Julius Konrad Otto

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Julius Konrad Otto, copper engraving by August Christian Fleischmann, 1728

Julius Konrad Otto , also Julius Otto , born as Naphtali Margolioth ( Hebrew נפתלי מרגלות, יוליוס קונרד אותו; * September 12, 1562 probably in Prague ; † 1649 or 1655 / 56 in Edinburgh ) was a professor of Hebrew language at the Academy of Altdorf and the University of Edinburgh , and probably Professor extraordinary of Hebrew at the University of Giessen .

He spent part of his life in the Ottoman Empire . During many years on the road, he worked as a private Hebrew teacher in Nuremberg , Hamburg , Bremen , Frankfurt am Main , Butzbach , Bozen , Kempten im Allgäu, Strasbourg and Worms, among others . Otto came from Judaism and in the course of his life belonged to the Roman Catholic , Evangelical Lutheran , Reformed and Presbyterian Churches, perhaps interrupted by a return to Judaism.

Life

origin

According to older literature, Julius Konrad Otto (Naphthali Margolioth) is said to have been a son of Martin Philipp and Maria Magdalena in Vienna . However, neither Christian first names of his Jewish parents nor Vienna are likely to be the place of birth. Trial files and a connection to the diocese of Würzburg indicate that the family came from the Württemberg-Franconian area. In one publication, Julius Otto referred to himself as Pragensis (= coming from Prague ) . He traced his descent back to Rabbi Jakob Margolioth (יעקב מרגליות) (* around 1430; died around 1492), Grand Master of the Jews in Nuremberg, and his son Rabbi Eisek (Isaak ben Jakob) Margolioth (אייזק מרגליות) (* around 1456; died 1525), chief rabbi of Prague. Part of the family emigrated to Krakow and other Polish cities because of the persecution in Germany and Bohemia . Its most important representative was Samuel Margolioth (* around 1512; died 1551), who was appointed senior of the Wielkopolska and Mazovian Jews by King Sigismund I in 1527 . He was probably also an ancestor of Naphthali Margolioth. One of Samuel Margolioth's sons, Antonius Margaritha , converted to Christianity in 1521/22 like Naphthali Margolioth and taught Hebrew in Augsburg, Leipzig and Vienna.

Stay in the Ottoman Empire

Julius Konrad Otto wrote to 1642, looking back on his life, he had - apparently as a teenager - "four years in a familiar manner ( familiariter ) to the Jews in Jerusalem lived together; and (then) twelve years in Istanbul - Edirne … taught ”. According to his own account, Naphthali Margolith has “spent his time studying and reading ... in holy writings and in the Talmud , as well as in other Rabinic books”. For his studies, he has "undertaken trips to foreign countries, not just one or two, but many years, in different and the most remote parts of the world". He was "ordered to a rabbi " ( ordained ; cf. →  Semicha ) and has "written and explained the Bible, the Talmud and other ancient rabbis". Otto later referred to himself as someone who "once was a rabbi with the Jews" ( Rabbi olim apud Judaeos ).

Baptism in Würzburg and conversion in Nuremberg

On the Trinity Festival (May 27th) 1600 Naphthali Margolith was baptized with the support of Bishop Julius Echter von Mespelbrunn in Würzburg , probably in the church of St. Kilian des u. a. Juliusspital founded for the mission to the Jews . He took the Christian name Julius Konrad Otto.

Language didactic concept by Elias Hutter using the example of Isa 40,8

In Nuremberg he became Protestant under the influence of the pastor to St. Sebald Mag. Johannes Fabricius (1560–1636). Otto traded in jewelry and worked in Elias Hutter's print shop as a lecturer for the Hebrew language. The Nuremberg city council approved Hutter in 1601 the establishment of a language school for Hebrew, Greek and Latin, at which Julius Konrad Otto probably also taught. Hutter's original concept of language teaching, adopted by Otto, was based on the ontology of Aristotle .

From Nuremberg Otto corresponded with Johann Buxtorf (יוחנן בוקשדורף) in Basel . He mentioned in a letter u. a. Amandus Polanus , Elias Hutter (אליאז הוטר) as an excellent Hebraist, an Englishman (הלענדר) who was remarkably well versed in Hebrew and who was in Basel - meaning Hugh Broughton (1549-1612) -, the Aristotelian philosophy (הפילולופיאה the war in Hungary )ל (המלחמות שבאונגריא).

Johann Konrad Otto married Margaretha, Joachim Lotter's widow, in Nuremberg in 1602.

Assault in Michelbach an der Heide

In 1602, Julius Konrad Otto accused his relative Jaudas (Judas), whose son-in-law Klein-Michael and his brother Groß-Michael from Michelbach an der Heide and other Jews from Crailsheim and Hengstfeld , had lured him to Michelbach in the Margravial Ansbach region under a pretext and to have taken from him jewels, money, dagger and rapier . They also beat him because of his conversion to Christianity, mistreated him and tried to hire the Jew Samuel Friderich , who was also baptized , to have him murdered. The officials of Margrave Georg Friedrich I of Brandenburg-Ansbach-Kulmbach in the Oberamt Crailsheim Vogt Simon von Haym called Eisen (1560–1619), Kastner Wolf Frosch († 1627/31) and clerk Philipp Vogtherr (* around 1561; † 1605) then carried out an investigation in which valuables were confiscated in Hengstfeld and Marx (Mordechai), his son Coppel (Jakob) and Berlein (Issachar) were arrested for robbery.

Johann Konrad von Wollmershausen (1576–1640) zu Amlishagen und Burleswagen , whose father had sold the Jews Marx and Berlein zu Hengstfeld in 1598 a letter of protection for ten years, brought a lawsuit before the Reich Chamber of Commerce against Margrave Georg Friedrich I of Brandenburg and his officials . After the death of Georg Friedrich I in 1603, his successor, Margrave Joachim Ernst von Brandenburg-Ansbach , refused to participate in the proceedings, because he was not the direct universal heir of his predecessor, but the fiefdom by virtue of singular succession ( individual succession) as a parent fief ( ex pacto et providentia ) received.

Professor in Altdorf

Former University of Altdorf

From 1603 to 1607 Julius Konrad Otto was Professor of Hebrew Language at the Academy of the Imperial City of Nuremberg in Altdorf . During this time he was publishing a Hebrew grammar and preparing the printing of a Hebrew dictionary. Otto also intended to publish a collection of Kabbalistic rabbinical texts under the title ספר הקבלה [= Sēfer haḳ-ḳabbālâ] . A large cabbalistic manuscript copied by Otto was shown to Emperor Leopold I and Archduke Leopold Wilhelm of Austria during a visit to the Nuremberg city library on August 7, 1658 by Johann Michael Dilherr .

This project was probably the preparation of his presentation of rabbinical theology, which he wrote in 1605 under the title Gali Razia. Occultorum Detectio published in Hebrew, transcription (in Sephardic tradition ), German and Latin translation. With the book he wanted to prove ( monstratio lead) that Rabbi "before and after the birth of Christ from the Messia and gantzem divine beings settled to Warheit Evangelij written" and already the doctrine of the Trinity have represented. For this book Otto did not use the papally censored Basel edition of the Talmud by Ambrosius Froben , but the “real old, in which much more beautiful doctrine is understood”, which he “with risk of life and limb, along with other rabbinical writings and books from them (den Jews) ”. He based his margin references on the compendium עין יעקב [= ʿÊn Jaʿaḳōv] of the Aggada of the Babylonian Talmud by Rabbi Jakob ben Solomon Chabib .

