New Bohemia

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New Bohemia ( Czech Česká Falc , roughly 'Bohemian Palatinate') refers to the Upper Palatinate , Central and Upper Franconian areas, which Charles IV acquired from 1349 for his house power . The Luxembourger submitted the territory to his rule . He merged it with the lands of the Bohemian Crown , which codified the Golden Bull of 1356. The country maintained its independence in terms of use and administration.

The Bohemian Salbüchlein from 1366/68 and other documents documented how Charles IV promoted social conditions, administration and economy as planned. The established foundations had a positive effect on further development and unfolded their strength long beyond the ultimately short Bohemian period .

The spent at the beginning of the 14th century Wenceslas Castle was Charles IV. Rebuild in stately form

Country name

Charles IV created a new territory in Upper Palatinate and Franconia . Probably because of its short life, no concise contemporary country name was created. The possessions located in the former were called from the viewing direction Bohemia the Bavaria trans silvam Boemicalem (, Bavaria beyond the Czech Forest ') or from a consideration of Reich forth the kaiser s rule to Bavaria . Cities like Hersbruck , running and Auerbach were in the country to Sulczbach located .

The term New Bohemia first appeared in 1783 by Franz Martin Pelzel : Geschichte Karls IV., König in Böhmen . It was initially not taken up subsequently. It was not until 1906 that Michael Doeberl spoke again of the so-called New Bohemia ( development history of Bavaria. Volume 1, 1st edition). In 1973 Fritz Schnelbögl used the proper name with and without quotation marks. Five years later, Heribert Sturm characterized it as "an embarrassing formulation that was only used in our century". In the rest of the article he avoided the word New Bohemia. In 2000, Jörg K. Hoensch kept putting the name in quotes.

geography

New Bohemia to the west of Bohemia under the possessions of Charles IV.

At the time of Charles IV , New Bohemia extended over the majority of today's districts of Neustadt an der Waldnaab and Nürnberger Land , the city of Erlangen , the north of the district of Amberg-Sulzbach and the south of the district of Bayreuth .

With the exception of Bärnau , New Bohemia never included the current district of Tirschenreuth . However, it is drawn incorrectly on almost all maps. The Stiftland remained independent, as did the Landgraviate of Leuchtenberg . The Waldeck-Kemnath Office was part of the Kurpräzipium and the Vilseck Office was part of the Bamberg Monastery .

The function of the ( Upper Palatinate and ) Bohemian Forest as border mountains was referred to by formulations such as uff yenseit of the Behemischen forest .

population

Demographics and languages

Cities and market communities experienced an economic upswing. That is probably why people moved there from the flat country. The Bohemian Salbüchlein referred to such a population movement .

The Czech language immigrated with the Bohemian nobles, their families and staff. In 1365, for example, the pastors at Rothenberg Castle , Neustadt and Sulzbach were allowed to confess in their Slavic mother tongue and to administer the sacraments. Probably the only regional evidence of the loan word Kretscham for taverns, village taverns in Bärnau , Neidstein , Förbau and Hofstetten dated back to the New Bohemian period.

religion

The veneration of Wenceslas was introduced by Charles IV wherever he had power and influence. The Wenzel Castle was named after the Bohemian s Holy dedicated chapel . Even in the 16th century, the celebrated Laufer on Wenzeltag (28 September), the Wenceslas fair. This resulted in the Hammernkirchweih, originally intended for the residents of the iron hammers located directly below the castle . At Rothenberg Castle , the King of Bohemia had a St. Wenceslas Church built near the later snail well . He endowed their pastor with benefices , u. a. in large or small cattle mountains . He donated the same as well as relics to the St. Wenzel Hospital in Sulzbach . The parish church there has a statue of the saint on the east choir. Charles IV therefore considered Lauf, Rothenberg and Sulzbach. In addition to the religious aspect, this showed that in the 1360s he wanted to furnish those three localities in particular in a representative manner.

The Jewish interest collected there referred to the presence of Jews in the Parkstein office.

history

In marriage to Anne of Bavaria saw Charles IV. Also a means of reconciliation with the House of Wittelsbach ; Bust of the Bohemian Queen

Johann from the House of Luxembourg succeeded the Přemyslids in the Kingdom of Bohemia and the Moravian Region in 1310/11 . Now one of the great European players, his domestic power policy was aimed at areas bordering on Bohemia . He supported Ludwig the Bavarian in his grip on the German king's throne. Thanks to Johann received 1322 the Egerlandstraße (once more) than Reich deposit shaft and Eger (formerly a realm city ) as the deposit . The prosperous city took over the function of the administrative center and seat of the royal governor . The acquisition shifted the Bohemian border towards the interior of the empire and laid a strategic-territorial basis.

Charles IV inherited his father in 1346 and continued to expand his household power . To ensure legal security, he gave the term countries of the Bohemian crown an actual constitutional substance. The incorporation , taken over from church law , did not change the legal status of a country . There were subordinates directly to the King of Bohemia and fiefs . First own project he chose a further advance towards the west, so "country, the highborn kunige to Beheimb by the same pull the safer and komben mugen to the whale and chur a Roman kunigs and this same kunige to Beheimb the kayser union courtyard, which the durchleuchtigen kunige to Nuremberg usually have to have, the more humorous and peaceful looking ”( Karl IV .: Quoted from: Heribert Sturm : Des Kaisers Land in Bayern . 1978, p. 208). It was about the creation of a land bridge over Nuremberg (as the place of the imperial court days ) to Frankfurt am Main (as the electoral place of the German kings).

