The reconstruction was a long time coming and it was obviously difficult to find an operator, because a document from the year 1661 states: Although Gerhard Schröter stated that he would grow such coßätgutlein, he ran away again afterwards. During the 18th century, various members of the Haseloff family were registered as owners, although it remains unclear whether only the owners were updated here or whether the forging business could be resumed.
What is certain is that on February 20, 1794 Christian Schmidt bought the estate for 211 thalers and tried to build a new house with a cowshed that same year, which he did not succeed in because of the lack of material deliveries. After further changes of ownership at the latest in 1816 - Gömnigk had come back to Brandenburg / Prussia a year earlier - there must have been a functioning forge again, as can be seen from the purchase contract of April 16: Martin Friedrich, who moved out, sold a […] in quiet ownership and Use of Coßäthengut and a blacksmith's house built on a preserved concession, in addition to the Haußgarten located there, also the blacksmith's hand tools in the blacksmith's house and [...] frey to the master Johann Jacob Beelitz blacksmith and armorer zu Zinna for and for 140 thalers Saxon money and 200 thalers are to be paid in Prussian courant.
In 1850 the Kossatengut went with the blacksmith for 600 thalers and an old part to the son Friedrich Wilhelm Beelitz, who already five years later sold it to the master blacksmith Friedrich Nichelmann from Grubo for 1500 thalers . In 1857 Nichelmann built a new house with a forge, which was demolished in 1892, then in the possession of his daughter Wilhelmine, and replaced by a massive new house. Nichelmann only received approval for the new building in 1857 in compliance with stricter fire protection regulations.
The daughter Wilhelmine had to pay 2200 thalers for the entire estate when she took over in 1874, while at the same time being obliged to support her two underage siblings [...] in all their needs until they were 14 years old and an open one when they got married or came of age To grant a bed with two full covers. The time of the forge ended with the demolition in 1892. In 1913 Wilhelmine and her husband Ferdinand Jungermann sold the farm for 5000 marks and an old-age part worth 850 marks annually ( the common value of the land was 14,000 marks ). After further changes of ownership, the estate has been owned by the Schulz family for some time. Since 1997 the agricultural engineer Schulz has been selling the products of his organic pig breeding once a week in the yard of the original smithy (see chapter below, organic pig breeding).
Brickworks
From the kiln to the beaver farm to the cover shop
In the Niemegker Straße 2 south of the village center, the Hüfner Johann Gottlieb Rettig, who was sitting on the ancestral estate No. 24 at Dorfstraße 52, built a brick factory with a house, a brick kiln , a stable and two barns in the following years . Ferdinand Schulze bought the brickworks in 1878 and had another house built in 1879; the old building served as a workers' residence until it was demolished in 1920. By the end of the nineteenth century, two more workers' houses with different stables were added. After the Schulze brickworks foreclosed on auction in 1920, the company changed hands several times at short intervals and in parts until the pensioner Walburga Prophete from Bad Wörishofen acquired the remaining property in 1935. Soon afterwards the ownership changed to Heinz von Lehn, who expanded his Berlin-Gatower beaver castle with the Teichgut Gömnigk to include a beaver farm. In Gatow today a clinic and a bus stop called Biberburg remind of this episode. The Gömnigker Farm only existed for a short time, because in 1942 the next owner Barfuß converted the building into a masking shop , which was in operation until 1990. Since then, the former brickworks has been owned by the Zech family, who have lived on the property since the opening of the cladding shop and whose members worked there as foremen.
More brickworks
More brickworks on the Gömnigker Felde were built in the immediate vicinity of the first factory at Niemegker Strasse 4 and 5. On property no. 5, the brickworks owner Louis Mann had a massive house built in 1860, which he had expanded in 1874. In 1870 he had a day laborer's house built on property no. 4, which was followed in 1878 by a new carriage house. He sold property number 5 in 1897 for 5,000 marks to the brickworks owners Gustav and Reinhard Mann from Herzfelde, but secured a lifelong right to live in the two gabled rooms of the house. In 1898 Alfons Vobach from Neuendorf ( Nowawes ) acquired both properties. The carpenter Wilhelm Kählitz from Berlin-Zehlendorf bought No. 4 and other parts of the property in 1919 for 18,500 marks. The former day laborer's house and the remise, which has now been converted into a residential building, changed hands several times and are still inhabited today. In 1919, part of No. 5 went to master tailor Hermann Sölter from the neighboring village of Trebitz. Sölter paid 30,000 marks for the house, side building, stable, wooden stable, barn and material room. This property, which also passed through other hands, is still inhabited today; In 1983 the house was increased by one floor.