Julius Konrad Otto's work Gali Razia (גלי רזיא) has to be differentiated in terms of content from a forged script " Gale razeya " (גלי רזייִא), which is allegedly derived from "Rabbenu Haccados" (רבנו הקדוש; Rabbenu ha-Qadosch (= "our holy Rabbi") = Rabbi Jehuda ha-Nasi ) and was published in 1518 by the Franciscan Pietro Colonna Galatino (Petrus Galatinus; * around 1460/65; † 1540) in his Opus de arcanis catholicae veritatis . Already at the end of the 15th century, the baptized Jew Pablo de Heredia (Paulus de Heredia; * around 1405/15; † around 1485/90) from Aragon had an excerpt from " Galerazaya " supposedly made by Nechonja ben ha-Qana under the title Epistola de secretis published. Because of the similar title, the two scriptures were occasionally confused with one another or incorrectly related to one another.

In his lectures Otto conveyed not only Hebrew but also the basics of the Aramaic language , whose Chaldean and Old Syrian variants he mastered, and of rabbinic Hebrew ( Middle Hebrew ).

Otto corresponded in his Altdorf time a. a. with Georges I. Babou de La Bourdaisière (1540–1607), Jacques Bongars and Isaac Casaubon in Paris. The heavily indebted Elias Hutter had left Nuremberg for Prague in 1604/1605 and left his surety, the password writer Hieronymus Koeler (1542–1613), high debts, most of which had been accumulated through the laborious printing of a New Testament in 12 languages . Julius Konrad Otto suggested to Isaac Casaubon in 1606 that a new edition should be published that would sell better with an improved Hebrew translation. In the Stuttgart autograph collection of Friedrich Wilhelm Frommann (1707–1787) an undated fragment of an entry in the register of Julius Konrad Otto has been preserved, which has been sorted under other entries from Altdorf.

Julius Konrad Otto left Altdorf in December 1607 for Munich and Ingolstadt . He is said to have told his wife Margaretha, whom he left behind with debts, that he could no longer bear the wickedness and treachery ( malitia & perfidia ) of the people among whom he lived.

A reprint of Otto's font Gali Razia was published in 1613 by the printer Johann Duber († 1623) in Alten-Stettin .

Wandering as a private teacher

Julius Konrad Otto: Depiction of Ps 10.4-13a with emphasis on the Hebrew roots in the print, Hamburg 1614

Allegedly Otto turned back to Judaism. He later stayed in Hamburg . A Liber Psalmorum with a Latin interlinear translation of selected psalms was published there in 1614 with the author's statement "Julius Otto Pragensis " . The author wanted to teach Hebrew in Hamburg and tried to make it easier to study the language by highlighting the prefixes and suffixes . Michael Havemann , who attended grammar school in Hamburg around 1610/15 , praised “Julius Conradus Otto, whom I knew in my youth and learned the basics of the Hebrew language from him” as an “excellent” man. Hans Felix Balber (1596–1664), who had studied theology at the Illustre Bremen high school , claimed that a baptized Jew named Otto had relieved some students in Bremen for money and jewelry in 1615 .

On September 26, 1617, the Jew Jacobus Margarita, who allegedly had been a rabbi in Cracow , with the consent of the Antistes (superintendent) Johann Jakob Breitinger, was named "Johannes" by deacon Felix Weiß (* around 1572; † 1628) in the Grossmünster in Zurich baptized. A little later, however, Hans Felix Balber assured that he had met the same man as a baptized Christian in Bremen in 1615 who called himself "Otto" at the time. Jacobus Margarita or “Johannes” fled Zurich at night on November 11th. It is not certain whether he was Julius Konrad Otto or whether Balber had mistaken him for one of his cousins.

In February 1618, Julius Otto entered the register of Jeremias Eisenmenger in Heilbronn . On July 23, 1618, the little scholars in Frankfurt am Main were informed that the “Hebrew language experienced… M. Julius Otto” wanted to stay in the city for a few weeks and “at a perk… doc the Hebrew language”. However, Otto never acquired the academic degree of “ Magister ”. Among his students in Frankfurt in 1618 were Ludwig von Hörnigk and Christian Gerlach (1602–1665), who both then moved to the University of Giessen.

In the winter of 1618/19 a very educated Jew officiated in Sulz ( Soultz-Haut-Rhin ) in Upper Alsace, a day's journey from Basel, as a “Jewish school master”. He spoke Latin and was well versed in the Christian religion. A Jewish employee, the co-corrector Abraham Braunschweig , informed Johannes Buxtorf about the rumor that it was the same person who had been baptized by the Christians. Buxtorf, who had written to this teacher once (to Nuremberg or Altdorf), was convinced that it was the former Altdorf professor Julius Conradus Otto, who had been baptized "for the last time" in Zurich.

University of Giessen and Butzbach

Butzbach 1633, drawing by Valentin Wagner

The professorship for Hebrew at the University of Giessen was vacant between September 1617 and 1620 after the death of Christoph Helwig ; It was not until 1620 that the previous professor of physics and Greek, Johannes Steuber, was appointed to the fourth professorship for theology and Hebrew language and Martin Helwig (1596–1632) as associate professor for Hebrew. During the vacancy, Julius Otto taught some students in Gießen at the beginning of 1619 - including Hellwig Dieterich (Helvicus Dietericus) (1601–1655) - in Hebrew, either privately or probably even as professor extraordinary . Otto interrupted his activities in Giessen in the Easter holidays of 1619 and lived for a few weeks at the court of a branch of the Hesse-Darmstadt family in Butzbach until Whitsun ; Giessen was the state university of Hessen-Darmstadt. The learned landgrave Philip III. from Hessen-Darmstadt-Butzbach , Julius Konrad Otto taught the basics of Hebrew, Syriac and Chaldean (Aramaic) in four weeks. He also taught the court preacher Samuel Heiland the  Elder. J. (* 1595; † around 1632), who introduced him to astronomy in return . The Butzbach pastor Johannes Dieterich (1572–1635), father of Hellwig Dieterich, considered Otto a better language teacher than the late Giessen philologist Christoph Helwig: “My Helvicus was also his discipul in Giessen and got much further than D. Helvico beatified , Can understand biblia Hebraica , also write a fine Hebrew Carmen , that I am happy ”.

Study trip to North Africa

According to his own statements, Julius Otto and two students went on a nine-month trip to Tunis and Fez in Africa from around May 1620 . Landgrave Ludwig V. Hessen-Darmstadt gave him 400 gold guilders for this so that he could thoroughly learn the Arabic language on site . One of the students had to stay ill in Bozen , the other was already on the way home to Hesse.

Further wandering

On February 7, 1621 Julius Otto presented himself on the return journey to Pastor Georg Zeämann (1580–1638) in Kempten as professor primarius of languages ​​at the Giessen Academy. He speaks 12 languages ​​and can "within 5 hours or, as long as a kertz burns, teach someone who doesn't know a letter in Hebraea lingua (= language) , such spoke thoroughly ... that he can finish an argument." Zeämann was surprised about Otto's bad Latin and the poor learning success of two pastors and three students whom he had sent to him. "That he was a born Jew, he did not let it be known with the least word". Zeämann asked about Konrad Dieterich , who was supposed to interview his brother Johannes in Butzbach in confidence, about the actual situation in Giessen. Despite his promise, Otto did not pay ("presented") the debts he had accrued in Kempten. The city council finally released him and gave him 4 thalers.

In March 1621 Otto was in Strasbourg and had been teaching the oriental languages ​​there for several weeks.

Around 1630 " Julius Ottho ... a learned man who was particularly well-informed in the Arabic and Hebrew languages " " informed " the children of a "noble gentleman" in Hebrew as a private tutor in Worms . There he got into a dispute with the doctor Joseph Beyfuß (Joseph ben Meïr Wallich called Pheibusch) (d. 1643), Belga Hebraeus , who was one of the first Jews in Padua to receive the degree of Dr. med. had acquired, about his supposedly good, but actually poor knowledge of Arabic.

