Black magpie
The Black Elster , in Upper Sorbian Čorny Halštrow , is a 179 km long right tributary of the Elbe in the German states of Saxony , Brandenburg and Saxony-Anhalt .
The originally strongly meandering course of the river, which rises in the West Lusatian highlands and finally flows into the Elbe at Elster (Elbe) , was greatly changed from the middle of the 19th century by regulation and straightening measures . Numerous tributaries were cut off, so that it is currently considered one of the most constricted rivers in Europe.
Among other things, the strong environmental pollution caused by the industry on the river, which lasted until the 1980s, meant that the once rich fish population of the Black Elster was almost exterminated.
geography
The river rises in the Lausitzer Bergland ( Upper Lusatia ) at an altitude of 317 m above sea level. NN on the eastern flank of the 396 meter high summit , a secondary peak of the Hochstein .
The source is located about 1.5 kilometers south of the Elstra village of Kindisch. From there, the Schwarze Elster flows first in a northerly direction through Elstra, Kamenz , Milstrich and Wittichenau . From Hoyerswerda it flows west to Elsterheide . In the further course it passes the Saxon-Brandenburg border after 63 kilometers. Immediately after the border, the Black Elster crosses the Koschen Canal between Groß- and Kleinkoschen in a waterway cross . Then it flows through Senftenberg and Ruhland to Lauchhammer . There it reaches the mouth of the Pulsnitz with the approximately 15,000 hectare Schraden .
After the Schwarze Elster near Elsterwerda has passed the narrowest part of the Breslau-Magdeburg glacial valley at seven kilometers , it swings in a north-westerly direction and flows through the cities of Bad Liebenwerda , Herzberg and Jessen in the Elbe-Elster lowlands . It empties at river kilometer 198.5 at an altitude of 69 m above sea level. NN near the municipality of Elster (Elbe) in the Elbe.
The most important tributaries of the Black Elster are the Hoyerswerdaer Schwarzwasser , the Pulsnitz , the Große Röder , the Kleine Elster and the Schweinitzer Fließ . The largest tributary is the Große Röder with a length of 105 kilometers and a catchment area of over 935 km². This flows into the river on the left between Saathain and Würdenhain .
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geology
The headwaters of the Black Elster, which is part of the Lausitzer Bergland , are characterized by the granite and greywacke of the Variscan basement . The proportion of the low mountain range with an average bottom slope of 10.6 ‰ is low. Below Kamenz, the Black Elster flows through an area that was mainly shaped by the Pleistocene deposits of the Elster and Saale Cold Ages . From Hoyerswerda to its confluence with the Elbe, it flows through the 20 to 30 kilometer wide, Prehistoric Lusatian glacial valley with an average bed gradient of 0.4 ‰ . The river bed in this area is created in fluvial sands. The Lusatian border wall forms the watershed to the northern catchment area of the Havel and Spree . There are primarily glacifluvial deposits.
The tertiary brown coal deposits between Hoyerswerda and Lauchhammer are of economic importance.
history
Etymology and namesake
Even if the bird of the same name is partly depicted in the city arms of the towns on the river, it has nothing to do with the name of the river. Rather, with its basic form Al-astra or Al-istra, it belongs to the Indo - European el- / ol- for flow, flow with the Germanic ending -str . River names that go back to the same basic form exist all over Europe (example Alster ).
The Black Elster does not come into contact with the White Elster , which rises from the Czech Republic in the Elster Mountains and flows into the Saale . The White Elster was given the nickname white because of the Schwarzbach , which flows into the White Elster near Adorf (Vogtland) .
Historical-political significance
In the 11th century, the Schwarze Elster was at times the border river between German and Polish rulers, and the border between Lower Lusatia and Upper Lusatia follows the course of the Black Elster from Lauchhammer to around Geierswalde .
With the development of the German state, which began in the 12th century, numerous castles and fortifications were built along the Black Elster, which were supposed to protect the river crossings and the military and trade routes that ran along them.
