Machine brand (Germany)

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The first four machine brands in Germany
Machine stamp ( Post Tower in Bonn ) with special cancellation for the first day of use October 24, 2008: Change of motif for machine stamps

The machine brand (abbreviation ATM ) was introduced in Germany in 1981 by the Deutsche Bundespost . The postage stamp - official designation machine postage stamp (APWz) - is sold through a stamp machine . The value is printed on a blank stamp form when it is sold to the post office customer.

Including the Berlin machine stamp, ten different stamp designs have appeared so far (2017). The motif with the three post horns "Emblem Deutsche Post" is counted twice, as it was available in pennies as well as in euros after the introduction of euro cash. Philatelists who specialize in vending machine brands can organize themselves in the Federal Association of Role Brands, Brands Booklet and Machine Brands (RSV) in the Association of German Philatelists .

story

Need to introduce

To promote postal automation, the Federal Post Office needed a postage stamp that could be individually produced in counter operation and in the self-service area, which is equally forgery-proof and inexpensive. Therefore, at the end of the 1970s, she planned to introduce “machine postage stamps” (APWz) . Above all, these should provide different postage values ​​in order not to require a separate stamp for every possible type and form of mail, which should help reduce costs (especially personnel costs ). At the same time, postage adjustments, which previously had the complex problem of exchanging entire stamp stocks on a specific date and having to offer appropriate "supplementary values" to the previous postage levels, should become easier and cheaper to implement. Likewise, the vending machines, which could only give a few denominations or stamp booklets and usually only accepted one or a few types of coin, should be decommissioned and replaced with new ones.

Test phase

The Post Technical central office (PTZ) in Darmstadt tested from 1979 different formats, the question came for a machine brand. The format was similar to today's brands and only differed in the number of transport holes (from zero to two) at the top and bottom. The Federal Postal Ministry placed the order for the production of five drafts of value-printed postage stamps , which exist in two different colors. The fourth design, in which the lettering was in green, was selected and introduced in 1981 as the first German vending machine brand.

introduction

After France (1969) , Switzerland (1976) , Norway (1978) and Brazil (1979) , the Deutsche Bundespost in Germany was the fifth postal administration to introduce the machine brand on January 2, 1981. The machine stamps were available from the post office for postage stamps in advance, but they were only valid from Friday, January 2nd, 1981. Three days later, on January 5th, 1981, the first machine was put into operation in the Darmstadt 11 post office. During the month of January, 16 additional coin printers were put into operation in the cities of Cuxhaven, Lübeck, Cologne, Bonn, Frankfurt am Main, Munich, Starnberg and Berchtesgaden.

From February 1, 1987, the automatic postage stamps of the Deutsche Bundespost issue were included in the regular service offer of the dispatch point for postage stamps.

In West Berlin , the Deutsche Bundespost Berlin launched its own brand of vending machines with the theme Schloss Charlottenburg from May 4, 1987 . This stamp was valid for postage until December 31, 1991. In the German Democratic Republic there was no independent machine brand, with the currency, economic and social union on July 1, 1990 between the Federal Republic and the GDR, the two machine brands (Bund 1 and Berlin 1) became valid in the GDR.

All Pfennig machine brands of the Deutsche Bundespost and later the Deutsche Post AG with the designation Germany were valid until June 30, 2002. For the introduction of euro cash on January 1, 2002, the machine brands were converted to euros.

On October 24, 2008, two new machine stamp motifs were officially presented at the postage stamp exchange in Sindelfingen . For the first time, the offset printing process was used for a German vending machine brand , which enables pin-sharp image quality of the motifs shown. The two brands show the Brandenburg Gate in Berlin and the Post Tower in Bonn. Both motifs are printed alternately on the machine brand roll. With the change to these stamps there was also a change in the value stamp (value imprint) from the upper to the lower edge. The € symbol has been omitted.

On December 16, 2016, two new machine brand motifs were presented by Deutsche Post. The two stamps show the motif on the subjects of “writing letters” and “receiving letters”. Both motifs are printed alternately on the machine brand roll.

Todays situation

The advancing development of printer and computer technology has led to a complete displacement of machine brands from counters. At the same time, the privatization of the Federal Post Office and the reduction in the number of post offices could also be responsible for the decline in ticket machines, as these can only be used for this. If a letter is placed directly at the counter and paid for, it is now back to a franking with postage stamps or a kind Stampit and in special shipping forms such as writing to a print of the (supplementary) paid fee on the label that the data of the special form of shipping.