Nothing is known about Otto's life from the following decade. He himself later stated that after his stay in the Ottoman Empire he had “taught the (oriental) languages ​​publicly and privately for twenty years in Gallia and ten years in Germany”. These figures only approximate the known data of his résumé if “Gallia” is not understood as “ France ”, but as a veiled name for the “ Franconian country ”. He made a conscious decision not to mention his earlier work at the Altdorf Academy (which has since become a university), which ended abruptly. Julius Konrad Otto looked back around 1642 on at least 42 years of teaching activity "with the greatest progress of the students through (his) wonderful concentration ( admirabili compendio ) (of the subject matter)".

Professor in Edinburgh

King James' College in Edinburgh around 1647

After working there at the end of 1641, Julius Conradus Otto was hired on January 26, 1642 for a salary of 1200 marks as the first professor of oriental languages, Hebrew, Chaldean, Syriac, rabbinic and Slavic at the University of Edinburgh. He is said to have been recruited from Holland and was the first born Jew to be found in Scotland. Notes in two manuscripts in Edinburgh University Library suggest that it was actually Johann Konrad Otto himself and not a son of the same name. As a professor at the Edinburgh Academy, Julius Conradus Otto belonged to the Presbyterian Church ( Ecclesia Scotiae ).

The Hungarian student Pál Tarczali d. Ä. dedicated a work on the Lord's Supper to the Edinburgh professors and clergy Alexander Henrison (1623–1667), John Adamson (1576–1651), John Sharp (1572–1647) and Julius Conrad Otto.

Due to Otto's death, resignation or retirement , the position was vacant from around 1650/51 until it was refilled on September 3, 1656 with Alexander Dickson (* around 1628; † after 1679) from Irvine, a pastor from Newbattle. According to the Edinburgh Council Minutes, Otto's last salary was paid for the second quarter of 1649. His colleague Robert Baillie (1602–1662) wrote in 1653: “Is there anyone in Europe who has taught the Hebrew basics more successfully than the Jew Otto who up to was recently an Edinburgh professor? ”This formulation presupposes his death or his retirement. In a notebook kept in Edinburgh University Library, which also contains extracts from Gali Razia. Occultorum Detectio , containing alchemical recipes or Latin Christian prayers and German texts in Hebrew letters, were - probably by Julius Konrad Otto himself - listed in German dates from 1644 to 1655. Accordingly, he would have died around 1655/56.

meaning

As a language teacher ( preceptor ) Julius Conrad Otto tried didactically to teach the subject matter through concentration, visually simplified analysis of forms (based on the model of Elias Hutter) and the teaching of language skills ("that he could finish an argument") beyond a mere grammar translation method to convey in a new way. Students known by name (Michael Havemann, Ludwig von Hörnigk, Christian Gerlach, Hellwig Dieterich, Philipp III. Von Hessen-Butzbach, Samuel Heiland the Younger) were convinced of the success of his lessons.

The contribution of the Altdorf professor to conveying rabbinical theology in his work Gali Razia. Occultorum Detectio was initially taken up with interest by contemporaries (Isaac Casaubon, George Babou de La Bourdaisière). The Heidelberg professor Johann Balthasar Baumbach († 1622) praised Julius Konrad Otto's work in a book printed in Nuremberg in 1609. Many Christian colleagues later accused Otto of secretly fleeing Altdorf, aspects of his lifestyle (debts, leaving his wife, uncritical self-expression) and an alleged apostasy from the Christian faith (Hans Felix Balber, Johann Buxtorf the Elder). Anti-Jewish prejudices (Georg Zeämann) also played a role. In particular, the influential criticism of Theodoricus Hackspan , Johann Christoph Wagenseil (both later successors to the Altdorf chair) and the Copenhagen professor Thomas Bang (1600–1661) with the accusation of apostasy and falsification of sources led to a negative evaluation of Julius Konrad Otto Christian authors in the 17th / 18th centuries Century. Wagenseil called Otto a verus fur, trifur, trifurcifer (= real thief, head thief, super villain) .

Robert Sheringham (1602–1678) and Johannes Vorst (1623–1676) were among the first to appreciate Otto's contribution to the presentation of rabbinical theology more impartially. Paul Colomies (1638-1692) agreed to Julius Konrad Otto that he, unlike Buxtorf and Jean de La Plantavit break the Mischnatraktat Pirke Abot (Otto Rabbi Simeon ben Gamaliel attributed) of the commentary work Abot of Rabbi Nathan had distinguished.

In early 17th century Christian mysticism, inspiration came from Gali Razia. Occultorum Detectio picked up sporadically. Jakob Böhme could have got to know the basic ideas of the Jewish Kabbalah through Otto's writing , and the Rosicrucian and Christian Kabbalist Johannes Steudner (1620–1666) also referred to it.

swell

  • Trial files of Johann Konrad von Wollmershausen zu Amlishagen and Burleswagen ./. Margrave Georg Friedrich von Brandenburg, whose officials in Crailsheim ... , "on the pledge of three captured jews ... complain (reffend) violation. Authorities in Hengstfeld by armed attack, ... looting of the houses of the kläg. Umbrella-related Jews Marx and Berlein, whereby in addition to bonds and valuables, the 800 gold guilders treasure of Marx's wife was lost. Capture of both Jews and of Coppel, son of Marx, with subsequent deportation of the prisoners along with five chests to Crailsheim; Ill-treatment on the pretext that they were guilty of robbery ”, 1602-1618. In: Alexander Brunotte, Raimund J. Weber (edit.): Files of the Reich Chamber Court in the main state archive in Stuttgart. Inventory of the holdings C 3 , Vol. VII. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart 2005, No. 4867 (W 4733), p. 288f
  • Letter from the mayor and council of Nuremberg to the government in Ansbach with the enclosed supplicary from its resident Julius Otto, baptized Jew, regarding the robbery by his relatives Jude Jaudas, his daughter husband called Klein Michael and his brother called Groß Michael zu Michelbach, and other Jews from Crailsheim and Hengstfeld , 1602. In: Alexander Brunotte, Raimund J. Weber (edit.): Files of the Reich Chamber Court in the main state archive in Stuttgart. Inventory of the holdings C 3 , Vol. VII. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart 2005, No. 4867 - Q 5/6, p. 288f, especially p. 289
  • Letter from a learned rabbi ( à docto Rabbino ) from Nuremberg (נירנבערג) = Julius Konrad Otto to Johann Buxtorf in Basel, around 1600/03. In: Johann Buxtorf: Institutio epistolaris Hebraica, Sive De conscribendis Epistolis Hebraicis Liber . Ludwig König (Regis), Basel 1629, pp. 357–359 ( Google Books )
  • Letters from Isaac Casaubon from Paris to Scipio Gentilis in Altdorf on January 4, 1605, March 28, 1606 and March 18, 1607 as well as to Konrad Rittershausen in Altdorf from (April) 1606. In: Isaac Casaubon, Raphael Thorius: Epistolae, quotquot reperiri potuerunt, nunc primum junctim editae. Theodor Maire, 's-Gravenhage 1638, No. XVIII and CX-CXII; Pp. 754f and 835–837 ( Google Books )
    • (reprinted in :) Theodoor Jansson from Almeloveen (Ed.): Isaaci Casauboni Epistolae . Fritsch & Böhm, Rotterdam 1709, Part II, no. CCCCXXXIII, p 231, no. CCCCXCIV, p 263, no. CCCCXCIX, p 265, and no. DXLVII, S. 285f ( Digitalisat the Bavarian State Library)
  • Letters from Julius Conradus Otto to Isaac Casaubon from Altdorf dated December 5, 1604, from 1605, August 2 and December 15, 1606, Note on Julius Conradus Otto's versions of Hebrew alphabets and the divine name , letter from Isaac Casaubon to Julius Conradus Otto from Paris from 1606, letter from Georges I. Babou de La Bourdaisière to Julius Conradus Otto from Paris from 11 August 1606. In: Anthony Grafton, Joanna Weinberg (arr.): Have Always Loved the Holy Tongue. Isaac Casaubon, the Jews, and a Forgotten Chapter in Renaissance Scholarship . Harvard University Press, Cambridge (Massachusetts) / London 2011, pp. 234–256 ( Google Books ; limited preview)
  • 4 letters from Julius Conrad Otto in German-Hebrew script, early 17th century; Herzog August Bibliothek Wolfenbüttel (Cod. Guelf. 404.11 Novorum Hebrew Letters). In: Brigitte Kern: Jewish-German private letters from the 17th century . In: Frankfurter Judaistische Contributions 10 (1980), pp. 111–153
  • Letters from Johann Buxtorf in Basel to Kaspar Waser in Zurich on February 3, 1619 and March 28, 1621. In: Anthony Grafton, Joanna Weinberg (arr.): Have Always Loved the Holy Tongue. Isaac Casaubon, the Jews, and a Forgotten Chapter in Renaissance Scholarship . Harvard University Press, Cambridge (Massachusetts) / London 2011, pp. 252f
  • Letter from Johann Dieterich from Butzbach to his brother Konrad Dieterich in Ulm from May 1619 and letters from Georg Zeämann from Kempten to Konrad Dieterich in Ulm from February 7th and 19th, 1621. In: Wilhelm Martin Becker: From the scholarly proletariat of the post-Reformation period . In: Archiv für Kulturgeschichte 8 (1910), pp. 418–436, especially pp. 432–434
  • Minutes of the Council of Edinburgh City Council, January 26, 1642. In: Alexander Bower: The history of the University of Edinburgh , Vol. I. Alexander Smellie, Edinburgh 1817, pp. 200f ( Google Books )

