Hanoi

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Hanoi
City seal :
City seal
Hanoi (Vietnam)
Hanoi
Hanoi
Basic data
Country: VietnamVietnam Vietnam
State capital since: January 6, 1946 declared
October 10, 1954
reunited July 2, 1976
Region: North Vietnam ( Bắc Bộ )
Region : Red River Delta
Municipality : Hà Nội
ISO 3166-2: VN : VN-HN
Coordinates : 21 ° 2 ′  N , 105 ° 51 ′  E Coordinates: 21 ° 2 ′  N , 105 ° 51 ′  E
Height : 19 m
City area: 3324.92 km²
Waters : Red River ,
Hoan Kiem Lake ,
West Lake (Hồ Tây)
population
City residents : 6,448,837 (August 1, 2009)
Population density : 1875 inhabitants per km²
Ethnic groups : Kinh , Tày , Mường
Further information
Full name: Thành Phố Hà Nội
Name meaning: City between the rivers
Founding: 1010 as the capital of the kingdom of Đại Việt
Post Code: 10xxxx-15xxxx
Area code : +84 (0) 4
Vehicle registration number : 29-33
Time zone : UTC +7: 00
administration
Districts: 29
Counties: 18th
Chairman of the People's Council: Nguyễn Thế Thảo
Chairman of the People's Committee: Ngô Thị Doan Thanh
Website: www.hanoi.gov.vn

Hanoi (English pronunciation [ haˈnɔ͜y , also ˈhanɔ͜y ], Vietnamese Hà Nội [ hàː nôjˀ ], Hán tự河內, literally: city ​​between the rivers ) is the capital and the second largest city of Vietnam after Ho Chi Minh City . After the reorganization of the administrative borders in 2008, when the entire province of Hà Tây and parts of other provinces were added to Hanoi, the city had around 6.45 million inhabitants at the end of 2009.

history

Hanoi is the oldest of the existing capital cities in Southeast Asia. It is documented in its founding year 1010 as the citadel Thăng Long .

The citadel of Cổ Loa , located just a few kilometers north of today's city center, has been inhabited since the Bronze Age and from which many relics from the Dong Son culture can be traced back to the seventh century BC. It was founded in 257 BC. Chr. Determined by Th Phc Phán to be the capital of the early Vietnamese kingdom of Âu Lạc founded by him .

In 866 the Chinese Tang dynasty built a citadel called Đại La on the west bank of the Red River to consolidate its occupation, which King Lý Thái Tổ , the founder of the Lý dynasty , chose to be his residence city in 1010 and "Thăng Long" ( Hán tự: 昇 龍, "rising dragon ").

Numerous sagas and legends surround Hanoi's history.

Over the centuries Hanoi has been repeatedly conquered by invaders, losing its status as the capital and has been renamed several times.

During the Ho Dynasty (1400–1407) the city was named Đông Đô (eastern capital), during the occupation by the Chinese Ming dynasty it was called Đông Quan (eastern gate). The Le kings renamed it again in 1430 in Đông Kinh (eastern capital); when the Dutch East India Company set up a trading post here in the 17th century, this name found its way into European literature as Tongking .

During the Nguyen dynasty (1802-1945) Hanoi lost its status as capital and had to cede it to Huế , but remained the administrative center of the north.

Since the dragon was to be reserved for the capital Huế as a symbol of imperial power, the city was renamed again. The Nguyen Emperor Minh Mạng (1820–1841) gave it its current name Hà Nội ( Hán Nôm : 河内) in 1831 - the "city within the rivers", which describes nothing more than a geographical location.

Hanoi (Map of the Japanese Railway Authority, 1920)

In 1873 Hanoi was conquered by the French. From 1883 to 1945 the city was the administrative center of the French Indochina colony . The French built a modern administrative city south of Old Hanoi, laid out wide, perpendicular, tree-lined avenues with operas, churches, public buildings and luxury villas, but also destroyed large parts of the city, filled in lakes and canals or made them smaller; Imperial palaces and citadels also had to give way.

From 1940 to 1945 Hanoi, like most of French Indochina and Southeast Asia, was occupied by the Japanese . On September 2, 1945, Ho Chi Minh proclaimed the Democratic Republic of Vietnam ( North Vietnam ) here. The Vietnamese National Assembly decided on January 6, 1946 to make Hanoi the capital of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam.

