Alexander Cartellieri

Alexander Cartellieri in 1913

Alexander Maximilian Georg Cartellieri (born June 19, 1867 in Odessa , † January 16, 1955 in Jena ) was a German historian who researched the history of the High Middle Ages . From 1904 to 1934 he taught as a full professor for middle and modern history at the University of Jena . Even after his retirement , World War II and the division of Germany , he remained in Jena until his death on January 16, 1955.

Cartellieri was a supporter of the monarchy. Until the First World War he was involved in the international scholarly world. Due to the war, these contacts, especially with French scholars, broke off. His friendship with the Belgian historian Henri Pirenne also broke up. He rejected the Weimar Republic . He agitated against the Versailles Treaty , but in contrast to other German historians, he did not concentrate on a nationally narrowed view of history. Adolf Hitler's foreign policy successes inspired him, but he did not emerge as a propagandist of the Nazi regime of violence.

In Jena he built a large private library with at times over 18,000 volumes. Cartellieri was an expert on medieval French history. With his four-volume biography of the French King Philip II August , published between 1899 and 1922, he gained international renown. In addition to the French king, world history as the history of power was his second major research topic. Cartellieri remained an outsider in his field. His 12,000-page diary, which was kept from 1878 to 1954, is an important source of the mentality of German scholars between the early days and the beginning of the German dual state.

Life

Origin and youth

Alexander Cartellieri as a small child in Paris (around 1873). Steinbach private archive.

Alexander Cartellieri as a primary school student in Gütersloh in 1885. Steinbach private archive.

High school graduation picture from February 1887. Cartellieri is third from the left in the middle row. Thuringian University and State Library, Cartellieri estate, photo portfolio.

The ancestors of the paternal line Cartellieris came from Milan and many were singers. Beppino Cartellieri, who is said to have lived in Milan at the end of the 17th century, is named as the oldest verifiable ancestor of the paternal line. Cartellieri's first ancestor living in Germany was his great-grandfather Antonio Cartellieri, who settled in Königsberg in 1786 . When the family moved from Italy to Germany, there was also a social change: musicians became merchants. The paternal grandfather, Julius Friedrich Leopold Cartellieri (1795–1873), was the city treasurer in Pillau . Cartellieri's father was the merchant Leopold Cartellieri, the mother Cölestine Manger was the daughter of a mine owner from Kassel. Alexander Cartellieri, born in Odessa in 1867, was the third of five children. The family moved to Paris in 1872 because of the father's business. Cartellieri's father was there as an accountant for the banking house Ephrussi & Co. of Ignaz von Ephrussi from Odessa . Cartellieri is one of the few German history professors of his time who were born and grew up abroad. A few months before Cartellieri's relocation, France had lost the war against the Prussian-German troops. The inhabitants of Paris were under the impression of the siege of their city, the imperial proclamation in Versailles, the surrender and the loss of Alsace-Lorraine . The Cartellieris therefore only had personal contact with the few German families living in Paris.

Cartellieri's father adored Otto von Bismarck and advocated the national unification of Germany. The father's language skills and patriotic disposition influenced the son. In addition to the Protestant baptism, it was important to Cartellieri's father that his son was accepted into the army register in 1867. Heads of House taught French to Cartellieri. The bouquinists on the banks of the Seine aroused his interest in books from an early age. According to a diary entry from June 1882, he decided "to gradually get together the most important classics, especially those that refer to my hobby-horse history". He was particularly fascinated by Leopold von Ranke in his early years . For Cartellieri Ranke was also later the “greatest historian of all peoples and times”. Cartellieri's interest in French royalty was awakened early on by frequent walks in the Tuileries and the tombs of Saint-Denis .

Cartellieri came from the European metropolis Paris to the provincial town of Gütersloh in April 1883 . The father wanted his son to be trained at a German grammar school and thus give him the prerequisites for university studies and civil service in the German Reich. In Gütersloh, Cartellieri increased his book collection to over 400 copies, including the first volumes of Ranke's world history. Inspired by reading Rankes, he decided in November 1886 to become a university professor of history. In February 1887 he passed his Abitur as the best of his year. He was retired from military service because of his nearsightedness.

Years of study in Tübingen, Leipzig and Berlin

Cartellieri's academic teacher Paul Scheffer-Boichorst

From the summer semester of 1887, Cartellieri studied history with Bernhard Kugler at the University of Tübingen . Far away from his studies, the castles of Hohenzollern and Hohenstaufen left a lasting impression on him. In addition to history, he was also interested in philosophy, archeology and literature. During this time he began building a historical library. Since his parents provided him generously with 1,500 marks a year and as a student did not lead a dissolute life, he had considerable means at his disposal to buy books. One of his first purchases was the History Johann Gustav Droysen . With a letter of recommendation from Kugler, he moved to the University of Leipzig after a year . Wilhelm Arndt aroused his interest in the Capetian Philip II August there . He also attended Wilhelm Wundt's College on Ethnic Psychology and the lectures by Wilhelm Maurenbrecher on the history of the 18th century.

From 1889 Cartellieri studied in Berlin. At the University of Berlin was Paul Scheffer-Boichorst his instructor. Scheffer-Boichorst had a reputation for particularly thorough training in the methods of source criticism. Having studied with him was a valuable recommendation in the 1980s and 1990s. Cartellieri's lectures made a lasting impression on Heinrich von Treitschke , in which current topics such as the “ Jewish question ”, the cultural struggle or the educational reform were dealt with. From Treitschke he took over "his belief in the German nation and the Prussian state". In addition to Treitschke, Otto von Bismarck became a defining figure for Cartellieri.

At the end of 1890 Cartellieri finished his dissertation on the youth of the French king Philip II August (1165-1223). It was published in the Revue Historique in 1893 . Also in 1890 in Berlin he met Margarete Arnold, the daughter of a wealthy Berlin lawyer, whom he married four years later. In marriage, Cartellieri saw “still the most decent means of satisfying certain feelings” and, moreover, “to get a good cook, housekeeper and nurse” for free. The marriage resulted in five children, including Wolfgang Cartellieri , the father of bank manager Ulrich Cartellieri . His wife not only took care of the housekeeping, but also helped him compile the registers and correct his publications.

Karlsruhe archive time

After completing his doctorate , Cartellieri received a job as an unskilled worker for the Baden Historical Commission in Karlsruhe through the agency of Scheffer-Boichorst . From 1892 he worked on the regests of the bishops of Constance (Regesta episcoporum Constantiensium) , mainly devoting himself to the parchment documents from the 14th and 15th centuries. To view the source material, he undertook archival trips to Lucerne , Constance , Bregenz , Lindau and Freiburg . In the Vatican Archives he viewed source material on the history of the Bishops of Constance from 1351 to 1383. At the same time, he was preparing for the state examination for teaching. Due to the increased workload, he suffered a faint attack and was given a four-week leave of absence.

The regesta work could not inspire him: "The wines pressed from documents and files are sleeping trunks." Cartellieri offered little tangible statements about time from this type of source. He missed a clear picture of the epoch and world history. In 1895 he passed the exam as an archive assessor. In retrospect, he felt that the processing of the regesta was "exploitation" and an activity of the "most dull kind". On the other hand, his younger brother Otto Cartellieri , who was denied a professorship, was able to secure the permanent existence of the archive. Repelled by the brittle regesta work, Cartellieri turned increasingly to the theory of history and philosophy of history and thought about the division of world history. He dealt with the materialistic conception of history, the racial work of Arthur de Gobineau and Darwin's theory of evolution .

During his time in Karlsruhe, Cartellieri also wrote a large number of reviews on new French publications and established contacts with colleagues from Germany and abroad. He met the director of the French national library Léopold Victor Delisle and the medievalists Achille Luchaire and Charles Petit-Dutaillis . At the second German Historians' Day in Leipzig in 1894, he met Henri Pirenne . He remained on friendly terms with him for many years.

In Karlsruhe, Cartellieri took an active part in urban and social life and became a member of numerous civic associations. He learned to swim and cycle on the Upper Rhine . In addition to hiking, these sporting activities became his favorite leisure activities. Reading books and hiking were central to his life alongside teaching and research.

Privatdozent in Heidelberg

In January 1898 Cartellieri took a leave of absence from the archives service to further deepen his studies on Philip II August. Bernhard Erdmannsdörffer and Dietrich Schäfer encouraged him to expand this research into a habilitation. In 1898 Cartellieri therefore went to Heidelberg and became Schäfer's assistant, whom he admired for his willingness to work. The Heidelberg habilitation for Philip II August took place in 1899. In the summer semester of 1899 he held his first exercise on Latin palaeography and a lecture on French history in the Middle Ages in Heidelberg .

He maintained close contact with experts who, like himself, had special relationships with foreign cultures, such as the Romanist Karl Vossler , who was connected to Italy, or Alfred von Domaszewski, who was descended from Polish and French ancestors . He also found the exchange of ideas with Carl Neumann and Georg Jellinek stimulating: the art historian Neumann brought him closer to Jacob Burckhardt's work and the lawyer Jellinek was interested in the constitutional structures of foreign states. Cartellieri had fond memories of Heidelberg . He described the city as "the end of a wonderful youth".

Professorship in Jena (1904–1935)

The Cartellieri couple reading in the garden around 1907

Karl Hampe in Heidelberg in 1913

In 1902 Cartellieri was appointed to a civil servant extraordinary position for middle and modern history at the University of Jena . In the winter semester of 1904 he took over the chair of general history as the successor to Ottokar Lorenz . At that time he had already made a name for himself as an expert on the history of France in the Middle Ages. In Jena, however, Cartellieri did not feel at home - unlike in Paris or Heidelberg - for him Jena was a "booger nest". A hoped-for appointment to Heidelberg, Munich or Berlin did not materialize. Karl Hampe was appointed to Heidelberg . Cartellieri felt this for a long time as "a source [...] of piercing pain". He first met his rival Hampe three years later. Because of the excitement, he had to try hard to "speak clearly and slowly".