Public house
Since 1877 at the latest, the farmer's son August Karl Zander ran a pub at Dorfstrasse 3, which has survived to this day. From today's perspective, the drafting of the contract is interesting, because when he bought the house in 1867 for 1000 thalers, the 30-year-old Zander undertook to marry the seller's daughter within three months , otherwise the seller could withdraw from the contract . Zander fulfilled his obligation. After various conversions, expansions and the sale of parts of the property, the subsequent owners had a dance hall built in 1913, which was designed for 412 people in accordance with the building regulations. After further renovations, the street front of the restaurant finally reached a length of 25 meters and had 9 narrow windows next to the entrance door. The re-inauguration of the hall in 1933, which also celebrated the 20th anniversary of the hall, was announced by the host family as follows (excerpt):
Gömnigk. Inauguration of the hall. Twenty years ago the innkeeper Wernicke built a spacious dance hall here. For some time now this amusement space has gotten a pretty good look. Painter Harz at the Blisse company in Brück knew how to find a combination of colors that is soothing to the eye. Art paintings depicting trade, industry, cultivation of the fields, harvest and the Rhine region also adorn the walls of the hall. [...]
More business today and tourism
Another inn with an attached guesthouse has existed for a number of years in the renovated building of the old school at Dorfstrasse 17. After the school closed in 1976, consumers had sold groceries and necessities in the building until 1990. Another shop existed between 1910 and probably 1920 in Kossatengut No. 7, today Dorfstraße 14. Hermann Hahn ran the colonial goods store v. H. Hahn . Furthermore, a civil engineering company now operates its office in Gömnigk and Horst Döring runs a gardening business in the former Büdnergut 38, at Dorfstrasse 41 . The architect Sven Holger Gerwien shows the design options for a former day laborer's house with Büdnergut No. 41 in Dorfstrasse 38, which he acquired in 1990.
So far, little has been felt in Gömnigk of the tourist boom in many villages in the Hoher Fläming Nature Park and on the edge of the Belzig landscape meadows with their riding stables or conference hotels. Only the room rental in the Neue Mühle and the pension in the old school are clearly oriented towards tourism . While the neighboring town of Locktow attracts nationwide guests with an annual kite festival , Brück with parades to the harvest festival or the nearby Bad Belziger district of Fredersdorf with the bed race, which has already become a cult , the Gömnigkers hope, as they themselves say, not to wait another 750 years for their next festival after they had celebrated their 750th village anniversary for three days in 2001. In the meantime, however, the ecologically oriented agricultural breeding business of Bernd Schulz is of supraregional importance.
Agriculture
After the mills, the brickworks and the small businesses mentioned were closed, agriculture largely determines the remaining economic life in Gömnigk. While the barren soils still make cultivation difficult, the fight against flooding has been a thing of the past since river regulations were introduced.
Soils, floods, three-field farming
In addition to the detailed descriptions of the furnishing of the Gömnigker Höfe with gardens and cattle, the land register from the beginning of the 19th century contains information on the nature of the fields and gardens in the village. The soil is naturally described as generally sandy, as it is shaped by the mighty meltwater sands of the Baruther glacial valley . According to the report, only on the river were there fields with better soils, which, however, were often exposed to the flooding of the tarpaulin . The almost regular spring floods also significantly impaired cultivation in the gardens, which therefore could never be brought to any perfection and had to be limited to potatoes, lettuce, kale and some types of beet .
