Bitterfeld-Wolfen Chemical Park
| Chemical Park Bitterfeld-Wolfen GmbH
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| legal form | GmbH |
| founding | 1997 |
| Seat | Bitterfeld-Wolfen , Germany |
| management | Michael Polk; Patrice Heine ( managing director ) |
| Number of employees | 70 (2017) |
| sales | 18 million euros (2016) |
| Branch | Infrastructure service provider |
| Website | chemiepark.de |
The Bitterfeld-Wolfen Chemical Park in the city of Bitterfeld-Wolfen ( Saxony-Anhalt ) is the oldest chemical park in Germany and one of the largest in Europe. After the political change in the GDR , the former VEB Chemiekombinat Bitterfeld (CKB) and the Fotochemische Kombinat (FCK) based in Wolfen were dissolved and the parent companies in Bitterfeld and Wolfen were converted into stock companies. Chemie AG Bitterfeld was established in Bitterfeld and Filmfabrik Wolfen AG in Wolfen . In cooperation with the Treuhandanstalt , the sole shareholder, the production facilities and workshops were checked for renovation and suitable preparations were made for privatization. There were spin-offs and new settlements ( Bayer , Heraeus , Aussimont, Sidra-Wasserchemie, ORWO Net , Folienwerk Wolfen, Organica Feinchemie and others). Because of the large number of different owners, the model of a chemical park (chemical park model) was developed for the first time.
The Bitterfeld-Wolfen Chemical Park has a total area of approx. 1,200 ha . In the chemical park with its five openly accessible areas (A to E) there are more than 300 companies that employ around 12,000 people. Companies from different continents (Europe, USA, Asia) have recognized the chemical park Bitterfeld-Wolfen as an ideal location and invested here. Around 12% of the prepared areas are considered vacant and available to investors.
The main products manufactured in the Bitterfeld-Wolfen Chemical Park are: chlorine , caustic soda , hydrogen , hydrochloric acid , phosphoric acid , ferric chloride , dyes, fine chemicals and specialty chemicals , ion exchangers , coating resins, methyl cellulose , high-purity quartz glass , catalysts , pharmaceuticals , polycrystalline silicon , special foils and black and white photographic films .
In addition, companies from the fields of mechanical engineering , recycling and recovery of residues are active in the chemical park.
Significant scientific and technical inventions and developments that arose in the large Bitterfeld and Wolfen factories up to 1990 still have an impact on the chemical park's operations today.
history
Historical requirements
In Bitterfeld there was the late 19th century a processing industry for the in opencast mined lignite and the overlying clay . However, sales of Bitterfeld lignite had decreased considerably, as coal with a higher calorific value was increasingly coming from Silesia to Central Germany. In Bitterfeld around 1890, the idea of developing an industrial area west of the city, near the coal mines, matured.
In the Bitterfeld area there were favorable site conditions for chemical factories. There was cheap lignite to generate electricity, building land was plentiful, labor was available at low wages, there was plenty of water from the Mulde , and nearby, in the Prussian province of Saxony and in Thuringia , the sodium and potassium needed as raw materials were needed - and magnesium salts can only be mined in the existing shafts and transported to Bitterfeld by rail. There were already two rail connections, one from Leipzig to Dessau and one from Halle to Wittenberg , which crossed in Bitterfeld. In 1897 a third line was added from Bitterfeld to Stumsdorf to enable better access to the salt deposits in the Halle- Staßfurt area. The postal routes from Leipzig to Magdeburg, from Halle to Berlin and from Köthen to Düben also crossed in Bitterfeld.
Foundation of the chemical site in Bitterfeld-Wolfen
The “ Allgemeine Elektricitäts-Gesellschaft ” (AEG) founds Elektrochemische Werke GmbH (ECW) Berlin in 1893, which in the same year set up a plant for alkali electrolysis in the industrial area of Bitterfeld-Nord.
In the same year, the Chemische Fabrik Elektron AG (CFE), Frankfurt / M , also acquires . Land on the industrial area in Bitterfeld-Süd and builds a branch. In 1894, after less than a year of construction, both companies put their chlor-alkali electrolysis factories into operation. In order to avoid competition, both companies (ECW and CFE) conclude a contract to protect each other's production secrets and to prevent the “poaching” of workers.
In 1894, the "Actien-Gesellschaft für Anilin-Fabrikation" (Agfa) from Berlin founds the Agfa aniline factory in Greppin near Bitterfeld for the production of intermediate dye products and dyes (later the Wolfen paint factory).
In 1895 Walther Rathenau (1867–1922) started electrolysis experiments at the ECW Bitterfeld in order to obtain magnesium from carnallite . In 1896 he begins the test production of magnesium.
In 1898 CFE took over the electrolysis plants of ECW in Bitterfeld-Nord on a lease basis. The CFE is modernizing the electrolysis cells of the ECW and is now producing magnesium as a reducing agent for the metallurgy of heavy metals and as a powder for pyrotechnic purposes.
In 1899, the limited partnership “Salzbergwerk Neu-Staßfurt and Participants” settled in Zscherndorf near Bitterfeld in order to electrolytically break down aqueous salt solutions. In 1904, the Herz chemical factory also settled in Zscherndorf. It is the first chemical factory to process the chlorine produced in the Griesheim-Elektron AG (CFGE) chemical factory.
In 1909 the “Actien-Gesellschaft für Anilin-Fabrikation” (Agfa) in Berlin was given permission to build a factory in Wolfen / Greppin, north of Bitterfeld, to produce films for the rapidly developing cinema industry.
With the settlement of the aforementioned companies, Bitterfeld becomes the center of the chemical industry in Central Germany.
Elektrochemische Werke GmbH (ECW) 1893–1921
The ECW, founded by AEG, acquired a plot of land in the Bitterfeld Nord industrial area in 1893 to build a factory for the electrolytic production of caustic soda (caustic potash) and chlorinated lime (chlorate of potash) and concluded a contract for the supply of lignite from the “Hermine” mine. Walther Rathenau (1867–1922), son of AEG founder Emil Rathenau , was entrusted with building up the company in Bitterfeld .
AEG is building the first large electrical "central station" (the first power station) for the ECW to supply power to the 300 Rathenau electrolysis cells that were put into operation in December 1894.
In 1895, the ECW began producing calcium carbide on an industrial scale. The ECW is also building an "overland control center" to supply the city of Bitterfeld with electricity. After successful trials by W. Rathenau, the ECW 1896 begins with the trial production of magnesium (2 to 3 kg of magnesium per day).
In 1897 the ECW started building an oxalic acid factory. In addition to oxalic acid as an intermediate product for dyes, the factory also produces potash from potassium hydroxide and coal . In the following years the production of oxalic acid salts is started.
With the establishment of the electricity supply company in 1898 by ECW, the power supply for the towns of Bitterfeld, Wolfen and Jeßnitz is ensured.
After economic difficulties, in 1898 CFE took over the electrolysis factory of ECW on a lease basis, modernized the electrolysis cells and produced 10 to 20 kg of magnesium per day. The oxalic acid factory remains in the portfolio of the ECW.
In 1909, the ECW succeeded in producing synthetic gemstones using the Verneuil process for the first time . In addition, the production of ferro-tungsten and ferro-vanadium (metal alloys with iron) is started. The expansion of the plant continues in 1911 with the establishment of the Ceründmetall factory and a chlorine liquefaction plant.
In 1921, the Chemische Fabrik Griesheim-Elektron AG (CFGE) bought the Elektrochemische Werke GmbH in Bitterfeld and Rheinfelden, including the parts of the company leased in 1898.
Chemical factory Griesheim-Elektron AG (CFGE) 1892–1925
In 1892 the "Chemische Fabrik Elektron AG", Frankfurt / M. (CFE) in Griesheim put the first industrial chlor-alkali electrolysis into operation. A second plant was built in 1893 on the south industrial area in Bitterfeld and went into operation in October 1894.
The "Chemische Fabrik Griesheim am Main" (CFG) and the "Chemische Fabrik Elektron AG" (CFE) merged in 1898 to form the "Chemische Fabrik Griesheim-Elektron AG" (CFGE). It takes over all activities (except oxalic acid production) of the electrochemical works (ECW) in Bitterfeld and Rheinfelden on a lease basis and continues the production of magnesium according to the Rathenau process.
The expansion of the plant in Bitterfeld is progressing steadily: In 1899 the chlorate factory in Plant I (south) goes into operation and in Plant II (north) the calcium metal plant is handed over. In 1900 the first plant in Germany for the production of yellow phosphorus using the electrothermal process is put into operation. In 1901, CFGE relocated potassium permanganate production from Griesheim to Bitterfeld. In 1903 the facilities were expanded to include a chlorobenzene and monochloroacetic acid factory in Plant I.
The hydrogen produced in the electrolysis plants is compressed from 1901 and delivered to the fleet of the “airshipmen”. Obviously, a free balloon ascent area will also be created in Bitterfeld Nord, to which a hydrogen line will be laid in 1904. Bitterfeld becomes the second airship port in Germany after Friedrichshafen. In the Bitterfeld airship yard, a total of 21 Parseval airships were built by 1917 .
In 1904 the prerequisites for the production of chlorates for the production of explosives and herbicides by electrolytic means through the production of magnetite electrodes are created.
During the Russo-Japanese War 1904/05 , the CFGE supplied large quantities of magnesium powder for pyrotechnic purposes to Russia. The magnesium production facilities are then expanded. The production of potassium chlorate , potassium dichromate and sodium formate will also be started.
After the war, magnesium sales fell drastically and the newly appointed CFGE Technical Director , Gustav Pistor , was looking for a new use for magnesium. He begins developing magnesium alloys and has a special laboratory and test foundry set up in Grießheim for this purpose in 1906. The magnesium alloy developed (brand name "Elektron") brings first price at the first airship exhibition in Frankfurt / M. (ILA) in 1909 in the “competition for light metals of considerable strength”. The CFGE then set up a test foundry in Bitterfeld for the production of magnesium alloys. Bitterfeld becomes the center of magnesium metallurgy.
In 1907 a chlorine line was laid for the first time to connect plants I (south) and plant II (north). Various phosphorus compounds are also included in the production profile.
At the beginning of the First World War (1914/15) important new buildings were built in the CFGE, a nitric acid factory, an aluminum factory (Alu I), an "electron" metal factory (see above), a new potassium chlorate plant and a new power station (South Power Station) . After aluminum plant I went into operation in 1916, aluminum began a stormy triumph. The first foundry and the first light metal extrusion shop for aluminum and magnesium alloys are also put into operation. During the war, large quantities of preliminary products for the explosives industry are manufactured in the Bitterfeld works, and chlorine and phosgene are also produced for use as poisonous gas .
During the war, German chemical plants began working closely together. It culminated in 1916 in the "triple association" of German tar paint factories , which the CFGE also joined. The so-called "small IG" that was formed became the predecessor of " IG Farbenindustrie AG ".
After the end of the war, production began to switch to products for nutrition ( fertilizers ) and pharmaceuticals . In 1920 the production of phosphorus trichloride for insecticides and the production of pesticides begins .
The leased electrolysis works of ECW in Bitterfeld Nord and the other operating departments of ECW in Bitterfeld and Rheinfelden are completely acquired by CFGE in 1921 and ECW gives up operations.
In 1921, the first "Elektron" cast and pressed parts for textile machine construction from electron metal are manufactured in Bitterfeld. With the development of the Elrasal process by Adolf Franz Beck , the prerequisites for low- corrosion magnesium alloys are created. The Bitterfeld works become world leaders in light metal production.
The development of the plant in Bitterfeld was so positive that in 1925 the entire technical management of CFGE was relocated from Frankfurt to Bitterfeld.
In the period from 1894 to 1925, the CFGE in Bitterfeld developed around 90 new chemical products and the processes required for their production.
1925 was an important year for the chemical industry in Bitterfeld. On December 9, 1925, the leading plants in the chemical industry in Germany merged to form IG Farbenindustrie Aktiengesellschaft, including Chemische Fabrik Griesheim-Elektron AG.