Elster regulation
Beginnings
In response to complaints about damage caused by flooding on the Black Elster, the river was first visited in 1559 on the instructions of Elector August von Sachsen . As a result of this first inspection, he issued the ordinance of mill things in 1561 (communicated in Codicis Augustei, on September 11, 1561). In this ordinance, the Black Elster was divided into 170 sections. Each of the 17 Elstermühlen from Liebenwerda was given precise instructions as to the extent to which the water was to be dammed, how high the protective boards could be, etc. Each mill was given a calibration pile which determined the utilization and the available energy capacity for the relevant section of the river. However, the millers often continued to act at their own discretion. The ordinance was expanded from the resulting lawsuits and the interim mill regulations for the Black Elster were issued in 1772 . 42 paragraphs stipulated how millers and owners of the mills had to behave when the water rises. The approved water level and the penalties for non-compliance with the regulations were also specified.
19th century, middle course
The river experienced the greatest changes in the 19th and 20th centuries. In addition to the containment of flood events, the goals were to increase agricultural yields and the discharge of wastewater from the emerging brown coal mine and the discharges through industrialization.
Originally, a separate ordinance was to be issued for each of the Elster mills following the mill regulation issued in 1772. However, as a result of the Congress of Vienna in 1815, many areas along the river belonged to the Kingdom of Prussia , so that no longer came about. The Prussian provincial government tried to develop plans for regulation as early as 1817, but it was not until 1852 that the Association for the Regulation of the Black Elster was founded and the law for the regulation of the Black Elster was passed. The government councilor von Funck, who was commissioned with the regulation as early as 1848, advocated an amelioration up to the Elstermühle Arnsnesta in 1850 after a tour of the river . In the years 1851/52, the communities of Hoyerswerda and Schweinitz applied that the planned measures should also apply to. However, accession was denied to both places because they had spoken out against regulation in advance. Regulating the lower reaches was not considered at the time.
On May 10, 1852, 150 men began the first earthworks at Zeischa for the 90-kilometer section between Tätzschwitz and Arnsnesta planned by Hydraulic Engineering Inspector Roeder . By 1855, the number of employed workers rose to up to 1400. However, since this was not enough for the work to be completed quickly, the use of steam excavators was discussed for the first time.
Various conflicts of interest repeatedly led to delays. In 1856, the city of Senftenberg applied for the direction of flow to be relocated contrary to the original plans in order to reduce the risk of flooding for the place. Government councilor von Funck wrote on this: “The difficulties of the Elster regulation are increased in no small measure by the fact that those involved do not get a clear picture of the regulation plan before it is carried out and now too often vigorously submit an application and attempt to implement it which, when they are finally granted their consent, they drop again, in order to try with equal vivacity to assert the opposite of their earlier proposal. In part, this may also be due to the fact that the number of those involved is very large and, like everything earthly, fluctuates back and forth, sometimes the one, sometimes the other opinion comes up in the individual localities and then with all means at its disposal Seeks to provide ground. This is how it went from the very beginning of the Elster regulation work and it seems that it will only end with its end ”.
Damage from floods to the dyke systems, which were initially inadequately designed, also increased the cost of construction and further delayed it. During an ice drift in 1861, the dykes broke in ten places. A severe summer flood in the same year interrupted the work again. In 1863, a dike broke when the ice was moved near Herzberg . As a consequence of these events, hydraulic engineering inspector Roeder considered an increase in the dikes unavoidable, but proposed a deepening of the river bed for reasons of cost. After the completion of the first construction phase in March 1863, individual improvements were necessary. The river between Arnsnesta and Premsendorf was regulated in 1863/64 . However, this was only possible with a contribution from the then railway company to the total costs. At the end of the first settlement, the association's debts amounted to 808,344 thalers .
19./20. Century, lower reaches
When the law regulating the Black Elster came into force , it had already been established that floods would be fed into the lower reaches of the lower reaches more quickly by straightening the course of the river. In addition to these expected consequences, a lowered groundwater level in the regulated areas led to losses in agriculture. The draining of former floodplains meant great disadvantages for flora and fauna. The intensive fishing on the river suffered considerable losses. A strengthening of the open-cast lignite mining on the upper and middle reaches further exacerbated the situation on the lower reaches in the following years. Formerly dry areas were exposed to permanent waterlogging due to rising groundwater and flooding.