The house initially rented by Cartellieri and later bought for 50,000 marks was one of the first posh houses in Jena’s west quarter. It remained his home until his death in January 1955. As a professor he had a privileged position in society; the servants included nannies, a cook and a maid.

Cartellieri held his inaugural lecture as a professor in Jena in November 1904 on the nature and structure of historical science. By 1945 he was in charge of 144 dissertations and four post-doctoral theses. 55 of these works had a regional history focus. Ulrich Crämer , Willy Flach , Friedrich Schneider and Hans Tümmler were among his academic students . Besides Schneider, Helmut Tiedemann was the only historian who received both a doctorate and a habilitation at Cartellieri.

In Jena, Cartellieri was one of the modernizers and reformers among the professors. As an associate professor in 1903, he complained in a letter to the university's curator that “Jena has the most modestly equipped seminar, and is even half way behind Rostock”. He asked for more funds, especially for the library. Even if his diaries contain derogatory remarks about the opening of universities to female students, he promoted women's studies in Jena. Numerous women were awarded doctorates by him, also with the highest grade summa cum laude , which he very rarely awarded. By 1919 he had supervised ten women's dissertations. Käthe Nikolai received his doctorate in 1921 and was his assistant for many years. Furthermore, he improved the book and room situation as well as the seminar operations through a fixed set of rules.

Cartellieri held exams and lectures throughout the period from late antiquity to contemporary history. He was the only professor in Jena to represent history in its entirety. Until his retirement in 1935, he continuously gave lectures on the history of the Revolution and Napoleon based on French sources and representations. Cartellieri found relaxation from everyday university life several times a week on forest walks with other scholars, who became an integral part of the Jena scholarly culture.

First World War

Cartellieri as prorector in spring 1914. Steinbach private archive.

Before the outbreak of the war, Cartellieri belonged to the intellectual leadership class, as a university professor he held a socially respected position. From 1913 he held the title of Hofrat . At Easter 1914 he became Vice Rector ; this was the highest academic office at the time. He maintained numerous international contacts and represented the university abroad. In the spring of 1913 he spoke at the London Congress of Historians and in the autumn in Vienna about his results on Philip II August. He was also a member of the emerging Cambridge Medieval History , a handbook on the history of the Middle Ages. Cartellieri's involvement in interdisciplinary discourses, however, declined. Among the historians of the late Empire, he was considered "French".

When the Austro-Hungarian heir to the throne Franz Ferdinand and his wife Sophie were murdered on June 28, 1914 in the assassination attempt in Sarajevo , Cartellieri was traveling by train to the Rectors' Conference in Groningen . Even after the attack was announced, he did not notice any reluctance on the part of foreign colleagues towards the Germans. The completion of the fourth and last volume of Philipp Augustus was delayed by the Vice Rector and the First World War. Cartellieri had proceeded in strict chronological order in his work and, after decades of employment , had arrived at the main part of his depiction, the battle of Bouvines in 1214, shortly before the start of the war . But now he lacked the audience, because he was dealing with a ruler who, in the judgment of posterity, had been transfigured as a monument to French nationalism and therefore appeared to be an inopportune topic for a German historian under the political conditions of the time. In addition, it was the 700th anniversary of Philip's victory over Otto IV at Bouvines in the summer of 1914. Therefore, from his point of view, in October 1914 Cartellieri was “a victim of the war year like few other colleagues!” Despite doubts about the topic and the little prospect of a broad reception in Germany, he continued his research on the French king.

During the World War, a wide variety of war journalism developed, to which around half of the medieval professors in Germany contributed. During the war and in the early crisis years of the Weimar Republic, Cartellieri carried out, according to Matthias Steinbach, "an inner change to a bitter nationalist who will squander intellectual and heuristic energies in the fight against the enemy and later the Versailles peace treaty [...]". Steinbach also noted a hardening and militarization of the diary entries for the first months of the war. Every announcement of victory by the German troops was celebrated in the diary. Cartellieri dreamed of restoring the Old Kingdom . In June 1914, however, Cartellieri, as prorector, had given a conciliatory speech to Germany and France through the centuries , in which he described the two nations as "siblings at odds with inheritance" and called on his students to "not respect any border posts in the intellectual struggle, but bravely go out to conquer the innocuous realm of knowledge ”. He emphasized that it was never the German way of "transferring hard political contradictions [...] to the intellectual and personal sphere". In a speech to the student body in October 1914, however, he said that in addition to military and economic armaments, intellectual Germany should also help victory: "The victory of German arms should open new paths for the victory of German ideas." Despite its proximity to the French Kulturkreis, Cartellieri spoke in November 1916 of France's thirst for revenge, which the neighboring country wanted to quench against Germany.

Under the pseudonym Konrad , Cartellieri published articles in the national romantic journal Die Tat by Eugen Diederichs . He wanted to bring the old idea of ​​the emperor into the present and “preach and speak of emperor and empire”. The medieval kings and emperors were considered in German medieval studies as early representatives of the strong monarchical power hoped for in the present. Cartellieri's collaboration ended in 1915; possibly he did not like the escalation of the contrast between German and Western European culture. Otherwise, Cartellieri did not make public statements in war journalism. He thought little of "trying to unveil the secrets of the General Staff with a few cards and newspaper notes or to give it grades". He was also not politically active in the Independent Committee for a German Peace around Dietrich Schäfer or in the German Fatherland Party .

During the war years, living conditions also deteriorated for wealthy families. Cartellieri had to do without a housekeeper and gardener as well as traveling to the south. He tried to maintain contact with his students who were fighting at the front; he sent them letters, sweets, and smaller papers. In 1915 his eldest son Walther and his brother Otto took part in the war. During this time he turned away from the present; in his reading he immersed himself in the medieval world of knights and read stories from the Orient .

After the German occupation of Belgium, Henri Pirenne was deported to Thuringia by the military authorities. He came to Jena from the officers' prison camp in Holzminden . There he met Cartellieri again in August 1916, who was scientifically and personally connected to him. The German authorities had eased Pirenne's detention conditions. He only had to report to the authorities twice a week, but otherwise remained at large. In Jena, Pirenne only sought contact with Cartellieri. After a long walk with Pirenne, Cartellieri noted in his diary in January 1917 that he was "an exceptionally clever man who was committed to discussions, albeit within the limits that a Frenchman would have". At the end of 1917 Pirenne was relocated to Kreuzburg . The two scholars became estranged. They did not see each other again, nor did they exchange letters. In 1920 Pirenne's Souvenirs de captivité en Allemagne (mars 1916 – November 1918) characterized Cartellieri as the type of German professor who was addicted to conquest who was complicit in the world war.

Until the end of September 1918, Cartellieri believed that a happy outcome to the war for the German Reich was possible. Through the Russian Revolution he believed that he would be "forever free from the dangerous threat in the East". He hoped for an Anglo-American conflict. He retained his belief in Germany until the end of the war. On November 8, 1918 he noted: "But the firm belief in the Reich, in the German fatherland cannot be shaken".

At the end of the war, his library reached its largest size with more than 18,000 volumes. In Germany only Werner Sombart , Joseph Schumpeter , Max Weber , in Italy Benedetto Croce and in France Henri Bergson had a comparable book collection.

Weimar Republic

The November Revolution came as a shock to Cartellieri. The tone of voice in the diary intensified. November 9, 1918 was for him “a day of inevitable shame for Germany” that could only be “washed off by blood”. He found the ceasefire conditions of November 11, 1918 "terrible". On November 13, 1918 he wrote: “Who could be so stupid and believe in the League of Nations if we keep losing Alsace-Lorraine ? Wolf [his son] immediately said: We'll take that again! Bravo, that's how the youth thinks, and I want to see the retribution. ”Cartellieri wanted to promote national sentiment with his speeches on the founding of the empire and his lectures on war guilt. In his lectures, however, he largely avoided a political commitment; In his representations he intended “not to pour anger into the past”.

He rejected the Weimar Republic . He did not have a high opinion of the parliamentary principle, because no legitimate state authority can be founded on (election) "slips of paper". On January 19, 1919, the whole family voted for the Weimar National Assembly . The family agreed to "nationally German, mainly to bring Clemens Delbrück in" and "to build dams against the storm surge of democratic ideas". Up until the time of Konrad Adenauer, Cartellieri conscientiously noted every choice in his diary. He despised social democracy and kept his distance from the workers. He followed the political events in Italy and the victory of Italian fascism with great interest . For him it was "the first major counter-socialist movement since the French Revolution". On the occasion of his murder in 1921 by right-wing terrorist circles, he described the center member Matthias Erzberger as one of the "worst pests of the fatherland". Although Cartellieri was not a "Republican of reason" because of his anti-parliamentary attitude, he behaved loyally to the constitution. His biographer Matthias Steinbach sees him closer to the group of people who, for reasons of reason, professed the Weimar Constitution than to national conservative professors such as Dietrich Schäfer, Johannes Haller or Max Lenz . The unity of the empire was his top priority, so he tolerated the new form of government. He did not use his lectures to speak out against the republic. He was a typical supporter of the DNVP . In the further course of the Weimar Republic, he chose mainly German national and occasionally the DVP .

He rejected a German war debt. Rather, he emphasized "the love of peace and self-restraint, [...] which Germany had shown in various circumstances before the war". The striving to refute the war guilt thesis led him to actively participate in the working committee of German associations . He represented the thesis of the war guilt lie . Cartellieri also propagated the stab in the back legend and hoped for a return of the Hohenzollern . In 1922 he noted that he had traced his diary entries back to 1915, and admitted that he was amazed at the high spirits then today. A year later, his daughter Ilse married Max Prange (1891–1979), who had a doctorate in geography. The marriage had three children, including the historian Wolfgang Prange in 1932 .

Due to the rise in inflation since mid-1922, Cartellieri was no longer able to maintain its relatively high standard of living before the war. He had to sell part of his library and cancel magazine subscriptions for groceries. The professor's salaries were hardly worth anything, although they were being recalculated at ever shorter intervals. After the economic situation stabilized, Cartellieri's salary was 3500 marks. He earned about twice as much as an unskilled worker.

