Ludwig von Terzi

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Johann Baptist Lampi :
Ludwig von Terzi, 1784.

Ludwig Freiherr von Terzi, also Terzy or Tercy, Italian Lodovico or Luigi barone de 'Terzi (born June 18, 1730 in  Mantua , † February 8, 1800 in  Vienna ), was an Imperial and Royal Feldzeugmeister. In 1781 he accompanied Emperor Joseph II on his trip to the Netherlands, where he kept an unpublished diary.

Life

Military career

Franz I and Maria Theresa: Commemorative coin commemorating the reconquest of the fortress Kłodzko / Glatz, 1760.
In 1779 Terzi was
“unable to praise sufficiently”:
his superior Wurmser.

Terzi came from a noble family from Gorizia / Görz or Istria . At the age of sixteen he fought as an ensign of the infantry in the War of the Austrian Succession , including at Piacenza . At the beginning of the Seven Years' War Hauptmann , Terzi overexerted himself in the battle of Lovosice / Lobositz (1756), so that he became critically ill. At Lutynia / Leuthen (1757) he was shot in the neck and almost trampled on by the cavalry . As a result of the transfer of Wrocław / Breslau (1757) he was taken prisoner by the Prussians . He stormed batteries near Hochkirch (1758) and Maxen (1759) . He particularly distinguished himself as a major under Laudon in the reconquest of the fortress Kłodzko / Glatz (1760), where he took a hill by storm and put out a fire near the powder tower. For this he received the rank of lieutenant colonel . At Torgau (1760) he saved an artillery train . In 1762 he became a knight of the Maria Theresa Order , in 1768 a colonel , in 1775 a major general ( brigadier general ), in 1778 owner of the Styrian infantry regiment No. 16 in Maribor / Marburg.

When Emperor Joseph II (1741–1790) held supreme command for the first time in the War of the Bavarian Succession , Terzi commanded a brigade . In 1779 he captured a log house near Szalejów Górny / Oberschwedeldorf and captured an advancing relief column . His superior Wurmser , who was present at the event, could "not praise him sufficiently". Then Terzi defended the strategically important position of Szczytna / Rückers until the end of the war . The emperor awarded him the Commander's Cross of the Maria Theresa Order. After the Peace of Teschen , Frederick II of Prussia had him presented with a golden tobacco box. The Augspurgische Ordinari Postzeitung commented: "This present probably indicates that the king must have been very satisfied with the discipline of General Terzi, just as he is a kind man and a good general." Terzi received permission to accept the gift . He became commandant of Braunau , the capital of the newly acquired Innviertel , and then brigade commandant in Vienna.

Travel companion of Emperor Joseph II.

Joseph II: Memorial coin in homage to the Austrian Netherlands, 1781.
Willem Jacob Herreyns : Joseph II with the Scheldt
in the background, ca.1781.

In the states of the house of Austria until then only co-regent of his mother Maria Theresa , Joseph II assumed sole rule at the end of 1780. In 1781 he appointed Terzi chamberlain . From May to July of the year mentioned, the general was allowed to accompany his chief chief as the only “gentleman” to the Austrian Netherlands and the United Netherlands . Joseph's traveling companions had to meet the requirement not to push themselves into the foreground. By taking part in one of the few offensive actions of the War of the Bavarian Succession, Terzi was living proof that the emperor, who was extremely cautious as a general, was also prepared to take risks if necessary . The lonely monarch , on the other hand, could hardly chat openly with this minor figure of his court.

The Austrian Netherlands was the only one of his states that Joseph had not yet seen. They had the highest standard of living in Europe, but almost medieval constitutions. Like the parliaments of France, their courts of justice defied central power. The Sovereign Council of Brabant, for example, built a palace in Brussels that is now the palace of the nation of Belgium and houses the federal parliament . With no land connection to the core area of ​​the monarchy, both the Austrian Netherlands and Lombardy were subordinate to State Chancellor (Foreign Minister) Kaunitz . Governor Charles of Lorraine (Joseph's uncle) died in 1780. Maria Theresia had named Joseph's sister Marie Christine and her husband Albert von Sachsen-Teschen as his successors. However, the two had not yet been able to take up their office because the emperor insisted on first inspecting his most valuable property. This with the intention of aligning the organization of the Austrian Netherlands with that of its other states. During his visit he bypassed all the usual formalities and ceremonies , wore simple uniform and stayed in inns instead of palaces and abbeys . He presented himself as an effective , dynamic sovereign who scrutinized all aspects of administration - and much more.