The marriage to Anna of the Palatinate on March 4, 1349 served to implement the project and for the first time showed interest in the development of New Bohemia. The former Bavarian Nordgau - now the Upper Palatinate - belonged to the bride's father Rudolf II . The Count Palatine near Rhine promised a morning gift and secured it with parts of his neighboring country . The following year, the son-in-law acquired the village of Bärnau from the Waldsassen monastery . The Bavarian cousins ​​agreed to the pledging of the Palatine Wittelsbacher in documents from 1351 and 1353. The Luxembourger's plan to take possession of the territories by means of inheritance law came to nothing. His wife died in February 1353, six months before her father.

However, the new Count Palatine Ruprecht I and Ruprecht II inherited a considerable amount of debt from Charles IV. In 1353, the latter also advanced the high ransom for ransom Ruprecht the Younger. A strip of the Upper Palatinate area settled the accumulated claims of the Luxemburgers. A contract with Ruprecht the Elder of July 17th and modified one of October 29th 1353, confirmed the nephew on November 5th and December 23rd, 1353. Uncle Ruprecht I. also renounced the Veldener on October 29th Forest . Then fief of the Bishop of Bamberg so that the King of Bohemia. The latter had pledged the castles Floß and Parkstein and their accessories to the Burgrave of Nuremberg in 1347 . When they were redeemed in 1353, a large part of New Bohemia was brought together.

The Rosenberger Gate in Sulzbach with the Bohemian crest (top right)

In the following period, the Luxembourger made legal safeguards as well as rounding off through further acquisitions and rights. Thus, letters of will from the electors confirmed the imperial pledge of the Bohemian crown to the two o. G. Castles, like the sale of the realm of Auerbach and Hersbruck. The opening contract of December 13, 1353 for Rothenberg Castle initiated the takeover of the important festivals. The local nobility increasingly served the Bohemian king. From him, for example, the knight Heinrich von dem Perge and his two sons took on Spies Castle on January 10, 1354 as a fiefdom . Charles IV set out from Sulzbach on September 28, 1354 for the 1st Rome procession . In the Eternal City on April 5, 1355 - the day of the imperial coronation - he issued the incorporation certificate for the (mainly) Upper Palatinate part of New Bohemia that had been taken over up to now (see also the chapter on Luxembourg politics ). Only then did the sovereign reorganize the administration . Their innovations showed the beginnings of a modern state.

The domestic power policy, which also included francs , continued systematically until the end of the 1360s and in a weakened manner at the beginning of the 1370s. The takeover of places along the Main , such as Markt Bibart , Iphofen , Mainbernheim , Heidingsfeld , Wertheim and Babenhausen, made it possible to stay overnight on a trip to Frankfurt am Main. Some were incorporated into the county of Luxembourg , not with Bohemia . The emperor envisaged an expansion of New Bohemia towards the west and north to include the adjacent burgraviate of Nuremberg . He worked closely with their rulers - the Hohenzollerns - and the respective children became engaged in numerous cases.

Like his father, Charles IV sought to acquire the Mark Brandenburg and expand his power to the Baltic Sea . He achieved the first goal with the Treaty of Fürstenwalde of August 18, 1373. A document dated the same day regulated the consequences for the change in policy regarding New Bohemia. The emperor pledged the southern part of the Sulzbach area to the Palatinate Wittelsbach family in order to be able to buy the mark from Otto V , Elector of Brandenburg . Because of the strategic weighting, he kept Rothenberg Castle and the Rednitz crossing in Erlangen . According to Lenka Bobková , the Luxembourger assumed that his successors would redeem the pledge.

An undated, but soon after the above. Date drafted document set the new limit. Instead of Sulzbach, Auerbach became the capital of the remaining New Bohemian region. Charles IV ruled over this until his death in 1378, then his son and successor Wenceslaus . The majority of the electors deposed him as German king in 1400. The new office bearer, the Palatine Wittelsbacher Ruprecht took the majority in a bloody war until 1401, almost completely destroying Auerbach in the autumn of the first year. Under the term feuda extra curtem ('fiefs outside the Palatinate'), Bohemia retained a series of crown fiefs that did not come to the Kingdom of Bavaria until the Peace of Pressburg in 1805 .

politics

The Wappensaal the Wenceslas Castle shows u. a. the coat of arms of the nobility of the kingdom of Bohemia . This symbolizes their claims - the participation in power, the higher position on the nobles of the countries of the Bohemian crown ; the coat of arms of the Lords of Welhartitz .

Luxembourgish politics

Throughout his life, Charles IV preferred a monetary, not a warlike approach. Accordingly, the construction of New Bohemia took place by means of ( marriage policy ), purchase, exchange, pledge , feudal system , opening rights and other agreements. The territorial unity, which was important for his domestic power policy, contained the essence of a rule , a country, from the start . In the April 5, 1355 Rome issued certificate for the " incorporation of the Bohemian possessions in the Upper Palatinate " referred clearly to the previous Maiestas Carolina and anticipated subsequent Golden Bull , was the same process for the Mark Lausitz repeated verbatim in 1370 over long passages. The individual parts of New Bohemia never came together to form a geographically coherent structure. Its dissolution began after almost a quarter of a century. The separation of the Sulzbach part reduced the economic value. This was reflected in the slight interest of Wenceslas IV , King of Bohemia (1378-1419).

currency

The most common coin was the Heller . The rapidly established after 1353, for the first time in 1356 proved mint in running widespread him later in 1373/74 Erlangen opened. According to Fritz Schnelbögl, the mentions of an unspecified pfennig in the Böhmisches Salbüchlein go back to the adoption of older models. The unersichtliche ratio Heller penny was probably 2: 1, while rain Freiburgische penny, however, read 3: 1. The Urbar also mentioned Bohemia, Bambergische and Ambergische pennies.