Works

Title page by Gali Razia. Occultorum Detectio , Nuremberg 1605
  • (Manuscript; lost) דיא סירישע גראמאטיקא [= The Syrian Grammatica]. o. O. 1600
  • (as a scribe; lost) Cabbalisticum hebraicum (= Hebrew cabbalistic script), "descripsit (= has copied) Iulius Conradus Otto, Exiudaeus". o. O. around 1600/05
  • (with contributions by Konrad Rittershausen , Nicolaus Taurellus , Johann Conrad Rhumel , Michael Virdung and Daniel Schwenter ) גלי רזיא [= Galî rāzyâ]. Gali Razia. Occultorum Detectio, Hoc est: Monstratio Dogmatum, Quae Omnes Rabbini Recte Sentientes, Ante Et Post Christi nativitatem, de unitate essentiae divinae, Trinitate personarum & de Messia posteritati reliquerunt ... That is: Discovery of the teaching and meying of all rabbis who lived before and after Christ Birth of the Messiah and whole divine being, to the truth of the Evangelij, wrote ... By Julium Cunradum Ottonem Rabbi of the Hebrew language and professor of the Hohenschul in Altorff. Sebastian Körber, Nuremberg 1605 ( digitized version of the Bavarian State Library in Munich), ( Google-Books ), ( Google-Books )
  • דקדוק לשון הקדש [= Diḳdûḳ lešôn haḳ-ḳōdeš]. Grammatica Hebraea, methodice tractata, Pro more Rabbinorum; Cui annexa est demonstratione usus sanctae linguae ex primo capite Geneseos; Cum abbreviaturis Rabbinicarum, secundum ordinem Alphabeti. Authore Julio Conrado Ottone, Rabbi olim apud Judaeos, jam verò Professore Hebraeae Linguae Altorfii Norocorum publico. Catharina Dietrich (Theodericus), Nuremberg 1605 ( Google Books )
  • (Trial print; lost) Lexicon radicale, sive Thesaurus coronam Sacrae Scripturae complectens , in quo iuxta ordinem alphabetarium ponuntur nomina, verba, serviles et radicales literae etes inde derivatae et radicales cognatae, quae cum in hebraica voca lingua, tum in Talmudum script et aliis exstant. Nuremberg, around 1605 (1607?)
  • ספר תהלים [= Sēfer tehillîm]. Hoc est: Liber Psalmorum , nova eaque utili forma, de qua praefatio docebit editus liber, ed. by Julius Otto Pragensis . Hamburg 1614 ( digitized version of the Bibliothèque numérique de Lyon), ( Google Books )
(= from Ps 10,4 reprint or revision of: Elias Hutter (ed.): ספר תהלים [= Sēfer tehillîm] sive Liber Psalmorum eleganti, nova, utili, maximeque necessaria typorum forma, qua primo statim intuitu, singularum vocum litterae radicales à servilibus discernuntur… Johann Sachse, Hamburg 1586) ( digitized from the Berlin State Library)
  • (Lecture announcement) Quod felix faustumq [ue] sit Ecclesiae Reip. & Academiae Edinburgenae . R. Bryson, Edinburgh, around 1642. In: Abraham Levy: Addendum to 'The Origins of Scottish Jewry' . In: Transactions of the Jewish Historical Society of England 19 (1955–1959), p. 161f (with ill.)

literature

  • Johann Christoph Wolf : יוליאוס קונראד אותו. Julius Conradus Otto . In: ders .: Bibliothecae Hebraea , Vol. III. Catharina Sophia Felginer, Hamburg / Leipzig 1727, p. 365f ( Google Books )
  • Siegmund Jakob Apinus : Vitae Professorum philosophiae qui a condita Academia Altorfina ad hunc usque diem claruerunt . Tauber Erben, Nuremberg and Altdorf 1728, pp. 105-108 and 117 ( Google Books )
  • Johann Heinrich Zedler : Margolith (Naphthali) . In: ders. (Ed.): Large complete universal lexicon of all sciences and arts , vol. XIX. Johann Heinrich Zedler, Leipzig and Halle 1739, Sp. 1389f ( Google Books ); see. Otto (Julius) and Otto (Julius Conrad) , Vol. XXV, Sp. 2439 ( Google Books )
  • Johann Moller : Julius Otto, Pragensis . In: ders., Cimbria literata , Vol. II Adoptivos sive Exteros, in Ducatu utroque Slesvicensi & Holsatico . Royal Orphanage, Copenhagen 1744, p. 606f ( Google Books )
  • Georg Andreas Will : Nürnbergisches Schehrten-Lexicon , Vol. III. Lorenz Schüpfel, Nuremberg and Altfdorf 1757, pp. 106–108 ( Google Books )
  • Alexander Fürst: proselytes from the Margalita family . In: Seeds of Hope. Journal for the Mission of the Church in Israel 7 (1870), pp. 143–153, esp. P. 146f ( Google Books ) = Alexander Fürst: Christians and Jews. Light and shadow images from the church and synagogue . Straßburger Druckerei und Verlagsanstalt / R. Schultz, Straßburg 1892, pp. 189–196, esp. Pp. 191f ( Google Books ; limited preview)
  • Wilhelm Martin Becker: From the scholarly proletariat of the post-Reformation period . In: Archiv für Kulturgeschichte 8 (1910), pp. 418–436
  • George F. Black: The Beginnings of the Study of Hebrew in Scotland . In: Louis Ginzburg (Ed.): Studies in Jewish Bibliography and Related Subjects. Commemorative publication Abraham Solomon Freidus . Alexander Kohut Memorial Fund, New York 1929, pp. 463-478.
  • Martin Friedrich : Between defense and conversion. The position of German Protestant theology on Judaism in the 17th century . (Contributions to historical theology 72). Mohr (Siebeck), Tübingen 1988, pp. 42–45, 68 and 152 ( Google Books ; limited preview)
  • Wolfgang Mährle: Academia Norica. Science and education at the Nuremberg High School in Altdorf (1575–1623) . (Contubernium. Tübingen Contributions to the History of University and Science 54). Steiner, Stuttgart 2000, pp. 267–269 and 391 ( Google Books ; limited preview)
  • Anthony Grafton , Joanna Weinberg (arr.): Have Always Loved the Holy Tongue. Isaac Casaubon, the Jews, and a Forgotten Chapter in Renaissance Scholarship . Harvard University Press, Cambridge (Massachusetts) / London 2011 ( Google Books , Google Books ; limited preview)
  • Karin Schuff: Jakob Boehmes Sophia. An introduction . epubli, Berlin 2014, pp. 31, 140–144 and 198 ( Google Books ; limited preview)