Several times in his life he longed for more meaning. As early as December 20, 1921, he wrote in his diary: “My hot desire to somehow influence my time, a later time, will perhaps never be fulfilled [...] I would have liked to serve great men, I would have been loyal to them in the old Germanic way been, there was no opportunity to do so, nobody loved me ”. On November 25, 1928, he asked himself: “What will remain of me? A frosty necrology in the HZ ? "

In addition to his duties as a university lecturer, he was also deputy chairman of the Association for Thuringian History and Antiquity , a member of the advisory board of the Society of Friends of the University and was one of the narrow members of the German Dante Society in Weimar . In February 1933 he was accepted as a full member of the Saxon Academy of Sciences .

In the late phase of the Weimar Republic, Cartellieri met several personal blows of fate. In April 1930, his brother Otto died unexpectedly during a vacation trip to Switzerland. The death of his wife in March 1931 plunged him into a deep personal crisis. The political situation for Cartellieri thereby lost significantly in importance. His diary became a place of overcoming grief and fostering memories. After the death of his wife, he tried several times to re-bond and to marry again, but ultimately without success.

National Socialism

In March 1932 las Cartellieri the new critical study Hitler's way of Theodor Heuss about Adolf Hitler and the Nazis. A few weeks later he voted for Hitler in the presidential election. The rejection of the Weimar party system, the striving for a revision of the Versailles Treaty, the desire for national resurgence and a pronounced anti-communism led Cartellieri to come closer to the new National Socialist state. Above all, the exemption from the humiliation of the Versailles Treaty was decisive. On March 29, 1938 he wrote in his diary: “Without Jena, no Sedan, said Bismarck after 1892 in Jena. [...] Without Versailles there would be no National Socialism, one will have to say later ”. Steinbach assesses Cartellieri's attitude towards National Socialism as "approvingly skeptical". After reading Hitler's Mein Kampf in May 1933, he asked himself in his diary: “What does he actually want in the East? He doesn't say that. Attack Russia and settle Germans there? Is there really room for us? "

Cartellieri, who no longer had to worry about advancing his career, was able to observe developments after 1933, according to Folker Reichert, with "a mixture of national loyalty and aristocratic detachment". He did not become a member of the NSDAP , was not actively involved in National Socialism and did not speak out publicly for it.

In March 1933, after the National Socialists came to power , he warmly welcomed in his diary “that our so-called revolution of 1918, this stupid, criminal and, above all, superfluous revolution will be wiped out”. Initially, he assumed a transitional government. “You have to participate”, he wrote in his diary on May 1, 1933, “because failure brings us collapse and Bolshevism . Maybe he'll collapse in Russia while we still have the current government. That would be best. ”In the summer of 1934, the so-called Röhm Putsch took place , in which Hitler murdered the leadership of the SA, including the chief of staff, Ernst Röhm, without a judicial decision. Although the terror of the Nazi regime became evident through this procedure, Cartellieri welcomed the decision and hoped for “a substantial improvement in general conditions”.

According to Matthias Steinbach's analysis, there are occasional anti-Semitic echoes in Cartellieri's diary . On September 5, 1922, he asked there: “Isn't there Negro blood in all Semites?” According to the historian Karel Hruza, negative notes about Jewish colleagues, such as Hermann Bloch , Hedwig Hintze or Ernst Kantorowicz, are often found in the diary . Cartellieri, however, stuck to Humboldt's ideal of science and university. He strictly refused to politicize the university. As early as 1930 he spoke out in a motion against the appointment of the pseudo-scientific racial scientist Hans FK Günther by the National Socialist Minister of Education, Wilhelm Frick . The dismissal of the medical historian Theodor Meyer-Steineg as a result of the “ Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service ” shocked him. Shaken, he registered the new Jewish laws after the November pogroms in 1938 . In order to reconcile his admiration for Hitler with the persecution of the Jews, he remembered the French King Philip August. The French king first threw the Jews out and later let them in again. According to Matthias Steinbach, the fourth volume of his world history, published in 1941, contained a remarkable judgment in view of the ethnic-anti-Semitic positions of younger colleagues. Regarding the persecution of Jews in the Rhineland on the fringes of the first crusade , he said that it "brought ruin to those who took part and of course many innocent people and [...] were repeatedly disapproved of by contemporaries".

In January 1935 he wrote in his diary: “I have to pull myself together terribly not to say something stupid.” In the very next sentence, however, he added: “I affirm infinitely many things about National Socialism and not just today, but long before that . ”In July 1935, he and his colleague Georg Mentz were reported to the rector by a teacher because they had not sung the Horst Wessel song and had not raised their arms high enough in the Hitler salute.

From retirement in 1935 to the end of the war

After his retirement in 1935, Cartellieri concentrated on his project World History as a History of Power . After Matthias Steinbach and Herbert Gottwald , he remained connected to Hitler and the Reich in “ loyalty to the Nibelungs ” until the end . Cartellieri's enthusiasm was primarily aroused by Hitler's foreign policy successes. In 1938 he wrote in his diary: “I believe I understand Hitler's genius, I acknowledge that a man from the people had to stand up, like the Maid of Orléans after Azincourt and Troyes , but quite a lot that was done in Hitler's name I don't want to be comfortable at all. ”For Cartellieri, the idea of ​​the fatherland was higher than the idea of ​​the Führer. On November 12, 1939, he noted in his diary: “The Führer can fall, the flags of the fatherland can be carried on by others. [...] Hitler has already taken precautions: Göring , Rudolf Hess . Hopefully he will live a long time. ”He followed the events in Austria with great interest. He welcomed the “ Anschluss of Austria ” in March 1938, “so that Austria does not sink into the Slavic flood”. He identified four enemies in Austria with “Catholics, Legitimists, Sozzis and Communists, Jews”. On the occasion of the capitulation of France in June 1940, Cartellieri hoped that the peace would be concluded in the Palace of Versailles in order to annul the Versailles Treaty of June 29, 1919 and to renew the imperial proclamation of January 18, 1871. For Cartellieri, even under National Socialism, the empire remained “the given way of life for Germany”. Despite his contempt for Wilhelm II , he said that a Hohenzoller must become emperor.

In October 1941, Cartellieri denounced in his diary the emigrants who had left Germany as the “worst enemies” of their homeland. He registered the assassination attempt on July 20, 1944 with indignation; he was relieved that “the Führer did not suffer any serious injuries”. An officer made him aware that the war situation in the east was becoming increasingly hopeless. Nevertheless, on March 25, 1945, he still hoped for a turnaround in the war with the V2 rockets .

In 1942, the National Socialists dedicated a detailed article to Cartellieri in the National Socialist monthly magazine for his 75th birthday . He received a letter of congratulations from the “Führer and Reich Chancellor”. The Jena war rector Karl Astel personally congratulated him. He was also honored with the Goethe Medal for Art and Science . For Matthias Steinbach, the Nazis' interest in Cartellieri had two reasons: They were able to present a supposedly ideology-free and impartial view of history, and Cartellieri's focus on the work of great men in history suited their view of the world.

Last years of life

After the end of the war, Cartellieri did not take a self-critical attitude; he did not believe that scholars were complicit in the rise of National Socialism. “Most of the people knew nothing about the atrocities in the concentration camps”. According to the interpretation he now advocated, Hitler was not a German, but a European problem: he would not have come to power without the fall of the Empire and the Treaty of Versailles. Cartellieri still considered the empire to be the best form of government. On September 22nd, 1946 he noted in his diary: "No one who understands can doubt that if the Socialists had not driven away the emperor in their republic psychosis, the NSDAP would never have come to power."

Jena was badly damaged by bombing, but Cartellieri's house was largely spared. War and peace had torn his family apart, his eldest son Walther had died in the last fighting in northern Italy in May 1945. He was alone in Jena. His daughter Ilse Prange died in February 1949. From then on he had no one in the family with whom he could talk about the administration of his estate. Colleagues and friends had also died in the war or started over in the West. Without his library, Cartellieri did not want to move. In September 1949, Otto Schwarz , the rector of the University of Jena, informed him that his intelligence card, which included discounts on food purchases, would be withdrawn because he had criticized the people 's congress movement and the political situation in the Soviet zone of occupation . As in the 1922/23 crisis, Cartellieri had to swap or sell books again to buy food. An American, whom he gave his Edition Ex Guidonis de Bazochiis cronosgraphie libro septimo in exchange for food, thanked him in return with honey from Moscow , Idaho . Finally, the Cartellieri intelligence card was handed over again by Rector Josef Hämel .

The technical progress that became even more noticeable through the war inspired Cartellieri to deal with new topics such as the development of travel speed in the Middle Ages or the causes and spread of epidemics in the Staufer period . He continued to work on the fifth volume of his world history. He went for regular walks until old age. On his 85th birthday in 1952, he accepted the mayor's congratulations. Rector and Vice Rector conveyed the SED's congratulations to him . The well-wishers still belonged to the older generation of bourgeois scholars. Cartellieri died alone on January 16, 1955 in Jena. He was buried in the Jena North Cemetery.

plant

Cartellieri submitted over 200 publications from 1890 to 1952, continuing Rankean historiography. His concern was to preserve the idea of ​​a historical unity of the "Germanic and Romanic peoples". He preferred the large shape to detailed studies. His early work was regional history studies on the clergy of the Diocese of Constance . He then focused on France, especially the period between the Third Crusade and the Battle of Bouvines , and finally devoted himself to a universal study of history. His two main works are the four-volume biography of the French King Philip II August (1165-1223), published between 1899 and 1922, and the five-volume World History as a Power History , published from 1927 to 1972 , which covers the period from 382 to 1190. This work was highly valued especially in France and Belgium, but less so in Germany. Among his German colleagues, he was considered an unpatriotic outsider. According to his understanding of history, “tall” active men shape the events sustainably. He did not have a high opinion of academic journals ("Magazines are the beer bars and coffee houses of science."). In reviews he did not emerge as a scathing critic; almost all of his reviews are written in a factual tone.