The Bohemian Groschen appeared in the offices of Tachau and Bärnau due to the special proximity to the neighboring country to the east, along the Golden Road because of the trade at the customs and escort stations. At one point in the official register from 1366/68, 12 Heller went to 1 Bohemian Groschen, in 1362/63 in Sulzbach, however, 19 Heller.

As bill currencies of were Schilling (= 12 Pfennig), the long Schilling (= 30 penny) and the pound (Pfennig = 240) and the shock (= 60 Bohemia dime) was used.

Coat of arms and seal

The affiliation to (New) Bohemia was expressed by offices , cities and market communities through their coats of arms and seals . They took in the Emperor and the Bohemian Lion or just the latter. The inscriptions of the seals emphasized the loyalty and connection to the new sovereignty in Latin that was not always correct . Corresponding seals have been handed down to localities from Neustadt in the east to Heidingsfeld in the west.

The seal of the district court presented the Bohemian king as the highest judge . "He is sitting on the judge's seat, wearing a Bohemian royal crown and ruler's cloak, in his right hand the court sword , in his left the shield with the Bohemian lion." The inscription reads: [ Greek cross ] S [IGILLUM] · IVDICII · PROVINCIALIS · TRANS · SILVAM · REGNI · BOHEMIE. It was used until 1400 and then changed in the Palatinate sense. A similar redesign affected most of the heraldic and sphragistic symbols. The coats of arms of Erlangen , Graefenberg and Plech kept the double-tailed lion at least as a secondary figure.

administration

Bohemian Palatinate consisted of fiefs of the Bohemian crown , there prevailed the Lehnsempfänger or househusband , and directly to the Czech king assumed lands, where he set a national captain one, together. The administrative top worked in the incorporated , in the (predominantly) Upper Palatinate part. In general, he collected taxes, influenced domestic politics, held judicial powers, granted fiefs, provided security, etc. The four traditional captains of the Land zu Baiern came from the Bohemian nobility, close to Charles IV or Wenceslaus (in brackets the respective proven Term of office):

The penultimate moved from Sulzbach to Auerbach after pledging the southern part in 1373 , probably taking with them the Bohemian Salbüchlein from 1366/68. It "was intended to record all the manorial goods and income, rights and claims of the Bohemian king in the area belonging to the crown and thus to enable the planned administration of these possessions and the safeguarding of the royal rights to them." ( Fritz Schnelbögl : Das "Böhmische Salbüchlein “Kaiser Karls IV. Over the northern Upper Palatinate 1366/68 . 1973, p. 10). From the official book and other documents it became clear that local and Bohemian nobility served as royal officials .

The charge of Bohemian Palatinate district court took four Gerichtsstätten: the Kasberg or Kasberger Linde in Gräfenberg , the Lynx Bruck Plankenstein that Roslauben north of Hormersdorf and Schnaittachbrücke the market Schnaittach . It also met at its headquarters in Sulzbach or from the beginning and later in Auerbach, also in Lauf and Plech and under Wenzel in other localities. As a rule, justice was done once a month on a Wednesday. The main areas of responsibility were outlined by the word pairs “Land, Rain and Stone, Marking and Inheritance”. The district judge came from the local nobility. The land clerk probably acted as the chief financial officer.

The extent of the offices , once called care, on this side of the Bohemian Forest was mostly small. The officials were called burgrave or keeper , seldom bailiff , the official seat usually Veste , occasionally house. In addition, the Bailiwick (and Propstei) Hersbruck entered with a bailiff at Hohenstein Castle . The fact that the administrators were allocated uplifts scattered across the country as income was intended to prevent them from becoming independent.

On the one hand Lichtenegg was as office classified, on the other hand, the official residence - the castle Lichtenegg as a fief of Charles IV. Accepted; View from the southeast
New Bohemian offices
Office Official seat With
Auerbach City / market Auerbach town / market of the same name
Bärnau City / market Bärnau town / market of the same name
Breitenstein Breitenstein Castle Koenigstein
gain Erlangen Castle
raft Castle raft Vohenstrauss
Frankenberg Frankenberg Castle
Hartenstein Hartenstein Castle Plech , Velden
Hersbruck (Bailiwick) Hohenstein Castle Hersbruck
Hiltpoltstein Hiltpoltstein castle ruins
Hirschau Hirschau Castle
Hollenberg Hollenberg Castle
Run Wenceslas Castle City run
Office Official seat With
Lichtenegg Lichtenegg Castle
Lichtenstein Lichtenstein Castle
Neidstein Neidstein Castle
Park stone Parkstein Castle Pastures
Pegnitz-Boheimstein Böheimstein Castle City of Pegnitz
Puchberg Puchberg Castle
Rothenberg Rothenberg Castle Schnaittach
Störnstein Störnstein Castle Neustadt
Ray rock Strahlfels Castle
Sulzbach Sulzbach Castle City of Sulzbach
Tachau Tachau Castle City of Tachau
Thurndorf Thurndorf Castle Eschenbach

The Bohemian fiefs and open houses mainly taken from the Bohemian Salbüchlein were:

The city of Sulzbach decreed u. a. via a city judge (all from the Bohemian or Eastern nobility), Kastner, Überreiter, Landbüttel, Förster and Büttel, Rothenberg Castle via a burgrave, four bailiffs (taken from the twenty burghers ), marshal, chamberlain, innkeeper and chef. The representative Wenzelburg in Lauf functioned as an occasional mansion . In contrast to Heribert Sturm , Fritz Schnelbögl saw no significant further development in the administration of New Bohemia.

economy

The awarding of city law - such as by Charles IV. For Hirschau - served always at the same time the economic development; the Bohemian lion at the house at Hauptstrasse 70

Charles IV promoted the region intensively with surveys of cities and market communities , confirmed and granted them numerous privileges . Sulzbach , which was particularly supported until 1373, received u. a. Exemptions from customs duties , protection of goods from access and seizure and the right to operate mines anywhere in the state of Sulzbach.

In the Upper Palatinate iron mining area was a significant amount of acquisitions. It experienced an economic boom since the beginning of the 14th century. The hammer lords ensured the economic unity of the area beyond the national borders. The expansion of the Luxembourg part to the armory of the domestic power did not take place. The bank owned by Ulrich Stromeier from Nuremberg and his nephews Peter, Andreas and Ulman supported the expansion of New Bohemia through loans and their connections. In return, she received pledges of coal and ore. The trade between the imperial city and Bohemia , which has been increasing steadily since the time of Johann , crossed the newly created territory .

The soils of the Upper Palatinate are not very fertile. Accordingly, the Bohemian Salbüchlein mainly contains rye and oats, less wheat and hardly any barley. There are differences in grain growing from office to office. Horticultural and special crops include: peas (Frankenberg, Tachau), hemp (area around Pegnitz), hops (near Floß and Hersbruck), herbs (Sulzbach) and poppy seeds (offices in Frankenberg, Parkstein and Floß). The keeping of geese, chickens, sheep, pigs and goats can be read out. The Schwaighöfe deliver cheese, the waters deliver fish, the forests squirrel meat, birds of prey for hunting, honey and wood.

military

The castle Rothenberg gave Charles IV. Special attention. After the opening treaty of 1353, he only succeeded in buying it in two steps in 1360. The Bohemian nobility put the viscount, the native who pledged in 1363 Burgmannen . The Bohemian king assigned them income from the associated office . The expensive maintenance also required the taxes from six cities / market communities and a portion of the escort fees from Lauf . Although the castle played a central role in the New Bohemian era, it did not have to take on any specific military tasks. The underemployed castle keepers started private feuds against Nuremberg citizens under Wenzel and disrupted their trade. The imperial city and the German King Ruprecht conquered the fortress in 1401.

The Bohemian Salbüchlein listed the military occupations for other, but not all, official seats. The team strengths were between 9 in Burg Lichtenegg and 36 in Burg Sulzbach . It remained unclear whether the latter number included the 144 able-bodied men named for the city ​​of Sulzbach . Apart from the capital, only Auerbach had 150 and Weiden 100 men. In addition to the 20 castle men on the Rothenberg, the other castle hats (Raft, Hartenstein, Neidstein, Parkstein, Sulzbach, Störnstein and Thurndorf) varied between 4 and 15.

Infrastructure

Information board The Golden Road in Hersbruck

The Golden Street connected Prague and Nuremberg . The important traffic route was integrated into a Europe-wide street, which u. a. came from Hungary in the southeast and led to Flanders in the northwest . Control of the long-distance trade route was one of the motivations for Charles IV to build up New Bohemia. It did not pass through its 1355 incorporated area by chance. To ensure security, the emperor improved the escort and summarized the escort districts more closely. The (customs and) escort stations were in the border towns of Tachau and Bärnau as well as in Neustadt , Weiden , Hirschau , Sulzbach and Lauf (in the latter town they were linked to the old Prague – Eger – Nuremberg road). The escorts took place in Altenstadt , Kohlberg , Gibbach , Hohenstadt and Erlenstegen . Charles IV particularly supported the towns and market communities on Golden Street. It retained its importance from the late Middle Ages to the onset of the Industrial Revolution in the 19th century.