The trip took place in a time of international tension: the alliance between Vienna and Paris negotiated by Kaunitz only existed on paper, which Joseph's favorite sister Marie-Antoinette as the wife of Louis XVI. Exposed to hostility. While France and the United Provinces in the American Revolutionary War , the United States supported, Austria remained neutral in its maritime trade zugutekam. Immediately before his departure, Joseph had concluded a secret alliance with Catherine II of Russia , which was directed against Prussia and Turkey . In the conflict between Paris and London , Vienna and Saint Petersburg tried to mediate.

Following the trip, Joseph arranged for the United Netherlands to withdraw their troops from the barrier fortresses on the border with France. On the other hand, he did not manage to have the blockade of the Scheldt lifted and Antwerp granted access to the sea that was lost in 1585. The project to swap the Austrian Netherlands with the Brussels- born Elector Karl Theodor von der Pfalz for Bavaria failed in 1785 because of the resistance of Frederick II and the Prince League , but also because of Joseph's own indecision.

Unpublished diary

Terzi kept a diary on the way, which makes up for the fact that Joseph only did this in a rudimentary form - unlike on his travels as co-regent. Although the general was not privy to state secrets, the unpublished report in German gives interesting insights into the way of life and government of the "revolutionary on the imperial throne". We learn from this, for example, that his remaining entourage consisted only of Chief Surgeon Brambilla , the cabinet secretaries Knecht and Anton, two members of the Hungarian Noble Life Guard , two cooks, five lackeys , a wagon master and a " baggage supervisor ". Other Hungarian guards acted as couriers to ensure communication with Vienna and the other courts. The fleet consisted of three six-horse and three four-horse wagons, for which horses had to be ordered from 361 post stations .

The tone of the diary is mostly official. It records what “his majesty ” did, who was allowed to “lay at their feet”, etc. ( pluralis majestatis ). But Terzi did not refrain from bringing himself into play. Not only indirectly with “man”, the passive voice or judgmental remarks. Around a fifth of the text is in the first person singular . The unmarried man in Mainz noted : "Madame de Guiollet would have seemed very charming to me when I was young." The diary describes how people cheered when they saw their sovereign for the first time in 222 years. It also tells us that the "Count von Falkenstein" was spying in the port of Dunkirk in France , which had to expect an attack by the Royal Navy , and that he was reconstructing the border fortifications of the United Netherlands near Ghent and Antwerp . While Joseph in Brussels, according to France's ambassador d'Adhémar, was doing an “unimaginable” activity to get an overview of the country's administration, granting audiences to everyone and accepting thousands of petitions, Terzi had time to see the city. In smaller places, however, it was up to him to admit the supplicants.

While the new governors were moving into Brussels and swearing the country's constitution in his place, the emperor toured the United Netherlands. He followed in the footsteps of Peter I of Russia, who was one of his role models. He admired the “incomparable and incredible wealth of industry”, but found the military in poor shape. As everywhere, his encyclopedic interest extended to social, scientific, religious and cultural institutions. In Amsterdam , his daily program included no less than 20 sights.

Gardens and women

Liked Joseph II in Spa: Lady Derby (after Joshua Reynolds , ca.1776 ).
Terzi was one of the few participants in the festival (picture) that
Marie-Antoinette held in Versailles
for Joseph II.
Elisabeth von Württemberg (after Johann Jakob Mettenleiter , 1782).