IG Farbenindustrie AG / Bitterfeld 1925–1945
After the First World War, the "small IG" was not dissolved by the Versailles Treaty of 1919 , but only had to divulge the production secrets to the Entente powers. The dismantling of the paint, electrolysis and nitrogen factories can be prevented by Carl Duisberg . In order to remain competitive with other countries and the large self-sufficiency projects , etc. a. In 1925, the chemical companies Bayer, Hoechst, BASF, Kalle, Agfa, CFGE, Casella and Weiler Ter Mer merged to form "IG Farbenindustrie AG", the largest chemical company in the world, to be able to finance the carbon hydrogenation and rubber synthesis.
The amalgamation to the “big IG” makes it possible to organize the entire scientific and technical activities of the individual companies. This can be achieved through a spatial as well as technical structure. Five operating communities (BG) are formed, one of which is BG Mitteldeutschland (Wolfen-Bitterfeld). Bitterfeld from the fate of the works Bitterfeld South and North, the acid factory Bitterfeld, the molybdenum plant are from 1930 Teutschenthal , the work Rheinfelden , the work Piesteritz who works Aken , Staßfurt, Scharzfeld and the paint factory Wolfen steered. Gustav Pistor was the director from 1930 to 1937 and Ernst Bürgin from 1937 to 1945 .
In the early 1930s, the Bitterfeld researchers made important inventions, including a. the light metal alloy hydronalium, PVC , new fragrances, fur dyes, ion exchangers, and they developed new systems for production, etc. a. a 3000 kW phosphor furnace, a tungstic acid plant , a tricresyl phosphate plant and a calcium chloride plant. The electron metal department is experiencing the greatest boom. The age of all-metal aircraft begins with the serial use of "Elektron" cast and pressed parts for aircraft and engine construction .
After the National Socialists came to power in 1933 , there was a strong economic recovery. The "IG Bitterfeld" also benefits from this. New products are added to production and the systems are expanded or modernized. In an agreement between the Heereswaffenamt and IG Farben AG in 1934, the construction of a magnesium plant for incendiary bombs is decided.
The second four-year plan of the Nazi dictatorship, according to which, through self-sufficiency and armament, warfare should be achieved in four years, gives IG Bitterfeld a boost. A new “Elektron” metal ingot and ingot foundry is built, plants for the production of magnesium are built in Aken and Staßfurt, a plant for the extraction of magnesium chloride from dolomite is built in Teutschenthal, and one in Staßfurt is produced from the final liquors from potash extraction, and in 1937 Aluminum Works II in Bitterfeld starts production.
The successful researchers received the Grand Prix at the Paris World Exhibition in 1937 for the “Bitterfeld light metal alloys electron and hydronalium”.
For the Bitterfeld researchers, one of the largest and most modern light metal research institutes in the world, the light metal laboratory on Zörbiger Strasse in Bitterfeld, was inaugurated, and the largest forging presses in the world were built in Bitterfeld for the production of light aircraft parts. The 15,000 and 30,000 t Schloemann presses, for example, produced 465 different Dural and electron pressed parts per aircraft for the Ju 88 , or produced spar belts up to 10 meters in length for the He 177 and He 219 - a revolution in aircraft construction.
In 1938, production began to be converted to war production of nitric acid, sulfuric acid, incendiary bombs and much more. The main products of the IG Bitterfeld, chlorine and sodium hydroxide, are for the defense industry an important precursor for explosives, fog fabrics, Buna rubber , Losantin , Mersol, magnesium, chloride of lime , hydrochloric acid , viscose staple fiber , rayon , and other materials of the "war chemistry."
Production at the Bitterfeld works reached its peak during the Second World War . Due to a lack of staff, foreign forced laborers , prisoners of war and concentration camp prisoners are used in the IG companies in Bitterfeld and Wolfen .
In the period between 1925 and 1945, around 100 production starts of important products and product groups took place in the Bitterfeld plants south and north.
At the end of the war, the destruction caused by the effects of the war in the chemical plants in the Bitterfeld-Wolfen area is comparatively low. On April 21, 1945, American troops arrive in Bitterfeld and Wolfen as occupying forces. They close the works and prohibit all production. They also prohibit research in the Elektrochemische Werken Bitterfeld (EWB) - the successful research work in the “Metal Laboratory” in Bitterfeld is thus ended. On April 28th, Dr. Moschel disclosed to the Americans the research areas of IG Bitterfeld-Wolfen. Special task forces of the military secret service CIOS (Combined Intelligence Objectives Sub-Committee) search the plants and confiscate extensive files, patents, raw materials and intermediate products. On May 17, 1945, a group of American soldiers led by Capt. George JM Nally a large number of files. When they leave, the Americans take part of the management of the Bitterfeld plant, many scientists, procedural documents, chemicals and raw materials with them. The Bitterfeld know-how appears in the CIOS reports, for example the production of polyvinyl chloride in the report “CIOS XXVI-52”.
On June 22, 1945, the entire management of the IG Farben works in Bitterfeld and their families left for Frankfurt Main. 45 railroad cars loaded with chemicals travel with them. When the British secret service came to Bitterfeld to conduct its “research” at the end of June, there were only a few specialists left - most of them had already been “poached” by the Americans - and the documents and production samples had already been removed. In order to complete the bloodletting, the IG Farben headquarters in Frankfurt / M. (ZEFI) transferred considerable assets (around 100 million RM financial assets) of the Central Germany operating group from the Commerzbank branch in Bitterfeld and the private bank Schauseil to western Germany.
As early as the Yalta Conference in February 1945, the Allies stipulated that Germany would be forced to pay compensation in property to the greatest possible extent. In relation to industrial production in Bitterfeld in 1936, the Soviet occupying power carried out the following dismantling:
- Bitterfeld electrochemical works (North and South works) 40% of total capacity
- Aluminum hut Bitterfeld 100%
- Bitterfeld aluminum smelting plant of Metallgesellschaft AG, Frankfurt / M. approx. 80%
- Bitterfeld aluminum rolling mill approx. 80%
- Bitterfeld ferro-alloy plant
- Magnesium works and electron plants in Bitterfeld 80%
- Large power plant Thalheim 100%.
After the end of the war, the board member of IG Farben AG and head of the Mitteldeutschland operating group, Dr. Ernst Bürgin sentenced to two years imprisonment for looting and robbery in Norway in the Nuremberg IG Farben Trial in 1948. The director of the film factory and head of Division III of IG Farben, Fritz Gajewski, on the other hand, was acquitted. Some Jewish scientists who had previously worked in the film factory and whom he had protected from persecution, exonerated him in Nuremberg with affidavits.
Paint factory Wolfen 1894–1969
After the "Actien-Gesellschaft für Anilin-Fabrikation" (Agfa) tried in vain to gain a foothold in the Rhine-Main area , the decision was made in favor of Greppin in Central Germany . A solid energy base, the Mulde as a water supplier and wastewater disposal company are the main reasons for the decision, in addition to the proximity to the company's headquarters in Berlin and low wages.
The groundbreaking ceremony took place in May 1895 and 10 months later, on March 17, 1896, the benzidine factory started production. On March 27th, the first dye is produced with “ Fuchsin ”. The Azo dye factory started production as early as 1897 . There are eight dye brands in the production program of the Greppin paint factory with a production volume of 322,489 kg per year.
In contrast to the CFGE, the electrolytic production of chlorine and alkalis according to the new bell process (electrolysis without diaphragm) is started in 1902.
With the commissioning of the Azo II factory in 1903, the production of the substantive cotton dyes that attach to the fibers begins. With the production of 2,959,395 kg of dyes per year, the production for the first time exceeds the production in the parent company in Treptow near Berlin .
In 1904 Agfa built the first sulfuric acid plant and began manufacturing basic chemicals, which was continued in 1908 with the manufacture of nitric acid from Chile's nitrate .
In 1916, 40 tons of silver nitrate were made available for film production in the Wolfen film factory. In the 1970s, 740 tons per year are produced, of which the Wolfen film factory receives around 160 tons.
During the First World War, the factory produced chemical warfare agents ( Lost and Clark ) for the army and in 1916 expanded nitric acid production based on the Ostwald process .
With the establishment of the Azo Ost plant in 1922/23 east of the Bitterfeld – Dessau railway line, not only is one location line crossed, but facilities for the introduction of new cotton and wool dyes are also possible.
In addition to the Berlin production, the production of new fragrances starts between 1931 and 1935.
A completely new product, the synthetic ion exchanger for the desalination of boiler water in power plants and for the production of ultrapure water, was developed by Robert Grießbach in 1936 . With the commissioning of an industrial production plant in 1938, the global market launch of Wofatite begins.
The presentation of the antibiotic " Prontosil " produced in the paint factory at the 1937 World Exhibition in Paris was honored with a Grand Prix. Prontosil has an excellent antibacterial effect against streptococci , staphylococci and coli bacteria .
With the commissioning of the sulfuric acid plant in 1938 using the Müller-Kühne process (gypsum-sulfuric acid), a significantly more effective production was achieved.
Another synergy effect between the two Agfa plants in Wolfen was initiated in 1943. From the waste liquor from the pulp production in the film factory, nutrient and fodder yeasts are produced in the paint factory.
As a result of acts of war in the Wolfen / Jeßnitz area and the explosion of a train loaded with explosives near the azo dye and vanadium factory, production was interrupted on April 19, 1945 and only resumed on July 1, 1945 after the withdrawal of the American troops recorded.
The Soviet occupying power dismantles 40% of the total capacity in the paint factory in relation to industrial production in 1936.
From 1947 to April 30, 1952, the paint factory is a member of the Soviet joint-stock company "Kraska" and is therefore owned by the Soviet Union . In 1965, the Wolfen paint factory, with 7,500 employees, had the highest number of employees and produced a large number of chemicals. After 74 years of eventful history, independence came to an end with the formation of the Bitterfeld Chemical Combine in 1969.
Wolfen film factory
Developments from 1909 to 1945
In 1908 the Berlin-based "Actien-Gesellschaft für Anilin-Fabrikation" (Agfa) decided to build a motion picture factory. In the 1908 annual report published at the beginning of 1909, it says: "In order not to lose a lot of time, a motion picture factory should be built in Greppin as soon as possible in the current year". The up-and-coming cinema with a rapidly growing demand for film is the trigger for the decision to expand the cinema business. The well-developing Agfa paint factory in Greppin and possible synergy effects are the reason for choosing Greppin / Wolfen as a location. On July 23, 1909, Wolfen's chief officer, Schuster, issued the building permit and, one year later, on July 19, 1910, the permit to start up the "Filmfabrik Greppin".
The great demand for film leads to expansion in 1914. During the First World War, however, the demand for film fell sharply, and so there were considerations to establish a new product line. One remembers research work that was carried out in 1905 in the Agfa laboratories in Berlin. In a pilot plant, a research team led by William Lohöfer had a (1878-1965) acetate - rayon manufactured. In 1916 work in the film factory was continued on a test facility and small quantities of acetate silk were produced. Production began in 1927, however, in a factory in Berlin-Lichtenberg that was set up with the Glanzstoff concern , the newly founded Aceta GmbH.
In Wolfen, the decision is made to manufacture rayon using the rayon process on the basis of wood cellulose. Wilhelm Lohöfer, now a member of the board of directors of the Wolfen film factory, hires the Swiss chemist Fritz Dietler-Jaeger, who offers a pure viscose process. In October 1917 he began his research and preparation of a test and later production facility in the Wolfen film factory. On October 2, 1922, the plant went into operation. Now, in addition to films, artificial silk is also being produced, a date of historic significance for the film factory. It is the beginning of the development of a synthetic fiber range. The viscose process was used to produce artificial silk (1922), sponges (1929), vistrafiber (1937), sausage casings (1946) and the dialysis membrane “Nephrophane” (1967/68).