architecture

  • Böheimstein Castle

  • Rothenberg Fortress

  • Torture column Erlenstegen

  • Wenceslas Castle

literature

  • Lenka Bobková : The countries of the Bohemian Crown at the time of Charles IV. In: Peter Knüvener, Jan Richter, Kurt Winkler for House of Brandenburg-Prussian History (ed.): Karl IV. - An emperor in Brandenburg . Book for the exhibition of the same name by the House of Brandenburg-Prussian History September 16, 2016 - January 22, 2017. 1st edition, Verlag für Berlin-Brandenburg, Berlin 2016, ISBN 978-3-945256-62-6 , pp. 22-27 (translated by Carla Bezděková).
  • Rainer J. Christoph, H. Heinrich Häberlein (editors), collected by schoolchildren and teachers from towns along the “Golden Road”, the “Forbidden Road” and the “New Bohemia of the 14th Century” between Nuremberg and Prague: Legendary Golden Street. A journey through the similarities in the history of Czechs and Germans based on legends between Nuremberg and Prague with a contribution from Luxembourg or Pověstmi opředená Zlatá cesta . 1st edition, Support Group German-Czech Schools between Nuremberg and Prague / Meyer, Scheinfeld 2000, ISBN 978-3-89014-172-5 (German and Czech texts).
  • Siegfried Grotefend: The acquisition policy of Emperor Charles IV. At the same time a contribution to the political geography of the German Empire in the 14th century (= historical studies . Issue 66). Kraus, Vaduz 1965, DNB 780142527 (reprint of the 1st edition, Berlin 1906).
  • Erwin Herrmann: Charles IV and Northeast Bavaria . In: Historical Association for Upper Palatinate and Regensburg (Hrsg.): Negotiations of the Historical Association for Upper Palatinate and Regensburg. Volume 118 . Verlag des Historisches Verein für Oberpfalz and Regensburg, Regensburg 1978, pp. 173-187 ( full texthttp: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3Dhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.heimatforschung-regensburg.de%2F2095%2F1%2F1325666_DTL1395.pdf~GB%3D~IA%3D~MDZ%3D%0A~SZ%3D~ double-sided% 3D ~ LT% 3D full text ~ PUR% 3D in Heimatforschung Regensburg [PDF; 2.8 MB; accessed December 30, 2019]).
  • Hans Hubert Hofmann: Charles IV and the political land bridge from Prague to Frankfurt am Main . In: Collegium Carolinum (ed.): Between Frankfurt and Prague . Lerche, Munich 1963, DNB 451344456 , pp. 51-74 (with map).
  • Richard Klier: Czech servants at the castles of the Luxembourgers in New Bohemia? In: Communications of the Altnürnberger Landschaft. Volume 12 . Frankenverlag Spindler, Nuremberg 1963, pp. 1-14.
  • Waldemar Nowey: 700 years of Emperor Charles IV. "New Bohemia" and "Golden Road" in the cross-border educational region "Euregio Egrensis" . Group leader in educational research in the Egerländer Kulturschaffender e. V., Mering near Augsburg 2017, DNB 1136298630 .
  • Rainhard Riepertinger u. a. (Ed.): Bavaria-Böhmen. 1500 years of neighborhood (= publications on Bavarian history and culture . Volume 54). Theiss Verlag, Stuttgart 2007, ISBN 978-3-8062-2098-8 (German and Czech texts).
  • Hedwig Sanmann von Bülow: The incorporations of Karl IV. A contribution to the history of the concept of state unity in the later Middle Ages . Elwert'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, Marburg 1942, DNB 57114439X (basic work on the subject).
  • Wilhelm Schneider: New Bohemia. The beginnings of a modern state in a medieval territory . Dissertation University of Erlangen November 15, 1949. 1949 without location, DNB 480190380 .
  • Fritz Schnelbögl (Hrsg.): The "Böhmische Salbüchlein" Emperor Charles IV. On the northern Upper Palatinate 1366/68 (= Board of the Collegium Carolinum (Hrsg.): Publications of the Collegium Carolinum . Volume 27). R. Oldenbourg Verlag, Munich / Vienna 1973, ISBN 3-486-47621-1 ( digitizedhttp: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3D~GB%3D~IA%3D~MDZ%3D%0A00044498~SZ%3D~doppelseiten%3D~LT%3D~PUR%3D in Munich digitization center [PDF; 37.2 MB; accessed on November 27, 2019]).
  • Paul Schöffel: The Franconian acquisition policy of Charles IV. In: Franconian monthly books. Volume 10 . Spindler, Nuremberg 1931.
  • Heribert Sturm : The Emperor's Land in Bavaria . In: Ferdinand Seibt (Ed.): Emperor Karl IV. Statesman and patron . 2nd edition, Prestel-Verlag, Munich 1978, ISBN 3-7913-0435-6 , pp. 208-212, 457.
  • Karl Wild: Bavaria and Bohemia. Contribution to the history of their relationships in the time of Emperor Charles IV. Dissertation Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München 1939. Habbel, Regensburg 1939, DNB 361339798 (partial print as Bavaria and Bohemia. Contributions to the history of their relationships in the Middle Ages . In: Historischer Verein von Oberpfalz und Regensburg (Hrsg.): Negotiations of the Historical Association of Upper Palatinate and Regensburg. 88th Volume . Publishing House of the Historical Association of Upper Palatinate and Regensburg, Regensburg 1938, pp. 3–166).

Web links

Remarks

  1. ↑ a b The proper name Upper Palatinate or Upper Palatinate only became naturalized in the 16th century. Previously, it was called the Palatinate Land zu Baiern or the Electoral Palatinate raised to Baiern common landscape (compare: Heribert Sturm: Des Kaisers Land in Bayern . 1978, p. 209).
  2. ↑ for 6,000 marks [in silver ?]: North-west of Sulzbach the Neidstein castle district , in the Velden area the area around Auerbach and Plech (iron mining area) and Hartenstein Castle (compare: Heribert Sturm: Des Kaisers Land in Bayern . 1978, p. 208 )
  3. ↑ on July 17, 1353 for 12,000  shock in Bohemian groschen : Castles Hirschau , Murach , Neustadt , Störnstein , Treswitz and Waldeck , each with accessories (compare: Fritz Schnelbögl: The "Bohemian Salbüchlein" Emperor Karl IV. Over the northern Upper Palatinate 1366 / 68. 1973, p. 20)
  4. ↑ on October 29, 1353 for around 12,000 marks silver: Castles Hirschau , Lichtenstein , Neustadt and Störnstein ; for around 20,000 marks of silver: castles and towns / market communities Auerbach, Eschenbach, Frankenberg, Hartenstein, Hersbruck, Hiltpoltstein, Hohenstein , Lauf, Lichtenegg, Neidstein, Pegnitz, Plech, Rosenberg, Sulzbach, Thurndorf and Velden, Karl IV waived castles Murach , Treswitz and Waldeck ; also purchase of: Hohenstein Castle , cities of Auerbach and Hersbruck , acquisition only completed in 1361 (compare: Fritz Schnelbögl: The "Bohemian Salbüchlein" Emperor Charles IV over the northern Upper Palatinate 1366/68 . 1973, pp. 20-21)
  5. ↑ a b The integration of the previously Bohemian office of Tachau to New Bohemia was intended to promote its connection to the Kingdom of Bohemia (compare: Fritz Schnelbögl: Das "Böhmische Salbüchlein" Kaiser Karl IV. Over the northern Upper Palatinate 1366/68 . 1973, p. 35) .

