Sulzbach Castle

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Inner courtyard of the castle

The castle Sulzbach lay of today's Upper and Lower Castle Sulzbach and the local St. Hedwig's monastery and the oldest old town of complex Sulzbach-Rosenberg in the Upper Palatinate (Amberg-Sulzbach).

location

Sulzbach Castle

The castle and settlement were located in an area that has been very dynamic in terms of rulership and settlement history since the late Merovingian and early Carolingian times, and its importance for the monarchy and the aristocratic families associated with it arose from various factors. Sulzbach apparently benefited from its extremely favorable traffic topographical location, a so-called traffic gate situation . It was relatively easy to cross the Alb at this point. The place or the castle developed on one of the most important traffic routes or traffic junctions of northeast Bavaria : Both important north-south connections on the axis Würzburg / Erfurt - Bamberg - Forchheim - Nabburg / Premberg - Regensburg as well as one of the most important trunk roads to Bohemia touched the Sulzbach area. Its geostrategic location at the gateway to the Bohemian sphere of influence was likely to have been particularly beneficial for the castle's development into an important center of power during the 9th to 12th centuries.

Dominance situation

The area around the middle (Upper Palatinate) Vils and Naab came increasingly into the focus of various power factors from the late Merovingian period . Its representatives presumably not only followed colonialist principles in the sense of agricultural land development, but also pursued economic and military interests, insofar as these could be separated from one another. In this area, from the late 7th and early 8th centuries, ducal- Agilolfing aspirations for power met Frankish-Carolingian claims, to which a third power factor came through the formation of the empire in Bohemia and Moravia . The reason for these lordly efforts was probably the geostrategic and traffic topographical location of the region, but probably also its rich mineral resources. In the Sulzbach area, this would primarily be the high-quality iron ores , which formed the economic backbone of the area until the 20th century.

It is conceivable that fortifications were built by the Franconian and Bavarian side to enforce and secure political and economic goals as early as around 700. However, the archaeological source material is too poor for precise statements about the oldest layer of medieval castles in this area, which should not serve as negative evidence for the late Merovingian and early Carolingian periods. With the oldest burials on the Sulzbach cemetery of Lauterhofen around 650/680 AD, the mention of Lauterhofen in the Divisio Regnorum from 806 and the continuity of rulership of this place up to the 12th century, the main features of royal and dynastic engagements are already reflected exemplarily reflected in the northeastern Nordgau .

This can now also be assumed in a similar form for Sulzbach Castle and its surrounding area. The fact that the area west of the Naab belongs to an area of ​​state development, whose settlement and integration into lordly forms of organization only began in the late 9th or even in the 10th century, has to be revised or seen in a more differentiated manner today. From the time of Karl Martell , Frankish influence is increasingly to be expected up to the area around the middle Naab. Despite the desolate written sources, we find indirect written references to this in the missionary efforts of Anglo-Saxon monks ad Nordfilusa (on the northern Vils), which were forced by the Bavarian side, around 742. After the deposition of Tassilos III. by Karl the Great is the importance of the Vils-Naab-space by the special position of the Royal Court Lauterhofen of 806 and the naming of Premberg in Diedenhofener Kapitular again clearly evident. Even during the 10th to the early 11th centuries, the area retained its imperial political dimension. In the Carolingian era, the rulership-historical foundations for the rise of important noble families such as the Bavarian Luitpoldinger of the early 10th century, the Schweinfurters in the Ottonian period and the Diepoldinger and Sulzbacher counts of the 11th and 12th centuries were laid in the Nordgau .

Topography of the castle complex

Sulzbach Castle was located on the eastern edge of the Franconian Alb on an elongated terrace spur and was divided into an approx. 1.5 hectare main castle and a probably approx. 3 hectare outer castle , the oldest fortification of which was archaeologically examined for the first time in 2008. The relatively good soil quality in the so-called Amberg-Sulzbacher chalk bay , especially in the Rosenbach valley , and the abundance of water with numerous karst springs at the foot of the Burgberg offered comparatively good natural settlement conditions during the early Middle Ages. The location of the main castle in a bend in a brook about 20 to 30 meters above the Rosenbachtal and its large area corresponds to the well-known topography of numerous early medieval castles in the Bavarian region. Today, the castle of the Count Palatine of Neuburg-Sulzbach, which was built mainly from 1582 in its present form, with the Saliesan convent of St. Hedwig, founded in the second half of the 18th century, stands on the main castle area .