The land register records three soil classes. The first class consisted of areas on the tarpaulin with the cultivation of barley and wheat. The second class contained fields which, apart from the fallow land, could consistently be tilled with grain and oats. The third class comprised the drifting sand fields, which are tilled with winter rye once every sixth or ninth year , and still give a meager harvest. The fields were cultivated with the classic three-field economy with winter grain , summer grain and fallow land . The fertilization was carried out every three years with the usual fertilizers, straw and hay .
The wood consisted of nothing but field wood from poor quality pine and was subject to protection. There were no standing water or ponds in Gömnigk, only two Hüfner have a pond at their ends, in which crucians keep themselves .
collectivization
The sources do not contain any indications of further developments or yields in agriculture. During the GDR era there was collectivization typical of the country . Barns and stables that were no longer needed tore gaps in the courtyards' building rings. After the demolition of the building of the former Kossatengut 4 in Dorfstrasse 47a, which took place sometime between 1911 and 1945, the LPG Gömnigk built its weighing house around 1965 on the open area at Kirchenacker.
While the fields of the neighboring village of Trebitz extend west into the Belzig landscape and are today subject to the nature conservation ordinance under the concept of contractual nature conservation , the agricultural areas of Gömnigg extend south along the tarpaulin. A large part of the area, which extends to the border to Neschholz between the federal highway 246 and the Wühlmühle, is occupied by Bernd Schulz's pig breeding . With his free-range husbandry, the breeder follows the developments in organic cattle breeding .
Organic pig farming
The Naturlandhof comprises an open area of 35 hectares with around 300 domestic pigs and piglets as well as a breeding boar . In addition to the steadily increasing demand for organic products, organic farming offers another major advantage from a business perspective. Although the running maintenance costs are higher than those of conventional mass breeding systems, according to Schulz, outdoor farming has the decisive advantage that you only need a third of the investment. Among other things, Schulz sells his products once a week in his yard, the former blacksmith's shop.
History of the village school
Between 1897 and 1976 Gömnigk had his own school building at Dorfstrasse 17. Today there is a guesthouse with a restaurant in the house, the name of which “Zur alten Schule” reminds us of that time. Before 1897, the Gömnigker (and Trebitzer) children attended school in the Brück suburb of Rottstock, which is around one kilometer away. Since 1976 the students have been going to lessons in the neighboring village of Trebitz.
Bread and eggs as school fees
The first records of Gömnigk schoolchildren date from 1820, when 19 children from Gömnigk attended the Rottstock school. Among them were the children of Hüfnern, Kossaten, the miller, the cowherd and the horse shepherd Georg Huebner, who had three school-age daughters. Büdner are recorded for the first time in 1853, in which 26 Gömnigker children between the ages of 6 and 13 are noted. The teachers were paid ( school fees ) in addition to a basic payment in kind, which was graded according to the social rank / property of the parents. The wealthiest Huefner paid two bushels of rye, one bread and six eggs, the less wealthy Huefner paid a bushel of rye, one bread and four eggs, the millers one bread and four eggs, Kossaten and Büdner (among others the blacksmith) one and a half loaves and two eggs and the shepherd only had to bring up an egg.
Own village school in 1897 and first teacher
The planning of the Gömnigker School dates back to 1842 when, in the course of the division of Hüfner property, space was reserved in the event that a special sexton and school teacher position should be established in the town in the future. To this end, a garden and 168 square rods of arable land were designated for the teacher's partial self-sufficiency. It then took over fifty years to build the school in 1896. The classroom had three windows and was 7.10 meters long and 6 meters wide and covered an area of 42.6 square meters. There was space for 16 school desks with 4 seats each. Since there were only 43 schoolchildren when it opened in 1897, the community set up 12 benches and stored the rest on the school floor.
The first teacher was Ernst Krüger from Bremsdorf in the Schlaubetal , who had passed the second teacher examination in Köpenick on May 21, 1892 and had previously taught in Garrey . A first report by Kreisschulinspektor Meyer on the weekly 30 to 32 hours of teaching complained on November 23, 1897, the level of performance in the prayers and the overall clean, but unpleasant manuscripts. The handling of school discipline by Kruger found a good assessment and it was certified a special working hardship because among the older boys relatively weak many talented to be seemed.