Web links

  • Copper engraving by August Christian Fleischmann (* before 1690, † after 1732). In: Sigismund Jakob Apinus: Vitae Professorum philosophiae qui a condita Academia Altorfina ad hunc usque diem claruerunt . Johann Daniel Tauber Erben, Nuremberg and Altdorf 1728, before p. 104 ( digital copy of the portrait collection of the Herzog August Library Wolfenbüttel)

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Julius Conradus Otto himself wrote his name: יוליוש קונראדוש אטא; Gali Razia. Occultorum Detectio . Sebastian Körber, Nuremberg 1605, A letter to the Jews .
  2. ↑ According to the Hebrew מרגלית margalith "pearl", cf. etymologically related to Greek μαργαρίτα margaríta , Latin margarita "pearl" and the Jewish family name "Perlmann"; Leopold Zunz : Names of the Jews. A historical investigation . Gerstenberg, Leipzig 1837, p. 71.
  3. ↑ a b Gali Razia. Occultorum Detectio . Sebastian Körber, Nuremberg 1605 ( digitized version from the Bavarian State Library in Munich); Johann Duber, Stettin 1613 ( Google Books ).
  4. ↑ Andreas Calagius : Natales Illustrium Virorum, Foeminarum, Urbium, Academiarum, Et monasteriorum . Friedrich Hartmann, Frankfurt an der Oder 1609, p. 287 ( digitized version of the Lower Saxony State and University Library Göttingen). Later literature depends on this representation.
  5. ↑ a b c Gali Razia. Occultorum Detectio . Sebastian Körber, Nuremberg 1605, Praefatio ad lectorem (= preface to the reader) .
  6. ↑ a b c d e f trial files, 1602-1618. In: Alexander Brunotte, Raimund J. Weber (edit.): Files of the Reich Chamber Court in the main state archive in Stuttgart. Inventory of the holdings C 3, Vol. VII. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart 2005, No. 4867 (W 4733), p. 288f.
  7. ↑ a b c d Cf. Johann Christoph Wolf: Bibliothecae Hebraea , Bd. III. Catharina Sophia Felginer, Hamburg / Leipzig 1727, p. 366.
  8. ↑ From Lucca, also Jakob Joseph Jaffe called Margolioth (יפה-מרגליות), died in Worms.
  9. ^ A b Jacob Margolioth of Nuremberg . In: Isidore Singer , Cyrus Adler (eds.): The Jewish Encyclopedia , Vol. VIII., Funk and Wagnalls, New York 1904, p. 328.
  10. ^ Regest of a document from Emperor Frederick III. dated November 22, 1487, issued in Nuremberg ( digitized by Regesta Imperii Online).
  11. ↑ From Worms; Adolf Kohut: The old Prague Jewish cemetery . Brandeis, Prague 1897, p. 97.
  12. ^ Document from 1527, issued in Cracow; Philipp Bloch : The dispute over the Moreh des Maimonides in the municipality of Posen around the middle of the 16th century. In: Monthly for History and Science of Judaism 47 (1903), pp. 153–169, 263–279 and 346–356, esp. pp. 349–351 ( digitized version in the Internet Archive)
  13. ↑ a b c On the Margoliot family in Cracow, with whom Julius Konrad Otto (Naphthali Margolioth) was related, cf. Franz Menges: Margolis . In: Neue Deutsche Biographie 16 (1990), p. 168 f. ( Online ).
  14. ↑ Here, “Jerusalem” could also mean the “Jerusalem of the Balkans” Saloniki , where one of the large, Sephardic communities of the Ottoman Empire existed; Georg Bossong : The Sephardi. History and Culture of the Spanish Jews . Beck, Munich 2016, pp. 74f ( Google Books ; limited preview).
  15. ↑ a b "... qui Hierosolymis annos quatuor Judaeis familiariter convixit & qui Constantinopoli Hadrianopoli annos duodecim, in Gallia annos viginti, in Germania annos decem, easdem Linguas publice & privatim ... praelegit".
  16. ↑ a b c d e f Lecture announcement Quod felix faustumque… , around 1642.
  17. ^ "Quam ad rem non unius et alterius, sed multorum annorum et quidem in varias et remotissimas mundi partes peregrinationibus usus sum"; Grammatica Hebraea . Catharina Dietrich, Nuremberg 1605, foreword.
  18. ↑ Gali Razia. Occultorum Detectio . Sebastian Körber, Nuremberg 1605, dedication preface to Christian II of Saxony .
  19. ^ Grammatica Hebraea . Catharina Dietrich (Theodericus), Nuremberg 1605.
  20. ^ Conrad Rieger : Contributions to the history of Lower Franconia, to the history of literature and the history of medicine from the archive of the Psychiatric Clinic in Würzburg . Kaubitz, Würzburg 1910, esp. Pp. 23–31 with illus. Of the oil painting of a Würzburg “Judentaufe” (original war loss) from 1611 ( digitized in the Internet Archive); Ulrich Wagner: History of the City of Würzburg , Vol. II. Theiss, Stuttgart 2004, p. 766.
  21. ^ As further patron saints (godparents) besides the bishop himself, the canons Konrad Ludwig Zobel von Giebelstadt (1582–1662) and Otto Friedrich Schutzbar called Milchling , who both also served as rectors of the University of Würzburg , may be considered.
  22. ^ From Fürth, theologian and arithmetic master, son of Johann Baptista Fabricius (1532-1578); Matthias Simon: Nuremberg pastors book. The Evangelical Lutheran clergy in the imperial city of Nuremberg and its area . Association for Bavarian Church History, Nuremberg 1965, p. 60.
  23. ↑ a b Lore Sporhan-Krempel, Theodor Wohnhaas: Elias Hutter in Nuremberg and his Biblia in several languages . In: Archiv für Geschichte des Buchwesens 27 (1986), pp. 157–162 ( Google Books ; limited preview).
  24. ↑ a b Elias Hutter: Publicly writing out, To general Christian authorities, the same countries, cities, churches, schools, teachers, listeners, also all pious parents and children . Hutter, Nuremberg 1602, pp. 53, 62 a. ö. ( digitized version of the Saxon State Library - Dresden State and University Library); Peter O. Müller: German lexicography of the 16th century . Walter de Gruyter, Berlin 2011, pp. 267–283, especially p. 269 ( Google Books ; limited preview).
  25. ^ Letter "from a learned rabbi" from Nuremberg to Johann Buxtorf in Basel, around 1600/03. In: Johann Buxtorf: Institutio epistolaris Hebraica . Ludwig König, Basel 1629, pp. 357–359.
  26. ↑ Documented on a study trip to Basel in 1598.
  27. ^ A b Siegmund Jakob Apinus: Vitae Professorum philosophiae qui a condita Academia Altorfina ad hunc usque diem claruerunt . Tauber Erben, Nuremberg and Altdorf 1728, p. 106.
  28. ↑ What is meant is Samuel Friedrich Brenz from Breitenau , who was baptized in 1601 in Feuchtwangen, Ansbach , and Jewish stripped snake hide . Balthasar Scherf, Nuremberg 1614 ( Google Books ).