Research history

Until the beginning of the archaeological measures, nothing specific was known about the origins of the castle and settlement. The complex is not mentioned in any known written sources from the 8th to 13th centuries. The earliest mention of a castle in Sulzbach comes from the year 1329. According to local legend, the castle was built in the first half of the 11th century on the site of a previous stone structure, which has been an issue in local research history since the 16th century has given rise to speculation about the age and importance of the castle. However, it was undisputed that the ancestral castle of the Counts of Sulzbach stood on the terrace spur, whose importance for the imperial history of the late 11th and first half of the 12th century has only become apparent through the latest historical research. However, the archaeological findings now show that the castle was built around 300 years before the legendary foundation.

Archeology of the Sulzbach Castle

The excavations of the years 1992 to 2001 Sulzbacher Castle rendered in complexity in southern Germany unprecedented findings to develop an apparently highly important fortress of the 8th to 14th century. These archaeological excavations were supplemented by investigations in 2008 and 2009, which for the first time enabled insights into the early fortification of the castle settlement.

Prehistoric traces of settlement

The earliest traces of human settlement of the castle hill can be prepared by the numerous ceramic legacies in the Late Hallstatt and Early La Tène date. The single discovery of a possibly Urnfield- Age edge shard could indicate an inspection of the place during stages HaA / B; However, this find is not sufficient to provide evidence of a hilltop settlement on the mountain ridge from the Urnfield period.

Settlement period I (8th to early 9th century)

Medieval settlement on the castle hill begins with settlement period I in the course of the 8th to the early 9th century. A few finds may even point to the beginning of settlement or at least to a scattering of human settlement activity in the immediate vicinity of the mountain in the period around 700 or in the late 7th century. In this way, Sulzbach would prove, in addition to Lauterhofen ( Neumarkt district ) and the Heuchling site ( Nürnberger Land district ), a late Merovingian settlement activity in the central Upper Palatinate . This is likely to be related to the aforementioned efforts of Agilolfing or - in the case of Sulzbach - rather Franconian rulers to include the area in their sphere of influence. Traces of a probably more than 16 m long post building of unknown ground plan (hall?) In the southern half of the upper courtyard belong to this early settlement period. It is possible that the newly created system was protected by a wood-earth fortification at that time, which, however, could not be clearly proven. In 2008 the massive fortification of the castle settlement south of the Christ Church in the street "Neustadt" could be recorded for the first time. The impressive mortar wall found here apparently belongs to settlement period I. The castle settlement was additionally protected at this point by three upstream section trenches, as well as by at least two slope trenches on the eastern slope, which were archaeologically recorded in 2009.

Settlement period II (9th to early 10th century)

At the latest during the settlement period II, the castle came into the hands of an influential family who, judging by the quality of the structural and material legacies, belonged to the Carolingian imperial aristocracy. The lords of the castle had a number of buildings built, some of which were made of stone, which underlines the importance of the complex. A comparatively small stone hall can be assigned to this construction phase, which served as a representative building for the government's official business. The building was built on a wide slope terrace on the north slope and had a lower basement level , which was probably accessed via a porch ( Söller ?). In a central place within the lowest building level was a large stone fireplace. As several window glass fragments show, including a fragment with painting and lettering, the hall building was partly equipped with glass windows. Immediately south of the hall there was another building or an extension of unknown size. This component was equipped with a duct heating installed below the floor , which also speaks for a high level of living culture at the Carolingian castle. To the north-east of the hall building, another house was built on a rock terrace during the late Carolingian era. This was built as a post construction and had a floor made of stone slabs, which had been preserved flat. The church of the castle in the access area to the main castle also belongs to the buildings of the settlement period II. The simple hall building with a relatively strongly drawn-in, semicircular apse in the east stood exactly in the center of the main castle. Early window panes show that this church was stained by the 12th century at the latest. The Carolingian church hall has been largely preserved in the rising masonry of the chapel. From the 9th century, a small aristocratic cemetery was attached to the north of the castle church, of which a total of four adult and five children's graves as well as relocated human bones were found without any grave connection. The adults were buried in stone boxes. The oldest grave with the remains of a man over 70 years old was dug during the 9th century. In the stratigraphically youngest adult grave, which is dated between approx. 900 and the end of the 10th century, there was also a senile woman. In contrast, at least two of the children's graves seem to have been dug in the first half of the 11th century. Apparently, at this time, the nearness of the adult graves of the 9th and 10th centuries was sought for the young children who died early. This is linked to some interesting historical considerations. The oldest grave of the 9th century was probably built over with a grave monument in the 10th century, which reveals a memoria on site during the Ottonian period. The church can be clearly recognized as a stately individual church through the 'family grave' assigned to it and has almost certainly fulfilled an important function in the pastoral care of the surrounding area. This finding leads to a discussion of the forms of early church organization in the Sulzbach area, whereby the importance of the royal or aristocratic own church system in the northern district of the 9th to 11th centuries becomes clear.