Noteworthy in the documents are the notifications about teacher provision. Krüger had applied in Gömnigk, among other things, in order to free himself from the [...] damp, unhealthy, sticky air that is always in my apartment . He apparently found the house he had longed for in Gömnigk, but very soon complained about the insufficient payment. In an application to the school in Ahrensdorf in 1899, he wrote: But what use is a beautiful house if you [...] cannot get along well with a family of five with the most economical housekeeping. […] So I am the lowest paid in this area . He even had to do without the orchard necessary in the country and pay for all the fruit from his meager income . Krüger then apparently found a job that suited him in the neighboring village of Mörz , because he worked here from 1900 until his retirement.
Thirty-two years of service
So if the first Gömnigk teacher stayed for only three years, his successor Ferdinand Rätz was the teacher who worked in Gömnigk for the longest, from 1900 to 1932, with a service period of 32 years. Rätz, who had also worked as a deputy registrar since 1906, was unable to maintain the school throughout his long service due to a serious illness. During the treatment of his chronic language disorder , the school closed and the Gömnigker school children were temporarily looked after by the Trebitz teacher Hamer. Already weak , looking after 82 children for Hamer was a task that was actually beyond his strength . In March 1913, February and March 1918 and February 1932 there were further closings, in all cases because of measles in the village. The number of pupils was 49 when Rätz took office in 1900, peaked at 57 in 1905 and fell to 29 each in 1923 and 1924. The next recorded number comes from 1936 with 46 pupils. The proportions of boys and girls were roughly the same - with boys being slightly overweight between 1898 and 1908 and girls being overweight between 1909 and 1923.
Ferdinand Rätz received a lot of praise for his work at the school inspections. In 1930 a report by the Belzig school inspectorate said: A good school in the sense of a pure learning school. Slates are gradually being removed. The first attempts at modern work in arithmetic over the last years.
Lessons were organized until 1932
Before the later four-level class (still in Rottstock) there was a three-level class structure with the lower, middle and upper class around 1820. On Wednesday morning, on which, as on Saturday, all three levels were present in parallel and as usual in the one existing classroom, in the first lesson after common prayer and singing for the upper class there was reading in Friedrich Philipp Wilmsen's Brandenburger Kinderfreund, meanwhile the middle class writing u. the subclass with letters u. Lines make you busy. In the second lesson, the middle and lower classes had reading and spelling exercises , while the upper class wrote down what was dictated on Tuesdays. The third lesson consisted of mental arithmetic - probably jointly - and the most necessary of geography. On the other days of class, on which only two grades were in school at the same time, there were, for example, thought exercises, catechization, reading in the Old Testament, Langen's biblical stories, Ernst Beutler's moral theory, arithmetic and formal theory. The underlying lesson plan of the Rottstock school formed the basis for the design of the lessons for decades .
In the new Gömnigker school in 1903 an inspection report about the second teacher Ferdinand Rätz showed up for the first time a gymnastics lesson with calisthenics and bar gymnastics . The teacher's wife was said to be giving handicraft lessons with sufficient success . As indicated in the inspection report from 1930 cited above, the school authorities advocated a move away from the pure learning school (drill school, cramming school) to modern work. Since the beginning of the 20th century and especially since the 1920s, reform pedagogy has tried to overcome the spirit of the old school and replace the learning school with a work school with student-centered teaching.
Village school under National Socialism
The next teacher, Otto Kusch, joined the NSDAP and SA in 1933 and, after only one and a half years of activity, left for an unknown reason. The next teacher only gave a brief guest appearance until Emil Schley taught between 1934 and 1939.