Manufacturing

Security paper

Two connected copies of the ATM 5, without value imprint

All previous machine brands were produced in the Bundesdruckerei in the format 43.0 mm × 25.5 mm with a wet-adhesive rubber coating . The editions from 1981 to 2002 (Bundles 1 to 5 and Berlin 1) were printed using the halftone printing process on fluorescent security paper, the stamps from 2008 (Bundles 6 and 7) using the web offset process. For the machine reel , as with the reel brands , every fifth blank stamp is numbered consecutively on the back with a number from 5 or 0005 to 2000.

Stamp printer

Nagler stamp machine for the German Federal Post Office. Currency: DM
Sielaff stamp machine for Deutsche Post AG. Currency: Euro

There are two different groups of stamp printers in which the blank stamps are printed. The best known and most common are the postage stamp machines, where postal customers can buy the postage themselves. The other group are the counter terminal systems that are used in post offices or in the mailing service for postage stamps in order to be able to print higher values.

The first manufacturer of the postage printer was Klüssendorf from Berlin, from 1992 machines from Nagler were added. With the first machine brand, the value of the types was printed on a ribbon . The second brand of vending machines also had dot matrix printers from September 14, 1993 ; the color also comes from the tape. Both manufacturers produced different types of stamp printers until 2002. Including machines for the tested automatic letter acceptance or the letter station , in cooperation with other manufacturers ( IBM , Siemens Nixdorf , Olivetti , Mettler Toledo Hectronic Kienzle , Samkyung and Telefrank ).

Deutsche Post used the introduction of euro cash to tender for a new machine printer. The new self-service devices should have online access for Swiss Post service staff to find out whether the brand role needs to be changed, the money chute is overflowing, or whether there are any malfunctions. Furthermore, in addition to German, all machines should be multilingual (English, French, Greek, Italian, Croatian, Turkish and Polish). In May 2001, Swiss Post began gradually introducing Sielaff's machines . The machines from Sielaff, which work with coins - in the meantime it was also possible to pay with the cash card - contain two stamp rolls with 2,000 blank stamps each and a receipt roll ( thermal paper ). Every fifth stamp has a number (2000 to 0005) printed on the back in descending order. The tokens are printed in the machine with the desired value level, cut from the roll and then issued. The first machines were put into operation on May 23, 2001 in Regensburg.

The machine brands with the numbers 2000 and 0005 on the back are among the rarest examples and are popular among philatelists. The 2000 is provided with a pressure test by the service technician and the 0005 remains in the machine because it can no longer be transported within the machine or the role has been changed beforehand.

The first machines stopped selling automatically when they reached a certain number (lower two-digit range). One trick to get the coveted postage stamps out of the machine was to buy up to a certain number of the roll (e.g. number 0015) and then to select the "ten times 10 pfennig" selection. This is no longer possible today, as the branded roll is attached to the transport roll with adhesive tape and would tear off if selected.

  • Screen information during the roll change

  • White receipt roll and two ATM rolls

  • Inserting the ribbon

  • Insertion of the new ATM roles

  • White receipt roll and one of two ATM rolls

  • Checking the test print

  • ATM6 + 7: front u. Back of the first brand of the roll, with test print “0000” (still) on top, below: the first regular printout

  • ATM 5 with special cancellation from the Museum for Communication Frankfurt

Value levels

German mark

Machine stamp set of 40 value levels from 5 to 200 pfennigs in 5 pfennig steps, as well as one stamp each for 2.50 DM and 2.80 DM of the Deutsche Bundespost Berlin from May 4, 1987 with the motif Schloss Charlottenburg .
Example of a value letter with a franking of 100 DM (5 + 9,995 = 10,000 Pfennig). Possible if it is a 'insured letter for 28,500 DM with express delivery' that was sent between April 1, 1993 and August 31, 1997.

When the first machine brands were introduced, there were initially only 14 fixed value levels from 10 to 230 pfennigs. In the course of a postage increase, the value levels were adjusted so that values ​​from 10 to 280 pfennigs were available. All other values ​​could be ordered from September 27, 1982 at so-called "counter terminals" and "counter stamp printers" in the post offices or via the post office for postage stamps in Weiden in the Upper Palatinate (the existing shipping offices in West Berlin and Frankfurt am Main took no orders for ATM opposed). The first counter terminal was put into operation on September 27, 1982 in the post office Wiesbaden 1, two more followed on February 9, 1983 in the post office in Bonn 2 and on June 3, 1983 in the Hanover post office.