Settlement period III (10th century)

View from the south

In settlement period III, two new stone buildings were built as residential houses in the inner castle. They were located south of the older hall building and west of the post structure with a small distance from each other. This resulted in an ensemble of four closely packed buildings without any direct connection between them. At least one of the new buildings was equipped with an underfloor heating system. During the late 9/10 In the 19th century, a workshop on the southwestern edge of the inner castle processed various metals, including copper , copper alloys ( bronze , brass ), iron and zinc . The production of rings for chain mails , perhaps also the production of jewelry rings, is clearly documented . At the latest during settlement period III, but probably already in settlement period II, the castle was surrounded by an approx. 2.2 m wide mortar stone wall. This probably completely encompassed the northern part of today's castle and sealed off at least the south-eastern part of the core castle from the outer bailey (today's city side in the area of ​​the monastery). The entrance to the main castle was formed by an approximately 18 m long pincer gate , which ended at the level of the western end of the castle church. It was probably already in the early Middle Ages that an approx. 10 m wide ditch was presented to it, which separated the main from the outer bailey. The existence of an early fortification wall in the west and south-west of the terrace spur cannot be proven, but it cannot be ruled out.

The building structure of the castle from the 9th and 10th centuries is clearly modeled on the palace buildings of that time. In Sulzbach, you can see the influence of the early dynastic castle building through the Palatinate architecture of the Carolingian and Ottonian kings. At the same time, the findings testify to the self-image of the East Franconian nobility as largely independent and royal-like representatives of secular power. The search for the lords of the castle of the 9th and 10th centuries among the traditional Carolingian and Ottonian noble families of Bavaria must retain the character of well-founded hypotheses because of the poor written sources. The central figure of the considerations with regard to the Carolingian castle and the oldest burial place of the 9th century is the Nordgaugraf Ernst , who is considered the closest confidante of King Ludwig the German and one of the most influential representatives of the East Franconian nobility of the late Carolingian period. In the sources he appears, among other things, as the military head of the East Franconian-Bavarian nobility in the clashes with the Bohemians around the middle of the 9th century. It is possible that he was related to the Sulzbach and Schweinfurt counts, which, in addition to his importance in terms of empire politics, could explain the memoria documented on site. After his dismissal in 861 , he probably retired to his own property , where he died in 865 . From the second quarter of the 10th century, the castle could have been in the possession of the family of Nordgaugrafen Berthold 'von Schweinfurt ', for which good arguments can be made. The unusual architectural features of the castle, the continuity as the seat of power from the Carolingian to the Salian times, and its good geostrategic and geo-economic location point in this direction. In addition, there is an inner bond between the lords of the castle and the place itself, which can be recognized by the burial place and the memoria kept at the castle, as well as probably close (family?) Relationships between the 'Schweinfurters' and the serious men and the later Counts of Sulzbach. The archaeological situation at the castle further suggests that Sulzbach was directly involved in the dispute between the Nordgaugrafen Heinrich 'von Schweinfurt' and Heinrich II. In the summer of 1003 , handed down by Thietmar von Merseburg . There is no question that Sulzbach Castle played a central role in the ruling structure of the Nordgau during the late Carolingian and Ottonian times.

Settlement period IV (11th century)