Between 1946 and 1954, the city was the scene of fierce fighting between the French and the Việt Minh ( Indochina War ). During the Vietnam War , Hanoi was bombed by the Americans ; the first bombing raids took place in 1966, the last at the end of 1972. At Christmas in 1972 alone, 40,000 tons of explosives hit the city, 25 percent of which was destroyed.

Run of the Red River through Hanoi

Hanoi has been the capital of all of Vietnam since the country was reunified in 1976.

geography

The city is located on the fertile delta of the Red River (Sông Hồng), about 100 km from its confluence with the Gulf of Tonkin .

climate

The climate is subtropical - monsoonal with hot and humid summers and mild and dry winters. The annual amount of precipitation is 1,682 mm; eight months are humid , four arid .

Hanoi
Climate diagram
J F. M. A. M. J J A. S. O N D.
 
 
19th
 
19th
14th
 
 
26th
 
20th
15th
 
 
44
 
23
18th
 
 
90
 
27
21st
 
 
189
 
32
24
 
 
240
 
33
26th
 
 
288
 
33
26th
 
 
318
 
32
26th
 
 
265
 
31
25th
 
 
131
 
29
22nd
 
 
43
 
25th
19th
 
 
23
 
22nd
15th
Temperature in ° C ,  precipitation in mm
Source: World Meteorological Organization 1898–1990; wetterkontor.de
Average monthly temperatures and rainfall for Hanoi
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Max. Temperature ( ° C ) 19.3 19.9 22.8 27.0 31.5 32.6 32.9 31.9 30.9 28.6 25.2 21.8 O 27.1
Min. Temperature (° C) 13.7 15.0 18.1 21.4 24.3 25.8 26.1 25.7 24.7 21.9 18.5 15.3 O 20.9
Precipitation ( mm ) 18.6 26.2 43.8 90.1 188.5 239.9 288.2 318.0 265.4 130.7 43.4 23.4 Σ 1,676.2
Hours of sunshine ( h / d ) 2.7 1.9 1.5 3.1 6.1 5.3 6.3 5.9 5.9 6.0 4.9 3.9 O 4.5
Rainy days ( d ) 8.4 11.3 15.0 13.3 14.2 14.7 15.7 16.7 13.7 9.0 6.5 6th Σ 144.5
Water temperature (° C) 20th 19th 20th 23 27 29 29 29 29 28 25th 22nd O 25th
Humidity ( % ) 80 83 85 85 81 80 80 82 80 79 76 76 O 80.6
T
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
19.3
13.7
19.9
15.0
22.8
18.1
27.0
21.4
31.5
24.3
32.6
25.8
32.9
26.1
31.9
25.7
30.9
24.7
28.6
21.9
25.2
18.5
21.8
15.3
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
N
i
e
d
e
r
s
c
h
l
a
g 		18.6
26.2
43.8
90.1
188.5
239.9
288.2
318.0
265.4
130.7
43.4
23.4
  Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

politics

administration

Hanoi is directly subordinate to the central government and administratively equal to a province .

Hanoi districts, late 2008

On August 1st, 2008 Hanoi was expanded. The province of Hà Tây and the district of Mê Linh of the province of Vĩnh Phúc and the districts of Đông Xuân, Tiến Xuân, Yên Bình and Yên Trung of the provincial district of Lương Sơn ( Hòa Bình province ) were added to the Hanoi administrative area. This expansion tripled the area, making Hanoi one of the largest capitals in the world today.

The city is divided into the following 29 districts:

Town twinning

City partnerships of individual city districts

Cooperation and friendship agreements

traffic

Ga Hanoi Central Station

The Hanoi (Noi Bai International Airport) is the second largest airport in Vietnam. Hanoi is connected to Giang via the north-south expressway .

From the main station (Ga Ha Noi) drive meterspurige trains to Lao Cai , Dong Đăng (border crossing to China , province Lang Son , before km through the 10 of the same provincial location), Hải Phòng and Ho Chi Minh City . There is a daily standard-gauge night train to Nanning (China) from Gia Lâm station .