The "Count von Falkenstein" showed a particular preference for gardens and avenues . This was probably not just because he found cooling there and was able to stretch his legs. The shade of the trees dims the harsh light with which the Enlightenment wanted to illuminate everything, conveys a feeling of security and allows the oppressed to come into its own. On the day's stage from The Hague to Haarlem, for example, in addition to the scientific collections of the University of Leiden and a picture gallery , Joseph visited no less than two botanical gardens, a zoo, three private gardens and a forest. Like the master, like the servant: Terzi raves about the winter garden in Parc Monceau in Paris , "about which a poet could write the most flower-rich poem".

Joseph had remained a widower after two disappointing marriages. He had a platonic relationship with the married Eleanor of Liechtenstein , whom he met in the circle of the Five Princesses , and also socialized with girls from the people. In the diary, Terzi skips the visit to the Marquise von Herzelles , who once put the emperor in a basket and now lived in the monastery in Namur . In the fashion spa of Spa ( Fürstbistum Liège ), where he met Prince Heinrich of Prussia , accompanied by the writers Raynal and Grimm , Joseph showed more interest in the opposite sex than this brother of Frederick II: It was said that he met the ladies at a spring in the Ardennes Forest let dance. Then, according to Terzi, he accompanied “ Miladÿ Derbÿ , bis nacher Hauß”. After the farewell visit to Prince Heinrich, the emperor was escorted by "Mÿs Hamilton, Mÿs Macmahara and Mÿs Plonquet", "so three beautiful English ladies are". But the most beautiful woman that Terzi (and certainly his boss) saw in Spa was the later Zofia Potocka , who, like Madame du Barry and Lady Hamilton, made her way out of the demi-world into the history books.

On the way back, Joseph visited Marie-Antoinette in Versailles . Terzi was given leave and toured Paris, proceeding in a similar systematic manner as his boss. But he was also one of the few participants in the festival that the Queen held for the Emperor in the Petit Trianon . Because of the theme of the reunion of brother and sister, Gluck's opera Iphigénie en Tauride was performed, "according to which" - according to Terzi - "the whole company in the very large and beautiful English gardens , so illuminated in a new way and in different areas with all sorts of things musical instruments were occupied, went for a walk ”.

In Étupes near Montbéliard , the emperor asked in the name of his thirteen-year-old nephew Franz (II) for the hand of one year older Elisabeth of Württemberg , whose sister Sophia Dorothea had married the Russian heir apparent Paul (I) . The marriage was supposed to seal the alliance between Vienna and Saint Petersburg. Kaunitz had tried in vain to get his master to marry the princess himself. But while Joseph had envied the Tsarevich the wife, he did not find Elisabeth beautiful: she had "too big a mouth and a little too blonde hair" for him. He had her educated in Vienna and only gave her to Franz seven years later. Elisabeth remained closely connected to Joseph. She died two days before he gave birth to a mentally disabled daughter.

Embarrassing experience near Koblenz

Terzi triggered a scandal at the "flying bridge" in Koblenz .

The months spent with the emperor must have strengthened Terzi's self-confidence. In any case, he had himself portrayed by Johann Baptist Lampi in 1784 . In the portrait he is wearing the Commander's Cross of the Order of Maria Theresa and is holding two maps in his hand, the upper one with the log house captured in 1779. In 1786 he was appointed field marshal lieutenant ( division general ) and commandant of Upper Austria .

In the same year Terzi had an embarrassing experience near Koblenz : he was arrested for having vilified the Kurtrier colors by urinating at a signage near the "flying bridge" ( yaw ferry ) over the Rhine . This led to a correspondence between Joseph II, Elector Clemens Wenzel von Trier , Duke Albert von Sachsen-Teschen, Elector Friedrich August von Sachsen , Archduchess Marie Christine and the " delinquent ". The latter first insisted on his rehabilitation in an orderly process, but was finally persuaded to flee from custody so that the Trier people would not become a mockery of the public.

Left in the lurch at Wattignies

In the Battle of Wattignies
( Eugène Lami , 1837) Terzi commanded the decisive section of the front.