The first machine brands were printed in machines from the manufacturer Klüssendorf. These machines also had the option of change and stamped the stamp. Later types of machines no longer had change, but gave out "remaining money" in the form of additional tokens. This type of machine no longer inscribed the value stage with a stamp, but with a needle printer.

In 1999 there were different denominations from 5 to 9995 pfennig (= 99.95 DM ) in 5 pfennig increments (total value of all denominations: 99,950.00 DM), of which only eight were given denominations of 10, 40, 100, 110 , 130, 220, 300 and 440 pfennigs were pre-selected at the machines. There were also three keys with which you could buy several brands at once: 10 × 10 pfennig, 5 × 100 pfennig and 5 × 110 pfennig. If you still wanted to have a different value level, the equivalent in coins of 10 or 50 pfennig pieces or 1, 2 or 5 DM coins had to be inserted into the machine, then the E key had to be pressed, whereupon the inserted value was printed out as a token.

The stamp of the Deutsche Bundespost Berlin was valid for postage until December 31, 1991, all other stamps in Pfennig were valid for postage until June 30, 2002.

Euro

At today's postage stamp machines, stamps can be purchased in 1- cent increments from 0.01 to 36.75 € (total value of all values: 67,546.50 euros) or previously 36.81 €. You can choose to pay with coins (all euro coins between 0.01 and 2.00 euros are possible). Debit cards were also accepted for a number of years, but this was discontinued in August 2015. The machines do not reimburse change, but give out the corresponding amounts as additional stamps.

In addition to the postage stamp machines, machine stamps could also be bought at the letter stations. In the first pilot phase in Cologne, the maximum amount was € 31.99. In Frankfurt am Main, on the second generation of machines, between October 1, 2008 and February 28, 2009 it was possible to print up to € 99.99. Due to a system error, the machines printed the currency information with a point instead of a comma in the first four hours: "€ 99.99". This error was corrected during the first day, so that further printouts were made with the comma. The Postcard (Deutsche Post business customer card) was required to use the letter station.

List of issues and motives

Vending machine brands

The ratio of the size of the stamps to each other is shown approximately to scale in this article. If the currency in the table is in brackets, then no currency symbol was printed on the machine brand.

picture description Lettering Value levels Sales period Total circulation draft Mi. -No.
Machine brand.jpg Post horn and lettering, edition for the Federal Republic German Federal Post Office 5–9995 (pfennig) January 2, 1981 to
March 31, 1994 		320,000,000 Bundesdruckerei Berlin Confederation 1
Stamps of Germany (Berlin) 1987, ATM, MiNr 1.jpg Charlottenburg Palace , edition for Berlin (West) German Federal Post Office Berlin 5–9995 (pfennig) May 4, 1987 to
March 28, 1991
Valid until: December 31, 1991 		36,000,000 Heinz Schillinger Berlin 1st
ATM 2 Sanssouci Palace.jpg Sanssouci Palace German Federal Post Office 5–9995 (pfennig) May 19, 1993 to
April 26, 1999 		? Heinz Schillinger Confederation 2
ATM 3 post horns.jpg Post emblems (three post horns) Germany 5–9995 (pfennig) October 22, 1999 /
May 23, 2001 to
December 31, 2001 		? Peter Zepp Confederation 3
ATM-de-4.jpg Post emblems (three post horns) Germany € 0.01-36.81 January 1, 2002 to
April 4, 2002 		? Peter Zepp Confederation 4
ATM 5 mailbox.jpg Mailbox Germany € 0.01-36.81 April 4, 2002 to
2008 		? Andreas Ahrens Confederation 5
ATM-6-Berlin Brandenburger Tor.png Brandenburg Gate in Berlin Germany 0.01–36.75 (€) since October 24, 2008 ? Johannes Graf Confederation 6
ATM-7-Bonn-Post Tower.png Post Tower in Bonn Germany 0.01–36.75 (€) since October 24, 2008 ? Johannes Graf Confederation 7
to write letters Germany 0.01–36.75 (€) since January 3, 2017 ? Thomas Serres Confederation 8