After the First World War, the demand for Wolfener Film increased again, so that in 1922 the third phase of the expansion of the film production began. After completing these expansions, the film factory became the second largest film factory in the world in 1926/27 and, with 5850 employees, the largest factory in the Wolfen / Bitterfeld / Greppin region. In the meantime, films for the cinema industry, photo films for black and white paper images and slides for projection are produced. Furthermore, X-ray films , materials for graphic arts (printing) and special films (film flyers) on offer.
Between 1930 and 1933 , Division III of IG Farbenindustrie AG, headed by Agfa director Fritz Gajewski since 1929, “Photographica, Kunstseide, Vistra, Fragrances”, moved from Berlin to the Wolfen film factory. The Wolfen film factory is the lead company of division III, the Agfa camera factory in Munich, the photo paper factory in Leverkusen, the artificial silk factory in Bobingen, the synthetic fiber factory in Premnitz , the chemical fiber factory in Cologne-Rottweil am Neckar, the fiber factory in Landsberg / Warthe, the factories of Dynamit-Nobel AG and Aceta GmbH Berlin-Lichtenberg and until the start of the war Agfa Ansco in Binghampton and Dormagen.
The film factory is the management center of the photo and fiber industry with around 38,000 employees. The result is that the film factory becomes the center of research in the fields of rayon, staple fibers and photography for the IG Farbenindustrie. In 1930/31 two scientific fiber laboratories were built and the photography research department, which had moved from Berlin to Wolfen in 1928, was expanded, including the director, John Eggert , in the photography sector . Agfa Wolfen is becoming a recognized research location that attracts renowned scientists.
There are various cooperation relationships and synergy effects within the group across structural boundaries (divisions, joint ventures). The development of the world's first fully synthetic fiber based on polyvinyl chloride (PeCe fiber / silk) between 1931 and 1934 under the direction of Emil Hubert (1887–1945) is on the one hand a result of this concentration of fiber research at the Wolfen film factory and on the other hand that The result of a collaboration between the Wolfen film factory and the Griesheim-Elektron chemical factory in Bitterfeld (Central Germany Works Group). The development of the magnetic tape in BASF (Division II) in 1934/35, incorporating the experience of the Wolfen film factory in the field of flexible carriers, is another example of synergies. The start of the Perlon fiber production is the result of the cooperation between the Filmfabrik Wolfen / Aceta GmbH Berlin (Division III) and the Leunawerken (Division I) which, from 1941, ensures the production of the initial product caprolactam . From 1932 onwards, the film factory produced a cotton-type staple fiber (Vistra) in addition to artificial silk using the viscose process already used in the manufacture of artificial silk, thereby expanding the range of fibers.
In 1931, the film factory presented its first color film , even if the Agfa bipack process was only a two-color system. In 1931 Ufa produced the cultural film “Bunte Tierwelt”, made with the Agfa bi-pack technology and shot in Hagenbeck's zoo in Hamburg. It is the first color cinema film made in Germany. In 1933 the film factory presented its first color material for photography. Linked to this is the introduction of the “ Agfacolor ” trademark . The color plate developed for slide projection and the color film using the grain raster method is a further development of the "Agfa color plate" manufactured in Treptow since 1916.
The Agfacolor new process introduced in October 1936 with the presentation of a color slide film and a narrow film is the most outstanding research result in the film sector. At the World Exhibition in 1937, the process received a Grand Prix and the main inventors Wilhelm Schneider and Gustav Wilmanns recognition medals. It introduces color photography for everyone and is increasingly replacing black and white cinema films with color films. The Ufa uses the method for the production of color films. The shooting of the first full-length feature film on Agfacolor-Neu - "Women Are Better Diplomats" - began in the summer of 1939. The 1943 film " Münchhausen ", starring Hans Albers , has cult status to this day. It is the time when the Nazis increasingly used color film for propaganda purposes and encouraged the German people to persevere with the color film " Kolberg ", which was only completed at the end of 1944 .
As part of the self-sufficiency policy of the Nazi regime, the fiber sector was expanded in 1936/37. Financed with favorable state loans, the world's largest fiber and pulp mill with an attached viscose fiber spinning mill is being built in the film factory. It is part of the “National Fiber Program” of the Reich government. The aim of the program is to be largely independent of natural cotton imports. A paper pulp mill is being built in parallel. In the chemical fiber sector, participation in the development and introduction of Perlon fibers in 1938/39 and the establishment of a production facility in Landsberg / Warthe in 1943 are essential results of Wolfen fiber research.
With the construction of the pulp mills, large amounts of waste liquor are generated from the wood digestion, which still contain valuable ingredients. In 1938, a special department was founded with the task of using the ingredients. In 1944 fodder yeast, i.e. protein, was produced from the waste liquor through the use of special microorganisms. Finally, in 1944, “Furfurol” was isolated from the waste liquor and, under the strictest of secrecy, the chemical that was used as fuel for the V2 rockets was obtained industrially . In 1944 a plant for the fermentation of the sulphite waste liquor from pulp production started operations. The process was developed in collaboration with a research team from the Agfa paint factory under the direction of Alfred Rieche. The yeast was used as protein feed in agriculture.
As part of the rearmament, the film factory received a “war supply contract” from the Reich Aviation Ministry on March 20, 1937 . The delivery of high-resolution “aviator film” for aerial reconnaissance in the event of war is agreed upon. Internal plans also envisage the expansion of the production of "clear panes" (gelatine-coated films) for use in the war, which were made for gas masks as early as 1917. Another product that was important to the war effort is PeCe rayon (polyvinyl chloride), which was produced in large quantities for parachute covering from 1939 onwards.
The film production capacities are greatly expanded by 1941. But the demand for raw film, especially for Ufa and the “ Wochenschau ”, can no longer be met. In order to secure the supply of raw materials and to be able to maintain the workforce, the film production is classified as "decisive for the war" by the Reich Defense Council .
With the start of the production of magnetic tapes in November 1943, as the second company worldwide after BASF, the development of a further range begins. The film factory has already been able to contribute its experience in the field of flexible carrier films to the development of the tapes at BASF and thus contributed to the introduction of the “Magnetophon” system developed jointly with AEG, which was presented at the 1935 radio exhibition in Berlin. On the initiative of the High Command of the Army (OKH), a second magnetic tape location was built in the film factory in 1943.
After the destruction of the production facility at BASF in July 1943, the film factory was temporarily the sole manufacturer of the magnetic tape. a. at the front in the "knapsack device" and "trench device" produced by the AEG especially for the army.
Artillery fire and low-level aircraft destroyed around 14% of the film factory's buildings and facilities on April 18 and 19, 1945. From April 20 until 30.6. American troops occupy the plant. They confiscated research and production documents and transported them west on July 1, 1945. With the publication of the know-how of the film factory, the knowledge advantage, especially in the color film sector, is lost. When the factory was taken over by the Soviet military administration on July 1, 1945, the film factory was gradually restarted.
In the Nuremberg IG Farben trial in 1947/48, the former director of the film factory and head of Division III, Fritz Gajewski, was charged. He was exonerated and acquitted, primarily by former Jewish employees working in the film factory.
Post-war period and developments until 1994
In the film factory, too, the American occupation troops confiscated formulations and samples of films as well as considerable quantities of chemicals that "departed on train 1 - 5" on June 20, 1945 after being handed over to the 1st Lieutenant of the US Army, William Porter to the companies Gevaert and Kodak. This includes 95 tons of silver nitrate, the entire inventory of the film factory, as well as 72 tons of photo paper that will be brought to the American headquarters in Munich. The total of the requisitioned chemicals and photo paper is 830 tons. The scientific equipment taken with you fill out a list of 11 pages. The Americans do not always become specialists on a voluntary basis, as did research director Prof. Dr. John Eggert, taken with you. Another 25 directors, scientists and senior staff who voluntarily go with the Americans are interned in Munich. You have to reveal the production secrets of the film factory and summarize them in reports - freedom is only given back in exchange for know-how.
When the British came to Wolfen towards the end of June 1945, they took six engineers and foremen from the film factory as spoils of war, as well as valuable copper ribbons for making film bases on casting machines.
With the order No. 156 of July 22, 1946, the film factory becomes Soviet property and is incorporated into the Soviet joint-stock company (SAG) mineral fertilizer "Kaustik". At the beginning of 1947 the Soviet joint-stock company "Photoplenka" was established, to which, in addition to the film factory, the Eilenburg celluloid plant and the Sehma finishing plant belong. During the SAG period, a large part of the film production is delivered to the Soviet Union and Poland . In 1947 this affects almost the entire film and magnetic tape production.
In 1946, around 60% of the film facilities and 30% of the energy systems of the three power stations of the film factory and facilities for the production of rayon and PC fibers are dismantled and the reparations are transported to the Soviet Union. In 1947, scientists and engineers were hired to rebuild the film factory in Shostka (now Ukraine ). Further plants are being built in Kazan and China . In May 1950, Kurt Meyer's team from Schostka returned to the film factory.
With the start of production of Perlon cord silk in 1948 and fine silk in 1952, products are introduced that were developed in the thirties, including the construction of the first factory in Landsberg / Warte. In 1950 the man-made fiber division achieved a 45% share of sales.
On January 1, 1954, the film factory was returned to the GDR and incorporated into the GDR economy as " VEB Film- und Chemiefaserwerk Agfa Wolfen". As part of the "chemistry program" decided by the government of the GDR in 1958, the expansion of the film sector begins at the expense of the man-made fiber sector. In 1964 the film factory separates from the Agfa trademark and sells its photo and magnetic tape products under the ORWO trademark, which was registered in 1954 and is used for selected products (synthetic sausage casings made from viscose).
Between 1967 and 1969 the polyamide silk plants (Perlon, from 1959 Dederon) and the plants for polyamide fishing lines are shut down and new plants are put into operation in Schwarza and Guben . In 1971 Wolpryla production runs out after the commissioning of expanded capacities in Premnitz in Wolfen.
With the establishment of the Fotochemisches Kombinate (FCK) in 1970, the film factory again becomes the control center of an entire industry. Wolfen coordinates the research and production of 6 companies with 21,000 employees. The main products are films for photography and the cinema industry, as well as X-ray film. Black and white photo paper and magnetic tapes (audio, data and video tapes) are other essential products.
In 1985 the film factory reached its highest production volume with an industrial goods production of 2.18 billion marks in the GDR. With the political change in Eastern Europe, combined with the opening of the markets, sales of the products in these main sales markets are falling drastically. The photochemical combine is dissolved in 1990 and the film factory is converted into a stock corporation. In 1990/91 the plants for the environmentally harmful and worn out man-made fiber area (pulp, viscose fiber, viscose casing, yeast and pivot acid) are shut down.
In 1992 the Filmfabrik Wolfen AG splits into the Wolfener Vermögensverwaltungsgesellschaft AG with the largely closed pulp and fiber production facilities including the technical areas and into the Filmfabrik Wolfen GmbH. In the film sector, the production of black and white and color films will continue. In 1994 liquidation had to be initiated for economic reasons . The history of the Wolfen film factory ended on June 4, 1998 after 89 years of eventful history.
Bitterfeld Electrochemical Combine 1945–1969
With the order No. 9 of the Soviet Military Administration in Germany (SMAD) of July 21, 1945, production is resumed in the Bitterfeld South and North plants. But not the production of magnesium and electrons. In the provisions of the Potsdam Agreement, a production ban for the war magnesium for Germany was issued. This ends the magnesium production and the successful research work in the Bitterfeld "metal laboratory".
With the SMAD order No. 124 of October 30, 1945, the USSR placed the IG Farbenindustrie AG plants in the Soviet occupation zone under Soviet administration. The Soviet command office appoints the engineer Adolf Franz Beck , who is considered to be innocent, as the main director of the Bitterfeld works .