Terzi received 4000 guilders a year from the inheritance of Major General Grechtler, who died in 1788 . After Joseph II fell fatally ill during the Russo-Austrian Turkish War , reactionary circles in the Austrian Netherlands instigated an uprising against his reforms in 1789 ( Brabant Revolution ). Because of his knowledge of the local area, Terzi was given the task of suppressing the uprising, but the punitive expedition was called off again. Until his death he was Vice Commandant of Vienna. In 1790 he was sent to Moravia to prevent a surprise attack by Prussia on the monarchy, which was busy with the Turkish war.

In 1793 Terzi was subordinate to the reserve army in Bohemia during the First Coalition War . Then he was posted to northern France. At Wattignies , where 45,000 men of freshly raised revolutionary troops under Jourdan forced 22,000 war-experienced imperial forces under Saxe-Coburg to retreat, he commanded the decisive section of the front at the village that gave the battle its name. On October 15 he repulsed three attacks with 4,050 men, the third by counter-attack. On the 16th, Sachsen-Coburg sent him an additional 2,250 men - too few, as it turned out to be. The fact that the Reichsfeldmarschall did not throw all his reserves at Wattignies contributed to the loss of the battle. Again Terzi struck back the French twice. But his requests for reinforcements were in vain. When a third concentric attack supported by superior artillery threatened to lead to the loss of the village, he undertook another counterattack with 2,450 men, but finally had to withdraw. He was almost locked in when 300 cavalrymen drove him out, losing 80 horses. Only now did his superior Clerfait command 4,650 men to carry out a final counterattack, but this also failed. For Terzi it was little consolation that Saxe-Coburg attested to him retrospectively that he had "given the precarious situation in which he found himself for 2 days, sufficient samples of his insight and of his personal courage". He subsequently asked in vain to be retired .

During Bonaparte's victorious Italian campaign  in 1797 Terzi became Feldzeugmeister or general of the artillery ( corps commander ). Before the Peace of Campoformio he commanded over 100,000 men in Inner Austria . He moved his headquarters from Graz to Gorizia and had the Venetian part of Istria occupied. When the tricolor that the French ambassador Bernadotte had hoisted was burned in Vienna in 1798 , Terzi tried to calm the minds. His appointment as field marshal was a done deal when he died after “a long and painful sick bed”. His grave stone was placed by his great-nephew and heir Anton Graf von Thurn / della Torre (1774–1846).