The flood in 1895 and a severe ice drift in March 1900 ultimately regulated the lower course. In 1902, the melioration officer, Neumann, who was commissioned with the project, presented the drafts for regulating Premsendorf up to the mouth. However, the residents and interested parties first wanted only the mills and the dams to be torn down to see how the conditions changed afterwards. After a severe flood in 1907, three dykes broke above Premsendorf, resulting in widespread flooding. The then district administrator in Herzberg, Freiherr von Palombini , who had already advocated the Elster regulation in previous years, asked again for financial aid to realize the project. The municipalities affected by the flood event signed a petition in which they proposed regulation as soon as possible and the Schweinitz district as the sponsor of this measure. In 1908 Neumann presented the revised draft regulation. The total costs should be 400,000 marks. After an initial approval of 70,000 marks in 1911, the railway bridge near Premsendorf was rebuilt. In 1912, the first dredging work began near Gorsdorf . By the beginning of the war in 1914, several punctures along the meandering river had been completed. An emerging labor shortage was counteracted by attracting the unemployed. The measures resulted in a noticeable lowering of the groundwater and a significantly faster lowering of high water levels. The work was only interrupted in 1917/18 due to the war-related shortage of workers, but also due to a very harsh winter. In 1921 the work could be finished with the exception of the reconstruction of the Jessen mill dam. However, severe damage from a flood in the previous year led to demands for further expansion measures. So silting up of the new river bed repeatedly caused reduced water runoff. The stretch between Premsendorf and Kremitz silted up almost to the bank. In 1921, the improvement technician Winter presented another design for converting the river bed, but this was not implemented until 1927. Adjustments between Gorsdorf and Premsendorf began on August 23, 1927, with a construction period of four years. A total of 300 workers were employed on the building, including 30 prisoners of war. 11 of the total of 36 kilometers were completed in November 1928. Due to the increasing costs of regulation, mining has repeatedly been asked to contribute to the expenditure. In September 1931 the section planned according to the draft was regulated. The company Ekström from Hamburg, which was initially commissioned with the work, had since gone bankrupt, so that from 1930 the company Gurrels & Börner (also from Hamburg) completed the order. A total of 800,000 m³ of earth was extracted, of which around 150,000 were built into the 20-kilometer-long dike. Ten sluices and 28 culverts were built to drain the cut polders .
20th century, middle course
After the lower course of the Black Elster had been regulated, it became clear at the middle course of the river that without constant maintenance measures, a permanent discharge of floods was not possible. Silting up, bank breaks and vegetation led to the implementation of several special plans. Special plan I concerned the route on the middle course between Premsendorf and Herzberg. Work began in 1930 and was interrupted at Herzberg in 1931. In 1932, Special Plan II came into force to clear the Black Elster between Herzberg and Bad Liebenwerda. In 1933 and 1935, the necessary measures were implemented in the areas between Bad Liebenwerda and Munich as well as between Bad Liebenwerda and Plessa with the special plans II and VI. The river between Neuwiese and Hoyerswerda was expanded until 1933. The remaining section to the Saxon-Prussian border was already under regulation. A special plan V was discussed in the Elstergenossenschaft in 1935 for the Plessa – Biehlen section. The voluntary labor service and its successor organization, the Reich Labor Service , were used for the work.
20th century, upper course
The Black Elster between Wittichenau and the source remained in the Kingdom of Saxony after the Congress of Vienna . As in the lower and middle reaches of the river, flooding caused major damage. There, too, the strongly meandering course, but also obstructions by mill dams, were found to be the cause. In December 1912, two entertainment cooperatives were founded on the basis of the Saxon Water Act of 1909. Their task was to ensure the "maintenance of the Schwarzen Elster and the associated flood channels, as well as the flood protection systems, the cleanliness of the watercourse bed and the protection of the properties in the area from bank attack, flooding, ice drift and swamp". After the severe flooding in 1926, the road and water construction authority in Bautzen proposed the construction of a continuous flood channel between the state border and Jesau. A quarter of the construction costs (5,000 marks) were borne by the entertainment cooperative, while the Saxon Ministry of Finance provided 15,000 marks. With the exception of one section at Milstrich , the work was completed in 1929. There the residents had raised objections to the project. However, since no continuous flood channel was created across the entire Saxon river basin, this was to be enforced in 1929 at the suggestion of the Department of Agriculture at the entertainment cooperative. From 1930 the plans were also discussed with the affected population. Due to financial difficulties, the plans could not be implemented for the time being. Construction began in early 1933 with aid from the Papen program and a loan from Deutsche-Bodenkultur-Aktiengesellschaft in Berlin . The section of the river to be regulated was divided into two sections . Lot I comprised the area between Kamenz and Milstrich and was taken over by the company Zentra from Dresden . In May 1934 the work could be finished there. Since then, the Schwarze Elster no longer flows directly past the former Schiedeler Mühle at the east end of the village, but 350 m further east in a former ditch (referred to as the last ditch on a map from 1890 ). For this purpose, the Schiedeler Waldgraben was extended northeast of Schiedel over the old river bed of the Black Elster to the east to the new mouth. The Schwosdorf water now flows south of Schiedel partly in the old bed of the Black Elster, but continues to flow south-east of Schiedel into the new bed.