Revolutionary study and biography of Philip II August

Cartellieri devoted himself for many years to the external development of states' power. After the First World War he worked on an overview of the internal power struggles of the last centuries. In 1921 his study History of Recent Revolutions appeared. From English Puritanism to the Paris Commune (1642–1871). The work was created both from the direct experiences of the November Revolution and the defeat of the World War as well as from long-term interest. According to Matthias Steinbach, it is a simple factual presentation. Cartellieri wanted to help clarify the views and enable the reader to make an independent judgment. In the tradition of Ranke, Cartellieri assumed the conditionality and mutual dependency of the French and German conditions between 1789 and 1871. He tried to interpret the change between reform, revolution and reaction in its European dimension.

Cartellieri was one of the few German historians whose main focus was the history of France. Only Robert Holtzmann and Fritz Kern dealt with the medieval history of France with similar intensity. In 1913, Henri Pirenne described Cartellieri as “the best connoisseur today in the field of the Western European history of the XII. Century there ”. For three decades he researched the life and time of the French King Philip II August. According to Cartellieri's main thesis, France became a great empire under Philip and intervened significantly in European politics. Cartellieri recognized "the early maturity and predominantly political direction of his spirit and character" in the king's first acts. He explained Philip's hatred of England from "the impressions that the lively boy took in half unconsciously when he witnessed how his father's whole poetry and endeavors were aimed at defending himself against the overwhelming enemy". In contrast to previous views, according to Cartellieri's account, the battle of Bouvines "did not crown a German-hostile policy of the French king, but sealed the collapse of the Angevin Empire". Cartellieri said that Philip was not an enemy of the Germans, but that the Franco-Anglo-Norman conflict, the result of the dynastic conflict between the Houses of Plantagenet and Capet , determined his policy.

Cartellieri's universal historiography

Cartellieri understood world history from the point of view of the history of power as early as 1919, in his presentation of Grundzüge der Weltgeschichte 378–1914 . From 1923 to 1947 he worked on a world history. It was a political story of the origins and initial phases of the western world in the Middle Ages in its interlocking with the Islamic world. He wanted to avoid national restrictions and summarize world history primarily from the point of view of the role of leading personalities who have achieved lasting achievements in all areas. He followed the sources closely to give his portrayal a timeless value. “It is important,” he said in the foreword, “to elevate world history to the rank of science by not letting it say anything that cannot be proven, ie directly or indirectly traced back to the sources.” He did not subdivide the period covered after the usual periodization; he did not want to talk about antiquity or the Middle Ages, and certainly not about medieval people. For him, it was not about clarifying individual issues, but about holding on to the essentials. Cartellieri understood world history as the history of power, that is, as "political history with special consideration for international relations". For him, the guiding point of view was the "eternally unchangeable, power drive hidden under ever new covers according to general human experience". In his presentation he started out from the Roman Empire, "which forms the basis for everything that has happened in the Romano-Germanic world since then". As a start he chose the treaty that Theodosius I had concluded with the Visigoths on October 3, 382 , since the dissolution of the empire was particularly clear. The emphasis on the power instinct of individual peoples and rulers receded social and economic influences. The first volume, which appeared in 1927, deals with the time of the founding of the empires from 382 to 911. The last volume, The Age of Barbarossa. 1150–1190 , was published posthumously in 1972. Cartellieri completed the manuscript for the last volume in the late 1940s. Ulrich Cartellieri's wife had made it ready for printing.

diary

Cartellieri kept his diary from January 1, 1878 until the fall of 1954, initially almost daily, from 1903 weekly. It ends on November 1, 1954 with the entry: “How long do I have to sacrifice myself?”. According to Cartellieri's own assessment, the diaries are "less characterized by the fact that I have experienced a lot of significant things than by the completeness of the entries of children's times". When writing the diaries, he hoped for the "incorruptible posterity" and thus for more validity than the present gave him.

The 12,000-page diary shows how Cartellieri experienced the Empire, the Weimar Republic, National Socialism and the German two-state system, as well as the political upheavals that went with them. He also wanted to leave a "detailed description of the University" of Jena. The diary also became a work journal, in which he entered extensive notes on his work plans and academic activities. In terms of their scope and expansion over several epochs, his diaries can only be compared with those of Victor Klemperer and Harry Graf Kessler . Today they are together with the estate in the Jena University Library .

Aftermath

Cartellieri's biography of Philip II August remained a standard work. The value of the work lies in the methodically exact working method, the elaboration of a reliable chronology and the effort to make an appropriate judgment about the historical individual. Joachim Ehlers still considered the representation to be indispensable in 1996, as it was developed from the sources. Although the work was fundamental, it could not give a new direction to the prevailing interpretations of the Battle of Bouvines. In the 19th century the battle was seen as a symbol of French advance and German weakness. It wasn't until the 1970s that new research approaches brought a new understanding of battle and its meaning.

Matthias Steinbach in 2012 at the grave of Alexander Cartellieri in the Jena North Cemetery.

Cartellieri was not one of the leading figures in his field. The next generation was shaped by the Marxist worldview and no longer paid him any recognition. In the GDR he was forgotten, in Hans-Ulrich Wehler's nine-volume series German Historians he was not mentioned. His 16,000-volume library was bought by the University of Jena after his death and remained there for decades. In 1989, when Matthias Steinbach entered the manuscript department for the first time, he noticed a stock of 16,000 volumes and the question arose as to who had collected such a large number of books, often of French and Italian origin, in Jena. This interest became the starting point for his dissertation on Alexander Cartellieri, published a few years later. For Steinbach, too, Cartellieri is “not one of the outstanding figures in German cultural and scholarly life in the epoch between the German Empire and the National Socialist dictatorship”. His lectures and research on the history of the revolutions became the starting point of a research tradition that led in Jena via Karl Griewank , Siegfried Schmidt to Werner Greiling and Hans-Werner Hahn . According to Steinbach, Cartellieri combined a conservative, monarchical attitude with Rankean methodology and cosmopolitan openness. In 2014, Steinbach and Uwe Dathe published excerpts from the diaries from the period from 1899 to 1953 in a critically commented edition. The editors see a “representative” testimony in the diary, which gives an insight into the “mentality of the German educated middle class”. Steinbach had published the entries from Cartellieri's time in the Baden archive service (1892–1898) separately two years earlier. Also in 2014, Tillmann Bendikowski published his illustration in summer 1914 . The aim is to use five selected contemporary witnesses to give an impression of how Germans experienced the beginning of the war. Alexander Cartellieri represents the upper middle class.

Fonts (selection)

A list of publications appeared in Matthias Steinbach : Des Königs Biograph. Alexander Cartellieri (1867–1955). Historian between France and Germany (= Jena contributions to history. Volume 2). Lang, Frankfurt am Main et al. 2001, ISBN 3-631-37496-8 , pp. 290-303.

• Philip II August, King of France. 4 (in 5) volume (s). Dyk et al., Leipzig et al. 1899-1922;
  • Volume 1: 1165-1189. 1899-1900 (2nd reprint. Scientia-Verlag, Aalen 1984, ISBN 3-511-03841-3 );
  • Volume 2: The Crusade. (1187-1191). 1906 (2nd reprint. Scientia-Verlag, Aalen 1984, ISBN 3-511-03842-1 ); Archives
  • Volume 3: Philipp August and Richard Löwenherz. (1192-1199). 1910 (2nd reprint. Scientia-Verlag, Aalen 1984, ISBN 3-511-03843-X );
  • Volume 4, Part 1: Philipp August and Johann Ohne Land. (1199-1206). 1921 (2nd reprint. Scientia-Verlag, Aalen 1984, ISBN 3-511-03844-8 );
  • Volume 4, Part 2: Bouvines and the End of Government. (1207-1223). 1922 (2nd reprint. Scientia-Verlag, Aalen 1984, ISBN 3-511-03844-8 ).
• Principles of World History 378–1914. Dyk, Leipzig 1919 (2nd, increased and improved edition, ibid 1922).
• History of the recent revolutions. From English Puritanism to the Paris Commune. (1642-1871). Dyk, Leipzig 1921.
• World history as a history of power. 4 volumes. Oldenbourg, Munich et al. 1927–1941 (fifth volume posthumously 1972);
  • Volume 1: 382-911. The time of the founding of an empire. 1927 (Reprint. Scientia-Verlag, Aalen 1972, ISBN 3-511-04431-6 );
  • Volume 2: The world position of the German Empire 911-1047. 1932 (Neudruck. Scientia-Verlag, Aalen 1972, ISBN 3-511-04432-4 );
  • Volume 3: The rise of the papacy in the context of world history. 1047-1095. 1936 (Reprint. Scientia-Verlag, Aalen 1972, ISBN 3-511-04433-2 );
  • Volume 4: The primacy of the papacy at the time of the First Crusades. 1095-1150. 1941 (reprint. Scientia-Verlag, Aalen 1972, ISBN 3-511-04434-0 );
  • Volume 5: The Age of Friedrich Barbarossa. 1150-1190. Scientia-Verlag, Aalen 1972, ISBN 3-511-04435-9 .

swell

• Diaries of a German historian. From the Empire to the Two-State (1899–1953) (= German historical sources of the 19th and 20th centuries. Volume 69). Edited, introduced and edited by Matthias Steinbach and Uwe Dathe. Oldenbourg, Munich 2014, ISBN 978-3-486-71888-1 .
  • Reviews of the diary: Gerhard A. Ritter in: H-Soz-Kult , September 5, 2014, ( online ); Wolfgang Michalka in: Das Historisch-Politische Buch 63 (2015), pp. 256–257; Mario Kessler: in: sehepunkte 14 (2014), No. 10 [15. October 2014] ( online ) the statement by Matthias Steinbach in: sehepunkte 14 (2014), No. 10 [15. October 2014] ( online ); Franz-Josef Kos in: Neue Politische Literatur Vol. 60 (2015), pp. 470–471 ( online ); Julian Führer in Mitteilungen des Historisches Verein der Pfalz 2014, pp. 1–4 ( online ); Dieter Dowe in: Archives for Social History 55 (2015) ( online ); Christian Tilitzki in: Yearbook for the History of Central and Eastern Germany 60 (2014), pp. 303–304; Karel Hruza in: Historische Zeitschrift 301 (2015), pp. 264–266; Peter Schöttler in: Francia-Recensio 2015/2 ( online ); Christian Amalvi in: Francia-Recensio 2016/1 ( online )

literature

• Tillmann Bendikowski : Summer 1914: Between enthusiasm and fear - how Germans experienced the beginning of the war. Bertelsmann, Munich 2014, ISBN 978-3-570-10122-3 , pp. 33ff., 117ff., 192ff., 274ff.
• Matthias Steinbach: The king's biographer. Alexander Cartellieri (1867–1955). Historian between France and Germany (= Jena contributions to history. Volume 2). Lang, Frankfurt am Main et al. 2001, ISBN 3-631-37496-8 (At the same time: Jena, University, dissertation, 1998: History between France and Germany. ).
  • Reviews of Steinbach's study by Thomas Nicklas in: Archiv für Kulturgeschichte 85 (2003), pp. 383–385; Hans-Christof Kraus : dreams of tyrannicide, witness to the history of power: the historian Alexander Cartellieri. In: Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung , July 3, 2001, No. 151, p. 48; Heribert Müller : "But the human heart remains, and that's why we can understand historically congenially". Notes on a biography of the Jena historian Alexander Cartellieri. In: Journal of the Association for Thuringian History. 55 (2001), pp. 337-352; Stephanie Irrgang in: Zeitschrift für Geschichtswwissenschaft 50 (2002), pp. 838–840; Peter Stadler in: Historische Zeitschrift 275 (2002), pp. 423–424.