Sources and representations

References and comments

  1. ↑ First edition in pastel.
  2. ↑ Collection of the kais. Also kais. Gravestones and memorials located in the capital and residence city of Vienna (…) Vienna 1807, p. 98. Gorizia is erroneously given as the place of birth (Jaromir Hirtenfeld: The Military Maria Theresa Order and its members. Vienna 1857, 1st division , P. 224; Constant von Wurzbach: Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich, 44. Theil, Vienna 1882, p. 17).
  3. ^ Baron Carl von Czoernig: Görz, Oesterreich's Nizza. 1. Volume, Vienna 1873, p. 776. The relationship with Joseph Freiherr von Terzi (1754 k. K. Lieutenant Field Marshal, † August 22, 1773) needs to be clarified.
  4. ^ Constant von Wurzbach: Biographical Lexicon of the Kaiserthums Oesterreich. 44. Theil, Vienna 1882, p. 17.
  5. ↑ Feldzeugmeister, 1778 Field Marshal.
  6. ↑ Lieutenant Field Marshal, 1795 Field Marshal.
  7. ↑ (Carl von Seidl :) Attempt a military history of the Bavarian War of Succession (...) 3rd part, Königsberg 1781, p. 153 f.
  8. ^ Johann Wilhelm von Bourscheid: The first campaign in the fourth Prussian war (...) 3rd piece, Vienna 1779, p. 32. The places mentioned were in the Prussian county of Glatz .
  9. ↑ Augspurgische Ordinari postal newspaper. June 9, 1779.
  10. ↑ On the lapel on the left the kneeling Belgia. The emperor never wore a crown after his coronation. Although he was not far from Brussels, he was represented by his sister Marie Christine at the homage ceremony.
  11. ↑ Augspurgisches Extra-Blatt. April 26, 1781.
  12. ↑ Duchies of Brabant , Limburg and Luxembourg , Austrian Guelders , Counties of Flanders , Hainaut and Namur , Mechlin dominion , Tournai Bailiwick .
  13. ↑ On the trip, compare Eugène Hubert: Le voyage de l'empereur Joseph II dans les Pays-Bas (…) Bruxelles 1900; Derek Beales: Joseph II. Volume 2, Cambridge 2009, pp. 133-167.
  14. ↑ On the trip to France in 1777, the emperor had taken the silent Joseph von Colloredo , the stuttering Philipp von Cobenzl and the hard of hearing Ludwig von Belgioioso with him.
  15. ↑ Jan Roegiers: The journey of Joseph II in the Austrian Netherlands (May to July 1781). In: Austria at the time of Emperor Joseph II. (...) Catalog of the Lower Austrian State Exhibition in Melk, Vienna 1980, pp. 85–88, here: p. 87.
  16. ↑ Derek Beales: Joseph II. Volume 1, Cambridge 1987, p. 364.
  17. ↑ Derek Beales: Joseph II. Volume 2, Cambridge 2009, pp. 138 f.
  18. ↑ Karl Theodor wanted to become King of Burgundy, and Joseph wanted to secure supremacy for the House of Austria in Germany.
  19. ↑ Journal der Reisse, so his Majestæt der Kaÿser undertook the 22nd measure in 1781. Austrian State Archives, War Archives, Mem 1781-28-14. It was not known to the author of the authoritative biography of the ruler (Derek Beales: Joseph II, 2 volumes, Cambridge 1987/2009).
  20. ^ Austrian State Archives, House, Court and State Archives, Hofreisen 11, mixed lot of 12/1, f. 2 f. (ends on August 8th).
  21. ↑ Saul K. Padover: The Revolutionary Emperor, Joseph II of Austria. New York 1934; German: Joseph II, a revolutionary on the imperial throne. Düsseldorf / Cologne 1969.
  22. ^ Austrian State Archives, War Archives, Mem 1781-28-14, table in the appendix.
  23. ↑ When Joseph allowed himself a detour to see Bergstrasse and the Palatinate , Terzi wrote, for example: "Today's Reisse would be particularly pleasant because of the exceptionally beautiful location of the country and good cultivation." (Austrian State Archives, War Archives, Mem 1781- 28-14, p. 8.)
  24. ↑ Österreichisches Staatsarchiv, Kriegsarchiv, Mem 1781-28-14, p. 9 (underlined in the text). Was it a relative of the later mayor of Frankfurt am Main Jakob Guiollett ?
  25. ↑ By the time a sailor recognized him, the emperor had already examined half the port. According to Eugène Hubert: Le voyage de l'empereur Joseph II dans les Pays-Bas (…) Bruxelles 1900, p. 441, he made the detour dressed in gray and without any accompanying vehicle.