Lot II was taken over by the Günther company from Dresden. It comprised the part between Milstrich and the national border. The company finished its work there on March 29, 1934. The last improvements were made in the surrounding area by 1935. The total construction costs there amounted to 907 647.22 Reichsmarks and were financed by loans, the Saxon State and the Papen program.
Flood
The residents of the settlements on the river had already adapted to the annually recurring floods in early modern times. On the one hand, the nutrient deposits on the flooded areas made them more fertile and more valuable for grazing livestock. On the other hand, extreme events caused severe damage to buildings, human lives were to be mourned and the seeds on agricultural areas were destroyed by the long standing water. Flood events from around the middle of the 18th century are well documented. During this time, five significant events are reported in the years 1771, 1772, 1784, 1785 and 1799, during which the adjacent areas were flooded by dam breaks. In addition to minor events, a total of 13 severe floods are known from the 19th century, with floods in the years 1827, 1830, 1831, 1845, 1851, 1854, 1861/62, 1867/68, 1871, 1880/81 and 1895.
In the 20th century, flood events from 1907, 1909, 1919/20, 1926/27 are known for their size.
The flood in the summer of 1926 was devastating. In addition to the Black Elster, it also affected its tributaries: the Pulsnitz, the Große and the Kleine Röder and the Kleine Elster. In the flooded area of the then Bad Liebenwerda district alone, two thirds of the harvest was destroyed that year. Further downstream, up to 144 hectares of flooded area were reported in the Mönchenhöfe area.
The last major floods occurred in 2010/11 (see main article: Elsterhochwasser 2010 ) and in 2013 when the dykes on the river near Gorsdorf , Schweinitz and Arnsnesta broke on the left. A total of eight official gauge stations are operated on the river .
Dry out 2018-2020
In August 2018, due to the unusually hot and dry weather conditions, the river dried up completely over a length of four and a half kilometers between the weir in Kleinkoschen, where water is drained for the open-cast mine, and the tributary of the Rainitza in Senftenberg. During the 2019 heat wave, it dried out for several kilometers at the end of June / beginning of July. The fish mortality was partly caused by the installation of the EUGAL pipeline . The course of the Black Elster river also fell dry in summer 2020, this time not until the beginning of August, but already from Hoyerswerda.
Ecological situation
→ See also: List of bodies of water in Saxony , List of rivers and canals in Brandenburg , List of bodies of water in Saxony-Anhalt
Water quality and structure
After the decline in open-cast lignite mining and a significant reduction in the discharge of industrial wastewater, an improvement in the water quality was noted in the years after 1990. An emerging reduction in the oxygen content due to the now more frequent occurrence of low water in the summer half-year was counteracted by installing bed sills in the river bed. At the same time, these should improve the structure of the water. In the biological water quality map of the Federal Republic of Germany, the Black Elster is shown as moderately polluted water. This corresponds to quality class II. The water structure is described in the water quality atlas with structural classes 3 (moderately changed) to 5 (strongly changed).
Renaturation, revitalization
The Schwarze Elster is one of the most narrowed rivers in Central Europe . The first measures to revitalize the flowing water were the bed sills in the lower reaches. On September 27, 2007, the first Black Elster Conference took place under the motto Aqua est vita - Water is life . After the second conference on November 17, 2008, a working group Black Elster was founded in March 2010 , which wants to implement the renaturation after the experiences with the Kleine Elster. Further renaturation projects in the Schwarze-Elster-Niederung began at the Altwasser Borken in December 2008. In the years that followed, projects of this kind were implemented on the Alten Hechtzug near Elsterwerda, on the crab scissor arm in Neumühl and on the Altwasser in the Langennaundorf Elsterbrüche. After the Elster flood in 2010, extensive planning began for flood protection and the possible revitalization of individual river sections.
Natural spaces, nature conservation, flora and fauna
The Black Elster flows through the following natural spatial main unit groups :
- D10 Elbe-Mulde lowlands
- D24 Upper Lusatian heathland
Biotope types of the floodplain
Softwood and hardwood alluvial forests are the defining biotope types on the Black Elster. However, most of these areas were separated from the river as a result of dyke construction measures. Some of these have been designated as protected areas.