At the beginning of settlement period IV, the representative hall building was partially destroyed, the high-quality flooring of which was smashed - probably for symbolic reasons. The restoration of this building during the first third of the 11th century was accompanied by the demolition of the two 10th century stone buildings in the courtyard. At the same time, the areas north-east of the hall building were leveled and the frame construction of the settlement period II abandoned. The restructuring measures in the residential area of ​​the castle shortly after 1000 are probably connected with a change of ownership, which can be seen as a result of the events of the year 1003. According to this, there are indications that the central castle, which is important for the Nordgau county, came to the family of the later Counts of Sulzbach between 1003 and 1007. Thus, a counterweight to the power interests of the 'Schweinfurt' counts in their central areas of dominion in the north gau should be created. The alienation of the castle in Sulzbach, which is central to the self-image of the Nordgaugrafen, by Heinrich II possibly also happened to emphasize royal authority on the one hand and to reward allegiance on the other. The Counts of Sulzbach rose from the middle 11th century to the most important noble families in the empire and held a powerful political and manorial position in Bavaria far beyond the Nordgau. Its probably most influential representative, Berengar I († 1125), was instrumental in the overthrow of Emperor Henry IV and the installation of his son Henry V at the beginning of the 12th century. He can be regarded as one of the most colorful aristocratic personalities in the environment of Henry V, who took on a number of important political missions at court. The territorial base of the family with numerous own estates was on the Nordgau with Sulzbach as the center. From here they administered, among other things, the bailiwick of the bishopric of Bamberg on the Nordgau, and from 1147 also the Regensburg cathedral bailiwick . The marriages of Berengar's numerous children also document the high status. The family established close ties to the most important southern German aristocratic families of the early 12th century. Two daughters of Berengar, Gertrud and Bertha , rose to the royal rank. Gertrud became the wife of King Conrad III around 1132 . Bertha married the Byzantine emperor's son Manuel I Komnenos around 1146 as the plaything of the political powers and a little later ascended the eastern Roman imperial throne. With the death of Berengar's son Gebhard in 1188 , the male line died out.

During the settlement periods IV (11th century) and V (around 1100 to around the middle of the 12th century), the Counts of Sulzbach changed the building structure of the northern core castle permanently. Not only the written records, but also the remains of the building and the finds from this period give an impression of the high social and political status of this family. As a replacement for the buildings that were demolished after 1000, two new residential buildings were built in the area of ​​the upper castle courtyard, one of which was certainly made of stone. Both were equipped with technically complex underfloor heating. In the course of the 11th century, the oldest stone wall from settlement period II / III in the north of the castle area was replaced by a new curtain wall. The expansion of the sacred center was particularly important for the internal structure of the castle. A memorial chapel was built over the graves of the 9th and 10th centuries which clearly related to the oldest grave of the 9th century. At least two of the children's graves examined were apparently only dug in the early 11th century. The memoria to the lords of the castle in the late Carolingian era was evidently also maintained under the later Counts of Sulzbach. Further building and settlement remnants from the 11th century show extensive use of all areas of the core castle examined.

Settlement period V (around 1100 to around the middle of the 12th century)

With the settlement period V, the heyday of the Sulzbach counts is archaeologically recorded. In this phase the construction of an octagonal residential tower in the northeast of the castle, not far from the residential buildings, fell. This shaped the appearance of the complex until it was redesigned into a castle in 1618 . It is conceivable that the floor plan of the tower, which was unusual for the late Salier period, can be traced back to the close ties between the Count's House and the Bamberg diocese around or shortly after 1100. The Andreas chapel of the Bamberg Palatinate from the early Salier period is a possible model for the octagon, as it had almost exactly the same external dimensions as the Sulzbach tower. For an approximately 40 m long Palas on the northern slope of the hall building now the settlement period II had to give way. Like its predecessor, this building had a basement level, which was possibly divided into two halls and accessed from the courtyard via a porch. At the same time, one probably reached the higher-lying rooms of the Palas via a staircase accessible from two sides. Between the residential tower and the hall, in place of one of the two heatable residential buildings from settlement period IV, a smaller residential building was built, which was also to be heated by hypocaust air heating and is known as a bower . In the settlement period V, modifications were made within the memorial chapel. This probably includes the preparation of an older burial chamber for the written provisional burial of Berengar's wife, Countess Adelheid von Frontenhausen († around 1105). The findings of the 12th century also include two kiln systems and associated building structures, which indicate a craft use of the access area immediately in front of the Zangentor. Only hypothetical statements can be made from the findings about the type of handicraft carried out there (metal processing, glass production, salt extraction?).

Settlement period VI (late 12th to first half of the 13th century)

The extinction of the Sulzbach counts in 1188 marks the beginning of the VI settlement period. The new lords of the castle became the Counts of Grögling-Hirschberg through the female line of the Sulzbach family . These were also among the representatives of the high nobility in Bavaria during the late 12th and 13th centuries, but their main focus of power was in the Eichstatt area. However, during the time of the Hirschberg Counts, Sulzbach was first mentioned as a market ( 1253 ) and the first, indirect mention of an own parish ( 1252 ). The settlement period VI is primarily characterized by a new redesign of the northern core castle, which illustrates the loss of importance as the center of a spacious property complex and center of dynastic self-image. One of the structural changes between 1188 and 1250 was the demolition of the early medieval curtain wall in the access area to the core castle, which resulted in its significant reduction in size towards the outer bailey or city side. The underfloor heating system of the bower built in the settlement period V was given up, as was a wooden building south of the residential tower and a stone structure in the extreme southwest of the core castle, which cannot be described in detail. At the same time, the numerous finds and the remains of a tiled stove between the hall and the bower indicate that it was still in use during the first half of the 13th century.