  26. ^ To Foreign Minister Vergennes , Brussels, June 29, 1781, quoted from Eugène Hubert: Le voyage de l'empereur Joseph II dans les Pays-Bas (...) Bruxelles 1900, p. 349.
  27. ↑ Österreichisches Staatsarchiv, Kriegsarchiv, Mem 1781-28-14, pp. 17, 19, 22, 25.
  28. ↑ In an inn in the small town of Limburg , which had just 74 houses, Terzi had to lock the door of the only room on the ground floor because so many people were pushing in. (Eugène Hubert: Le voyage de l'empereur Joseph II dans les Pays-Bas (...) Bruxelles 1900, p. 444.)
  29. ↑ In Zaandam Joseph visited the Tsaar Peterhuisje . (Austrian State Archives, War Archives, Mem 1781-28-14, p. 34.)
  30. ↑ To Kaunitz , Utrecht , July 16, quoted from Adolf Beer (editor): Joseph II., Leopold II. And Kaunitz , their letter exchange, Vienna 1873, p. 89 (French).
  31. ↑ The arsenal of the Admiralty , the East India and West India Company , the large hospital , the foundling house , an orphanage , the penitentiary , the spinning house , the hospital for the elderly, the hospitals of the Lutherans and the Catholics , the house for beggars, a magazine of Lacquerware , a pet shop, a lookout point and a nursery, the Portuguese synagogue , the port and the main canals, the town hall , the reformed Nieuwe Kerk and some small poor and education houses. (Austrian State Archives, War Archives, Mem 1781-28-14, p. 35 f.)
  32. ↑ Austrian State Archives, War Archives, Mem 1781-28-14, p. 32 f.
  33. ^ Austrian State Archives, War Archives, Mem 1781-28-14, p. 48.
  34. ↑ The beloved but lesbian Isabella von Parma (1741–1763) and the unloved Josepha von Bayern (1739–1767) had died of smallpox.
  35. ^ Compare Adam Wolf: Fürstin Eleonore Liechtenstein, 1745–1812, based on letters and memoirs of her time, Vienna 1875.
  36. ^ Compare Rebecca Gates-Coon: The Charmed Circle. Joseph II and the "Five Princesses," 1765-1790, West Lafayette, Indiana 2015.
  37. ↑ Under the influence of the Swiss doctor Tissot , it was believed that masturbation was unhealthy.
  38. ↑ Derek Beales: Joseph II, Volume 1, Cambridge 1987, pp. 202 f. Christine-Philippine von Trazegnies widowed von Herzelles (1728–1793) had been entrusted by Joseph with the upbringing of his only child Maria Theresia (1762–1770). Nor is it mentioned in the diary that Joseph visited a granddaughter of Kaunitz , who, in his own words, was “very pretty and amiable” with the canons in Mons (Adolf Beer: Joseph II., Leopold II. And Kaunitz , their correspondence, Vienna 1873, p . 62 f., 68) and that he played the quartermaker for a daughter of Princess Clary with the colleges in Nivelles (Derek Beales: Joseph II, Volume 2, Cambridge 2009, p. 141 f.)
  39. ^ Austrian State Archives, War Archives, Mem 1781-28-14, p. 39; List des Seigneurs et Dames, Venus aux Eaux Minérales de SPA, l'an 1781, June 19, July 10, 7/18 Raynal had just finished the Histoire philosophique et politique des établissements et du commerce des Européens dans les deux Meanwhile reissued which he had written with Diderot . Grimm was in the service of Catherine II.
  40. ↑ (Alexandre Lemarié :) Le voyageur bienfaisant, ou Anecdotes du voyage de Joseph II dans les Pays-Bas, la Hollande, & c. (...) Paris / Liege 1781, p. 131.
  41. ^ Austrian State Archives, War Archives, Mem 1781-28-14, p. 39; see List des Seigneurs et Dames, Venus aux Eaux Minérales de SPA, l'an 1781, June 15; Wilmarth Sheldon Lewis (Ed.): The Yale edition of Horace Walpole's correspondence. 48 volumes, Yale University Press , New Haven 1937-1983, volume 33, p. 288: "Lady Derby's imperial conquest" ( digitizedhttp: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3Dhttp%3A%2F%2Fimages.library.yale.edu%2Fhwcorrespondence%2Fpage.asp%3Fvol%3D33%26page%3D288%26srch%3Dlady%2520derby%25201781~GB%3D~ IA% 3D ~ MDZ% 3D% 0A ~ SZ% 3D ~ double-sided% 3D ~ LT% 3D ~ PUR% 3D ). Elizabeth Smith-Stanley, Countess of Derby (1753–1797) was one of the most elegant women of her time.