Large protected areas
European bird sanctuaries
A European bird sanctuary is a protected area that was created on the basis of Art. 4 (1) of the Birds Directive 1979. Together with the protected areas according to the Habitats Directive , the special bird protection areas form the Europe-wide biotope network of the Natura 2000 network of protected areas.
A number of particularly endangered or protected species are listed in Appendix I of this directive. The member states that have signed the directive are obliged to designate suitable protected areas for the conservation of these species.
Designated protected areas on the Black Elster are:
- the EU SPA estuary of the Black Elster
- as well as the EU SPA bird sanctuary Annaburger Heide
Nature reserve
The following areas on the river are designated in this protected area category:
- Alte Röder nature reserve near Prieschka
- Schweinert nature reserve
- Alte Elster and Riecke nature reserve
- Alte Elster and Rohrbornwiesen nature reserve
- Black Elster-Kuhlache nature reserve
- Untere Schwarze Elster nature reserve
Landscape protection area
The areas on the river around Bad Liebenwerda designated in this protected area category, such as the Elsteraue and Pond Landscape Protection Area (LSG), were partially established as early as the 1960s. Other LSG are:
- Elsterniederung and western Oberlausitzer Heide between Senftenberg and the edge of the village
- Elsteraue between Herzberg and Übigau
- Elsteraue
Fauna-Flora-Habitat-Directive of the EU
This protected area category is intended to ensure that nature takes precedence over various usage interests and is committed to the idea of a biotope network . The FFH areas along the Black Elster are often congruent with other protected area categories that have already been designated. Designated protected areas are:
- the FFH area middle reaches of the Black Elster
- the FFH area Untere Schwarze Elster
- the FFH area Kuhlache and Elsteraue near Jessen
- the FFH area of the Annaburger Heide water system southeast of Jessen
- the FFH area Alte Elster and Rohrbornwiesen near Premsendorf
- the FFH area Schwarze Elster above Hoyerswerda
Natural monuments
The Hammer-Luch near Löben is an area of an oxbow lake near the village of Löben, which has been designated as a natural monument . Other natural monuments on the river are:
- Pedunculate oak near Frauenhorst
- Pedunculate oak in Bad Liebenwerda at the Elsterbrücke
- Winterlindenallee Bad Liebenwerda on the right dike of the Schwarzen Elster
- Eichen-Linden-Allee in Elsterwerda on the right dike of the Black Elster
- Pedunculate oak Plessa near the Elstermühle on the Schwarzen Elster
- Wild pear in the Annaburg Heath
plants
In today's strongly straightened river, numerous aquatic and bank plants are growing again due to an increasing improvement in water quality. Some intact backwaters that still exist have developed into a refuge for protected plant species. While reeds , bulrushes and waterweed can usually be found in the course of the river , species such as water hazel , crab claw and frog bite have colonized the oxbow lakes. Other protected plant species on the river and its oxbow lakes are worth mentioning:
- Vinegar rose
- Water crowfoot
- Cuckoo carnation
- Broken Willow
- White willow
- Almond willow
- English oak
- Simple hedgehog butt
- Common arrowhead
- Marsh milkweed
- Black alder
Animals
Mammals
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Mammal species worth mentioning on the Black Elster are the otter and the Elbe beaver ( Castor fiber albicus Matschie); thanks to intensive protective measures, its population is now self- sustaining again. The neozoa raccoon , mink and nutria have discovered the river and its tributaries as a habitat.
Birds
On the Black Elster, its oxbow lakes and the remaining floodplains, some rare species have been preserved despite the extensive straightening measures. These include the kingfisher and the Marsh Harrier . The floodplains on the river in the Annaburg Heath are used by cranes as a breeding ground. White- tailed eagles and honey buzzards have also been identified as feeding guests in the past. White storks are known as breeding birds, especially in the towns on the river.
Amphibians
Several of the amphibians and reptiles native to Germany are native to the river. The fire- bellied toad and sand lizard are particularly noteworthy . The specially protected fire-bellied toad is dependent on a habitat with changing water levels. However, this is only achieved in a few backwaters on the river by connecting to today's main course. Other species are the moor frog , the toad / natterjack toad and the frog , which in 2008 for Lurch of the year was chosen.