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l Fritz Schnelbögl: The "Bohemian Salbüchlein" of Emperor Charles IV over the northern Upper Palatinate 1366/68 . R. Oldenbourg, Munich 1973, ISBN 3-486-47621-1 , introduction. 2. Historical explanations. Economic and Cultural Results, pp. 38–46.
  2. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Fritz Schnelbögl: The "Bohemian Salbüchlein" Emperor Charles IV over the northern Upper Palatinate 1366/68 . R. Oldenbourg, Munich 1973, ISBN 3-486-47621-1 , introduction. 2. Historical explanations. The administration of the land, pp. 28–35.
  3. ↑ a b c d Heribert Sturm: The Emperor's Land in Bavaria. In: Kaiser Karl IV. Prestel, Munich 1978, ISBN 3-7913-0435-6 , p. 210.
  4. ^ Atelier Karl Peschke (production), Jožo Džambo (preparatory work): Maps and family tree . In: Kaiser Karl IV. Prestel, Munich 1978, ISBN 3-7913-0435-6 , Karls Fränkisches Machtzentrum, p. 431.
  5. ↑ a b c d Heribert Sturm: The Emperor's Land in Bavaria. In: Kaiser Karl IV. Prestel, Munich 1978, ISBN 3-7913-0435-6 , p. 209.
  6. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k Fritz Schnelbögl: The "Bohemian Salbüchlein" Emperor Charles IV over the northern Upper Palatinate 1366/68 . R. Oldenbourg, Munich 1973, ISBN 3-486-47621-1 , introduction. 2. Historical explanations. Acquisition of the areas west of the Bohemian Forest, pp. 20–28.
  7. ↑ Fritz Schnelbögl: The "so-called Salbuechlein Bohemian" Emperor Charles IV over the northern Upper Palatinate 1366/68. . R. Oldenbourg, Munich 1973, ISBN 3-486-47621-1 , Introduction, pp. 9–54, with quotation marks: pp. 9, 28, 35, 38; without quotation marks: 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 37.
  8. ^ Heribert Sturm: The Emperor's Land in Bavaria. In: Kaiser Karl IV. Prestel, Munich 1978, ISBN 3-7913-0435-6 , pp. 208-212.
  9. ↑ a b c Jörg K. Hoensch : The Luxemburger. A late medieval dynasty of pan-European importance. 1308–1437 (= Kohlhammer-Urban pocket books . Volume 407). Verlag W. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-17-015159-2 , 4) Kaiser Karl IV. (1346-1378): At the zenith of power. b) Charles IV as King of Bohemia, pp. 118–132, here pp. 129–130.
  10. ^ House of Bavarian History (ed.): "New Bohemia", 2nd half of the 14th century . In: House of Bavarian History (accessed December 30, 2019).
  11. ↑ Erwin Herrmann: Karl IV. And Northeast Bavaria . In: Negotiations of the historical association for Upper Palatinate and Regensburg. Volume 118 . Verlag des Historisches Verein für Oberpfalz and Regensburg, Regensburg 1978, pp. 176–177.
  12. ↑ a b c Erwin Herrmann: Karl IV. And Northeast Bavaria . In: Negotiations of the historical association for Upper Palatinate and Regensburg. Volume 118 . Verlag des Historisches Verein für Oberpfalz and Regensburg, Regensburg 1978, pp. 182–183.
  13. ↑ a b c d e Erwin Herrmann: Karl IV. And Northeast Bavaria . In: Negotiations of the historical association for Upper Palatinate and Regensburg. Volume 118 . Verlag des Historisches Verein für Oberpfalz and Regensburg, Regensburg 1978, pp. 185–186.
  14. ↑ a b Fritz Schnelbögl: The “Bohemian Salbüchlein” Emperor Charles IV over the northern Upper Palatinate 1366/68 . R. Oldenbourg, Munich 1973, ISBN 3-486-47621-1 , subject index, pp. 175-181.
  15. ↑ Fritz Schnelbögl: The "so-called Salbuechlein Bohemian" Emperor Charles IV over the northern Upper Palatinate 1366/68. . R. Oldenbourg, Munich, ISBN 3486476211 , text, pp. 55-149, Kretscham: 5: IX. Neidstein, p. 60; 40: XLVIIII. Pernawe, p. 79.
  16. ↑ Erwin Herrmann: Karl IV. And Northeast Bavaria . In: Negotiations of the historical association for Upper Palatinate and Regensburg. Volume 118 . Verlag des Historisches Verein für Oberpfalz and Regensburg, Regensburg 1978, footnote 66, pp. 180–181.
  17. ↑ Fritz Schnelbögl: The "so-called Salbuechlein Bohemian" Emperor Charles IV over the northern Upper Palatinate 1366/68. . R. Oldenbourg, Munich, ISBN 3486476211 , text. 97: CVI. Pastor zum Rotemberg, pp. 115–116.
  18. ↑ a b c Fritz Schnelbögl: The "Bohemian Salbüchlein" Emperor Charles IV over the northern Upper Palatinate 1366/68 . R. Oldenbourg, Munich 1973, ISBN 3-486-47621-1 , introduction. 3. Remarks. On contributions in kind and money, pp. 46–51.