Abuse of the right to chastise
Schley did not come voluntarily, but was transferred from Luckenwalde to Gömnigk because of difficulties with breeding . He couldn't get rid of these difficulties. On the contrary, he apparently operated the right to chastisement with such severity that even in the dawning time of discipline and order there were repeated complaints from the parents ( the boy could not read and arithmetic, which is why he had been beaten ; blows to the Head should have been omitted, especially since the boy has always had something on his ears ; several blows on the back and thighs with the elder stick, which broke the stick ; Mr. Paul, his child, could not sit or lie down .). In 1935, the district school board recommended a new transfer, because despite repeated warnings [...] the temperament had once again gone away with Schley . The transfer did not take place, however, because the Potsdam Public Prosecutor dropped the proceedings in April 1936. After further derailments by the teacher and subsequent parental protests, the school authorities announced that the position would not be filled quickly due to the shortage of teachers, which prompted the Gömnigk mayor to reply: Better not a teacher at all than Schley. After further complaints, Schley himself was transferred to Groß Gottschow in the Prignitz in 1939 .
In class, for example, the time was reflected in the practice of songs for the German evening to be held soon . An inspection at the end of 1934 criticized the haphazard, unproductive and unprepared discussion about the Saar area . The retrieving of composite thing words from a reading piece was used as the upper stage to simply found and the History teaching is the teacher of the difference between the 1-2. and 3rd / 4th School year not familiar. When doing arithmetic, the inspector lacked the additional tasks in the upper departments and the opposite types of invoices were completely absent. The school garden set up by Krüger on his service land, however , received general praise .
Head of training of the NSDAP local group Gömnigk
From 1939 until he was drafted into the Wehrmacht in 1942, the reserve lieutenant, NSDAP and SA member Hans-Joachim Wittberg, who was also the trainer of the NSDAP local group Gömnigk, taught. Wittberg tried to implement the typical education in National Socialism with nationalist-racist propaganda and the inclusion of youth in the Hitler Youth efficiently. After it was called up, the Trebitz teacher Kurt Waschipky, who was indispensable for this task, taught both single-class country schools until the end of the war. Waschipky was also a member of the SA and let the pupils go to the war memorial at the Gömnigker cemetery singing in Hitler Youth clothing when a war casualty was to be lamented. He himself wore the SA uniform during this march. After his arrest in 1945, Waschipky died in 1947 in special camp No. 2 in Buchenwald .
GDR period and closure
In the last years of the war, the Berlin Ministry of Education had relocated tons of files from Personnel Department E III from the Education Office to the vacant Gömnigker School. After 12 tons had been returned in 1947, regular classes could begin again at the Gömnigker School. The beginnings of the school system in the former Soviet Zone were marked by a comprehensive exchange of teachers, 71% of whom belonged to the NSDAP. The new teaching staff should be recruited from the democratic-anti-fascist circles of the German intelligentsia. Furthermore, most of the learning materials had to be replaced, as they were shaped by Nazi ideology .
The first post-war teacher, Günter Prescher, was one of three students from the Berlin Business School that the district administrator of the Zauch-Belzig district had referred to the mayor's office in Brück. Prescher was also chairman of the Gömnigker community council until 1950 and left the GDR in 1954. The sources give no information about the other teachers apart from their names and the indication of their length of service.
While the right to punishment in schools in the Federal Republic of Germany existed until 1973, the GDR abolished corporal punishment in schools in 1949. The socialist ideology of the GDR increasingly had an influence on the design of lessons and in the 1960s / 70s, shortly before the school was finally closed, most of the Gömnigk school children also belonged to the pioneer organization Ernst Thälmann . From the mid- 1960s , the Gömnigk students went to classes in 1st and 2nd grade in Trebitz, and then completed the 3rd and 4th grades in Gömnigk. In 1976 the school in Gömnigk was closed.
Field stone church
The Protestant stone church is located with the surrounding cemetery in a slightly elevated position on the east side of the main road. It lies roughly in the middle of the long street village.
The chronological classification of the church is unclear and fluctuates in the relevant literature. The experts for medieval Brandenburg village churches, Theo Engeser and Konstanze Stehr, believe that construction will start in the 14th century as the most likely. The simple, relatively large rectangular building (18.85 meters long and 9.15 meters wide) has a western gable tower with a central raised gable wall. The masonry layers consist of irregular and simply split boulders that still have clear curves. The north side portal, on the other hand, is walled in with a brick format that was commonly used in the 17th century. The original window openings have not been preserved, the existing openings are largely arched . The simple design, the masonry design and the shape of the west gable refer to the Dangelsdorf type , which was built several times by settlers in Fläming in the 14th century.