One year later, on August 1, 1946, the Bitterfeld chemical plant was incorporated into the Soviet stock corporation (SAG) mineral fertilizer "Kaustik" under the name "Branch Germany - Electrochemical Combine Bitterfeld (EKB)". The Wolfen paint factory becomes a division of the Soviet state joint-stock company for dye production "Kraska".
In order to pay off the German war debt, 75% of the aluminum works in the EKB, 51% of the southern works and around 70% of the northern works are dismantled in the EKB. In the paint factory, the gypsum sulfuric acid plant, the nitrogen plants, sulfur black, AZO M, HOKO acid and many other plants are completely or partially dismantled and brought to the USSR as reparations.
The factories that were not dismantled after the war were converted to the production of basic chemicals and fertilizers as well as consumer goods for the population, such as detergents , aluminum dishes, shoes, aprons and raincoats made of Igelit (PVC), BINO soup seasoning and peptonizate (anti-hunger agent). By the end of 1947 the EKB had 12,000 employees again, who achieved an annual turnover of 100–120 million R-Marks. Of the profit, 52.7% go to the reparations account and 3.8% directly to the Soviet Army .
In 1949, the EKB resumed the processing of magnesium from remaining ingots (small cast ingots) and scrap in the pressing shop , which was the only electron company to have survived after the Second World War. It is used to make consumer goods such as saucepans, milk cans, buttons, tobacco pipes and bed frames.
Due to the increasing demand for chlorine and caustic soda, a new electrolysis plant was built in the southern part of the plant (Chlor III) in 1950.
The paint factory and the EKB are transferred from the USSR to the GDR as state-owned companies in May 1952. The Bitterfeld plants south and north operate from now on as VEB Elektrochemisches Kombinat Bitterfeld and belong to the Association of Publicly Owned Enterprises (VVB) "Electrochemistry and Plastics". The paint factory in Wolfen operates as VEB paint factory Wolfen and belongs to the VVB "Allgemeine Chemie".
In 1952 a plant for the production of floor coverings is built in the EKB , which already produces one million square meters in the first year. The first VINIDUR gutters are also produced.
In 1954 the Bitterfeld Kulturpalast " Wilhelm Pieck " was handed over for the EKB employees. In 1959, at an authors' conference organized by the Mitteldeutscher Verlag , the “ Bitterfelder Weg ”, a new programmatic development of the socialist cultural policy of the GDR, was decided here.
As part of the “Chemistry program of the GDR” under the motto “Chemistry gives prosperity, bread and beauty”, the focus is on increasing the production of chlorine and PVC. But also new products and product groups such as benzoic acid , toothpaste , titanium dioxide, plain bearing metals , chromic acid , detergents, barium carbonate , molybdenum disulphide, dimethoate (Bi58), phosphorus pentasulphide , liquid fertilizer and the like. a. are included in production. At the end of the 1950s, a vinyl chloride post-chlorination plant and an ultra-pure zirconium plant were built especially for the Soviet Union . The zircon is used in nuclear reactors and in the coating of radioactive waste for final disposal .
After a devastating explosion in the PVC factory on July 11, 1968, with 42 dead and 270 injured, the plants were completely destroyed and PVC production was stopped.
Combines are founded in the GDR with the aim of shaping the management structure of the GDR economy more effectively. In 1969, for example, the VEB Farbenfabrik Wolfen, the VEB Elektrochemisches Kombinat Bitterfeld and five other companies formed the Chemiekombinat Bitterfeld (CKB).
Bitterfeld Chemical Combine 1969–1990
In 1969 the VEB Chemiekombinat Bitterfeld (CKB) comprising seven companies was formed. The Elektrochemische Kombinat Bitterfeld (EKB) and the paint factory Wolfen jointly become the parent company and control center of the combine, which employs around 20,000 people . The companies VEB Vereinigte Sodawerke Bernburg-Staßfurt , VEB Fettchemie Karl-Marx-Stadt , VEB Chemiewerk Nünchritz , VEB Elektrokohle Lichtenberg, VEB Chemiewerk Bad Köstritz , VEB Domal Stadtilm and a foreign trade company belong to the combine .
The production portfolio includes basic inorganic chemicals, organic chemicals, dyes, ion exchangers, pesticides, fertilizers, special metals and plastics. Around 4,000 sales products are manufactured in the CKB. The CKB developed into the most important manufacturer of pesticides in the GDR.
At the end of the sixties, out of a total of 141 production, auxiliary and ancillary facilities 55, did not meet the legal requirements for work and production safety. To improve the situation, investments amounting to 8.8 billion marks are made between 1970 and 1989. 30 of these will be newly built, expanded or modernized and 15 old ones will be closed.
Despite the streamlining of the range with an enormous number of intermediate and end products, the Bitterfeld companies remain the " pharmacy of the GDR". Due to the lack of funds in the centrally controlled economy of the GDR, however, extensive investments in modernizing and building new chemical plants are not available. Many existing systems are forced to run for wear.
Due to the generation of electricity from lignite in the south power plant, which is not equipped with filter systems, considerable fly ash precipitation falls over Bitterfeld until 1976 . Bitterfeld is called the dirtiest city in Europe. It was not until a new natural gas power plant went into operation in 1976 that a significant reduction in dust precipitation occurred in Bitterfeld.
The CKB is of central importance for the GDR economy. It is often the sole manufacturer of products to meet the GDR's needs for basic inorganic chemicals, aluminum , organic dyes, pesticides, pest control and fertilizers, detergents, basic pharmaceutical substances, PVC products, paints, household chemicals and ion exchangers for water treatment. With the development and introduction of a process for the production of the CAMPOSAN stalk stabilizer in 1979, a yield increase of 5 to 15% in the cultivation of grain is achieved in GDR agriculture.
The increasing wear and tear of production facilities led to catastrophic working and environmental conditions in the 1980s. The emissions of the CKB pollute the air and more and more citizens of the surrounding areas are suffering health problems. The shutdown of the electrolysis plant, which was built by the ECW in 1894, in 1981 brought some relief from chlorine emissions. A reduction in emissions containing fluorine was achieved in 1989 with the closure of aluminum works 1, which was built in 1915. But sewage is also a problem. Most of the CKB's sewage pipes are in a condition worthy of rehabilitation and many organic pollutants are discharged into the basin without treatment. The water pollution of the trough is extremely high due to the lack of sewage treatment systems. There have been no fish in the hollow for a long time.
In production, however, new systems are also put into operation, such as the commissioning of Europe's most modern chlorate factory in 1988.
On June 21, 1990, the parent company of the Bitterfeld Chemical Combine was converted into the Bitterfeld-Wolfen Chemical Company.
Bitterfeld-Wolfen researchers
Since the Bitterfeld-Wolfen chemical site was founded in 1893, the chemical factories have made outstanding scientific achievements. T. wrote chemical history. The following are researchers who became important inventors or who played a key role in the development of new processes and technologies.
| In 1888, as a hobby researcher, Momme Andresen (1857–1951) produced the first developer substances for photographic plates . Its rodinal developer , introduced in 1891, is still in use today. In 1891, following his suggestion, the “Photographic Department of the Actien-Gesellschaft für Anilin Fabrication” (Agfa) was founded. In doing so, he led Agfa, which previously mainly produced chemicals and dyes, on the path of photography. |
| Adolf Franz Beck (1892–1949) laid the foundations for magnesium metallurgy in Bitterfeld. From 1925 to 1936 he headed light metal research in Bitterfeld, which developed into an international center. The book "Magnesium and its alloys" published by him in 1939 was considered the standard work for magnesium light metal production for 50 years. The processes he developed for the production of light metal alloys from magnesium and aluminum are still used today. The electron-metal and hydronalium alloys are inextricably linked with his name. After the Second World War, he headed the reconstruction of the Bitterfeld Electrochemical Combine as chief director. |
| Emil-Joachim Birr (1903–1973) was employed in 1933 in the "Technical and Scientific Laboratories" at Agfa Filmfabrik Wolfen. Here he developed new chemical film components. In 1935 he found a substance that significantly improved the durability of the films without loss of speed. It was an essential research contribution to the development of the Agfacolor Neu process. |
| Ernst Bürgin (1885–1966) contributed to the development of electrothermal phosphor production. From 1931 he headed the Bitterfeld-Süd plant and in 1938 became chairman of the Central German operating group of IG Farbenindustrie AG in Bitterfeld. He held this position until 1945. |
| John Eggert (1891–1973) carried out pioneering research in the fields of reaction kinetics, thermodynamics, photochemistry and photophysics. Eggert is considered the father of scientific photography. From 1928 to 1945, with the status of research director, he headed the scientific laboratory photography at Agfa, based in Wolfen. From 1923 to 1937, in addition to his work at Agfa in Berlin and later in Wolfen, he was a professor at the University of Berlin . In 1946 he briefly taught at the TH Munich . From 1947 to 1961 he was full professor of photography at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich . The John Eggert Prize for Image Science has been awarded since 1971. |
| Arnold Erlenbach (1868–1938) was the defining personality behind the expansion of the Wolfen paint factory. From 1896 he worked at Agfa as a dye chemist. In 1901 he was employed in the Wolfen paint factory with the task of improving the production of chlorine and organochlorine compounds as well as research work on new fur dyes. During the First World War, new plants for the production of ammonia , nitric acid , explosives , fertilizers , oleum, activated carbon for gas masks, irritant cartridges and the like were built under his responsibility . a. built up. In 1919 he was promoted to head of all of Agfa's dye plants. In 1921 he became plant manager of the Wolfen paint factory and member of the Agfa board. In 1926 he was appointed to the board of IG Farbenindustrie AG. Erlenbach promoted the expansion of the company's own social facilities in Wolfen, such as the polyclinic, the hospital and sports facilities. |
| Hermann Espig (1895–1969) studied from 1916 to 1921 at the University of Leipzig and received his doctorate in 1921 at the Mineralogical Institute on the subject of radiographic work on carborundum. In 1921 he started working in the gemstone factory of the Elektrochemische Werke Bitterfeld and became its director in 1925. In 1934, after ten years of development work, he succeeded in producing synthetic gemstones including emeralds using a crystallization process on platinum wire nets . |
| Alfred Fröhlich (1903–1981), alongside Wilhelm Schneider and Gustav Wilmanns, played a key role in the development and introduction of the Agfacolor Neu process (color photography for everyone) between 1936 and 1942. |
| Paul Robert Grießbach (1886–1970) developed the first synthetic ion exchangers (wofatite) and initiated industrial production from 1936–1938. Until he was 80, he was a professor of physical chemistry at the University of Leipzig . |
| Walter Heyder (1903–1994) developed a mercury electrolysis cell in collaboration with experts from BASF and Bayer . With Wilhelm Springemann he created the new material Igurit (Korobon) based on impregnated graphite in 1938 , which was initially used as an anode material in the electrolysis cells to extend the service life of the anodes. In 1940 the production of chemical devices (heat exchangers) from this new impregnated carbon material started. |
| Emil Hubert (1887–1945) moved in 1930 within the IG Farben concern from the factory in Wuppertal / Elberfeld to the Wolfen film factory and from 1930/31 built up the “Scientific Laboratory 1”, which dealt with the development of spinnable substances. In 1934 he became the inventor of the world's first synthetic fiber (based on polyvinyl chloride). He also contributed to the development and preparation of the Perlon fiber. |
| Arnd Iloff (1910–2001) joined the Elektrochemische Werke Bitterfeld in 1935 and became a co-founder of PVC production. He headed the PVC polymerisation company until 1945. From 1946 to 1952 he worked in PVC process research in the Soviet Union. After his return, A. Iloff worked for a short time in Bitterfeld until 1975 in the Buna works in Schkopau in the fields of polyvinyl acetate , polystyrene and PVC in various positions. |