Vending machine brand letters-received.png

Receive letters Germany 0.01–36.75 (€) since January 3, 2017 ? Thomas Serres Confederation 9

Postal stationery

For the first time in the history of German machine stamps, on January 2, 2006, a postal stationery in the form of an envelope with an imprinted machine stamp and franking of € 0.55 was issued for the 25th anniversary . In addition, in September 2008, shortly before the planned change of motif in October, the Post's Philately Service informed collectors of the upcoming change with a plus letter with an imprinted € 0.90 vending machine stamp. The two brands that have been in effect since 2008 can also be obtained from the collector's service as a postal stationery set “New machine brands 2008” and plus card DIN C6 “Post Tower 2010”. There will also be a postal stationery envelope for the 30th anniversary. All postal stationery with machine stamps cannot be bought at the postage stamp machines, but only at the post office counter or at the Post Philatelic Service.

The abbreviation VKP stands for sales price, as the post office charges more than the pure postage value for postal stationery.

picture motive description Stamp imprint First day of use Total circulation Mi. -No.
ATM5-Plusbrief-2005.jpg Mailbox Envelope € * 0.55 January 2, 2006 Confederation 5
Mailbox Private postal stationery: DIN C5 envelope on the occasion of the 109th Philatelist Day from October 3rd to 5th, 2008 € * 1.45 October 14, 2007 2,000 Confederation 5
Mailbox Plus letter from Deutsche Post, Philately Department (collector service) € * 0.90 September 15, 2008 Confederation 5
  • Brandenburg Gate
  • Post Tower
  • Plus card Brandenburg Gate 0.45
  • Standard letter Post Tower 0.55
  • Compact letter both stamps 2 × 0.45
  • Standard registered mail Post Tower: 2.15
  • Standard letter Brandenburger Tor 0.55 with self-service registered label 2.05
 Retail price: 7.50 euros October 24, 2008 Covenant 6 + 7
Post Tower Bonn Plus card DIN C6 "Post Tower 2010" (0.45 euros, set of 3) retail price: 2.95 euros October 24, 2008 Confederation 7
Post Tower Bonn Private postal stationery: 40 years of the Federal Association of Czechoslovakia e. V. in the BDPh 1970-2010 0.55 2010 Confederation 7
Commemorative-Envelope-2011-01-03.png
  • Post Tower Bonn and
  • Brandenburg Gate
 Commemorative envelope January 3, 2011 Covenant 6 + 7

Philatelic evaluation

Cataloging

After the appearance of the first series of machine stamps with fourteen fixed denominations, the Michel catalog assigned each denomination its own number. With the abandonment of the fixed value levels, it became clear that this procedure does not make sense, consequently the machine brands were removed from the "normal" issues and transferred to a separate catalog section with its own numbering; the originally assigned numbers 1068 to 1081 are not used today. For the numbering, it was decided to only use the respective brand motif as the main number. The exception are the numbers ATM 3 and 4: Although these have the same motif, they have different currency units (penny and euro). Within this main number there can be further sub-numbers (similar to a structure).

Example:

  • Confederation 1
    • Bund 1.1 (type 1: Automat Klüssendorf) lettering DBP , normal type printing
    • Bund 1.2 (type 2: Automat Nagler) lettering DBP , bold type printing
  • Confederation 2
    • Bund 2.1.1 (Typ 1.1 Automat Klüssendorf) lettering DBP, normal type printing
    • Bund 2.1.2 (Typ 1.2 Automat Klüssendorf) lettering DBP, bold type printing
    • Bund 2.2.1 (type 2.1 Automat Nagler) lettering DBP and number, bold needle print
    • Bund 2.2.2 (Typ 2.2 Automat Nagler) lettering DBP narrow only the number is bold, needle print
    • Bund 2.2.3 (Type 2.3 Automat Nagler) Post horn and numerals in bold needle print
  • Confederation 3
    • Bund 3.1 (Type 1 Automat Nagler) lettering DBP narrow only the number is bold, needle print
    • Bund 3.2 (Type 2 Automat Nagler) Post horn and value number are printed in bold, the distance between the numbers is narrow, needle print
    • Bund 3.3 (Type 3 Automat Sielaff) Post horn and numerals normal needle pressure, the distances between the digits are wide

Collection area

Since the appearance of the first machine brand in Germany in 1981, including the Berlin brand, ten different brand motifs have appeared (as of January 3, 2017). Despite this small number, there are a number of philatelists who specialize in machine brands and all possible deviations or printer types. A distinction is made between printing errors (variations) that occurred during the production of the stamp roll in the Bundesdruckerei, and printing accidents that arise in the stamp machine when printing the value. The latter is not taken into account when evaluating the brands, as it is almost "normal" if the value impression is not precisely positioned and either higher or lower on the brand. Value imprints on the back of the stamp ( rubber imprint ) can only occur if the ATM reel has been incorrectly inserted into the machine by the post office service staff. Therefore, the service staff is instructed to carry out a test print and then destroy the printed stamps.