Alterations and renovations possibly took place in the 15th century and probably further in the 17th century. The tower was awarded in 1848 a new pavilion roof in the form of a pointed helmet, which is covered with copper plates. The cut-out year in the crowning weather vane shows the year of construction 1848. At the end of the 19th century, another renovation took place, in which the eastern brick extension was added. A fundamental interior and exterior renovation took place between 1990 and 1995. The gabled roof of the ship is toward the eastern growing hipped and with plain tiles covered. A gable roof with the same tiles also closes the extension.
The simple interior has an organ gallery and is flat-roofed, there are no interior arches. The wooden pulpit dates from the 17th century and the baptismal font , made of tin is made, from the year 1767th
Sources and research
Through the work of Torsten Hartisch 750 years of Gömnigk, 1251–2001. Extensive source material is available for contributions to the history of a Saxon-Brandenburg village from 2002. Volume 1 of the Chronicle has been published so far, which essentially documents the history of the individual farms and the school. An in-depth description of the history of mills and trade is to follow in the second volume, for which Hartisch has also announced source material on the Gömnigk pond with its short-term beaver farm (see chapter Brickworks).
Among other things, documents from the Brandenburg State Main Archive (BLHA) are evaluated in the chronicle . This includes files from the Belzig-Rabenstein office, the Belzig district court on the Gömnigk land register, the Rottstock district and land records. Information from historical newspapers such as the Zauch-Belziger Kreisblatt was also taken into account. Personal information that Hartisch received in discussions with the Gömnigkern complete the presentation. In addition, the residents of Gömnigk made extensive image material available.
literature
- Reinhard E. Fischer : The place names of the states of Brandenburg and Berlin. Volume 13 of the Brandenburg Historical Studies on behalf of the Brandenburg Historical Commission. be.bra Wissenschaft, Berlin 2005, ISBN 3-937233-30-X , p. 65.
- Reinhard E. Fischer, Jürgen Neuendorf, Joachim Reso: Around Belzig. Place and field names, boulders and trees, streams and ponds. (= Anniversary series on the history of Belzig. 4). Support group Museum Burg Eisenhardt Belzig eV, Belzig 1997, DNB 964455366 .
- Torsten Hartisch: 750 years of Gömnigk, 1251–2001. Contributions to the history of a Saxon-Brandenburg village . Part 1, Gömnigk 2002, OCLC 253869151 . (Can be obtained from the Brück Tourist Office, among others. All information and quotations from the BLHA (Brandenburgisches Landeshauptarchiv) are taken here.)
- Stephan Warnatsch: History of the Lehnin Monastery 1180–1542. (= Studies on the history, art and culture of the Cistercians. Volume 12.1). Lukas Verlag, Berlin 2000, ISBN 3-931836-45-2 , p. 245. (Also: Berlin, Freie Universität, dissertation, 1999)
- … (Also), Regestenverzeichnis … Volume 12.2… ISBN 3-931836-46-0 Quote: Entry No. 101: 1251, August 6. Warnatsch's reference at this point to entry 194 from 1305 (purchase of the Trebegotz farm) is Unfortunate inasmuch as it is not about the Trebegotz (Trebitz) neighboring Gömnigk, but the later deserted Trebegotz near Schmergow . For resale entry No. 101: 1453, March 26. To pawn shop, entry No. 548: 1474, November 28.
Web links
- Office Brück, information brochure (PDF) (9.75 MB)
- Theo Engeser, Konstanze Stehr: Ev. Gömnigk village church.
- Old and New Mill Gömnigk in GenWiki . The presentation in the chapter "Watermills" is largely based on this chronology.
- Rudi Rüssel and his “piggy” project. Visiting free-range pig farmer Bernd Schulz in Brück / Gömnigk. ( Memento of December 24, 2005 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF file) PAS Potsdams (other) pages, October / November 2005, report p. 11 (Ed. Linkspartei.PDS )
Footnotes
- ↑ As part of the municipality of Brück, there are no longer any separate censuses for Gömnigk. According to a telephone call on July 31, 2006, the Brück registration office estimates the population of Gömnigk to be around 300. This number corresponds roughly to this exact count from 1900 with 245 inhabitants.