| Hermann Klare (1909–2003) received his doctorate in 1933 after studying chemistry in Heidelberg and Kiel. He then joined the Wolfen film factory and worked on improving artificial silk. In 1939 he was delegated to Aceta GmbH in Berlin to help build the Perlon test facility there. He then took part in the construction of IG Farben's first Perlon production facility in Landsberg / Warthe and became its head in 1943. After 1945 he worked for a short time as plant manager at the man-made fiber factory in Premnitz and from April 1946 headed the Perlon test facility in the “Thuringian Zellwolle AG”. As head of a specialist group for the reconstruction of the dismantled Perlon production plant in Landsberg / Warthe, he worked in the Soviet Union from 1947 to 1949. After his return he advanced to the position of chief chemist and deputy plant manager at the Schwarza synthetic fiber plant and from 1952 to plant manager. In 1953 he was appointed deputy of the Institute for Fiber Research (IFF) of the Academy of Sciences (AdW) of the GDR. From 1962 to 1969 he was director of the IFF. From 1953 to 1956 H. Klare taught at the TH Chemie Leuna-Merseburg and from 1957 to 1960 at the Humboldt University in Berlin. Further positions were from 1961 a full member of the AdW, 1963 Vice President and from 1968 to 1979 President of the AdW. |
| Fritz Klatte (1880–1934), together with E. Zacharias, discovered the polymerisability of vinyl compounds in 1912/13 and thus pioneered PVC plastics chemistry with a multitude of applications. After all, the first synthetic fiber manufactured in the Wolfen film factory goes back to this discovery. |
| Robert Koslowsky (1901–1983) joined Agfa Filmfabrik Wolfen in 1928 as a chemist. In the department in which the light-sensitive so-called emulsions were produced, he worked a.o. a. with the increase in the photosensitivity of the emulsions and thus of the films. Here he found in 1935 that adding small amounts of gold salts can significantly increase sensitivity. This gold effect named after him (Koslowsky effect) was an essential prerequisite for the development of the Agfacolor Neu process. |
| Kurt Meier (1904–1978) joined the Wolfen film factory from 1947 to 1950 in the Soviet Union and took over the management of the Photo development department, which he held until 1968. Parallel to his work in Wolfen, he held a professorship at the Humboldt University in Berlin from 1956. From 1964 he was a member of the Academy of Sciences of the GDR. |
| August von Parseval (1861–1942) began building dirigible airships in 1901 . In 1908 he began to build the Parseval airships in the aircraft company (LFG) in the shipyard in Bitterfeld . At the Technical University (Berlin-) Charlottenburg he taught from 1911 at the newly established chair for flight technology. |
| Herward Pietsch (1929–2014) was Research Director of the Wolfen Film Factory and the Photochemical Combine from 1975 to 1989. The focus of his work was the development of improved color films, in particular the changeover from the system of hydrophilic Agfa color couplers to the system of hydrophobic couplers in connection with the changeover to the globally standardized processing methods. From 1967 to 1970 Pietsch was a part-time professor with a teaching position for photographic chemistry and from 1971 honorary professor for photochemistry at the Technical University of Leuna-Merseburg. From 1984 to 1990 he was President of the International Committee of the Science of Photophotography (ICSP), the worldwide association of researchers in the field of photographic chemistry. |
| Gustav Pistor (1872–1960) is considered the "father" of industrial electrochemistry and the German light metal industry. He provided the main impetus for the large-scale production of aluminum, magnesium and their alloys. Together with Paul Rakowicz, he founded the success story of the magnesium alloy "Elektron". 1930–1937 he was head of the Central Germany operating group of the IG Farbenindustrie. |
| Walther Rathenau (1867–1922), who later became Foreign Minister of the Weimar Republic , is considered to be the founding father of the Bitterfeld chemical site. In 1893, AEG founded Elektrochemische Werke GmbH Berlin, which built an electrolysis plant in Bitterfeld for the production of caustic soda. Walther Rathenau became head of the plant. He developed the Rathenau cell in Bitterfeld and used it to produce magnesium on an industrial scale for the first time. With the Rathenau furnace he developed, he succeeded in the first industrial carbide extraction in Germany. As head of the War Resource Department at the Prussian War Ministry from 1914 on. Right-wing extremists accused Walther Rathenau of working with " Bolshevik " Russia ( Rapallo Treaty ). Only a few months after signing the contract, Walther Rathenau was murdered on June 24, 1922 by members of the right-wing , anti-Semitic organization Consul . |
| Herbert Rein (1899–1955) was involved in the introduction of the first synthetic fiber (based on polyvinyl chloride) in 1934–1939. In 1942 at the Wolfen film factory, he found dimethylformamide as the solvent that enabled the process of polyacrylonitrile fiber (PAN) to be worked out. |
| Alfred Rieche (1902–2001) studied chemistry from 1920 to 1925 at the University of Greifswald and received his doctorate in 1925 from the University of Erlangen. In 1930 he completed his habilitation. In 1933 Rieche became scientific director of the laboratory at the Wolfen paint factory. From 1937 he had a professorship at the University of Leipzig. In the paint factory he succeeded in fermenting pentoses from the sulphite waste liquors in the pulp digestion. The research led to a test facility in the paint factory in 1943 and a production facility in the film factory in 1944. From 1946 to 1951 he worked with a group of specialists in the Soviet Union. In 1951 Rieche resumed his work in the paint factory and carried out research in the field of peroxides. From 1952 he worked on the re-establishment of the Institute for Organic Chemistry of the Academy of Sciences in Berlin and became its director. He received teaching assignments at the Universities of Halle (1951) and Jena (1952) and the Humboldt University of Berlin (1955). He wrote u. a. the textbook "Outline of Technical Organic Chemistry". |
| Franz Rudolf Runge (1893–1973) worked for IG Farbenindustrie a. a. employed in Bitterfeld and Wolfen. In 1947 he became full professor and director of the Institute for Technical Chemistry at the University of Halle . He carried out basic research in the field of synthetic rubber . In addition to the development of rubber precursors, from 1950 he worked on the further development of ion exchangers. |
| Franz Sauerwald (1894–1979) worked in the Bitterfeld plant of IG Farbenindustrie from 1937 and dealt with the behavior of light metal alloys under various conditions (including the sintering process). From 1941 to 1945 he headed the research department of the electrochemical works. In 1945 he received a professorship for physical chemistry at the University of Halle and was its director. |
| Paul Schlack (1897–1987) joined the Wolfen film factory in 1924, where he worked in the artificial silk scientific laboratory. There P. Schlack dealt with substances that might be suitable for synthetic fibers. In 1926 he moved to Aceta GmbH in Berlin-Lichtenberg and in 1938 he was the inventor of the nylon fiber / silk (polyamide base) , bypassing the patents on nylon fibers. |
| Wilhelm Schneider (1900–1980) is considered to be the main inventor of the Agfacolor Neu process (1936), which introduced color photography for everyone and helped color cinema film to break through. After G. Wilmanns left the company in 1941, he was appointed head of the “Technical Scientific Laboratory” with the main task of organizing the large-scale implementation of the Agfacolor Neu process. |
| Curt Schönburg (1880–1950) headed the Mainthal department of the Griesheim Elektron chemical factory in Bitterfeld from 1924 to 1930 and brought PVC to production readiness. He developed the process of post-chlorination of PVC and thus created the prerequisites for developing the spinning technology for the world's first synthetic fiber in the Wolfen film factory. |
| Ignatz Stroof (1838–1920), the technical director of the “Chemical Factory Griesheim am Main”, tested the electrolytic decomposition of table salt in 1884. The three-year research to develop a process for the electrolytic production of potassium hydroxide and chlorine resulted in the first larger electrolysis plant in the Griesheim plant in 1888. With the developed diaphragm process it was possible to obtain the products alkali and chlorine. This laid the foundation for a basic process in the chemical industry. With this process, the products chlorine in the form of chlorinated lime, liquid chlorine (through freezing), caustic potash (up to 90% KOH), potassium hydroxide solution (50%) and potassium hydroxide in crystals (75%) could be produced. To utilize the new electrolysis process, a large plant for chlor-alkali electrolysis was built in Bitterfeld in 1894. The process developed by I. Stroof became the cornerstone for the large-scale application of alkali electrolysis worldwide. |
| Robert Suchy (1877-1942) was between 1924 and 1928 head of the Scientific Laboratory of Griesheim Elektron based in Bitterfeld. Here he developed the large-scale process for the electrothermal production of phosphorus and phosphoric acid. He was also involved in the electrolytic production of magnesium and the extraction of aluminum oxide from local clay minerals. |
| Walter Voss (1899–1978) worked from 1938 to 1967 in various positions in research in the chemical fiber division of the Wolfen film factory. His main scientific achievements consist in the utilization of chemicals from the waste liquors of the wood digestion in the process of cellulose production. Since 1948 he had a professorship at the University of Halle. From 1953 he was a member of the Academy of Sciences of the GDR. |
| Günter Wehner (1906–2002) led the development work for the extraction of aluminum from Lusatian clay. In 1940 he developed a precipitation process to extract magnesium from seawater. In 1956 he became professor for technical chemistry at the Bergakademie Freiberg. He received another teaching assignment from the Technical University of Dresden and an appointment in the chemistry and metallurgy section of the Academy of Sciences. He headed the Scientific-Technical Center “Inorganic-Chemical Industry” of the VVB Elektrochemie und Plastics in Bitterfeld. |
| Georg Wick (1890– unknown) was involved in the large-scale introduction of PVC in Bitterfeld. In 1935 he succeeded in thermoplastic processing of PVC without plasticizers and fillers, which opened up a wide range of applications. He participated in the process of post-chlorination of PVC, which created the conditions for the production of the first synthetic fiber. |
| Gustav Wilmanns (1881–1965) was delegated in 1910 from the Agfa headquarters in Berlin to set up the film factory in Wolfen. The Agfacolor Neu process was developed under his leadership and introduced into production from 1936 (photo, cinema, cine film, photo paper). Until his retirement at the end of 1940, as head of the "Technical and Scientific Department", he played a key role in the expansion of film production, especially films made using the Agfacolor Neu process. |
| Friedrich Wolf (1920–1986) became an employee of Robert Grießbach in the Agfa paint factory in 1949 and was involved in the further development of the ion exchanger. In 1956 he became head of the inorganic chemistry and wofatite research department and, in 1961, research director of the Wolfen paint factory. In 1965 he took over the chair for technical chemistry at the University of Halle, after having held a professorship with a teaching assignment there since 1963. For several years he was rector of the University of Halle. |
| Emil Zacharias (1867–1944) discovered electron (CFGE) in Frankfurt / M in 1912/13 in the chemical factory Griesheim. together with Fritz Klatte the polymerisability of vinyl compounds, the basis of PVC chemistry. In 1924 the management of the 4 CFGE plants was relocated to Bitterfeld. E. Zacharias also moved to Bitterfeld and built up the large-scale production of PVC. He worked in Bitterfeld until his retirement in 1930. |
Foundation of the Bitterfeld-Wolfen Chemical Park
The environmental situation in Bitterfeld in 1989
The initial situation at the chemical site in Bitterfeld-Wolfen was shaped in 1989 by high environmental pollution and technically obsolete production facilities. Due to the demand for ever higher production quantities, emissions had risen sharply in the previous decades and more and more waste products were generated, which were deposited in the overburden pits of the surrounding lignite opencast mines. The production plants such as the nitric acid plant, the chlorine and aluminum plants and also the coal-fired power plants run at maximum output. Necessary technical and environmentally friendly investments were not made. With the “Chemistry Program of the GDR” the necessity of the priority development in the GDR was established. Investments flowed mainly into the petrochemical industry . Bitterfeld received only a small part of the necessary investment funds, such as for the new construction of the chlorine IV plant and the chlorate plant.
In the 1980s, the responsible Ministry of the Chemical Industry did not approve any investment funds for environmental protection measures or disposal technologies, so that the chimneys in Bitterfeld and Wolfen emitted up to 58,000 tons of dust and over 120,000 tons of sulfur dioxide per year into the environment at peak times . Some of the production facilities worked with special permits. Apart from two neutralization plants, there was no central wastewater treatment plant at the Bitterfeld chemical site.