  29. ↑ Freedom and umbrella letter from Hans Werner von Wollmershausen (1561–1600) to Amlishagen and Burleswagen for the Jews Marx and Berlein to Hengstfeld for ten years , 1598. In: Alexander Brunotte, Raimund J. Weber (edit.): Akten des Reichskammergericht in the main state archive in Stuttgart. Inventory of the holdings C 3 , Vol. VII. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart 2005, No. 4867 - Q 7, p. 288f, especially p. 289.
  30. ↑ Hans Gräser: The low nobility family of Wollmershausen . Crailsheimer Historischer Verein, Crailsheim 2018, pp. 192–209, especially p. 200 ( PDF from Crailsheimer Historischer Verein e.V. ).
  31. ^ The next common ancestor of George Frederick I and Joachim Ernst of Brandenburg was Elector Albrecht Achilles of Brandenburg (1414–1486).
  32. ^ Letter from Julius Conradus Otto to Isaac Casaubon dated December 5, 1604, letter from Isaac Casaubon from Paris to Scipio Gentilis in Altdorf dated January 4, 1605.
  33. ↑ See the copy Cabbalisticum in the catalog raisonné.
  34. ^ A b Christoph Gottlieb von Murr: Description of the most distinguished peculiarities in the imperial city of Nuremberg, in its districts, and at the University of Altdorf . 2nd edition Wolf-Penker, Nürnberg 1801, p. 394 ( Google Books ).
  35. ↑ Gali Razia. Occultorum Detectio . Sebastian Körber, Nuremberg 1605.
  36. ↑ תלמוד בבלי [= Talmûd bablî] . Ambrosius Froben, Basel 1578–1580.
  37. ↑ = "Well of Jacob".
  38. ^ Editions Saloniki, 1516, Venice 1546 ( digitized version of the Bavarian State Library in Munich), Krakau 1600 a. a.
  39. ↑ Gali Razia. Occultorum Detectio . Sebastian Körber, Nuremberg 1605, Nota before Praefatio ad lectorem .
  40. ↑ Petrus Galatinus: Opus de arcanis catholicae veritatis, hoc est, in omnia difficilia loca veteris testamenti, ex Talmud, aliisque Hebraicis libris… contra obstinatam Iudaeorum perdidiiam, absolutissimus commentarius. Herwag, Basel 1550, pp. 5, 74f, 80f, 84, 86, 88, 112, 251, 286, 444, 475, 484, 486-488, 517-525, 533, 542, 544, 605f, 608, 612 , 635, 638, 666f and the like ö. ( Google Books ); First edition Gershom Soncini, Ortona Mare 1518.
  41. ^ Jan-Hendryk de Boer: Unexpected intentions - genealogy of the Reuchlinkonflikt . (Late Middle Ages, Humanism, Reformation 94). Mohr Siebeck, Tübingen 2016, p. 764f ( Google Books ; limited preview).
  42. ↑ Paul de Heredia, Nehunya Ben Hakanah: Neumiae filii Haccanae epistola de secretis ad Haccanam filium . o. O. [Eucharius Silber ?, Rome around 1485/90] ( digitized version of the Bavarian State Library, Munich).
  43. ^ Aron Freimann : Paulus de Heredia as the author of the Kabbalistic writings Igeret ha-Sodot and Galie Raze . In: Festschrift Jakob Guttmann . Kauffmann, Frankfurt am Main 1915, pp. 206-209 ( digitized in the Internet Archive).
  44. ^ Joseph Leon Blau: The Christian Interpretation of the Cabala in the Renaissance . Columbia University Press, New York 1944, p. 62; Stephen G. Burnett: Christian Hebraism in the Reformation Era (1500-1660) . Brill, Leiden 2012, p. 129; on the other hand, a letter from Gershom Scholem to Joseph Leon Blau dated August 2, 1945. In: Gershom Scholem, Itta Shedletzky (Ed.): Briefe , vol. IC H. Beck, Munich 1994, p. 300f; Wilhelm Schmidt-Biggemann: History of the Christian Kabbalah , Bd. I 15th and 16th centuries . frommann-holzboog, Stuttgart-Bad Cannstatt 2012, pp. 282f.
  45. ^ Anthony Grafton, Joanna Weinberg (arr.): Have Always Loved the Holy Tongue. Isaac Casaubon, the Jews, and a Forgotten Chapter in Renaissance Scholarship . Harvard University Press, Cambridge (Massachusetts) / London 2011, pp. 234–236 and 245.
  46. ↑ A son of Hieronymus Köler the Elder. Ä. ; Hannah SM Amburger, Die Familiengeschichte der Koeler, in: Mitteilungen des Verein für Geschichte der Stadt Nürnberg 30 (1931), 153–288, 190f ( digitized version of the Bavarian State Library in Munich).
  47. ↑ a b Novum Testamentum Domini nostri Iesu Christi . Testamentum Novum Syriace, Ebraice, Graece, Latine, Germanice, Bohemice, Italice, Hispanice, Gallice, Anglice, Danice, Polonice. Elias Hutter, Nuremberg 1599.
  48. ^ Letters from Julius Konrad Otto from Altdorf to Isaac Casaubon in Paris from August 2 and December 15, 1606 with mention of Koeler ("Hieronymus Keller"); British Museum London (MS Burney No. 365, pages 261 and 263).
  49. ↑ Cod. Hist. 2 ° 914-5.48 r , 3; Ingeborg Krekler (arrangement): The autograph collection of the Stuttgart Konistorialdirektor Friedrich Wilhelm Frommann . Otto Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden 1992, p. 367.
  50. ↑ Also Hans Dübern, printer in Stettin since 1604, princely chamber member (servant; bodyguard) and provisional at St. Petrikirche ; Max Bär: The politics of Pomerania during the Thirty Years War . (Publications from the K. Prussian State Archives 64). S. Hirzel, Leipzig 1896, p. 62, note 288.
  51. ^ A b c Johann Christoph Wagenseil : Sota . Hoc est: Liber mischnicus De uxore adulterii suspecta . Henrich Schönnerstädt, Altdorf 1674, pp. 131f and 704 ( Google Books ; paginated in decline), ( Google Books ) and others. a.
  52. ↑ Doubted by Alexander Fürst: Proselytes from the Margalita family . In: Saat auf Hope 7 (1870), pp. 143–153, esp. Pp. 146f, or Martin Friedrich: Between Defense and Conversion. The position of German Protestant theology on Judaism in the 17th century . (Contributions to historical theology 72). Mohr (Siebeck), Tübingen 1988, p. 42.
  53. ^ A b Jacob Georg Christian Adler : Bibliotheca Biblica Serenissimi Würtenbergensium Ducis Olim Lorckiana . Johann David Adam Eckhardt, Altona 1787, p. 22 ( Google Books ).
  54. ↑ a b c sales catalog Thomas Rodd (Ed.): Catalog of Books for MDCCCXXXVII , Vol. I. Compton & Richie, London 1837, p. 1. ( Google Books ).
  55. ↑ Michael Havemann: נר לרגל [= Nōr le-rägäl]. Path light. The Jewish eclipses again . Johann Naumann, Jena 1663, p. 576f ( Google Books ).
  56. ↑ From Zurich, in the summer semester of 1615 as “Joh. Felix Balberus Tig. Helv. ”At the pedagogy in Bremen, where he left 10 thalers and 31 large debts in food allowances (letter from Ludwig Crocius to Markus Rütimeyer (1580–1647) of March 23, 1623; Leo van Santen: Bremen as a focal point of Reformed Irenik . ( Brill's series in church history and religious culture 69) Brill, Leiden 2014, p. 100), enrolled in Basel in June 1615, 1615/16 at the High School Herborn, 1620–1629 deacon, from 1629 pastor, from 1630 dean in Uster .