- ↑ a b c d e Theo Engeser, Konstanze Stehr: Ev. Gömnigk village church. online . The section to the village church is completely based on this representation.
- ^ Reinhard E. Fischer, Jürgen Neuendorf, Joachim Reso: Around Belzig. Place and field names, boulders and trees, streams and ponds. In: Förderkreis Museum Burg Eisenhardt Belzig eV (Hrsg.): Book 4 on city history. 1997, p. 19.
- ↑ Quote from the translation of the register of registers by Warnatsch
- ↑ BLHA (Brandenburgisches Landeshauptarchiv) Rep. 5E District Court Belzig Gömnigk Basic Files, Bl. 10, quoted from: Torsten Hartisch: 750 Years of Gömnigk ... p. 50 (upper and lower case was adjusted by Hanisch)
- ↑ Municipalities 1994 and their changes since January 1, 1948 in the new federal states , Metzler-Poeschel publishing house, Stuttgart, 1995, ISBN 3-8246-0321-7 , publisher: Federal Statistical Office
- ↑ Torsten Hartisch: 750 years of Gömnigk ... p. 8.
- ↑ BLHA Rep. 7 Amt Belzig-Rabenstein No. 72a, quoted from: Torsten Hartisch: 750 years Gömnigk ... p. 8.
- ↑ BLHA Rep. 7 Belzig-Rabenstein Office No. 44, Bl. 50–53, 194–196; quoted from: Torsten Hartisch: 750 years of Gömnigk… pp. 8–9.
- ↑ BLHA Rep. 7 Belzig-Rabenstein Office No. 1138, Bl. 30; quoted from: Torsten Hartisch: 750 years of Gömnigk ... p. 90.
- ↑ BLHA Rep. 7 Belzig-Rabenstein Office No. 1138, Bl. 29; quoted from: Torsten Hartisch: 750 years of Gömnigk… p. 37; see also information at the individual farms.
- ↑ BLHA Rep. 7 Amt Belzig-Rabenstein No. 1548, Bl. 37–39, quoted from: Torsten Hartisch: 750 years Gömnigk… p. 10.
- ↑ a b Land register about the village of Gömnigk located in the district of Belzig , in the documents of the municipality of Gömnigk Original Brüning (Dorfstrasse 50), quoted from: Torsten Hartisch: 750 years of Gömnigk… pp. 14–17; to be dated before 1815, since it is in Saxon.
- ↑ Torsten Hartisch: 750 years of Gömnigk ... p. 91.
- ↑ BLHA Rep. 5E District Court Belzig Basic Files Gömnigk Bl. 1 and BLHA Rep. 7 Amt Belzig-Rabenstein No. 32, Bl. 60, quoted from: Torsten Hartisch: 750 years Gömnigk ... p. 88.
- ↑ Torsten Hartisch: 750 years of Gömnigk… p. 23–26, on fire insurance p. 82.
- ↑ a b c Wolfgang Beelitz, Introduction to inheritance / purchase and construction matters , Chapter 1.7. In: Torsten Hartisch: 750 years of Gömnigk… pp. 17–22.
- ↑ Torsten Hartisch: 750 years of Gömnigk ... all data and quotations on Hüfnergut 11 pp. 46–49
- ↑ BLHA Rep. 7 Amt Belzig-Rabenstein No. 32, Bl. 64, quoted from: Torsten Hartisch: 750 Jahre Gömnigk ... p. 47.
- ↑ BLHA Rep. 5E District Court Belzig Basic Files Gömnigk B. 11, quoted from: Torsten Hartisch: 750 years Gömnigk… p. 47-48.