The public transport is nowadays exclusively with buses operated. A subway system with five lines is in the construction phase and should be fully operational by 2020.

Attractions

sons and daughters of the town

Trivia

There is a math puzzle and patience game called " Towers of Hanoi ".

Halle-Neustadt is popularly known as HaNeu in an ironic allusion to the Vietnamese capital .

gallery

  • The Huc Bridge on Hoan Kiem Lake

  • Opera

  • Ho Chi Minh Mausoleum

  • St. Joseph Cathedral

  • Medical University

  • Altstadtstraße in the quarter of 36 alleys

  • Modern Hanoi (western part)

  • View of a district: Nguyen Chi Thanh Street

  • Đồng Xuân Market

  • Reunification Park (formerly Lenin Park)

  • young women in the classic Áo dài

  • Golden Hanoi

  • Vietnam National Convention Center

  • Main gate of the Temple of Literature

  • One pillar pagoda

  • Trấn Quốc Pagoda

  • Hỏa Lò, the so-called Hanoi Hilton

  • Market stall in the old quarter of Hanoi

literature

  • Georges Boudarel, Van Ky Nguyen: Hanoi 1936–1996 . Édition Autrement, Paris 1997, ISBN 2-86260-719-3 .
  • Georges Boudarel, Van Ky Nguyen, Claire Duiker: Hanoi. City of the rising dragon . Rowan & Littlefield, Lanham 2002, ISBN 0-7425-1655-5 .
  • Joerg Knieling, Guiding Principles for Sustainable Spatial and Settlement Development in Metropolitan Regions: Hanoi, in: Hans-Heinrich Bass, Christine Biehler and Ly Huy Tuan (eds.): On the way to sustainable urban transport systems . Rainer Hampp Verlag, Munich and Mering 2011, ISBN 978-3-86618-639-2 , pp. 128-149.
  • William S. Logan: Hanoi - Biography of a City . University of Washington Press, Seattle 2000, ISBN 0-86840-443-8 .
  • Mary McCarthy : Hanoi 1968. (Hanoi). Droemer Knaur, Munich 1968.
  • Philippe Papin: Histoire d'Hanoi (French). Fayard, Paris 2001, ISBN 2-213-60671-4 .
  • Heinz Schütte: Hanoi, a post-socialist modern age . regiospectra Verlag, Berlin 2010, ISBN 978-3-940132-23-9 .
  • Ulrich Brinkhoff: Nightmares on the Saigon River, South Vietnam 1965-1968. agenda Verlag, Münster 2014, ISBN 978-3-89688-516-6 , 243 pages with 120 illustrations. (with foreword by Walter Scheel)

Web links

Commons : Ha Noi  - collection of images, videos and audio files
 Wikinews: Hanoi  - on the news
Wikivoyage: Hanoi  Travel Guide
Wiktionary: Hanoi  - Explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Franz-Josef Krücker: Vietnam . Trescher Verlag, Berlin 2011, ISBN 978-3-89794-185-4 , pp. 63, 189 .
  2. ↑ Xavier Monthéard: City of the Rising Dragon in Le Monde diplomatique ( Memento of April 7, 2011 in the Internet Archive ), April 9, 2010, accessed on March 20, 2011.
  3. ↑ ebeijing.gov.cn twin cities of Beijing
  4. ^ City partnership - Lichtenberg maintains partnership with Hoàn Kiếm from Hanoi (Vietnam). August 26, 2016. Retrieved February 4, 2018 .
  5. ↑ hanoimoi.com.vn: Friendship treaty with the Fukuoka Prefecture ( Memento of December 8, 2009 in the Internet Archive )
  6. ↑ rainbowfia.or.jp: Friendship contract with Hanoi  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )@1@ 2Template: Dead Link / www.rainbowfia.or.jp
  7. ^ Hanoi Metro, Vietnam (railway-technology.com), accessed November 11, 2013
  8. ↑ UNESCO: First inscription from Macao on Memory of the World Register at MOWCAP 4. portal.unesco.org, 2010, archived from the original on March 14, 2015 ; accessed on August 24, 2019 .
  9. ↑ UNESCO World Heritage 1328. whc.unesco.org, 2010, accessed on August 6, 2010 (English).