Web links

• Literature by and about Alexander Cartellieri in the catalog of the German National Library
• Works by and about Alexander Cartellieri  in the German Digital Library
• Publications by and about Alexander Cartellieri in the Opac der Regesta Imperii
• Alexander Cartellieri's estate in the Thuringian University and State Library in Jena

Remarks

1. ↑ Rudolf Schieffer : World status and national seduction. The German-speaking Medieval Studies from the late 19th century to 1918. In: Peter Moraw , Rudolf Schieffer (Hrsg.): The German-speaking Medieval Studies in the 20th Century. Ostfildern 2005, pp. 39–61, here: p. 47 ( online ) Detailed information on the origin Matthias Steinbach: Des Königs Biograph. Alexander Cartellieri (1867–1955). Historian between France and Germany. Frankfurt am Main et al. 2001, pp. 15-18.
2. ^ Matthias Steinbach: The king's biographer. Alexander Cartellieri (1867–1955). Historian between France and Germany. Frankfurt am Main et al. 2001, p. 19.
3. ↑ Quoted from Matthias Steinbach: The King's Biograph. Alexander Cartellieri (1867–1955). Historian between France and Germany. Frankfurt am Main et al. 2001, p. 21.
4. ↑ Diary entry from January 2, 1949. In: Matthias Steinbach, Uwe Dathe (Ed.): Alexander Cartellieri. Diaries of a German historian. From the empire to the two states (1899–1953). Munich 2014, p. 889.
5. ^ Matthias Steinbach: Paris experience, identity and history. Revolutionary historiography and image of France by Alexander Cartellieri (1867–1955). In: Francia. 26/2, 1999, pp. 141–162, here: p. 143 ( digitized version ).
6. ^ Matthias Steinbach: The world of Cartellieris. About a history professor and his books. In: Journal of the Association for Thuringian History. 52, 1998, pp. 247-269, here: p. 250.
7. ^ Matthias Steinbach: The king's biographer. Alexander Cartellieri (1867–1955). Historian between France and Germany. Frankfurt am Main et al. 2001, p. 32.
8. ^ Matthias Steinbach: The king's biographer. Alexander Cartellieri (1867–1955). Historian between France and Germany. Frankfurt am Main et al. 2001, p. 36.
9. ↑ Johannes Haller: Memoirs. What has been seen, heard, thought. Stuttgart 1960, p. 99.
10. ↑ Diary entry from November 10, 1890. Quoted from Matthias Steinbach: Alexander Cartellieri (1867–1955) - biographical introduction. In: Matthias Steinbach, Uwe Dathe (ed.): Alexander Cartellieri. Diaries of a German historian. From the empire to the two states (1899–1953). Munich 2014, pp. 7–30, here: p. 11.
11. ^ Matthias Steinbach: The king's biographer. Alexander Cartellieri (1867–1955). Historian between France and Germany. Frankfurt am Main et al. 2001, pp. 41–43.
12. ↑ Alexander Cartellieri: L'avènement de Philippe-Auguste (1179-1180). In: Revue historique. 52, 1893, pp. 241-258; 53, 1893, pp. 261-279.
13. ↑ Quoted from Matthias Steinbach: The King's Biograph. Alexander Cartellieri (1867–1955). Historian between France and Germany. Frankfurt am Main et al. 2001, p. 108.
14. ^ Matthias Steinbach: The king's biographer. Alexander Cartellieri (1867–1955). Historian between France and Germany. Frankfurt am Main et al. 2001, p. 66.
15. ^ Matthias Steinbach: The king's biographer. Alexander Cartellieri (1867–1955). Historian between France and Germany. Frankfurt am Main et al. 2001, p. 53 f.
16. ↑ Diary entry of September 14, 1895. Matthias Steinbach: The wines pressed from documents and files are sleeping trunks. Alexander Cartellieri (1867–1955) as the Karlsruhe archivist in his diaries and memories. In: Journal for the history of the Upper Rhine. Vol. 160, 2012, pp. 493-560, here: p. 532.
17. ^ Matthias Steinbach: The king's biographer. Alexander Cartellieri (1867–1955). Historian between France and Germany. Frankfurt am Main et al. 2001, p. 54.
18. ↑ Quoted from Matthias Steinbach: The wines pressed from documents and files are sleeping trunks. Alexander Cartellieri (1867–1955) as the Karlsruhe archivist in his diaries and memories. In: Journal for the history of the Upper Rhine. 160, 2012, pp. 493-560, here: p. 502.
19. ↑ Matthias Steinbach: The wines pressed from documents and files are sleeping trunks. Alexander Cartellieri (1867–1955) as the Karlsruhe archivist in his diaries and memories. In: Journal for the history of the Upper Rhine. 160, 2012, pp. 493-560, here: p. 502.
20. ^ Matthias Steinbach: The king's biographer. Alexander Cartellieri (1867–1955). Historian between France and Germany. Frankfurt am Main et al. 2001, p. 61.
21. ^ Matthias Steinbach: The king's biographer. Alexander Cartellieri (1867–1955). Historian between France and Germany. Frankfurt am Main et al. 2001, p. 109.
22. ↑ Heribert Müller: "But the human heart remains, and that is why we can understand historically congenially". Notes on a biography of the Jena historian Alexander Cartellieri. In: Journal of the Association for Thuringian History. 55, 2001, pp. 337-352, here: p. 341.
23. ↑ Quoted from Matthias Steinbach: The King's Biograph. Alexander Cartellieri (1867–1955). Historian between France and Germany. Frankfurt am Main et al. 2001, p. 66.
24. ↑ Diary entry of August 24, 1913. In: Matthias Steinbach, Uwe Dathe (Ed.): Alexander Cartellieri. Diaries of a German historian. From the empire to the two states (1899–1953). Munich 2014, p. 146. See the discussion by Julian Führer in communications from the Historical Association of the Palatinate . 2014, pp. 1–4, here: p. 3 ( online )
25. ↑ See also Folker Reichert: Gelehrtes Leben. Karl Hampe, the Middle Ages and the history of the Germans. Göttingen 2009, p. 78 f.
26. ^ Matthias Steinbach: The king's biographer. Alexander Cartellieri (1867–1955). Historian between France and Germany. Frankfurt am Main et al. 2001, p. 97 and list of works on p. 80–82.
27. ^ Matthias Steinbach: The king's biographer. Alexander Cartellieri (1867–1955). Historian between France and Germany. Frankfurt am Main et al. 2001, p. 97 and list of works on p. 108.
28. ↑ Alexander Cartellieri: About the nature and structure of the science of history. Academic inaugural address given on November 12, 1904 in Jena. Leipzig 1905 ( online )
29. ^ Matthias Steinbach: The king's biographer. Alexander Cartellieri (1867–1955). Historian between France and Germany. Frankfurt am Main et al. 2001, p. 97 and list of works on p. 304–311.
30. ↑ Herbert Gottwald: The Jenaer historical science in the time of National Socialism. In: Uwe Hoßfeld, Jürgen John, Jürgen, Oliver Lemuth (eds.): " Combative Science". Studies at the University of Jena under National Socialism. Cologne 2003, pp. 913-942, here: p. 929.
31. ^ Matthias Werner: Stations in Jena historical studies. In the S. (Ed.): Identity and History. Weimar 1997, pp. 9–26, here: p. 11.
32. ↑ Diary entry from November 2, 1919. In: Matthias Steinbach, Uwe Dathe (Ed.): Alexander Cartellieri. Diaries of a German historian. From the empire to the two states (1899–1953). Munich 2014, p. 389. Matthias Steinbach: The king's biographer. Alexander Cartellieri (1867–1955). Historian between France and Germany. Frankfurt am Main et al. 2001, pp. 105–107 Cf. on this: Review by Julian Führer ( online )
33. ^ Matthias Steinbach: The king's biographer. Alexander Cartellieri (1867–1955). Historian between France and Germany. Frankfurt am Main et al. 2001, p. 116.
34. ↑ Heribert Müller: "But the human heart remains, and that is why we can understand historically congenially". Notes on a biography of the Jena historian Alexander Cartellieri. In: Journal of the Association for Thuringian History 55 (2001), pp. 337–352, here: p. 339.
35. ^ Matthias Steinbach: Paris experience, identity and history. Revolutionary historiography and image of France by Alexander Cartellieri (1867–1955). In: Francia. 26/2, 1999, pp. 141–162, here: p. 162 ( digitized version ).
36. ^ Matthias Steinbach: The king's biographer. Alexander Cartellieri (1867–1955). Historian between France and Germany. Frankfurt am Main et al. 2001, pp. 110-114.
37. ^ Matthias Steinbach: The king's biographer. Alexander Cartellieri (1867–1955). Historian between France and Germany. Frankfurt am Main et al. 2001, p. 114.
38. ^ Matthias Steinbach: The king's biographer. Alexander Cartellieri (1867–1955). Historian between France and Germany. Frankfurt am Main et al. 2001, p. 123.
39. ↑ Diary entry of April 9, 1916. In: Matthias Steinbach, Uwe Dathe (Ed.): Alexander Cartellieri. Diaries of a German historian. From the empire to the two states (1899–1953). Munich 2014, p. 229 f. Matthias Steinbach: The king's biographer. Alexander Cartellieri (1867–1955). Historian between France and Germany. Frankfurt am Main et al. 2001, pp. 140 f.
40. ↑ Quoted from Matthias Steinbach: The King's Biograph. Alexander Cartellieri (1867–1955). Historian between France and Germany. Frankfurt am Main et al. 2001, p. 141.