Fish stocks
Until the middle of the 19th century, the Black Elster was considered to be the most productive river in Central Europe. Due to its strongly meandering course, the river offered the fish population many spawning grounds as well as sufficient food and shelter. In a publication by Max von dem Borne in 1882 about the fishing conditions in the German Empire, Austria-Hungary, Switzerland and Luxembourg, the river is described as extraordinarily rich in fish. In addition to trout in the upper reaches, typical migrating fish species such as salmon , eel and river lampreys , but also catfish , carp , barbel and others were native in large numbers. Starting with regulation, many bends in the river have been eliminated and severed. At the same time, increased discharge of industrial waste water made living conditions worse. Since this development in the GDR continued until the political change, no more fish could be found in the lower reaches at times. With an improvement in the water quality, beginning in the 1990s, the first surveys were carried out in the estuary area and in the lower reaches. In 1992, 16 different fish species were found in these areas. The positive development trend continued, so that in 1998 and 2002 already 26 different species could be identified in the lower reaches. These included eel, asp , catfish, burbot , chub , barbel, pike , pikeperch and tench . Analyzes of harmful substances on the fish could in no case prove that the maximum permitted quantities were exceeded, so that caught fish are considered fit for consumption.
Different length specifications
As with other rivers, the indication of the river length can vary. The Schwarze Elster has often been affected by regulatory measures over time, for example extensive straightening in the 19th century or lignite mining. As a result of these measures, their river bed was often massively changed and relocated, which also had an impact on its length.
literature
- Hydrological manual. (PDF; 115 kB) Part 2 - Area Codes. Free State of Saxony - State Office for Environment and Geology, p. 8 , accessed on December 25, 2017 .
- Luise Grundmann, Dietrich Hanspach: The Schraden. A regional study in the Elsterwerda, Lauchhammer, Hirschfeld and Ortrand area . Ed .: Institute for Regional Geography Leipzig and the Saxon Academy of Sciences in Leipzig. Böhlau Verlag, Cologne / Weimar / Vienna 2005, ISBN 3-412-10900-2 .
- Günther Erfurt: The Black Elster. Fate of our homeland river . Self-published, Jessen 2007.
- Dieter Lehmann, Veit Rösler and others: Black Elster - Uferlos. The record flood in 2010 . Books Chamber, Herzberg 2010, ISBN 978-3-940635-26-6 .
See also
Web links
- Map of the catchment area in Saxony with current water levels - Saxon State Ministry for Environment and Agriculture SMUL
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b Measurement using a topographic map 1: 25,000
- ↑ a b Water profile - Elbe, flood prevention plan Dresden, 2010. (PDF; 7.5 MB) In: dresden.de. City of Dresden, Mayoress, Environment Agency, March 4, 2010, accessed on August 21, 2020 .
- ^ German Hydrological Yearbook Elbe Region, Part I 2014. (PDF) State Office for Flood Protection and Water Management Saxony-Anhalt, p. 122 , accessed on November 3, 2018 (from: lhw.sachsen-anhalt.de).
- ↑ The Black Magpie. In: brandenburg.de. State of Brandenburg - Ministry for Rural Development, Environment and Agriculture, January 18, 2016, archived from the original on March 17, 2016 ; accessed on August 21, 2020 .
- ↑ Jürgen Udolph : onenological studies on the German problem. Sieboldshausen 1993, ISBN 3110141388 , p. 245.
- ↑ Jürgen Udolph : Place names as a historical source . In: Eurasian magazine . Eurasischer Verlag, March 26, 2004, archived from the original on May 10, 2012 ; accessed on August 21, 2020 .
- ↑ Old names of waters. In: Onomastics - Names and Name Research. Thomas Liebecke, October 16, 2006, accessed on August 21, 2020 .
- ^ Emilia Crome: The place names of the Bad Liebenwerda district. Akademie-Verlag, Berlin 1968.
- ^ Ineswalk: Medieval castles and mansions in the Elbe-Elster area and in northern Upper Lusatia. In: Messages from the Saxon Homeland Security Association . Issue 1/1995, pp. 26-30.
- ↑ Manuela Armenat: The 'perfect training' of the Black Magpie. A multidimensional study on water management and cultural landscape change 1800–1945. Waxmann, Münster 2012, ISBN 978-3-8309-2706-8 , p. 120 ff.
- ↑ Home calendar for the Schweitnitz district. Year 1931, p. 41 ff.