  19. ↑ Ludwig Schmugge : Curia and Church in the Politics of Karl IV. In: Kaiser Karl IV. Statesman and patron . Prestel, Munich 1978, ISBN 3-7913-0435-6 , pp. 63–73, here p. 75.
  20. ^ Jörg K. Hoensch : The Luxemburger. A late medieval dynasty of pan-European importance. 1308–1437 (= Kohlhammer-Urban pocket books . Volume 407). Verlag W. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-17-015159-2 , 3) King Johann (the blind) of Bohemia (1310-1346): Relocation of the house power to Eastern Central Europe. a) “King Fremdling” as ruler of Bohemia, pp. 51–62, here pp. 52–53.
  21. ↑ a b Lenka Bobková: The countries of the Bohemian Crown at the time of Charles IV. In: Karl IV. - An emperor in Brandenburg . Verlag für Berlin-Brandenburg, Berlin 2016, ISBN 978-3-945256-62-6 , p. 22.
  22. ^ Gerhard Köbler : Historical Lexicon of the German Lands. The German territories from the Middle Ages to the present . 8th unchanged edition, C. H. Beck, Munich 2019, ISBN 978-3-406-74167-8 , Egerland (Reichsland), p. 156.
  23. ↑ a b Heribert Sturm: The Emperor's Land in Bavaria. In: Emperor Karl IV. Statesman and patron . Prestel, Munich 1978, ISBN 3-7913-0435-6 , p. 208.
  24. ^ Jörg K. Hoensch : The Luxemburger. A late medieval dynasty of pan-European importance. 1308–1437 (= Kohlhammer-Urban pocket books . Volume 407). Verlag W. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-17-015159-2 , 3) King Johann (the blind) of Bohemia (1310-1346): relocation of the house power to eastern Central Europe. e) The final battle against Ludwig the Bavarian for the Roman crown, pp. 93-104, here pp. 101-102.
  25. ↑ a b c d Lenka Bobková: The countries of the Bohemian Crown at the time of Charles IV. In: Karl IV. - An emperor in Brandenburg . Verlag für Berlin-Brandenburg, Berlin 2016, ISBN 978-3-945256-62-6 , pp. 23-25.
  26. ↑ a b c Heribert Sturm: The Emperor's Land in Bavaria. In: Kaiser Karl IV. Prestel, Munich 1978, ISBN 3-7913-0435-6 , pp. 209-210.
  27. ↑ a b c d e Lenka Bobková: The countries of the Bohemian Crown at the time of Charles IV. In: Karl IV. - An emperor in Brandenburg . Verlag für Berlin-Brandenburg, Berlin 2016, ISBN 978-3-945256-62-6 , p. 25.
  28. ↑ a b c d e Heribert Sturm: The Emperor's Land in Bavaria. In: Kaiser Karl IV. Prestel, Munich 1978, ISBN 3-7913-0435-6 , pp. 208-209.
  29. ↑ Fritz Schnelbögl: The "so-called Salbuechlein Bohemian" Emperor Charles IV over the northern Upper Palatinate 1366/68. . R. Oldenbourg, Munich 1973, ISBN 3-486-47621-1 , Introduction, 1. The “Bohemian Salbüchlein”. Dating of the manuscript. Footnote 18, p. 16.
  30. ↑ a b c d Ulrike Hohensee: On the acquisition of Lausitz and Brandenburg by Emperor Karl IV. In: Michael Lindner , Eckhard Müller-Mertens , Olaf B. Rader (ed.), Mathias Lawo (collaboration): Kaiser, Reich and Region. Studies and texts from the work on the Constitutiones of the 14th century and on the history of the Monumenta Germaniae Historica (= Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences : [Hrsg.]: Reports and treatises . Special volume 2). Akademie Verlag, Berlin 1997, ISBN 3-05-003179-4 , pp. 213–244.
  31. ↑ a b c d e f g Fritz Schnelbögl: The "Bohemian Salbüchlein" Emperor Charles IV over the northern Upper Palatinate 1366/68 . R. Oldenbourg, Munich 1973, ISBN 3-486-47621-1 , introduction. 2. Historical explanations. Charles IV's renunciation of southern “New Bohemia” 1373, pp. 35–38.
  32. ↑ Lenka Bobková: The countries of the Bohemian Crown in the times of Charles IV. In: Karl IV. - An emperor in Brandenburg . Verlag für Berlin-Brandenburg, Berlin 2016, ISBN 978-3-945256-62-6 , p. 26.
  33. ↑ a b c d e f g h i Heribert Sturm: The Emperor's Land in Bavaria. In: Kaiser Karl IV. Prestel, Munich 1978, ISBN 3-7913-0435-6 , p. 211.
  34. ↑ Erwin Herrmann: Karl IV. And Northeast Bavaria . In: Negotiations of the historical association for Upper Palatinate and Regensburg. Volume 118 . Verlag des Historisches Verein für Oberpfalz and Regensburg, Regensburg 1978, pp. 183–184.
  35. ↑ a b c Heribert Sturm: The Emperor's Land in Bavaria. In: Kaiser Karl IV. Prestel, Munich 1978, ISBN 3-7913-0435-6 , p. 212.