41. ↑ Rudolf Schieffer: World status and national seduction. The German-speaking Medieval Studies from the late 19th century to 1918. In: Peter Moraw, Rudolf Schieffer (Hrsg.): The German-speaking Medieval Studies in the 20th Century. Ostfildern 2005, pp. 39–61, here: p. 58 ( online )
42. ^ Matthias Steinbach, Uwe Dathe (Ed.): Alexander Cartellieri. Diaries of a German historian. From the empire to the two states (1899–1953). Munich 2014, p. 16 f.
43. ^ Matthias Steinbach: The king's biographer. Alexander Cartellieri (1867–1955). Historian between France and Germany. Frankfurt am Main et al. 2001, p. 130.
44. ↑ Diary entry from March 7, 1915. In: Matthias Steinbach, Uwe Dathe (Ed.): Alexander Cartellieri. Diaries of a German historian. From the empire to the two states (1899–1953). Munich 2014, p. 187. See the review by Christian Amalvi in: Francia-Recensio 2016/1 ( online )
45. ↑ Quoted from Matthias Steinbach: The King's Biograph. Alexander Cartellieri (1867–1955). Historian between France and Germany. Frankfurt am Main et al. 2001, p. 121. Matthias Steinbach: "I really am a victim of the war ..." The University of Jena and the collapse of the international scholarly world 1914–1918 with special consideration of the historian Alexander Cartellieri. In: Herbert Gottwald, Matthias Steinbach (ed.): Between science and politics. Studies at Jena University in the 20th century. Jena 2000, pp. 25–46, here: p. 26.
46. ↑ Quoted from Matthias Steinbach: The King's Biograph. Alexander Cartellieri (1867–1955). Historian between France and Germany. Frankfurt am Main et al. 2001, p. 125.
47. ↑ Uwe Hoßfeld, Jürgen John, Jürgen, Rüdiger Stutz: "Combative Science": On the profile change of the Jena University during National Socialism. In: Uwe Hoßfeld, Jürgen John, Jürgen, Oliver Lemuth (eds.): " Combative Science". Studies at the University of Jena under National Socialism. Cologne 2003, p. 23–121, here: p. 38. Alexander Cartellieri: France's political relations with Germany from the Peace of Frankfurt to the outbreak of the World War. Lecture given on November 16, 1916 in the “Staats- scientific Society” in Jena. Jena 1916, esp.p. 26 f.
48. ↑ Diary entry from October 14, 1915. In: Matthias Steinbach, Uwe Dathe (Ed.): Alexander Cartellieri. Diaries of a German historian. From the empire to the two states (1899–1953). Munich 2014, p. 207. See Matthias Steinbach: Des Königs Biograph. Alexander Cartellieri (1867–1955). Historian between France and Germany. Frankfurt am Main et al. 2001, p. 132.
49. ↑ On the historical image of the Germans with their fixation on a strong imperial power: Rudolf Schieffer: Weltgeltung und nationale Verführung. The German-speaking Medieval Studies from the late 19th century to 1918. In: Peter Moraw, Rudolf Schieffer (Hrsg.): The German-speaking Medieval Studies in the 20th Century. Ostfildern 2005, pp. 39-61 ( online ). Gerd Althoff: The Middle Ages picture of the Germans before and after 1945. A sketch. In: Paul-Joachim Heinig (Ed.): Empire, regions and Europe in the Middle Ages and modern times. Festschrift for Peter Moraw. Berlin 2000, pp. 731-749. Gerd Althoff: The Germans and their medieval empire. In: Bernd Schneidmüller, Stefan Weinfurter (Eds.): Holy - Roman - German. Dresden 2006, pp. 119-132.
50. ^ Matthias Steinbach: The king's biographer. Alexander Cartellieri (1867–1955). Historian between France and Germany. Frankfurt am Main et al. 2001, p. 136.
51. ↑ Quoted from Matthias Steinbach: The King's Biograph. Alexander Cartellieri (1867–1955). Historian between France and Germany. Frankfurt am Main et al. 2001, p. 125.
52. ^ Matthias Steinbach: The king's biographer. Alexander Cartellieri (1867–1955). Historian between France and Germany. Frankfurt am Main et al. 2001, p. 208.
53. ↑ Diary entry from October 4, 1914. In: Matthias Steinbach, Uwe Dathe (Ed.): Alexander Cartellieri. Diaries of a German historian. From the empire to the two states (1899–1953). Munich 2014, p. 167. See Matthias Steinbach: Des Königs Biograph. Alexander Cartellieri (1867–1955). Historian between France and Germany. Frankfurt am Main et al. 2001, p. 130.
54. ^ Matthias Steinbach: Alexander Cartellieri (1867–1955) - biographical introduction. In: Matthias Steinbach, Uwe Dathe (ed.): Alexander Cartellieri. Diaries of a German historian. From the empire to the two states (1899–1953). Munich 2014, pp. 7–30, here: p. 25.
55. ↑ Diary entry from January 7, 1917. In: Matthias Steinbach, Uwe Dathe (Ed.): Alexander Cartellieri. Diaries of a German historian. From the empire to the two states (1899–1953). Munich 2014, p. 257. See the review by Peter Schöttler in: Francia-Recensio 2015/2 ( online )
56. ^ Matthias Steinbach: The king's biographer. Alexander Cartellieri (1867–1955). Historian between France and Germany. Frankfurt am Main et al. 2001, p. 149.
57. ^ Matthias Steinbach: The king's biographer. Alexander Cartellieri (1867–1955). Historian between France and Germany. Frankfurt am Main et al. 2001, p. 159.
58. ↑ Diary entry from November 8, 1918. In: Matthias Steinbach, Uwe Dathe (Ed.): Alexander Cartellieri. Diaries of a German historian. From the empire to the two states (1899–1953). Munich 2014, p. 344.
59. ^ Matthias Steinbach: The world of Cartellieris. About a history professor and his books. In: Journal of the Association for Thuringian History. 52, 1998, pp. 247-269, here: p. 261.
60. ↑ Diary entry from November 9, 1918. In: Matthias Steinbach, Uwe Dathe (Ed.): Alexander Cartellieri. Diaries of a German historian. From the empire to the two states (1899–1953). Munich 2014, p. 389.
61. ↑ Diary entry from November 10, 1918. In: Matthias Steinbach, Uwe Dathe (Ed.): Alexander Cartellieri. Diaries of a German historian. From the empire to the two states (1899–1953). Munich 2014, p. 346. See the review by Christian Amalvi in: Francia-Recensio 2016/1 ( online )
62. ↑ Diary entry from November 13, 1918. In: Matthias Steinbach, Uwe Dathe (Ed.): Alexander Cartellieri. Diaries of a German historian. From the empire to the two states (1899–1953). Munich 2014, p. 347. Cf. Matthias Steinbach: "I really am a victim of the war ..." The University of Jena and the collapse of the international scholarly world 1914–1918 with special consideration of the historian Alexander Cartellieri. In: Herbert Gottwald, Matthias Steinbach (ed.): Between science and politics. Studies at Jena University in the 20th century. Jena 2000, pp. 25–46, here: p. 36.
63. ^ Matthias Steinbach: The king's biographer. Alexander Cartellieri (1867–1955). Historian between France and Germany. Frankfurt am Main et al. 2001, p. 158 f. Diary entry from January 20, 1929. In: Matthias Steinbach, Uwe Dathe (Ed.): Alexander Cartellieri. Diaries of a German historian. From the empire to the two states (1899–1953). Munich 2014, p. 594.
64. ↑ Folker Reichert: Learned life. Karl Hampe, the Middle Ages and the history of the Germans. Göttingen 2009, p. 148.
65. ↑ Diary entry from January 19, 1919. In: Matthias Steinbach, Uwe Dathe (Ed.): Alexander Cartellieri. Diaries of a German historian. From the empire to the two states (1899–1953). Munich 2014, p. 357. Matthias Steinbach: The king's biographer. Alexander Cartellieri (1867–1955). Historian between France and Germany. Frankfurt am Main et al. 2001, p. 163.
66. ^ Matthias Steinbach, Uwe Dathe (Ed.): Alexander Cartellieri. Diaries of a German historian. From the empire to the two states (1899–1953). Munich 2014, p. 21.
67. ↑ Diary entry from October 29, 1922. In: Matthias Steinbach, Uwe Dathe (Ed.): Alexander Cartellieri. Diaries of a German historian. From the empire to the two states (1899–1953). Munich 2014, p. 466.
68. ↑ Diary entry of December 29, 1922. In: Matthias Steinbach, Uwe Dathe (Ed.): Alexander Cartellieri. Diaries of a German historian. From the empire to the two states (1899–1953). Munich 2014, p. 435. See the review by Wolfgang Michalka in: The historical-political book. 63, 2015, pp. 256-257.
69. ^ Matthias Steinbach: The king's biographer. Alexander Cartellieri (1867–1955). Historian between France and Germany. Frankfurt am Main et al. 2001, p. 162. Folker Reichert: Gelehrtes Leben. Karl Hampe, the Middle Ages and the history of the Germans. Göttingen 2009, p. 148.
70. ^ Matthias Steinbach: Alexander Cartellieri (1867–1955) - biographical introduction. In: Matthias Steinbach, Uwe Dathe (ed.): Alexander Cartellieri. Diaries of a German historian. From the empire to the two states (1899–1953). Munich 2014, pp. 7–30, here: p. 21
71. ↑ Quoted from Matthias Steinbach: The King's Biograph. Alexander Cartellieri (1867–1955). Historian between France and Germany. Frankfurt am Main et al. 2001, p. 176.