With the fall of the Wall, the enormous environmental damage to the Bitterfeld industrial region became known nationwide. The “ Spiegel ” reported from Bitterfeld as the dirtiest city in Europe and the city became a synonym for a failed socialist industrial policy with catastrophic environmental damage and ailing production plants.
As early as December 28, 1989, during the GDR era, talks began to set up a government commission to develop a program to change the environmental situation in the Bitterfeld chemical region. For the first time, ministers, general directors, local politicians, experts and representatives of ecological citizens' movements got together and worked out a program to improve the environmental situation in the Bitterfeld region.
Basis for the renovation concept
The government commission headed by the deputy minister for heavy industry, Karl-Hermann Steinberg , examined the environmental situation at the chemical site Bitterfeld-Wolfen in the fields of air, water and soil in various working groups.
The establishment of a wastewater treatment plant for the chemical site was classified as an urgent task.
With the signing of the contract by the Federal Ministry for the Environment and Chemie AG, the pilot project "Model renovation of a highly polluted chemical company" started on November 16, 1990, the results of which were available in January 1992:
- 20% of the total area of the factory premises was assigned to the highest pollution category;
- 55% of the factory area was designated as moderately polluted and
- Accordingly, 25% of the site have only relatively low soil pollution.
At the first Bitterfeld environmental conference in February 1992, Federal Environment Minister Klaus Töpfer summarized the results of the ecological "current status analysis" in two important statements:
- The premises of Chemie AG currently do not pose any direct threat to the population.
- The soil and groundwater investigations made it possible to determine that a large part of the Chemie AG premises is unpolluted and is immediately available for investment. In addition to dealing with the undoubtedly serious environmental problems at the site, this is one of the most important results for potential investors and for the further planning of the district and the municipalities. The project has thus made a significant contribution to objectifying the discussion about the region's prospects for survival.
The existing latent environmental pollution and its causes were defined and the ecological remediation program developed for Chemie AG. The contaminated sites were the dominant problem at the Bitterfeld-Wolfen location. At the same time, the report states that a large number of the chemical plants were outdated and that a change in the environmental situation could only be achieved through their immediate shutdown. This also meant a considerable loss of jobs.
For economic and ecological reasons, particularly critical production facilities were shut down in 1990/91. These included, for example, the aluminum electrolysis, the graphite plant and the nitric acid plant, which had only produced under exceptional circumstances and which contributed significantly to the high level of pollutant emissions in the air. Simply by stopping production, the environmental pollution of the air, wastewater and the amount of waste were significantly reduced.
Exemption from contaminated sites
In order to remove obstacles to the privatization of companies and to promote investment, investors were released from the costs of cleaning up contaminated sites when purchasing land. In the administrative agreement of December 1, 1992, the federal government and the federal states agreed on the financing of environmental pollution for this exemption regulation. In this administrative agreement, seven major ecological projects (ÖGP) were defined for Saxony-Anhalt . One of them was the major Bitterfeld-Wolfen project. The federal and state governments assumed the costs of the renovation measures in a ratio of 75:25 on the basis of the redevelopment concepts developed.
The measures to secure and remediate the groundwater and contaminated sites are processed within the framework of the ÖGP Bitterfeld by the State Agency for Contaminated Sites (LAF) as the soil protection authority of the State of Saxony-Anhalt.
After the decision on the clearance of contaminated sites in 1993, the large-scale contaminated site project (ÖGP Bitterfeld) began with the focus on the risk assessment of special old deposits and the remediation of groundwater pollution, above all against the background of the discontinuation of lignite mining in the Bitterfeld region and the associated Rise in groundwater.
Community sewage treatment plant
A necessary prerequisite for the restructuring of the Bitterfeld chemical site and for the settlement of companies was the construction of modern disposal systems for sewage and waste. The need for action resulted from the inadequate and outdated sewage disposal facilities. The treatment of the industrial wastewater of Chemie AG was limited to neutralization and mechanical clarification. The wastewater flowed untreated via the so-called "Spittel-Graben" into the Mulde and from there into the Elbe. Therefore, the establishment of a wastewater treatment plant (joint sewage treatment plant GKW) was classified as an urgent project for environmental protection.
The “symbolic groundbreaking” for the community sewage treatment plant was carried out on May 27, 1991 by the Federal Minister for Environmental Protection, Klaus Töpfer. With this, the Federal Environment Minister sent a clear signal to the preservation of the Bitterfeld chemical site, as Federal Chancellor Helmut Kohl had promised during his visit to Bitterfeld on May 10, 1991.
The capacity of the joint sewage treatment plant was planned at 77,000 m³ / day. In addition to the discharge of municipal wastewater from two wastewater associations from 26 municipalities, the treatment of industrial wastewater from Chemie AG and the Wolfen film factory was planned. With the commissioning in 1994, an important contribution was made both to keeping the rivers Mulde and Elbe clean and the course was set for a modern development of the infrastructure at the chemical site Bitterfeld-Wolfen.
From Chemie AG to the Bitterfeld Chemical Park
After the political change in November 1989, the chemical industry in Bitterfeld-Wolfen was faced with the challenge that large areas of the former combines could not be rehabilitated due to outdated technologies, excessive staffing levels, desolate technical conditions in the factories and inadequate infrastructure could be privatized. A large proportion of the products were no longer competitive. In addition, the former Comecon markets collapsed comparatively quickly after monetary union.
Around 17,500 people were employed in the Bitterfeld Chemical Combine, around a third of them in chemical production. After just a few months it became apparent that the combine as a whole could not be privatized. A new strategy to maintain the chemical site was imperative. VEB Chemiekombinat Bitterfeld (parent company) was converted into Chemie AG on May 1, 1990.
The concept for the restructuring of the chemical industry in the new federal states presented by the steering committee of the trust company in July 1991 contained the following statements on Chemie AG Bitterfeld-Wolfen:
- The privatization of Chemie AG as a whole is not possible.
- Maintaining the location requires the participation of investors who have know-how, markets and capital.
- At the chemical site in Bitterfeld, supply and disposal capacities as well as services must be offered or created at standard market conditions.
- Chemie AG is leading the conversion process and will develop into a location management and coordination company in the medium term.
These considerations led to the elaboration of a concept for the design and construction of a chemical park with the aim of maintaining and securing an optimum level of production and the associated jobs in the Bitterfeld region.
So that manufacturing companies could concentrate on their core business, all necessary services, including supply and disposal, should be provided by third parties on their own. This new concept, which was being pursued for the first time in Germany, was intended to enable chemical producers to achieve lean and cost-effective production as well as the use of a competitive infrastructure. The chemical park concept was born.
Chemie AG Bitterfeld-Wolfen implemented the chemical park concept for the first time in the 1990s in the following steps:
- The closure of businesses due to inefficiency and unsustainable technical and ecological conditions. These included, for example, the aluminum plant II, the nitric acid plant and the chlorine-I plant.
- The privatization of business areas worth preserving that were not part of the core business. For example, the detergent plant, the production areas of ion exchangers, molecular sieves , dyes, surfactants , the aluminum foundry, the PVC pipe production and others were sold.
- Through spin-offs, privatizations, management buy-outs (MBO) and new settlements, the services necessary for the location have been established in the Bitterfeld Chemical Park. These included u. a. energy generation and distribution, telecommunications, the works railway, chemical plant construction, computer technology and, to date, the works fire brigade as well. The largest MBO at that time was Technischen Dienst und Anlagen GmbH (TDA) with over 560 employees, which emerged from the former maintenance technology.
- The settlement of chemical and chemical-related production companies such as Sidra-Wasserchemie, Bayer Bitterfeld, Heraeus Quarzglas, Ausimont and AkzoNobel .
- The development of competitive disposal structures: establishment of the communal sewage treatment plant, unbundling of the sewage and pure water network and securing of the landfills.
As a result of privatizations, outsourcing and new settlements, a total of approx. 5570 jobs were retained on the primary labor market in 1993.
In 1993, Chemie AG was converted into Chemie GmbH Bitterfeld-Wolfen. This in turn was renamed a year later, in the spring of 1994, to Bitterfelder Vermögensverwaltung Chemie GmbH and further companies were created after being spun off:
- Chemie GmbH Bitterfeld-Wolfen,
- the Bitterfelder Vermögensverwaltung Chemie GmbH, BVV and
- the ChemiePark Bitterfeld GmbH.
The major part of the remaining infrastructure (including buildings, areas, roads, pipe bridges and water and wastewater systems) and the remaining employees were transferred to the new ChemiePark Bitterfeld GmbH.
Development at the location of the Wolfen film factory after 1990
At the site of the former Wolfen film factory, which previously had 15,000 employees, a similar development took place as in Bitterfeld. After the announced investment projects were not implemented, the management of the film factory decided to create an industrial park. The Wolfen-Thalheim industrial park was founded in 1992.
Guardian Flachglas GmbH decided to invest in a glass factory on the site of the former film factory. Other production and service areas of the former film factory were privatized. These included, for example, ORWO GmbH Wolfen, Filmotec GmbH, Organica GmbH, MABA Spezialmaschinen GmbH and Elektrotechnischer Anlagenbau GmbH.
Merging of industrial park and chemical park
In 1997, the Federal Agency for Unification-Related Special Tasks (BvS) merged the activities of the two local companies in the ChemiePark Bitterfeld-Wolfen GmbH (CPG) with the aim of privatizing them. The BvS entrusted the company with the tasks of developing and marketing the properties, setting up and operating the remaining infrastructure facilities and providing services in the areas in Bitterfeld and Wolfen or Thalheim.
After almost two years of negotiations, ChemiePark Bitterfeld-Wolfen GmbH was privatized by the BvS. The contract was awarded in 1998 to a consortium made up of Spezialtechnik Dresden GmbH, a subsidiary of the General Atomics Group, and the American industrial plant manufacturer Asystem Service International (ASI). However, privatization failed after only two years.
Successful second privatization
Based on the experience gained from the failed initial privatization, ChemiePark Bitterfeld-Wolfen GmbH (CPG) was put out to tender again across Europe in January 2000. In December 2000 the Board of Directors of the BvS decided to privatize CPG to the Preiss-Daimler group of companies. Along with the privatization came the renewed approval of subsidies. After the second privatization, the way was cleared for the complex restructuring, redevelopment and redevelopment of the entire chemical site.
The development planning for all five areas was initiated within a very short time. The land-use planning including the noise immission measurements carried out, the environmental impact study of the site, the incorporation of the general drainage plans as well as the water supply and sewage disposal network and the network design for the conversion of the water supply to an external feed were basic tasks of the renamed site company (PD CPG). Your solution was the prerequisite for an effective, economical and long-term development and redesign of the Bitterfeld-Wolfen Chemical Park.
The remaining no longer usable technical production facilities, ailing buildings, traffic areas, underground pipeline systems and structures were cleared, demolished, disentangled and deeply cleared of rubble. Unsightly relics of the past were turned into ready-to-build areas for new settlements. Comprehensive technical measures were required for the redesign of the central infrastructure, the traffic connection, the water supply and wastewater disposal, the energy supply and communication technology of all settlement areas. The central pipe bridge network was concentrated on areas B to E. In the years from 2001 to 2008, buildings and technical systems in the chemical park that were no longer usable were gutted and dismantled. In parallel to the dismantling and renewal of the infrastructure, numerous buildings, halls and warehouses in the ChemiePark Bitterfeld-Wolfen were renovated.
For the total of more than 400 technical measures, funds of around 230 million euros were implemented from public funds from the State of Saxony-Anhalt and federal funds (GA funds).
The modern infrastructure, a clean environment and competitive conditions in the chemical park resulted in positive investment activity. Hi-Bis GmbH set up a production facility for special bisphenols in Area B of the chemical park, which started production in November 2004 after an 18-month construction period. In 2008, PV Crystalox Solar Silicon GmbH invested in a new plant for the production of solar silicon using the on-site material network. The thermal residual waste treatment plant (TRB plant) of PD energy GmbH started producing electricity, heat and steam from substitute fuels in 2009. In the same year, the Zimmermann Group's new chemical-physical treatment plant in Area B of the Bitterfeld-Wolfen Chemical Park went into operation.