- ↑ FVV Brück, municipalities in the office Brück, Sage about the old mill, see 3rd section online ( Memento from June 20, 2013 in the Internet Archive )
- ↑ a b c d e f Gömnigker Mühlen with a detailed chronological overview in the GenWiki . The presentation in the “Watermills” chapter is largely based on this chronology; the quotations are also taken from and documented here. on-line
- ↑ Year information on a walled-in metal plate in the turbine cellar of the Alte Mühle, confirmed in an interview with Mr. Kahmann in 2014.
- ↑ Documentary “Everything is changing” , shot in summer 2014
- ↑ Telephone information from Mr. Kahmann (Neue Mühle) on August 24, 2006.
- ↑ Information in conversation with Mr. Kahmann in summer 2014.
- ↑ Purchase contract, document of November 29, 2007 number G 572/2007 of the document roll of the notary Reinhard Götz in Berlin
- ↑ Purchase contract, document dated August 28, 2014 number 037/2014 of the document role of the notary from Swieykowski-Trzaska in Berlin
- ↑ Radio report (mp3) from radioeins in December 2015
- ↑ Torsten Hartisch: 750 years of Gömnigk ... pp. 100–101.
- ↑ The information about the closure of the Neue Mühle in 1923 comes from a phone call with Mr. Kahmann (Neue Mühle) on August 24, 2006. The GenWiki, however, states 1945 as the year of closure. This is not wrong in that, according to Torsten Hartisch, the mill was briefly put into operation again in 1945.
- ↑ BLHA Rep. 7 Amt Belzig-Rabenstein No. 1138, Bl. 28, quoted from: Torsten Hartisch: 750 years Gömnigk ... p. 49.
- ↑ BLHA Rep. 7 Belzig-Rabenstein Office No. 32, Bl. 62; No. 1120, page 136; Rep. 5E Belzig District Court, Gömnigk Basic File, Bl. 10. Quoted from: Torsten Hartisch: 750 years of Gömnigk…. Pp. 49-50.
- ↑ Quotes from Torsten Hartisch: 750 years of Gömnigk…. P. 51.
- ↑ Torsten Hartisch: 750 years of Gömnigk ... pp. 111–112.
- ↑ Torsten Hartisch: 750 years of Gömnigk ... p. 112.
- ↑ Torsten Hartisch: 750 years of Gömnigk ... p. 31.
- ↑ Quotation from Zauch-Belziger Kreisblatt No. 91 of April 19, 1933, here reproduced from Torsten Hartisch: 750 years of Gömnigk… p. 34; general data on the restaurant p. 30–34.
- ↑ Kristin Hartisch, celebration of 750 years of first documentary mention of Gömnigk and Trebitz June 30th-2nd. July 2001. In: Torsten Hartisch: 750 years of Gömnigk… p. 34; General data on the restaurant p. 142–143
- ↑ Rudi Rüssel and his "piggy" project. Visiting free-range pig farmer Bernd Schulz in Brück / Gömnigk. In: PAS Potsdams [other] pages, October / November 2005, reportage p. 11 (Ed. Die Linkspartei.PDS ), online ( memento of December 24, 2005 in the Internet Archive ). The section “ecological pig breeding” is largely based on this description, the quotations (except for the Kurth quotation) are also taken from here
- ↑ BLHA Rep. 2a II Z No. 2214. Quoted from: Torsten Hartisch: 750 years of Gömnigk… p. 116–118, quotation p. 117.
- ↑ a b c Other sources on school history: the above and all other information and quotations on the school chapter come from various sources in the BLHA, usually Rep. II Z or Rep. II Pers. and are based on Torsten Hartisch: 750 years of Gömnigk… pp. 118–141, reproduced. This summary is done in order to avoid excessive referencing.
- ↑ Lesson plan of the school in Rottstock, made by Friedrich Gottlieb Wagner, schoolmaster and custos, 1820, BLHA Rep. 2A II Z No. 2214, reproduced here in extracts from: Torsten Hartisch: 750 years of Gömnigk… pp. 118–121.
- ↑ Torsten Hartisch: 750 years of Gömnigk ... p. 141.
Districts of
Baitz |
Neuendorf
Parts of the municipality of Brück expansion |
Gömnigk |
Stromtal |
Trebitz