72. ↑ Herbert Gottwald: The Jenaer historical science in the time of National Socialism. In: Uwe Hoßfeld, Jürgen John, Jürgen, Oliver Lemuth (eds.): " Combative Science". Studies at the University of Jena under National Socialism. Cologne 2003, p. 913–942, here: p. 912 Matthias Steinbach: Des Königs Biograph. Alexander Cartellieri (1867–1955). Historian between France and Germany. Frankfurt am Main et al. 2001, p. 175.
73. ↑ Diary entry of December 29, 1922. In: Matthias Steinbach, Uwe Dathe (Ed.): Alexander Cartellieri. Diaries of a German historian. From the empire to the two states (1899–1953). Munich 2014, p. 473. Cf. the review by Wolfgang Michalka in: The historical-political book. 63, 2015, pp. 256-257.
74. ^ Enno Bünz: Wolfgang Prange (1932–2018). In: sheets for German national history . 154, 2018, pp. 807–815, here: p. 807.
75. ^ Matthias Steinbach: The king's biographer. Alexander Cartellieri (1867–1955). Historian between France and Germany. Frankfurt am Main et al. 2001, p. 200 f.
76. ↑ Diary entry from December 20, 1921. In: Matthias Steinbach, Uwe Dathe (Ed.): Alexander Cartellieri. Diaries of a German historian. From the empire to the two states (1899–1953). Munich 2014, p. 445. See the review by Karel Hruza in: Historische Zeitschrift . 301, 2015, pp. 264–266, here: p. 265.
77. ↑ Diary entry from November 25, 1928. In: Matthias Steinbach, Uwe Dathe (Ed.): Alexander Cartellieri. Diaries of a German historian. From the empire to the two states (1899–1953). Munich 2014, p. 589. See a review by Wolfgang Michalka in: The historical-political book. 63, 2015, pp. 256-257.
78. ^ Matthias Steinbach: The king's biographer. Alexander Cartellieri (1867–1955). Historian between France and Germany. Frankfurt am Main et al. 2001, p. 231.
79. ^ Matthias Steinbach, Uwe Dathe (Ed.): Alexander Cartellieri. Diaries of a German historian. From the empire to the two states (1899–1953). Munich 2014, p. 37.
80. ↑ Diary entry of March 14, 1932. In: Matthias Steinbach, Uwe Dathe (Ed.): Alexander Cartellieri. Diaries of a German historian. From the empire to the two states (1899–1953). Munich 2014, p. 641. See the review by Christian Amalvi in: Francia-Recensio 2016/1 ( online )
81. ↑ Diary entry of March 29, 1938. In: Matthias Steinbach, Uwe Dathe (Ed.): Alexander Cartellieri. Diaries of a German historian. From the empire to the two states (1899–1953). Munich 2014, p. 734. See the review by Christian Amalvi in: Francia-Recensio 2016/1 ( online )
82. ^ Matthias Steinbach, Uwe Dathe (Ed.): Alexander Cartellieri. Diaries of a German historian. From the empire to the two states (1899–1953). Munich 2014, p. 24.
83. ↑ Diary entry from May 18, 1933. In: Matthias Steinbach, Uwe Dathe (Ed.): Alexander Cartellieri. Diaries of a German historian. From the empire to the two states (1899–1953). Munich 2014, p. 661. Cf. the review by Wolfgang Michalka in: The historical-political book. 63, 2015, pp. 256-257.
84. ^ Matthias Steinbach: The king's biographer. Alexander Cartellieri (1867–1955). Historian between France and Germany. Frankfurt am Main et al. 2001, p. 226 ff. The quote from Folker Reichert: Gelehrtes Leben. Karl Hampe, the Middle Ages and the history of the Germans. Göttingen 2009, p. 239.
85. ↑ Herbert Gottwald: The Jenaer historical science in the time of National Socialism. In: Uwe Hoßfeld, Jürgen John, Jürgen, Oliver Lemuth (eds.): " Combative Science". Studies at the University of Jena under National Socialism. Cologne 2003, pp. 913–942, here: p. 914.
86. ↑ Heribert Müller: "But the human heart remains, and that is why we can understand historically congenially". Notes on a biography of the Jena historian Alexander Cartellieri. In: Journal of the Association for Thuringian History. 55, 2001, pp. 337-352, here: p. 340.
87. ↑ Diary entry of March 26, 1933. In: Matthias Steinbach, Uwe Dathe (Ed.): Alexander Cartellieri. Diaries of a German historian. From the empire to the two states (1899–1953). Munich 2014, p. 654. Cf. the review by Wolfgang Michalka in: The historical-political book. 63, 2015, pp. 256-257.
88. ↑ Diary entry from January 20, 1935. In: Matthias Steinbach, Uwe Dathe (Ed.): Alexander Cartellieri. Diaries of a German historian. From the empire to the two states (1899–1953). Munich 2014, p. 659.
89. ↑ Diary entry from July 1, 1934. In: Matthias Steinbach, Uwe Dathe (Ed.): Alexander Cartellieri. Diaries of a German historian. From the empire to the two states (1899–1953). Munich 2014, p. 674. Matthias Steinbach: The King's Biograph. Alexander Cartellieri (1867–1955). Historian between France and Germany. Frankfurt am Main et al. 2001, p. 232.
90. ^ Matthias Steinbach: Alexander Cartellieri (1867–1955) - biographical introduction. In: Matthias Steinbach, Uwe Dathe (ed.): Alexander Cartellieri. Diaries of a German historian. From the empire to the two states (1899–1953). Munich 2014, pp. 7–30, here: p. 25.
91. ↑ Diary entry from September 5, 1922. In: Matthias Steinbach, Uwe Dathe (Ed.): Alexander Cartellieri. Diaries of a German historian. From the empire to the two states (1899–1953). Munich 2014, p. 461. See the review by Julian Führer in Mitteilungen des Historisches Verein der Pfalz 2014, p. 1–4, here: p. 3 ( online )
92. ↑ See the review of Karel Hruza's diary in: Historische Zeitschrift . 301, 2015, pp. 264–266, here: p. 265.
93. ^ Matthias Steinbach: The king's biographer. Alexander Cartellieri (1867–1955). Historian between France and Germany. Frankfurt am Main et al. 2001, p. 223.
94. ↑ Diary entry from November 13, 1938. In: Matthias Steinbach, Uwe Dathe (Ed.): Alexander Cartellieri. Diaries of a German historian. From the empire to the two states (1899–1953). Munich 2014, p. 748. See the review by Christian Amalvi in: Francia-Recensio 2016/1 ( online )
95. ↑ Diary entry from July 8, 1934. In: Matthias Steinbach, Uwe Dathe (Ed.): Alexander Cartellieri. Diaries of a German historian. From the empire to the two states (1899–1953). Munich 2014, p. 675. See the review by Christian Amalvi in: Francia-Recensio 2016/1 ( online )
96. ↑ Alexander Cartellieri: The primacy of the papacy at the time of the first crusades. 1095-1150. Munich et al. 1941, p. 10 f. Quoted from Matthias Steinbach: The king's biographer. Alexander Cartellieri (1867–1955). Historian between France and Germany. Frankfurt am Main et al. 2001, p. 235.
97. ↑ Diary entry from January 20, 1935. In: Matthias Steinbach, Uwe Dathe (Ed.): Alexander Cartellieri. Diaries of a German historian. From the empire to the two states (1899–1953). Munich 2014, p. 683. Cf. the review by Wolfgang Michalka in: The historical-political book. 63, 2015, pp. 256-257.
98. ↑ Diary entry from July 2, 1935. In: Matthias Steinbach, Uwe Dathe (Ed.): Alexander Cartellieri. Diaries of a German historian. From the empire to the two states (1899–1953). Munich 2014, p. 690. Matthias Steinbach: The king's biograph. Alexander Cartellieri (1867–1955). Historian between France and Germany. Frankfurt am Main et al. 2001, p. 236.
99. ↑ Herbert Gottwald: The Jenaer historical science in the time of National Socialism. In: Uwe Hoßfeld, Jürgen John, Jürgen, Oliver Lemuth (eds.): " Combative Science". Studies at the University of Jena under National Socialism. Cologne 2003, pp. 913-942, here: p. 914; Matthias Steinbach: The king's biographer. Alexander Cartellieri (1867–1955). Historian between France and Germany. Frankfurt am Main et al. 2001, p. 238.
100. ↑ Diary entry of September 13, 1938. In: Matthias Steinbach, Uwe Dathe (Ed.): Alexander Cartellieri. Diaries of a German historian. From the empire to the two states (1899–1953). Munich 2014, p. 743. See the review by Karel Hruza in: Historische Zeitschrift . 301, 2015, pp. 264–266, here: p. 265.
101. ↑ Diary entry from June 17, 1940. In: Matthias Steinbach, Uwe Dathe (Ed.): Alexander Cartellieri. Diaries of a German historian. From the empire to the two states (1899–1953). Munich 2014, p. 766. Cf. Heribert Müller: "But the human heart remains, and that is why we can understand historically congenial". Notes on a biography of the Jena historian Alexander Cartellieri. In: Journal of the Association for Thuringian History. 55, 2001, pp. 337-352, here: p. 348.
102. ↑ Diary entry of March 12, 1938. In: Matthias Steinbach, Uwe Dathe (Ed.): Alexander Cartellieri. Diaries of a German historian. From the empire to the two states (1899–1953). Munich 2014, p. 732. See the review by Christian Amalvi in: Francia-Recensio 2016/1 ( online )
103. ↑ Diary entry from June 17, 1940. In: Matthias Steinbach, Uwe Dathe (Ed.): Alexander Cartellieri. Diaries of a German historian. From the empire to the two states (1899–1953). Munich 2014, p. 777. See the review by Christian Amalvi in: Francia-Recensio 2016/1 ( online )
104. ↑ Diary entry from March 19, 1939. In: Matthias Steinbach, Uwe Dathe (Ed.): Alexander Cartellieri. Diaries of a German historian. From the empire to the two states (1899–1953). Munich 2014, p. 758.