In 2013, Gelsenwasser AG indirectly acquired 94% of the shares in PD CPG from the Preiss-Daimler Group through a 100% subsidiary. The Chemical Park Bitterfeld-Wolfen GmbH became the PD CPG again. With the entry of Gelsenwasser AG, the tasks of the location company were reassessed. As a result, unprofitable services (such as the intermediate waste storage facility) were discontinued, while other services were further expanded and strengthened through the provision of investment funds. The most visible sign of the company's realignment is certainly the complete renovation of the administration building in Zörbiger Strasse in the years 2014 to 2016. According to its own statement, CPG has received more than € 14 million on the site in the years 2014 to 2016 , the renewal or modernization of the infrastructure.
With the entry of Gelsenwasser AG, CPG has brought the task of settlement management back to the fore again. This is also how the cooperation with the technology and start-up center located in Area A of the chemical park, which has been intensified since 2016, is to be understood.
Today more than 300 companies with more than 12,000 employees are active in the five areas of the Bitterfeld-Wolfen Chemical Park. Since it is not a closed location, there is no reliable information on the number of employees. Of the resident companies, approx. 50 companies manufacture chemical products. Of the total area of 1,200 hectares, around 120 hectares are still available for new investments or extensions in the form of building plots of various shapes.
In addition to well-known international companies such as Bayer, AkzoNobel, Evonik, LanXess and DOW, the location is particularly characterized by many small and medium-sized companies. The companies appreciate the on-site material network, the existing supply structures and the comprehensive service in the Bitterfeld-Wolfen Chemical Park.
Bitterfeld-Wolfen Chemical Park
Infrastructure
The chemical park Bitterfeld-Wolfen has a total area of approx. 1200 ha. The companies in the chemical park are supplied with drinking and industrial water, with steam, compressed air, natural gas, with technical gases such as hydrogen , nitrogen , with chemical raw materials such as chlorine , caustic soda , sulfuric acid and supplied with intermediate products in the composite material. A redundant supply is ensured through network management as a ring system.
In areas B, C, D and E there is an extensive and branched pipe bridge system. It has a total length of approx. 20 km and links the companies located in the chemical park. The chemical sites in Bitterfeld-Wolfen, Leuna and Schkopau are connected to one another via pipelines for the transport of technical gases . This avoids the dangerous transport of chemicals by road or rail.
The disposal of pure wastewater, sanitary wastewater and industrial wastewater takes place via a joint sewage treatment plant .
In the chemical park there is a fire fighting water network with over 200 basic protection hydrants .
The residual waste from the chemical park is disposed of in a thermal recycling plant. The thermal residual waste treatment plant has an electrical output of approx. 10 MW with simultaneous extraction of 15 MW steam and district heating. The electricity generated is fed into the network of the local network operator.
Transport links
The developed, internal road network with sidewalks and street lighting of the chemical park with a total length of approx. 35 km is directly connected to the traffic routes to the B 100 , B 183 , B 184 , A 9 and A 14 . Bitterfeld is located on the north / south railway line Halle – Berlin and Leipzig – Berlin and is a stop for ICE trains. The chemical park is connected to the DB network via sidings. The freight station is Bitterfeld. Leipzig / Halle Airport, 35 km away, offers business travelers inexpensive travel to and from the airport .
Selection of resident companies
- Addcon Europe GmbH
- Akzo Nobel Industrial Chemical GmbH
- Bayer Bitterfeld GmbH
- Bilfinger Maintenance GmbH
- BVT Chemical GmbH
- Calyxo GmbH
- CBW Chemie GmbH
- Chemical Factory Berg GmbH
- Dow Wolff Cellulosics GmbH
- Evonik Industries AG
- FEW Chemicals GmbH
- Folienwerk Wolfen GmbH
- Guardien Flachglas GmbH
- Heraeus Quarzglas GmbH & Co. KG
- Hi-Bis GmbH
- IAB ion exchanger GmbH
- ICL-IP Bitterfeld GmbH
- Linde Gas Products GmbH & Co. KG
- Maba Spezialmaschinen GmbH
- Miltitz Aromatics GmbH
- Organica Feinchemie GmbH
- ORWO FILMOTEC GmbH
- OSC OrganoSpezialChemie GmbH
- Precision electroplating GmbH Wolfen
- Regiobahn Bitterfeld Berlin GmbH
- Sidra Wasserchemie Bitterfeld GmbH
- Silicon Products Bitterfeld GmbH & Co. KG
- Synthon Chemicals GmbH & Co. KG
- Technology and start-up center Bitterfeld-Wolfen GmbH
- Universal coating GmbH Wolfen
- WIESHEU GmbH
Services
For the preparation, control and billing of investment projects in the chemical park Bitterfeld-Wolfen, site-specific engineering services such as obtaining permits / permits, authority engineering in the context of relocation requests and engineering measurements are carried out. Services in the areas of environmental protection, pollution control, soil protection, waste, water protection and occupational safety are also provided.
For the legally required self-control of the wastewater, samples are taken at approx. 100 transfer points for the individual companies. The operation and maintenance of all pipe systems, such as leak detection, pipe search, replacement of water meters, flushing and disinfection of drinking water pipes and the care and maintenance of fittings are centrally controlled.
A commissioned security guard and a plant fire brigade ensure the safety of the companies in the chemical park.
The location in the economic region of Leipzig-Halle offers close proximity to competent partners from business and science. Globally active companies are located in the Bitterfeld / Schkopau / Leuna region. These include Total Raffinerie Mitteldeutschland in Leuna, Dow GmbH in Schkopau (subsidiary of the Dow Chemical Group), Domo Caproleuna, SKW nitrogen plant Piesteritz, Bayer Bitterfeld GmbH and Verbio Vereinigte Bioenergie AG in Zörbig. Important research institutions such as the Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg and the Halle-Weinberg Technology Park with various institutes from external companies offer the industry opportunities for cooperation. On the Weinberg campus, the Fraunhofer Institute for Microstructure of Materials and Systems (IMWS), the Fraunhofer Center for Silicon Photovoltaics (SP), the Helmholtz Center for Environmental Research (UFZ), and the Leibnitz Institute for Agricultural Development are in funding - and Eastern Europe, the Leibnitz Institute for Plant Biochemistry (IPB), the Max Planck Institute for Microstructure Physics. The Anhalt University of Applied Sciences is a location for teaching and research in Köthen, Bernburg and Dessau with a special program for company founders.
Products
Of the 360 companies in the chemical park, around 60 are manufacturing companies. The core is the chlorine chemistry with the main products chlorine and caustic soda.
With the takeover of chlor-alkali electrolysis by Akzo Nobel Industrial Chemical GmbH, the prerequisites for the settlement of companies that require chlorine, caustic soda, hydrogen, hydrogen chloride and hydrochloric acid for the manufacture of their products were created. The company also produces bleach and sodium sulfate for the detergent industry.
Akzo Nobel has built up capacities in Bitterfeld for the production of 90,000 tonnes of chlorine and 101,500 tonnes of caustic soda a year, using the environmentally friendly membrane process. Fourteen companies are part of the pipeline network in which gases and liquids are transported and processed over short distances.
Benefit from the direct availability of chlorine on site. a. Evonik Industries AG, BVT Chemical GmbH, Hi-Bis GmbH, ICL-IP Bitterfeld GmbH, Sidro Wasserchemie Bitterfeld GmbH and CBW Chemie GmbH as customers. The products made from it are u. a. Silicon tetrachloride, tin tetrachloride, phosphorus trichloride and ferric chloride.
Dow Wolff Cellulosics GmbH, IAB Ionenaustauscher GmbH and Heraeus Quarzglas GmbH & Co. KG use the caustic soda resulting from the electrolysis. Products made from it are u. a. Wallpaper glue, ion exchangers and high-purity quartz glass for glass fibers.
Linde Gas Products GmbH & Co. KG receives raw hydrogen and, after cleaning, returns part of it to AkzoNobel as high-purity hydrogen for the production of hydrogen chloride. The silicon tetrachloride produced by Evonik is used by Silicium Products Bitterfeld GmbH & Co. KG and Heraeus Quarzglas GmbH & Co. KG for the production of polycrystalline silicon for the solar industry and for the production of quartz glass.
Guardien Flachglas GmbH and Bayer Bitterfeld GmbH (cooperation partner of the chemical park) should also be mentioned among the important chemical companies in the chemical park. The solar industry is also represented by Calyxo GmbH, which produces thin-film modules using cadmium telluride technology.
FEW Chemicals GmbH and Organica Feinchemie GmbH continue the tradition of developing specialty chemicals, including a. for the solar industry and for nano lacquers and special dyes, the former Wolfen film factory continued.
Chemische Fabrik Berg GmbH continues the Wolfen tradition of manufacturing pharmaceutical products. It also manufactures products for the dental industry.
Bayer Bitterfeld GmbH is located on the eastern border of the chemical park. At the beginning, it specialized in over-the-counter drugs, in particular aspirin, talcid and AlkaSelzer.
With Bilfinger Maintenance GmbH and Maba Spezialmaschinen GmbH, there are companies on site that build and maintain chemical plants.
With ORWO Net GmbH, a photo service provider, and ORWO FILMOTEC GmbH, the manufacturer of black and white films, photo companies are still active in the traditional film location Wolfen. The Folienwerk Wolfen GmbH, manufacturer of special foils, u. a. for the packaging industry, continues the tradition of manufacturing transparent materials in Wolfen.
literature
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Web links
Individual evidence
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- ^ Finger, E .: The Wolfen film factory - portrait of a company steeped in tradition 1909 to 1994 . Ed .: GÖS Society for Redevelopment Measures Wolfen and Thalheim mbH. 1994, p. 25-29 .
- ↑ Fengler, S .: Developed and fixed - On the corporate and technical history of the German photo industry, illustrated using the example of Agfa AG Leverkusen and VEB Filmfabrik Wolfen (1945–1995) . In: Bochum writings on corporate and industrial history . tape 18 . Klartext Verlag, Essen 2009, p. 39 .
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- ↑ Bode, H .: The development of the man-made fibers division of the Wolfen film factory from 1935 to 1945. From the history of the Wolfen film factory . Ed .: Company archive of the VEB Filmfabrik Wolfen, parent company of the VEB Fotochemisches Kombinat Wolfen. Wolfen 1986, p. 63 .
- ↑ Finger, E .: The history of magnetic tape and the Wolfen film factory . In: Industrie- und Filmmuseum Wolfen e. V. (Ed.): From history . Volume 6, 2000, pp. 19-21 .
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- ^ Archive: Documentations 1945 . Ed .: Industry and Film Museum Wolfen. 1945.
- ^ Karlsch, R. / Wagner, Werner, P .: The Agfa ORWO story - history of the Wolfen film factory and its successors . Ed .: Verlag für Berlin-Brandenburg. 2010, p. 125 .
- ↑ Bode, H .: Streiflichter from the history of research and production of chemical fibers in the Wolfen film factory, Die Filmfabrik Wolfen . In: Industrie- und Filmmuseum Wolfen e. V. (Ed.): From history . Volume 3, 1998, pp. 34-36 .
- ↑ Finger, E .: The development of the film / magnetic tape area of the Wolfen film factory - production, sales, technology, economy - and the role as the lead company of Division III of the IG Farbenindustrie and the photochemical combine (1909–1998) . In: Industrie- und Filmmuseum Wolfen e. V. (Ed.): The Wolfen film factory - from history . Special issue 2, 2004, p. 52 .
- ↑ Wolfen Industry and Film Museum: Wolfener Viskosedarm , accessed on March 15, 2017
- ^ Löhnert, P .: A contribution to the history of the ORWO trademark of the Wolfen film factory, Die Filmfabrik Wolfen - From history, special issue 4, 2006, p. 6ff . Ed .: Industrie- und Filmmuseum Wolfen e. V.