Settlement period VII (second half of the 13th to the end of the 14th century)

View from the castle to the old town

Significant traces of construction activities on the castle can only be seen again at the beginning of the most recent settlement period VII. This includes the (new?) Construction of a massive fortification of the western and southwestern section of the main castle as the earliest measure. A few decades later, around 1300, a large box building was built on a narrow terrace in the south-western core of the castle, which was demolished in 1874. This construction work was probably related to the establishment of a vicarage at the castle under the Wittelsbachers , who took over the complex after the counts of Hirschberg-Grögling died out in 1305. After a fire in the 14th century, the castle church was restored and received a new, Gothic polygonal choir , but otherwise remained largely unchanged in its substance. In the 14th century, the castle experienced a checkered history of ownership, which was also reflected in its architectural structure. The construction of a second representative building on the city side ('Hochbau') coincided with the takeover of the castle and the city by Charles IV , who made Sulzbach the center of his property in Eastern Bavaria (1355). The castle now had a double palace complex, with the Romanesque palace in the north and the Gothic building in the south of the northern core castle facing each other in parallel. The Gothic palace structure still shapes the appearance of Sulzbach's old town today. In the upper castle courtyard, a bakery was built in the late 14th century , which is mentioned in the written sources at the beginning of the 15th century and which was archaeologically captured by the remains of its ovens. Other remains of the wall in the gate area to the upper court and in the access area between the outer bailey and the main castle show that the gate situation was modified during settlement period VII.

At the end of the 14th century, the archaeologically recorded medieval building work largely ended. Modifications were only carried out on the courtyard, which can also be proven in the archives. However, the importance of the square as a mansion goes beyond the year 1400. During the 15th century, Sulzbach retained its importance for the Palatinate and Bavarian line of the Wittelsbachers, who alternately directed the fortunes of the city and its castle before they came to the newly created Duchy of Neuburg in 1505 . This date marks the beginning of the transition from the medieval castle to the modern castle and thus the continuation of dynastic traditions in this place, which reached a further high point with the establishment of a separate Palatine line from Sulzbach-Neuburg at the beginning of the 17th century.

literature

Full:

  • Mathias Hensch , Sulzbach Castle in the Upper Palatinate. Archaeological-historical research on the development of a rulership center from the 8th to 14th centuries in Northern Bavaria . 3 vols. Büchenbach 2005.
  • Mathias Hensch, Urbs Sulcpah - Archaeological excavations in the course of the redevelopment of the Neustadt. On the genesis of the early and high medieval castle center Sulzbach . The Neustadt district. Festschrift for the renovation of the Sulzbacher “Neustadt” 2010. Series of publications by the Sulzbach-Rosenberg City Museum, Volume 25, Sulzbach-Rosenberg 2010, pp. 13–38.

further literature:

  • Mathias Hensch, De compositione aeris - Non-ferrous metal craftsmen at the early medieval castle Sulzbach , The archaeological year in Bavaria 2000. Stuttgart 2001, pp. 118–121.
  • Mathias Hensch, early medieval aristocratic graves discovered in the area of ​​Sulzbach Castle , monument preservation information, issue B / 118. Munich 2001, pp. 12-13.
  • Mathias Hensch, Sulzbach Castle (Upper Palatinate) as a location for early mining activities in the “Ruhr area of ​​the Middle Ages” , communications from the German Society for Archeology in the Middle Ages and Modern Times 13, 2002, pp. 34–39.
  • Mathias Hensch, Archaeological and historical findings on the earliest church history of Sulzbach-Rosenberg. , Reflection of his glory. Festschrift for the 750th anniversary of the parish of St. Marien. Sulzbach-Rosenberg 2002, pp. 17-24.
  • Mathias Hensch, Der Sulzbacher Schlossberg - Archaeological research on the 1300-year history of a central place of medieval rule formation. , Monument preservation in structurally weak regions. Problems and opportunities. Workbooks of the Bavarian State Office for Monument Preservation 115, Munich 2003, pp. 122–125.
  • Mathias Hensch, a center of power from the 9th to the beginning of the 11th century in the Nordgau. The archaeological * Mathias * Mathias Hensch, The exploration of the early Sulzbach castle - an overview. , Sulzbach and the land of Naab and Vils in the early Middle Ages. Conference from 13-14 June 2002 in Sulzbach-Rosenberg. Series of publications by the Stadtmuseum Sulzbach-Rosenberg 19. Sulzbach-Rosenberg 2003, pp. 69–86.
  • Mathias Hensch, Burg Sulzbach: A central place of early and high medieval rulership. , Das Land an Naab und Vils, Guide to prehistoric and early historical monuments in Germany 44, Stuttgart 2004, pp. 98-103.
  • Mathias Hensch, Sulzbach Castle (Opf.) - Headquarters of the North Gaugrafen from the 9th to the early 11th century? , 1000 years ago - the Schweinfurt feud and the landscape on Obermain 1003. Report on the scientific colloquium, Schweinfurt 2004, pp. 153–188.
  • Mathias Hensch, Sulzbach - the Bavarian home of the Byzantine Empress Bertha-Eirene. , The World of Byzantium - Europe's Eastern Heritage. Catalog for the exhibition of the Bavarian State Collection, Stuttgart 2004, pp. 417–423.
  • Mathias Hensch, 1003 and 1105 - Hezilo and Adelheid. Two dates and two names in the archaeological and historical evidence of Sulzbach Castle (district Amberg-Sulzbach) , historical event and archaeological evidence. Announcements of the German Society for Archeology of the Middle Ages and Modern Times 16, 2005, pp. 49–55.
  • Mathias Hensch, Mining Archeology in the Upper Palatinate - forgotten by research? , Reports on the Bavarian monument preservation 43/44, 2002/3 Munich 2005, pp. 273–288.
  • Mathias Hensch, building concept, living culture and representation of rulers in castle construction of the 11th / 12th centuries Century in Northern Bavaria - new findings in archeology. , H. Seibert, J. Dendorfer (Ed.), Counts, Dukes, Kings. The rise of the early Hohenstaufen and the empire (1079–1152), Mittelalter-Forschungen (15), Stuttgart 2005, pp. 135–178.
  • Mathias Hensch, New Notes on the Historical Topography of Sulzbach in the Early Middle Ages, City of Sulzbach-Rosenberg, District of Amberg-Sulzbach. , Contributions to archeology in the Upper Palatinate 7, Büchenbach 2005, 247–286.
  • Mathias Hensch, on the building of castles by the Bavarian-East Franconian nobility in the time of the investiture dispute. , Canossa 1077 - Shake of the world. Essay volume, Munich 2006, pp. 228-231.
  • Mathias Hensch, Sulzbach Castle - ancestral seat of one of the most influential aristocratic families in Bavaria in the 11th and 12th centuries. In: Canossa 1077 - Shaking the world. Catalog volume, Munich 2006, pp. 184–188.
  • Mathias Hensch, The Sulzbacher Schlossberg - a central place in early and high medieval rulership. , 350 years of Pfalz Sulzbach. Exhibition catalog of the Amberg City Archives and the Sulzbach-Rosenberg City Museum, Sulzbach-Rosenberg 2006, pp. 344–349.
  • Mathias Hensch, excavations in Sulzbach Castle , The Archaeological Year in Bavaria 1994 (Stuttgart 1995), pp. 157–160.
  • Mathias Hensch, A high medieval bower and a hall building from the late 10th century. in Sulzbach Castle , The Archaeological Year in Bavaria 1995 (Stuttgart 1996), pp. 145–147.
  • Mathias Hensch, Archaeological Investigations in Sulzbach Castle - A first overview of the excavation results from 1993 to 1997 , Eisenerz and Morgenglanz - History of the City of Sulzbach-Rosenberg (Amberg 1999), pp. 743–754.
  • Mathias Hensch, New excavation results on the interior development of Sulzbach Castle in the 10th and 11th centuries , Contributions to Archeology in the Upper Palatinate 2 (Büchenbach 1998), pp. 367–379.
  • Mathias Hensch, Rare glass finds from Ottonian times from Sulzbach Castle , Contributions to Archeology in the Upper Palatinate Vol. 3, pp. 349-360.
  • Mathias Hensch, Archaeological traces of early metalworking from the area of ​​the Sulzbach Castle. , Of ore graves and miners. Series of publications by the Stadtmuseum Sulzbach-Rosenberg, Vol. 14, Amberg

Web links

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Coordinates: 49 ° 30 ′ 18.7 ″  N , 11 ° 44 ′ 10 ″  E