  42. ^ Austrian State Archives, War Archives, Mem 1781-28-14, p. 39; List des Seigneurs et Dames, Venus aux Eaux Minérales de SPA, l'an 1781, 15. 6. In fact, they were Irish. Mary Bridget Plunket, later Marquise de Chastellux (1759-1815) was the daughter of k. k. Governor of Antwerp .
  43. ^ Austrian State Archives, War Archives, Mem 1781-28-14, p. 39; List des Seigneurs et Dames, Venus aux Eaux Minérales de SPA, l'an 1781, 18. 7. On Zofia Glavani, who was married to the later Polish and Russian general Jôzef de Witte from 1779–1796, cf. Jerzy Łojek: Dzieje pięknej Bitynki, opowieść o życiu Zofii Wittowej-Potockiej (1760-1822). Wydawnictwo Pax, Warszawa 1970. In 1782 Joseph II received the couple in Vienna in a private audience. Later the "Beautiful Bithynian " became Potemkin's last mistress . After divorcing Witte in 1798, she married the richest magnate in Russian Poland, her long-time lover Stanisław Szczęsny Potocki .
  44. ↑ On his first trip to France in 1777, the emperor Louis XVI. and Marie-Antoinette - which nobody dared because of etiquette - gave tutoring in sex education (Joseph to his brother Leopold , June 9, 1777, first published in François Fejtö: Un Habsbourg révolutionnaire, Joseph II, Portrait d'un despote éclairé, Paris 1953, p. 167) and thus helped them to the hoped-for offspring.
  45. ^ Austrian State Archives, War Archives, Mem 1781-28-14, p. 47.
  46. ↑ In 1801 the summer residence of Duke Friedrich Eugen von Württemberg was abandoned .
  47. ↑ Adolf Beer: Joseph II., Leopold II. And Kaunitz , their correspondence, Vienna 1873, p. 94 f.
  48. ↑ Adolf Beer: Joseph II., Leopold II. And Kaunitz , their correspondence, Vienna 1873, p. 102 f. (Original in French).
  49. ↑ private collection, Ziracco di Remanzacco (Udine).
  50. ↑ Augspurgische Ordinari postal newspaper. January 12, 1786.
  51. ↑ Albert was Reichsfeldmarschall and brother of Clemens Wenzel, Friedrich August a nephew of the two.
  52. ^ Christian von Stramberg: Ehrenbreitstein, Feste und Thal ( memorable and useful Rheinischer Antiquarius , 2nd department, 1st volume). Coblenz 1845, pp. 6-10.
  53. ↑ Elector's gracious privilege. Munich newspaper. July 11, 1788, p. 431.
  54. ↑ Among other things, the emperor introduced religious freedom and closed numerous monasteries.
  55. ↑ Memorabilia (sic) of the French War in 1793 (...) Volume 3, Issue 1, Prague / Vienna n.d., p. 256; Magazine of the latest strange war events (…) Volume 5, Frankfurt (am Main) 1795, pp. 138–140; Victor Dupuis: La Campagne de 1793 à l'Armée du Nord et des Ardennes d'Hondtschoote à Wattignies. Paris 1909, pp. 184, 203. The figures given correspond to the nominal strength of the units involved.
  56. ↑ Memorabilia (sic) of the French War in 1793 (…) 3rd volume, 1st issue, Prague / Vienna no year, p. 269.
  57. ↑ Jaromir Hirtenfeld: The Military Maria Theresa Order and its members. Vienna 1857, 1st division, p. 353.
  58. ^ Münchner Oberdeutsche Staatszeitung. January 29, 1800.
  59. ^ Münchner Oberdeutsche Staatszeitung. February 20, 1800.
  60. ↑ Collection of the kais. Also kais. Gravestones and monuments located in the capital and residence city of Vienna (...) Vienna 1807, p. 98.
  61. ^ Standard work on the reforms of the emperor.
  62. ^ Relevant biography of the emperor.
personal data
SURNAME Terzi, Ludwig von
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Terzi, Ludwig Freiherr von; Terzy, Ludwig Freiherr von; Tercy, Ludwig Freiherr von; Terci, Ludwig Freiherr von; Terzi, Luigi barone de '; Terzi, Lodovico, barone de '
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Imperial-Royal Feldzeugmeister, travel companion of Emperor Joseph II.
DATE OF BIRTH June 18, 1730
PLACE OF BIRTH Mantua
DATE OF DEATH February 8, 1800
Place of death Vienna