  36. ↑ Wolfgang von Stromer : The imperial merchant - economic policy under Karl IV. In: Kaiser Karl IV. Statesman and patron . Prestel, Munich 1978, ISBN 3-7913-0435-6 , pp. 63–73, here p. 63.
  37. ↑ Fritz Schnelbögl: The "so-called Salbuechlein Bohemian" Emperor Charles IV over the northern Upper Palatinate 1366/68. . R. Oldenbourg, Munich 1973, ISBN 3-486-47621-1 , Introduction, 1. The “Bohemian Salbüchlein”. Purpose and meaning of the source, pp. 9-10, here p. 9.
  38. ↑ a b c d Fritz Schnelbögl: The "Bohemian Salbüchlein" Emperor Charles IV over the northern Upper Palatinate 1366/68 . R. Oldenbourg, Munich 1973, ISBN 3-486-47621-1 , introduction. 3. Remarks. On coinage, pp. 53–54.
  39. ↑ Fritz Schnelbögl: The "so-called Salbuechlein Bohemian" Emperor Charles IV over the northern Upper Palatinate 1366/68. . R. Oldenbourg, Munich 1973, ISBN 3-486-47621-1 , introduction. 2. Historical explanations. Economic and cultural results, pp. 38–46, here p. 43.
  40. ^ Heribert Sturm: The Emperor's Land in Bavaria. In: Kaiser Karl IV. Prestel, Munich 1978, ISBN 3-7913-0435-6 , pp. 210-211.
  41. ↑ Fritz Schnelbögl: The "so-called Salbuechlein Bohemian" Emperor Charles IV over the northern Upper Palatinate 1366/68. . R. Oldenbourg, Munich 1973, ISBN 3-486-47621-1 , Introduction, 1. The “Bohemian Salbüchlein”. Description of the manuscript, its fates, pp. 10–15.
  42. ↑ Erwin Herrmann: Karl IV. And Northeast Bavaria . In: Negotiations of the historical association for Upper Palatinate and Regensburg. Volume 118 . Verlag des Historisches Verein für Oberpfalz and Regensburg, Regensburg 1978, pp. 181–182.
  43. ↑ Karl Wild: Bavaria and Bohemia . In: Negotiations of the historical association of Upper Palatinate and Regensburg. 88th volume . Verlag des Historisches Verein von Oberpfalz and Regensburg, Regensburg 1938, 6. The sudden dismantling of New Bohemia, pp. 138–143, here p. 138.
  44. ↑ a b c d Fritz Schnelbögl: The "Bohemian Salbüchlein" Emperor Charles IV over the northern Upper Palatinate 1366/68 . R. Oldenbourg, Munich, ISBN 3486476211 , Charles IV. "Land in Baiern" after the "Böhmisches Salbüchlein" from 1366/68, map.
  45. ↑ Erwin Herrmann: Karl IV. And Northeast Bavaria . In: Negotiations of the historical association for Upper Palatinate and Regensburg. Volume 118 . Verlag des Historisches Verein für Oberpfalz and Regensburg, Regensburg 1978, pp. 179–180.
  46. ↑ Oliver Plessow: The city in the Middle Ages . Philipp Reclam jun., Stuttgart 2013, ISBN 978-3-15-017074-8 , 3. City and Economy, pp. 104–112.
  47. ↑ Wolfgang von Stromer : The imperial merchant - economic policy under Karl IV. In: Kaiser Karl IV. Statesman and patron . Prestel, Munich 1978, ISBN 3-7913-0435-6 , pp. 63–73, here p. 64.
  48. ↑ Wolfgang von Stromer : The imperial merchant - economic policy under Karl IV. In: Kaiser Karl IV. Statesman and patron . Prestel, Munich 1978, ISBN 3-7913-0435-6 , pp. 63–73, here p. 65.
  49. ↑ Frank Michael Ress: History and economic importance of the Upper Palatinate iron industry from the beginnings to the time of the 30-year war . In: Historical Association of Upper Palatinate and Regensburg (Hrsg.): Negotiations of the Historical Association for Upper Palatinate and Regensburg. 91st volume . Verlag des Historisches Verein von Oberpfalz and Regensburg, Regensburg 1950, introduction, pp. 9-10 ( digitized in Historischer Verein für Oberpfalz and Regensburg [PDF; 45.4 MB; accessed on February 4, 2020]).
  50. ↑ a b Erwin Herrmann: Karl IV. And Northeast Bavaria . In: Negotiations of the historical association for Upper Palatinate and Regensburg. Volume 118 . Publishing house of the Historical Association for Upper Palatinate and Regensburg, Regensburg 1978, pp. 180–181.
  51. ↑ a b c d Erwin Herrmann: Karl IV. And Northeast Bavaria . In: Negotiations of the historical association for Upper Palatinate and Regensburg. Volume 118 . Verlag des Historisches Verein für Oberpfalz and Regensburg, Regensburg 1978, pp. 186–187.
  52. ↑ a b Erwin Herrmann: Karl IV. And Northeast Bavaria . In: Negotiations of the historical association for Upper Palatinate and Regensburg. Volume 118 . Verlag des Historisches Verein für Oberpfalz and Regensburg, Regensburg 1978, pp. 173–175.