105. ↑ Diary entry from October 5, 1941. In: Matthias Steinbach, Uwe Dathe (Ed.): Alexander Cartellieri. Diaries of a German historian. From the empire to the two states (1899–1953). Munich 2014, p. 792. See the review by Christian Amalvi in: Francia-Recensio 2016/1 ( online )
106. ↑ Diary entry from July 23, 1944. In: Matthias Steinbach, Uwe Dathe (Ed.): Alexander Cartellieri. Diaries of a German historian. From the empire to the two states (1899–1953). Munich 2014, p. 836. See the review by Christian Amalvi in: Francia-Recensio 2016/1 ( online )
107. ^ Matthias Steinbach, Uwe Dathe (Ed.): Alexander Cartellieri. Diaries of a German historian. From the empire to the two states (1899–1953). Munich 2014, p. 849.
108. ↑ Gottfried Westenburger: Alexander Cartellieri to the 75th In: National Socialist monthly books. 13, 1942 June issue, pp. 393-396.
109. ^ Matthias Steinbach: The king's biographer. Alexander Cartellieri (1867–1955). Historian between France and Germany. Frankfurt am Main et al. 2001, p. 240.
110. ↑ Diary entry from May 13, 1945. In: Matthias Steinbach, Uwe Dathe (Ed.): Alexander Cartellieri. Diaries of a German historian. From the empire to the two states (1899–1953). Munich 2014, p. 858.
111. ↑ Diary entry from September 22, 1946. In: Matthias Steinbach, Uwe Dathe (Ed.): Alexander Cartellieri. Diaries of a German historian. From the empire to the two states (1899–1953). Munich 2014, p. 871. See the review by Julian Führer in Mitteilungen des Historisches Verein der Pfalz 2014, p. 1–4, here: p. 3 ( online )
112. ↑ Uwe Dathe: The diary. In: Matthias Steinbach, Uwe Dathe (ed.): Alexander Cartellieri. Diaries of a German historian. From the empire to the two states (1899–1953). Munich 2014, pp. 31–38, here: p. 38.
113. ^ Matthias Steinbach: The king's biographer. Alexander Cartellieri (1867–1955). Historian between France and Germany. Frankfurt am Main et al. 2001, p. 289.
114. ↑ Diary entry from September 5, 1946. In: Matthias Steinbach, Uwe Dathe (Ed.): Alexander Cartellieri. Diaries of a German historian. From the empire to the two states (1899–1953). Munich 2014, p. 886. Matthias Steinbach: The King's Biograph. Alexander Cartellieri (1867–1955). Historian between France and Germany. Frankfurt am Main et al. 2001, p. 255.
115. ^ Matthias Steinbach: The king's biographer. Alexander Cartellieri (1867–1955). Historian between France and Germany. Frankfurt am Main et al. 2001, p. 256.
116. ^ Matthias Steinbach: The king's biographer. Alexander Cartellieri (1867–1955). Historian between France and Germany. Frankfurt am Main et al. 2001, p. 264.
117. ↑ Diary entry from January 6, 1924. In: Matthias Steinbach, Uwe Dathe (Ed.): Alexander Cartellieri. Diaries of a German historian. From the empire to the two states (1899–1953). Munich 2014, p. 505. Matthias Steinbach: The King's Biograph. Alexander Cartellieri (1867–1955). Historian between France and Germany. Frankfurt am Main et al. 2001, p. 214. Cf. the discussion by Julian Führer in communications from the Historical Association of the Palatinate . 2014, pp. 1–4, here: p. 2 ( online )
118. ^ Matthias Steinbach: The king's biographer. Alexander Cartellieri (1867–1955). Historian between France and Germany. Frankfurt am Main et al. 2001, p. 214.
119. ^ Matthias Steinbach: The Jenaer historical science and the revolution of 1848/49. In: Hans-Werner Hahn, Werner Greiling (ed.): The revolution of 1848/49 in Thuringia. P. 683-704, here: P. 688.
120. ^ Matthias Steinbach: Paris experience, identity and history. Revolutionary historiography and image of France by Alexander Cartellieri (1867–1955). In: Francia. 26/2, 1999, pp. 141–162, here: p. 153 ( digitized version ).
121. ^ Henri Pirenne in: Revue de l'instruction publique en Belgique (1913), p. 353 f. Quoted from Matthias Steinbach: "I really am a victim of the war ..." The University of Jena and the collapse of the international scholarly world 1914–1918 with special consideration of the historian Alexander Cartellieri. In: Herbert Gottwald, Matthias Steinbach (ed.): Between science and politics. Studies at Jena University in the 20th century. Jena 2000, pp. 25–46, here: p. 26.
122. ↑ Alexander Cartellieri: Philip II August, King of France. Leipzig et al. 1899, p. 12. Quoted from Matthias Steinbach: Des Königs Biograph. Alexander Cartellieri (1867–1955). Historian between France and Germany. Frankfurt am Main et al. 2001, p. 49.
123. ↑ Alexander Cartellieri: The Battle of Bouvines (July 27, 1214) in the context of European politics. Leipzig 1914, p. 25. Quoted from Matthias Steinbach: The King's Biograph. Alexander Cartellieri (1867–1955). Historian between France and Germany. Frankfurt am Main et al. 2001, p. 139.
124. ^ Matthias Steinbach: The king's biographer. Alexander Cartellieri (1867–1955). Historian between France and Germany. Frankfurt am Main et al. 2001, p. 139.
125. ^ Matthias Steinbach: The king's biographer. Alexander Cartellieri (1867–1955). Historian between France and Germany. Frankfurt am Main et al. 2001, p. 244.
126. ↑ Alexander Cartellieri: World history as a history of power. Volume 1: 382-911. The time of the founding of an empire. Munich 1927, SV
127. ↑ Alexander Cartellieri: World history as a history of power. Volume 1: 382-911. The time of the founding of an empire. Munich 1927, p. 3.
128. ↑ Cf. the diary entries for Dante and world history from December 12, 1909. Matthias Steinbach: Des Königs Biograph. Alexander Cartellieri (1867–1955). Historian between France and Germany. Frankfurt am Main et al. 2001, p. 276. Heribert Müller: "But the human heart remains, and that is why we can understand historically congenially". Notes on a biography of the Jena historian Alexander Cartellieri. In: Journal of the Association for Thuringian History 55 (2001), pp. 337–352, here: p. 342.
129. ↑ Alexander Cartellieri: World history as a history of power. Volume 1: 382-911. The time of the founding of an empire. Munich 1927, p. VI.
130. ↑ Alexander Cartellieri: World history as a history of power. Volume 1: 382-911. The time of the founding of an empire. Munich 1927, p. 3.
131. ↑ Quoted from Matthias Steinbach: The King's Biograph. Alexander Cartellieri (1867–1955). Historian between France and Germany. Frankfurt am Main et al. 2001, p. 23.
132. ↑ Quoted from Matthias Steinbach: The King's Biograph. Alexander Cartellieri (1867–1955). Historian between France and Germany. Frankfurt am Main et al. 2001, p. 25.
133. ↑ Diary entry of December 3, 1953. In: Matthias Steinbach, Uwe Dathe (Ed.): Alexander Cartellieri. Diaries of a German historian. From the empire to the two states (1899–1953). Munich 2014, p. 910. See the review by Karel Hruza in: Historische Zeitschrift . 301, 2015, pp. 264–266, here: p. 264.
134. ↑ Review by Wolfgang Michalka in: The historical-political book. 63, 2015, pp. 256-257.
135. ↑ Heribert Müller: "But the human heart remains, and that is why we can understand historically congenially". Notes on a biography of the Jena historian Alexander Cartellieri. In: Journal of the Association for Thuringian History 55 (2001), pp. 337–352, here: p. 339.
136. ↑ Joachim Ehlers: Philipp II. (1180-1223). In: Joachim Ehlers, Heribert Müller, Bernd Schneidmüller (eds.): The French kings of the Middle Ages. From Odo to Charles VIII. 888–1498. Munich 1996, pp. 155-167, 395.
137. ^ Jean-Marie Moeglin: Bouvines 1214–2014: un enjeu de mémoire franco-allemand? In: Bouvines 1214-2014. Histoire et mémoire d'une bataille. Approches et comparaisons franco-allemandes = Bouvines 1214–2014. A battle between history and memory. Franco-German approaches and comparisons. Published by Pierre Monnet. In collaboration with Rolf Große, Martin Kintzinger, Claudia Zey. Bochum 2016, pp. 133-156, 157-159; Dominique Barthélemy: La bataille de Bouvines. Histoire et legends. Paris 2018.
138. ^ Matthias Steinbach: The king's biographer. Alexander Cartellieri (1867–1955). Historian between France and Germany. Frankfurt am Main et al. 2001, p. 3.
139. ^ Matthias Steinbach: The king's biographer. Alexander Cartellieri (1867–1955). Historian between France and Germany. Frankfurt am Main et al. 2001, p. 6.
140. ↑ Tobias Kaiser: Karl Griewank (1900–1953) - a German historian in the "Age of Extremes". Stuttgart 2007, p. 204.
141. ↑ Uwe Dathe: The diary. In: Matthias Steinbach, Uwe Dathe (ed.): Alexander Cartellieri. Diaries of a German historian. From the empire to the two states (1899–1953). Munich 2014, pp. 31–38, here: p. 31.
142. ↑ Matthias Steinbach, Uwe Dathe: The wines pressed from documents and files are sleeping trunks. Alexander Cartellieri (1867–1955) as the Karlsruhe archivist in his diaries and memories. In: Journal for the history of the Upper Rhine. 160, 2012, pp. 493-559.

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