  57. ↑ a b To the following description of life by Mr. Johann Jacob Breitinger . In: Miscellanea Tigurina , vol. I. Bodmer, Zurich 1722, edition V, pp. 1–104, especially p. 53 ( digitized version of the Bavarian State Library in Munich); Johannes Friedrich Alexander de Le Roi: The Evangelical Christianity and the Jews , Vol. I. (Writings of the Institutum Indaicum Berlin 9). Reuther, Karlsruhe 1884, p. 133f ( Google Books ; limited preview).
  58. ↑ a b c d Letters from Johann Buxtorf from Basel to Kaspar Waser in Zurich on February 3, 1619 and March 28, 1621.
  59. ↑ Ingeborg Krekler (Ed.): The collection of autographs of the Stuttgart Konistorialdirektors Friedrich Wilhelm Frommann . Otto Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden 1992, No. 12, p. 647.
  60. ↑ Gebhard Florian, Achilles Augustus von Lersner : Nachgehohlte, increased, and continued Chronica Der Weitberühmten free imperial, election and trading city of Franckfurt am Mayn (Vol. II). Johann Adam Recksroth, Frankfurt am Main 1734, p. 109 ( digitized version of the Bavarian State Library in Munich).
  61. ^ Wilhelm Martin Becker: From the learned proletariat of the post-Reformation period . In: Archiv für Kulturgeschichte 8 (1910), pp. 418–436, esp. P. 432.
  62. ↑ a b c d Ludwig von Hörnigk: Medicaster apella or Juden Artzt . Marx von der Heiden, Strasbourg 1631, pp. 178-180 ( Google Books ).
  63. ↑ Johann Grambs: Christiani Infortunium & Gaudium, That is: Of a true Christian Leyd and Freud, held against each other… Bey… Welcome dess… Mr. Christiani Gerlachii… Protestant preacher and senior citizens . Friese, Frankfurt am Main 1665, p. 34f ( digitized version of the Lower Saxony State and University Library Göttingen).
  64. ↑ Friedrich Wilhelm Strieder : Basis for a Hessian Scholar and Writer History , Vol. XV. Griesbach, Kassel 1806, pp. 316–328, especially p. 317.
  65. ^ Friedrich Wilhelm Strieder: Basis for a Hessian Scholar and Writer History , Vol. V. Cramer, Kassel 1785, pp. 430–434, especially p. 430.
  66. ^ The University of Giessen from 1607 to 1907 , vol. I. Alfred Töpelmann, Gießen 1907, esp. Pp. 31f, 125, 135 and p. 137 (here somewhat different from Friedrich Wilhelm Strieder: Steuber followed Helwig immediately) ( digitized in Internet Archive).
  67. ^ Johannes Steuber, Helvicus Dieterich Kyrtorfiensis : Disputatio physica De pluralitate formarum . Giessen 1619; Johannes Steuber, Helvicus Dieterich: Disputatio theologica graeca, De loco ac statu amimarum beatarum in VT post mortem, et cultu sanctorum . Giessen 1619; u. a.
  68. ↑ From Kirdorf, enrolled as Magister in Strasbourg in 1626, later personal physician to numerous princes, including the Landgrave of Hesse.
  69. ↑ a b For the following cf. Letter from Johann Dieterich from Butzbach to his brother Konrad Dieterich in Ulm from May 1619; Wilhelm Martin Becker: From the scholarly proletariat of the post-Reformation period . In: Archiv für Kulturgeschichte 8 (1910), pp. 418–436, especially pp. 432–434.
  70. ↑ “ Renatus Judaeus, Julius Otto referred to, in Heb. lingua excellirt, as in Syriaca et Chaldaica, from which their princely gn. in 4 weeks the fundamenta in Hebraica et Syriaca lingua set so feliciter that to astonish; proprio Marte can interpret a lot [= on his own], and otherwise investigate the radices . ... but should return to Giessen in the week of Pentecost. "
  71. ↑ a b c d For the following cf. Letter from Georg Zeämann from Kempten to Konrad Dieterich in Ulm on February 7, 1621.
  72. ↑ From Hornbach, professor in Lauingen, pastor in Kempten, superintendent and professor in Stralsund.
  73. ^ Letters from Georg Zeämann from Kempten to Konrad Dieterich in Ulm on February 7th and 19th, 1621.
  74. ↑ וייבוש = Phoebus = "mugwort".
  75. ↑ Medical doctorate with "Doktrier-Brief (טוקטריר בריב)" in Padua, 1591 in Bonn, 1599 in Worms in the Haus zur Blumen , 1602/03 in Mainz, from 1604/05 back in Worms.
  76. ↑ "Wallich" means " welsch ", the family originally comes from Belgium / France.
  77. ↑ Hans Schultze: History of the Wallich family . In: Monthly Journal for History and Science of Judaism 49 (1905), pp. 57–77, 183–192 and 272–285, especially pp. 64–75 ( digitized in the Internet Archive).
  78. ↑ As evidenced by Lampert von Hersfeld in medieval linguistic usage in the 11th century ; Georg Wolfgang Karl Lochner (edit.): Nuremberg year books . Riegel and Wießner, Nuremberg 1833, p. 24f ( Google Books ).
  79. ↑ On the tradition of allegorical interpretation in rabbinical hermeneutics, cf. the term Remes in the article → PaRDeS .
  80. ↑ Abraham Levy: Addendum to 'The Origins of Scottish Jewry' . In: Transactions of the Jewish Historical Society of England 19 (1955-1959), pp. 161f, esp.p. 161.
  81. ↑ "summo cum discentium profectu, admirabili compendio"
  82. ↑ "linguarum orientalium, Hebraicae, Caldaicae, Syriacae, Rabbinicac, & Sclavonicae celeberrimus professor".
  83. ^ A b Andrew Dalzel: History of the University of Edinburgh from Its Foundation , Vol. II. Edmonston and Douglas, Edinburgh 1862, pp. 121, 156, 169f and 175 ( Google Books ).
  84. ^ Graeme Auld: Hebrew and Old Testament Studies in the University of Edinburgh . 2006 ( online in the SBL forum).
  85. ↑ Manuscripts Grammatica Hebraea et Syrica (Dc. 5.41) and Grammatica Hebraica (DC. 5.69).
  86. ↑ a b c Morris Zamick: Julius Conrad Otto. Manuscript Remains in the University Library . In: University of Edinburgh Journal 4 (1931), pp. 229-235, esp. P. 234.
  87. ↑ This is suggested by George F. Black: The Beginnings of the Study of Hebrew in Scotland . In: Louis Ginzburg (Ed.): Studies in Jewish Bibliography and Related Subjects. Festschrift AS Freidus . Alexander Kohut Memorial Fund, New York 1929, pp. 463-478.
  88. ↑ Given Otto's time information (teaching activity since around 1599/1600), a son would have been born at a time when the alleged father was younger than 18 years old; see. Abraham Levy: Addendum to 'The Origins of Scottish Jewry' . In: Transactions of the Jewish Historical Society of England 19 (1955-1959), pp. 161f, esp.p. 161.
  89. ^ Reformed teacher in Sárospatak and Zemplén .