- ^ Günther Erfurt: The Black Elster. Fate of our homeland river. Self-published, Jessen 2007, pp. 8 and 9.
- ↑ Manuela Armenat: The 'perfect training' of the Black Magpie. A multidimensional study on water management and cultural landscape change 1800–1945. Waxmann, Münster 2012, ISBN 978-3-8309-2706-8 , p. 127 ff.
- ↑ Manuela Armenat: The 'perfect training' of the Black Magpie. A multidimensional study on water management and cultural landscape change 1800–1945. Waxmann, Münster 2012, ISBN 978-3-8309-2706-8 , p. 144 ff.
- ↑ Home calendar for the Schweinitz district. Year 1931, pp. 41–44.
- ↑ Manuela Armenat: The 'perfect training' of the Black Magpie. A multidimensional study on water management and cultural landscape change 1800–1945. Waxmann, Münster 2012, ISBN 978-3-8309-2706-8 , p. 154 ff.
- ↑ Section 21: Strassgräbchen (geological photo by E. Weber) - 1:25 000. Giesecke & Devrient, Leipzig 1890. Land surveying office of Saxony in Dresden.
- ↑ Manuela Armenat: The perfect training of the black magpie. Waxmann Verlag, ISBN 978-3-8309-2706-8 , p. 157 ff.
- ^ Günther Erfurt: Die Schwarze Elster, fate of our home river. Self-published, Jessen
- ↑ Manuela Armenat: The perfect training of the black magpie. Waxmann Verlag, ISBN 978-3-8309-2706-8 , p. 107 ff.
- ↑ Rudolf Matthies: "History of the village Würdenhain" . 1953 (compiled within the framework of the national construction work with subsequent additions by Ursula Heinz and Matthias Lohse).
- ↑ Cross-country flood portal with gauge stations
- ↑ Jan Augustin: Black Elster near Senftenberg dried up. In: Lausitzer Rundschau . LR Medienverlag und Druckerei GmbH, August 7, 2018, accessed on August 21, 2020 .
- ↑ Water scarcity in Brandenburg. Schwarze Elster near Senftenberg lies dry . In: rbb24 , July 3, 2019, accessed on July 4, 2019.
- ↑ Rita Seyfert: Great fish death in the Black Elster. In: Lausitzer Rundschau . LR Medienverlag und Druckerei GmbH, July 12, 2019, accessed on July 15, 2019 : "Hundreds of tons of fish perished this week in the dried up Elster behind the Neuwiese gauge in the Geierswalde area."
- ↑ Michael Sauerbier: With Putin's pipeline came the fish death. In: BZ July 20, 2019, accessed on July 23, 2019 : "The river Schwarze Elster in southern Brandenburg has been biologically dead for weeks over a length of around 25 kilometers. From Plessa to Wahrenbrück hardly a fish has survived."
- ↑ Black Elster dried up in Saxony. In: saechsische.de . August 6, 2020, accessed August 10, 2020.
- ↑ Map representations of the regional hydrological service Saxony-Anhalt on the ecological situation
- ↑ Frank Claus: Elster damaged areas should be repaired quickly. In: Lausitzer Rundschau . LR Medienverlag und Druckerei GmbH, October 5, 2010, accessed on August 21, 2020 .
- ↑ defined according to geomorphological, pedological-geological and biogeographical criteria according to the Federal Agency for Nature Conservation , 1994.
- ↑ List of landscape protection areas in Brandenburg (PDF; 110 kB)
- ↑ Ordinance on the "Elsteraue" nature reserve.
- ↑ Link to the nature reserves in the Elbe-Elster district
- ↑ Link to the NSG Untere Schwarze Elster ( Memento of the original from September 28, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Ordinance establishing the extensive natural monument "Hammer Luch bei Löben". published in the official gazette for the district of Wittenberg, issue 24 of November 24, 2012.
- ↑ Ordinance on the establishment of trees as natural monuments in the Elbe-Elster district of June 21, 2011.
- ↑ Ordinance of the Wittenberg district establishing the wild pear natural monument in the Annaburg Heath. ( Memento of December 3, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF; 12 kB)
- ↑ Species protection program sea eagles with occurrence on the Black Elster (PDF; 8.8 MB)
- ↑ Description of NSG Untere Schwarze Elster ( Memento of the original from September 28, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ^ Technical reports of the FGG Elbe