The stamps have a comparable catalog value as the stamps that appeared in the same year of issue , although in principle it is a definitive stamp with no circulation limit . Stamps with a serial number on the back (every fifth stamp) receive a 50 percent surcharge in the catalogs. The machine brands are collected by state collectors (Bund and Berlin) who can document any value level of the respective stamp, or by machine brand collectors who specialize in postal automation. In the case of the latter, it is quite possible that the receipt section, which the machine can print out on request, is also collected. With the receipt an exact determination of the purchase date and the location is possible.

Decrees and notifications from the Deutsche Bundespost

The postal system in Germany was regulated by the state until the mid-1990s. Correspondingly, there were also corresponding orders and notifications for the machine brand in the official gazette of the Deutsche Bundespost, which were published by the Bundespostministerium in Bonn. These include the decrees 818 and 840 of 1980; 339, 340, 767, 788, 864 of 1982; 79 and 399 from 1983; 250, 436, 463, 874 of 1984; 284, 571, 813 of 1985; 376/1986; 47, 128, 875 of 1987; 1067 and 1068 from 1988; as well as in notifications 2024/1982; 225/1987.

literature

  • Michel catalogs , Schwaneberger, Munich:
  • Mint never hinged - The Philately Journal of Deutsche Post AG ; ISSN  1430-8533
    • November / December 2008, matching brands at the push of a button . P. 30 f.
  • philatelie - the magazine of the Association of German Philatelists ; ISSN  1619-5892
    • 73rd year:
      • Issue 523, January 2021, Herbert Schumacher: Introduction of the ATM 40 years ago . Pp. 16-18.
    • 61st year:
      • Issue 379, January 2009, Herbert Schumacher: Change of motif for the machine stamps in Bonn . P. 31 ff.
      • Issue 382, ​​April 2009, Volker Neumann: Automatenmarken International . P. 42.
      • Issue 382, ​​April 2009, Herbert Schumacher: Change of motif for the machine stamps in Berlin . P. 45 ff.
    • 43rd year:
      • Issue 195 (at the same time philately and postal history no.116), January 1991, ten years of machine stamp of the German Federal Post Office . Pp. 29-39.
  • German postage stamp newspaper
    • Issue 1/2006, Michael Burzan: 25 years of the German vending machine brand. When the future began , p. 16.
    • 20 years of Berlin vending machine brands . (Continuation article) from issue No. 11/2007, p. 27.
  • Stamp mirror
    • Issue from October 2008, two new motifs. (from machine brands), p. 8, 10.
  • Info letter . ATM Kulleraugen-Verlag, Schellerten, ISSN  0933-1409 .
  • PR Huber: Ten years of machine brands for the Deutsche Bundespost . In: Philately and Postal History . Volume 25, Bonn January 1, 1991, No. 116/1991, pp. 29-40.