  90. ↑ Paul Tartsalus: Theses theologicae de Sacra Domini Coena quas divina gratia favente sub Praesidio Reverendi, & clarissimi viri D. D. Joannis Scharpii. SS Theologiae in inclyra Edinburgh academia professoris ordinarii dignissimi, publico examini subiicit Paulus Tartsali Hungarus. Ad diem 7 Julii horis loco [que] solitis. Robert Brison, Edinburgh undated [1642?].
  91. ↑ Abraham Levy: Origins of Scottish Jewry (1958). In: Transactions of the Jewish Historical Society of England 19 (1955-1959), pp. 129-162, especially p. 133.
  92. ↑ "Ecquis in Europe Ottone Judaeo, Professore nuper Edinburgino Hebraea rudimentary stage foelicius docebat?"; Robert Baillie: Appendix practica, ad, Ioannis Buxtorfii Epitomen grammaticae Hebraeae . Andreas Anderson, Edinburgh 1653, Praefatio .
  93. ^ Edinburgh University Library (manuscript Dc. 5.41 Grammatica Hebraea et Syrica ).
  94. ^ Production of gold from copper using antimony and arsenic.
  95. ^ Johann Balthasar Baumbach: IV. Modus disputandi, quo uti possit Christianus cum Judaeo . In: ders. Quatuor utilissimi Tractatus . Abraham Wagenmann, Nuremberg 1609 ( digitized version of the Bavarian State Library in Munich), ( Google Books ).
  96. ^ Letter from Theodoricus Hackspan to Johann Frischmuth from Altdorf, undated (between 1636 and 1659). In: Johann Frischmuth (Praeses), Johann Andreas Lencer (Resp.): Prosopographia Messiae, ex illustri vaticinio Esai. IX, 6th seqq. asserta, & à Judaeorum detorsionibus vindicata . Krebs, Jena 1664, chap. II, § 1 and 2 ( Google Books ).
  97. ↑ Thomas Bang: Caelum Orientis Et Prisci Mundi Triad . Haubold, Hanau 1657, p. 53 ( Google Books ).
  98. ↑ On reception cf. especially Johann Moller: Cimbria literata , vol. II Adoptivos sive Exteros, in Ducatu utroque Slesvicensi & Holsatico . Royal Orphanage, Copenhagen 1744, pp. 606f.
  99. ^ Robert Sheringham: Joma. Codex Talmudicus . Junius, London 1648, Praefatio ( digitized version of the Bavarian State Library in Munich).
  100. ^ Johann Vorstius: Philologia sacra, Qua, Quicquid Hebraismorum . Johannes Zachariasz. Baron, Leiden 1658, p. 140f ( digitized version of the Bavarian State Library in Munich).
  101. ↑ Paul Colomies: Gallia Orientalis immersive Gallorum qui linguam Hebraeam vel alias Orientales exoluerunt vitae . Adrien Ulacq, 's-Gravenhage 1665, pp. 254f ( Google Books ); see. Gali Razia. Occultorum Detectio . Johann Duber, Stettin 1613 ( Google Books ).
  102. ↑ Karin Schuff: Jakob Boehmes Sophia. An introduction . epubli, Berlin 2014, ISBN 978-3-7375-2051-5 , pp. 143f.
  103. ^ Ephorus of the college of St. Anna in Augsburg.
  104. ↑ Johannes Steudner: Jewish ABC School of the secret of the threefold true God and Creator Jehovah . Johann Schultes, Augsburg 1665, pp. 71 and 366f ( Google Books ).
  105. ^ Anthony Grafton, Joanna Weinberg (arr.): Have Always Loved the Holy Tongue. Isaac Casaubon, the Jews, and a Forgotten Chapter in Renaissance Scholarship . Harvard University Press, Cambridge (Massachusetts) / London 2011, p. 234, note 9.
  106. ^ British Museum London (MS Burney No. 365, Bl. 34, 257, 258, 261 and 263; No. 367, Bl. 81 and 185); Josiah Forshall (Ed.): Catalog of Manuscripts in the British Museum. New Series , Vol. II The Burney Manuscripts . Trustees of the British Museum, London 1840, pp. 109, 113 and 124f ( Google Books ) (with table of contents in Latin).
  107. ↑ a b Not Yiddish , but German-Hebrew (German words with Hebrew letters); see. in addition Steven M. Lowenstein: German in Hebrew letters . In: Ashkenaz. Journal for the History and Culture of the Jews 18-19 / 2 (2008/09), pp. 367-375.
  108. ↑ Also Brigitte Alice Adele Rivka Kern-Ulmer, Hebrew רבקה אולמר (Rivka Ulmer), Professor of Jewish Studies at Bucknell University in Lewisburg, Pennsylvania.
  109. ↑ Zurich Central Library (MS F 167, Bl. 46 and 55).
  110. ↑ Bayerische Staatsbibliothek München (Cgm 1257, p. 244; Cgm 1259, p. 825) and a.
  111. ↑ Christoph Gottlieb von Murr : Memorabilia bibliothecarum publicarum Norimbergensium et Universitatis Altdorfinae , Vol. I. Hoesch, Nuremberg 1786, p. 28 ( digitized version of the Bavarian State Library in Munich), ( Google Books ).
  112. ↑ Christoph Gottlieb von Murr: Memorabilia bibliothecarum publicarum Norimbergensium et Universitatis Altdorfinae , Vol. I. Hoesch, Nuremberg 1786, p. 27.
  113. ↑ Johann Conrad Rummel (Rhumel; Rhumelius) d. Ä. (1574–1630), doctor and poet from Nördlingen, active in Neumarkt in the Upper Palatinate and Wöhrd near Nuremberg.
  114. ↑ Michael Virdung (1575–1637) from Kitzingen, crowned poet, since 1605 professor of eloquence and history in Altdorf, from 1624 professor of politics.
  115. ↑ Aramaic = "revelation of the secrets"; see. גָלֵא רָזַיָּא (= gālê rāzayyâ ) Dan 2.29 EU ; Johann Buxtorf : De abbreviaturis Hebraicis . Waldkirch, Basel 1613, p. 283 ( digitized version of the Bavarian State Library in Munich); Rework Andreae, Herborn 1708, p. 57f ( Google Books ).
  116. ↑ Hebrew = "grammar of the sacred language".
  117. ^ Valentin Ernst Löscher : De Causis Linguae Ebraeae Libri III . Grossius, Frankfurt am Main / Leipzig 1706, pp. 124, 166 and 169–171 ( digitized version from the Bavarian State Library in Munich).
  118. ↑ Note by Thomas Rodd jun. (1796–1849): “In a new and singular type, the author having endeavored to facilitate the study of the Hebrew Language by giving the prefixes and suffixes in outline = In a new and unique way the author has tried to learn Hebrew To facilitate language by highlighting the prefixes and suffixes. "
  119. ^ Bibliothèque municipale de Lyon (Séminaire Saint-Irénée Lyon); ETS Haim - Joods Cultureel Kwartier Library Amsterdam (EH 13 C 01); Württemberg State Library Stuttgart (Ba hebr. 161401).
  120. ↑ National Library of Scotland Edinburgh - Leabharlann Nàiseanta na h-Alba Dùn Èideann.
personal data
SURNAME Otto, Julius Konrad
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Otto, Julius Conradus; Otto, Julius; Margolioth, Naphthali (Hebrew name); Margolith, Nafthali (Hebrew name); יוליוס קונרד אותו (Hebrew); יוליוש קונראדוש אטא (Hebrew); נפתלי מרגלות (Hebrew); נפתלי מרגלית (Hebrew)
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Hebrew and university professor in Altdorf and Edinburgh
DATE OF BIRTH September 12, 1562
PLACE OF BIRTH unsure: Prague
DATE OF DEATH 1649 or around 1655
Place of death Edinburgh