- ^ Finger, E .: Die Filmfabrik Wolfen - Portrait of a traditional company 1909 to 1994, 1994, pp. 53–55 . Ed .: GÖS Society for Redevelopment Measures Wolfen and Thalheim mbH.
- ↑ Bode, H .: Streiflichter from the history of research and production of chemical fibers in the Wolfen film factory, The Wolfen film factory - From history, issue 3.1998, p. 43, 46/47 . Ed .: Industrie- und Filmmuseum Wolfen e. V.
- ^ Finger, E .: Die Filmfabrik Wolfen - Portrait of a traditional company 1909 to 1994, 1994, pp. 53–55 . Hrsg .: [Hrsg.] GÖS-Gesellschaft für Sanierungshaben Wolfen und Thalheim mbH.
- ↑ Finger, E .: The development of the area of film / magnetic tape at the Wolfen film factory - production, turnover, technology, economy - and the role as the lead company of Division III of the IG Farbenindustrie and the photochemical combine (1909–1998), the Wolfen film factory - From history, special issue 2, 2004, pp. 47–51 . Ed .: Industrie- und Filmmuseum Wolfen e. V.
- ↑ Finger, E .: The development of the film / magnetic tape area of the Wolfen film factory - production, sales, technology, economy - and the role as the lead company of Division III of the IG Farbenindustrie and the photochemical combine (1909–1998) . In: Industrie- und Filmmuseum Wolfen eV (Ed.): The Wolfen film factory - From history . Special issue 2, 2004, p. 52 .
- ↑ Finger, E .: The development of the area of film / magnetic tape at the Wolfen film factory - production, turnover, technology, economy - and the role as the lead company of Division III of the IG Farbenindustrie and the photochemical combine (1909–1998), the Wolfen film factory - From history, special issue 2, 2004, p. 6 . Ed .: Industrie- und Filmmuseum Wolfen e. V.
- ↑ Eser, A .: Chemical Combination Was Yesterday - Memories of His History, 2009, p. 11 . Ed .: Industrie- und Filmmuseum Wolfen e. V.
- ↑ Eser, A .: Chemical Combination Was Yesterday - Memories of Its History, 2009, p. 12 . Ed .: Industrie- und Filmmuseum Wolfen e. V.
- ↑ LHASA MER I 507, No. 5154 (Ed.): Letter from A. Beck to Werner Schulze dated December 12, 1947 .
- ↑ Eser, A .: Chemical Combination Was Yesterday - Memories of Its History, 2009, p. 12 . Ed .: Industrie- und Filmmuseum Wolfen e. V.
- ↑ Matter, G .: The renaissance of an extraordinary metal . Ed .: unpublished manuscript 2017.
- ↑ Eser, A .: Chemical Combination was yesterday - memories of its history, 2009, p. 15 . Ed .: Industrie- und Filmmuseum Wolfen e. V.
- ↑ Eser, A .: From alum to citric acid - A foray through history, 2015, p. 151 . Ed .: united pc Verlag.
- ^ Böhlau Verlag Köln (ed.): Landscapes in Germany, Volume 66, Bitterfeld and the lower Muldetal, 2004 .
- ↑ GDCh Monograph Vol. 47 (2013), Contemporary Witness Reports XI - Chemical Industry - Conference “Industry Circle” of the GDCh Section History of Chemistry; Christ, Claus: Chemical Industry in the Socialist Centrally Planned Economy - Using the Example of a Combine Operation P. 131–185
- ↑ GDCh Monograph Vol. 47 (2013), Contemporary Witness Reports XI - Chemical Industry - Conference “Industry Circle” of the GDCh Section History of Chemistry; Christ, Claus: Chemical Industry in the Socialist Centrally Planned Economy - Using the Example of a Combine Plant p. 160
- ↑ Ehrhard Finger: Momme Andresen - Pioneer of Photography, 2007 . Ed .: DESOTRON Verlagsgesellschaft Dr. Günter Hartmann & Partner GbR, Erfurt.
- ↑ G. Matter: Dr. Adolf Beck - Pioneer of Magnesium Metallurgy, INGENIEUR-NACHRICHTEN Vol. 24, Issue 3-2016, p. 23 . Ed .: VITT, Erfurt.
- ↑ Annelie Roth et al. a .: Chemists from A – Z, Berlin 2003 . Ed .: Employers' Association of Northeast Chemistry e. V.
- ↑ D. Hackenholz: The electrochemical works in Bitterfeld 1914–1945, 2004 . Ed .: LIT Verlag Berlin-Hamburg-Münster.
- ↑ Joachim Epperlein, Manfred Gill, Peter Löhnert: 100th birthday on August 1, 1991, Prof. Eggert and his work in Wolfen, image and sound, volume 44, volume 3/4, 1991, pp. 112–114 .
- ↑ Manfred Gill: Prof. Eggert-aspects of his work as research director of the Wolfen film factory, Die Filmfabrik Wolfen, From History, Issue 2, 1998, pp. 40–49 . Ed .: Industrie- und Filmmuseum Wolfen e. V.
- ↑ a b c d e f Annelie Roth u. a .: chemist of A-Z . Ed .: Employers' Association of Northeast Chemistry e. V. Berlin 2003.
- ↑ Peter Böttger: A boy from Hohenkirchen with a penchant for stones. In memory of Dr. Hermann Espig. Lunzenauer Heimatblatt 2017, p. 3ff. accessed on March 6, 2018
- ↑ G. Schwachula, H. Reuter: The development of synthetic resin ion exchangers from Wolfen - the first 50 years, Monograph . In: Society of German Chemists (Ed.): Contemporary witness reports III . tape 19 , 2000, pp. 147-173 .
- ↑ Ehrhard Finger: Emil Hubert - inventor of the world's first synthetic fiber . In: City of Dessau-Rosslau, City Archives (Hrsg.): Dessau Calendar - Heimatliches Jahrbuch for Dessau-Rosslau and the surrounding area . 2017, p. 8-23 .
- ↑ Gerhard Öhlmann: Hermann Klare, laudation on the occasion of his 100th birthday on May 12, 2009, session report of the Leibnitz Society of Sciences in Berlin 105 . Ed .: Leibnitz Society of Sciences. 2010, p. 171-183 .
- ↑ Winfried R. Pötsch et al: Lexicon of important chemists, 1989 . Ed .: Verlag Harri Deutsch.
- ↑ Series of publications by Hoechst AG (ed.): Contributions to the history of chemistry . tape 10 : Dr. Klatte's pioneering patents, Forming Resins by Light , 1965 and ribbon 17 : Recognition from Dr. Klattes in the IG , 1966.
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n G. Schwachula, H. Reuter: The development of synthetic resin ion exchangers from Wolfen - the first 50 years, monograph . In: Society of German Chemists (Ed.): Contemporary witness reports III . tape 19 , 2000, pp. 147-173 .
- ↑ a b c d e f g Winfried R. Pötsch et al: Lexicon of important chemists . Ed .: Verlag Harri Deutsch. 1989.
- ↑ Manfred Gill: On the 100th birthday of Dr. Robert Koslowsky, Die Filmfabrik Wolfen, From history . Ed .: Industrie- und Filmmuseum Wolfen e. V. issue 8, 2001, p. 49-55 .
- ↑ Robert Kozlovsky: The gold effect . In: Photographic correspondence . tape 12 . Publishing house Dr. Othmar Helwich, Darmstadt / Vienna 1953, p. 205-209 .
- ^ Karl-Wilhelm Junge a. a .: Prof. Dr. habil. Kurt Meyer on his 100th birthday, Die Filmfabrik Wolfen, From history . Ed .: Industrie- und Filmmuseum Wolfen e. V. issue 13, 2004, p. 5-68 .
- ^ Jürgen Seifert: The aircraft industry in Bitterfeld . Ed .: Industrie- und Filmmuseum Wolfen e. V. 2008.
- ↑ Herward Pietsch: "Wolfen - the cradle of color film", lecture in the context of a colloquium on October 14, 2006 in the Industrial and Film Museum (IFM) Wolfen on the occasion of the 70th anniversary of the presentation of the Agfacolor new process . Ed .: Manuscript in the IFM archive.
- ↑ Herward Pietsch, Joachim Epperlein: Does silver halide photography have a future? In: image and sound . No. 2/79 , p. 37-41 .
- ^ IG Farbenindustrie AG (ed.): Farewell to Director Dr. Pistor, from work to work - the end of the day, local part Wolfen-Bitterfeld . tape 29 , 1938, pp. 13-15 .
- ↑ Ursula Mader: Emil and Walther Rathenau in the electrochemical industry (1888-1907) - A historical study . frafo publishing house dr. wolfgang shows, Berlin 2001.
- ↑ Ehrhard Finger: The Agfacolor Neu method, for the 100th birthday of Dr. Wilhelm Schneider, Die Filmfabrik Wolfen, From history . Ed .: Industrie- und Filmmuseum Wolfen e. V. Issue 8, 2000, pp. 41-48 .
- ↑ Gert Koshofer: Conversation with Dr. Wilhelm Schneider in Friborg, Die Filmfabrik Wolfen, From history . Ed .: Industrie- und Filmmuseum Wolfen e. V. issue 4, 1999, p. 29 .
- ↑ Herbert Bode u. a .: Colloquium on the occasion of the 100th birthday of Prof. W. Voss on October 23, 1999, Die Filmfabrik Wolfen, From history . Ed .: Industrie und Filmmuseum Wolfen e. V. issue 5, 1999, p. 8-57 .
- ↑ Günter Matter: The renaissance of an extraordinary metal . Ed .: Unpublished manuscript. 2017.
- ↑ Harald Mediger: A life for photography, Dr. Gustav Wilmanns on his 80th birthday, Chem. Industrie XIII . November 1961.
- ↑ Ehrhard Finger: In color, The Agfa-ORWO color photography . Ed .: Günter Matter. Fruewerk Verlag, Berlin, Hildesheim, Luzern, Erfurt 2014, pp. 140-169 .
- ↑ A. Eser: From alum to citric acid - a foray through history . united pc Verlag, 2015, p. 151 .
- ↑ Z. effective . January 8, 1990, p. 1 .
- ↑ Summarizing final report on the environmental protection pilot project Chemie AG Bitterfeld-Wolfen . January 15, 1992, p. 29 .
- ↑ 775 years of Bitterfeld - Forays into the history of a city . mdv Mitteldeutscher Verlag GmbH, Halle 1999, p. 133 .
- ^ Report ZB Environmental Protection and Occupational Safety . October 14, 1991.
- ^ Saxony-Anhalt environmental report . 1995, p. 91 .
- ↑ Z. effective . May 29, 1991, p. 1 .
- ^ Report of the ZB UV . October 14, 1991, p. 70 .
- ↑ Mitteldeutsche Zeitung . April 19, 2016.
- ↑ Lisa garn: Chemical Park Bitterfeld-Wolfen: Focus on new companies . In: Mitteldeutsche Zeitung . ( mz-web.de [accessed on March 11, 2017]).
- ^ Stefan Schröter: Chemical Park Bitterfeld-Wolfen: Germany's first location for a new plant . In: Mitteldeutsche Zeitung . ( mz-web.de [accessed on March 11, 2017]).
- ^ Sylvia Czajka: Chemical Park Bitterfeld: Bodo Karbaum is the master of the tracks . In: Mitteldeutsche Zeitung . ( mz-web.de [accessed on March 11, 2017]).
- ↑ Stefan Schröter: Chemical Park Bitterfeld-Wolfen: Chlorine producer puts new plant into operation . In: Mitteldeutsche Zeitung . ( mz-web.de [accessed on March 11, 2017]).
- ↑ CBW Chemie GmbH. Accessed June 21, 2020 (English).
Coordinates: 51 ° 37 ′ 29.6 ″ N , 12 ° 18 ′ 20.3 ″ E