Web links

Commons : Automatenmarke (Germany)  - collection of pictures, videos and audio files
Wiktionary: machine postage stamps  - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Official Journal of the DBP of October 13, 1980
  2. ^ Deutsche Post AG, Philately Branch, letter of March 15, 1999
  3. ↑ Philately and Postal History, No. 116/1991, p. 29
  4. ↑ Test drafts
  5. ↑ Preliminary drafts
  6. ^ Official Journal of the DBP of October 13, 1980, Order 818/1980
  7. ↑ Michel Germany Special 2004, p. 1128
  8. ↑ Philately and Postal History, No. 116/1991, p. 31
  9. ↑ Official Gazette No. 8, Order 47 of January 19, 1987; P. 182
  10. ^ Official Journal of the DBP, No. 20 of February 16, 1987, Order 128/1987
  11. ^ Official Journal of the DBP, No. 96 of December 20, 1990 with decision P 499/1990
  12. ↑ Philately and Postal History, No. 116/1991, p. 39
  13. ↑ As of October 24, 2008, the postage stamp machines at Deutsche Post AG will be converted to rund-um-briefmarken.de
  14. ↑ "Philatelie Aktuell", the information sheet of Deutsche Post PHILATELIE, edition 18/2008, page 2 ff.  ( Page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , PDF file 1.6 MB.@1@ 2Template: Toter Link / philatelie.deutschepost.de  
  15. ↑ The new machine postage stamps from January 3rd, 2017, in "Stempel & Information", the information sheet of Deutsche Post PHILATELIE, issue 26/2016, page 17, PDF file ( Memento from December 29, 2016 in the Internet Archive )
  16. ↑ Michel Catalog Germany Special 2004, pp. 1128–1131
  17. ↑ "Philatelie Aktuell", the information sheet of Deutsche Post PHILATELIE, edition 18/2008, page 2 ff.  ( Page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , PDF file 1.6 MB.@1@ 2Template: Toter Link / philatelie.deutschepost.de  
  18. ↑ Werner Rittmeier: New machine brand printer from Deutsche Post - Sielaff devices in Bavarian pilot operation in first use from the end of May. In: Deutsche Briefmarken-Zeitung / Collector's Express issue 11/2001, p. 31
  19. ↑ Herbert Schumacher: Start for machine stamp postage stamps of the type Sielaff on the evening before NAPOSTA 01. In philately issue 292, July / August 2001, p. 29
  20. ↑ Stamp printer
  21. ↑ Information from the manufacturer Sielaff ( Memento from September 15, 2010 in the Internet Archive )
  22. ↑ Deutsche Post AG press release of May 18, 2001
  23. ^ Werner Rittmeier: Sielaff-ATM: Very first start on May 23rd. In: Deutsche Briefmarken-Zeitung , Collector Express Issue 12/2001, p. 53
  24. ↑ Herbert Schumacher: Start of machine postage stamps of the Sielaff type on the eve of NAPOSTA '01. In: philately. Issue no. 292, July / August 2001, pp. 29-31
  25. ↑ ATM and dispatch point for postage stamps ( Memento from December 6, 2011 in the Internet Archive )
  26. ↑ Michel Germany Special 2014, p. 1257
  27. ↑ Philately and Postal History, No. 116/1991, p. 32
  28. ↑ Michel Germany Catalog 2003/2004; P. 948 f
  29. ↑ Briefmarken-Spiegel, November 2008, p. 10
  30. ^ Deutsche Postautomation: Telefrank letter station ( Memento from November 2, 2010 in the Internet Archive )
  31. ^ Official Journal of the DBP, No. 55 of September 8, 1994, Communication P2205 / 1994
  32. ↑ German automatenmarken below design aspects ( Memento of 4 March 2016 Internet Archive )
  33. ↑ ATM and dispatch point for postage stamps ( Memento from December 6, 2011 in the Internet Archive )
  34. ↑ Postal stationery set “New machine brands 2008”  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Deutsche Post AG philately service@1@ 2Template: Toter Link / philatelie.deutschepost.de  
  35. ↑ Plus card DIN C6 “Post Tower 2010” (0.45 EUR, set of 3)  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Deutsche Post AG philately service@1@ 2Template: Toter Link / philatelie.deutschepost.de  
  36. ↑ 30 years of ATM  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Deutsche Post AG philately service@1@ 2Template: Toter Link / philatelie.deutschepost.de  
  37. ↑ 109th German Philatelist Day from October 3rd to 5th, 2008 in Weiden in the Upper Palatinate. Stamp dated October 14, 2007  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.@1@ 2Template: Toter Link / www.haller-briefmarken.de  
  38. ↑ Illustration of the plus letter from September 15, 2008 ( Memento from March 25, 2016 in the Internet Archive )
  39. ↑ 40 years of the Federal Association of Czechoslovakia e. V. im BDPh 1970–2010  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.@1@ 2Template: Toter Link / www.briefmarken-messe.de  
  40. ↑ Display while changing roles on the Sielaff machine
  41. ↑ Deutsche Briefmarken-Zeitung edition No. 17/1996, pp. 48–50
  42. ↑ Philately and Postal History, No. 116/1991, p. 40
This version was added to the list of articles worth reading on December 30, 2010 .