UN climate conference in Bonn 2017

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UN Climate Change Conference 2017
COP 23 Fiji Bonn LOGO.png Template: Infobox / maintenance / picture

place Bonn , GermanyGermanyGermany 
date 6-17 November 2017
Attendees Approx. 22,000
members of the UNFCCC
Website cop23.com.fj
Aerial view of the venue in the Rheinaue

The UN climate conference in Bonn 2017 ( United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change , 23rd Conference of the Parties , COP 23 for short ) took place as the 23rd UN climate conference , at the same time as the 13th meeting on the Kyoto Protocol ( 13th Meeting of the Parties to the 1997 Kyoto Protocol , CMP 13 for short) and as the 2nd meeting of the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement (CMA 1-2), from November 6 to 17, 2017 at the UN Campus in Bonn .

The chair of the conference was for the first time as a result of global warming from rising sea levels and increasing extreme weather threatened and affected Pacific island nation of Fiji with his Prime Minister Frank Bainimarama ; the negotiations were led by the judge and chief negotiator and representative of the island state at the United Nations , Nazhat Shameem Khan.

Germany took over the role of "technical equipment supplier" of the conference: As on the territory of the small state could not gather in such a high number of participants Fiji was to host the headquarters of the UN Climate Change Secretariat in Bonn elected; the UN Climate Change Conference 2001 ( COP 6-2 → The double COP-6 of The Hague and Bonn ) had already taken place there 16 years earlier .

preparation

A team of around 60 people from the Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation, Building and Nuclear Safety prepared the meeting for over a year; According to him, it is the largest intergovernmental conference ever held in Germany. The United Nations volunteer program was able to recruit 650 volunteers for the duration of the event .

participation

A total of 22,000 participants from all over the world were present in the two weeks of the Conference of the Parties . B. scientists, activists, journalists and politicians, plus more than 4,500 helpers.

backgrounds

Entrance area with multilingual “Welcome!” Such as “Bula!” In Fiji

At the end of October 2017, Nicaragua became the penultimate country in the world and announced that it would join the 2015 World Climate Agreement.

According to the climate agreement adopted at the COP 21 in Paris in 2015 , all signatories have committed to limit global warming to below two degrees Celsius . However, there are no specific regulations for implementation. The task of COP 23 is to develop these as a “set of rules” with text suggestions. According to the German Federal Environment Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation, Building and Nuclear Safety , "groundbreaking decisions are not expected this year". The set of rules developed here is to be adopted at the next COP 24 climate conference in autumn 2018 in Katowice (Poland). From 2020 onwards, all countries around the world should actively contribute to climate protection, until then mainly the industrialized countries.

The measures necessary to reduce the CO 2 content in the earth's atmosphere or to reduce its increase are the most controversial points of discussion on the way to achieving the two-degree target .

The conference takes place in the year in which z. B. the Pacific hurricane season caused several records and immense damage; According to the annual climate risk index published at the conference on November 9th by the environmental and development organization Germanwatch , 2017 will U. the year with the world's largest damage from extreme weather ever recorded.

Emissions trading

Climate finance

According to a recently published Lancet report , the number of weather-related natural disasters has increased by 46% since 2000; In 2016 alone, this caused economic damage of EUR 111 billion. The charities federation Oxfam According were in 2016 nearly 24 million people worldwide, especially from poorer countries environmental refugees . Residents of poorer nations would then have a five times higher risk of being displaced for this reason than residents of richer countries. Between 2008 and 2016, an average of around 14 million people from poorer countries are said to have sought protection from bad weather, storms and floods every year.

Climate Risk Index

The climate risk index of the development and environmental organization Germanwatch e. V. lists states according to how they are affected by global climate change: It shows that smaller island states are now among the nations most severely affected by storms . Meanwhile, several developing and emerging countries regularly suffered from weather disasters; These are major challenges , especially for poorer countries such as Haiti , Sri Lanka or Vietnam . In the long term - over 20 years from 1997 to 2016 - Honduras , Haiti and Myanmar are the most affected countries. In total, more than 520,000 people worldwide lost their lives as a direct result of over 11,000 extreme weather events during this period; Calculated in purchasing power parities (PPP), the economic damage totaled around 3.16 trillion US dollars .

Climate protection index

The Climate Protection Index , which was also developed by Germanwatch and published together with the Climate Action Network and the New Climate Institute and presented updated for the conference , a positive list of politics and emission trends of the world's 60 largest CO 2 -emitting countries was led by Lithuania , Morocco and Sweden ; Germany was in the middle with 22nd place, the USA had fallen from 34th place in the previous year to 56th place. The top three positions were left open because none of the observed countries achieved the goals of the Paris Agreement.

Coal exit

According to the organization Climate Analytics , the goals of the Paris World Climate Agreement cannot be achieved without an early phase-out from coal-fired power generation; She proposes a staggering: by 2030 for all industrialized countries including the EU, China by 2040, the rest of the world by 2050. By then at the latest, "global power generation must be completely CO 2 -free" in order to be able to control global warming . Seven EU states as well as Iceland , Norway and Switzerland do not operate any coal-fired power plants anyway ; several countries in Europe and worldwide have agreed on a corresponding date, e.g. B. at the end

The German municipality of Munich z. As decided in a test conducted on 5 November referendum switching off its last coal power plant shortly before the conference heating plant north of the 2,022th

Germany's corresponding strategy also played an essential role in the exploratory talks between the German parties Bündnis 90 / Die Grünen , CDU / CSU and FDP, which ran parallel to COP 23 and which failed on the night of November 19-20, to prepare for the possible formation of a "Yellow-green-black" government coalition (" Jamaica "): Here it goes z. B. on the way to the realization of Germany's commitment to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 40% below 1990 levels by 2020.

In an interview with Deutschlandfunk on November 5, the climate expert and Co-President of the Club of Rome, Ernst Ulrich von Weizsäcker , called for Germany to phase out coal as quickly as possible; he complained that the topic was almost exclusively about the economy (economy) and not about the already very damaged environment ( ecology ); these are not opposites. At the beginning of the conference, 50 German corporations and business associations demanded a socially acceptable exit path from coal-fired power generation from a possible Jamaica government alliance, as well as a transport turnaround with the expansion of rail transport and electric mobility as a future-oriented modernization project for the German economy. The former mayor of New York, Michael Bloomberg , as a representative of the US climate protection alliance The Pledge, also called on Germany to phase out coal.

The Michael Bloomberg Foundation provided 50 million euros to advance the global coal phase-out: "No sensible person would continue to take the risks we are currently facing."

Carbon dioxide in the earth's atmosphere

According to the current scientific model, CO 2 is the main reason that the global average temperature is rising. B. by about one degree. The global “ CO 2 budget ” is considered to have been largely used up since the beginning of industrialization , primarily due to the emissions of the (western) industrialized countries ( → CO 2 content in the earth's atmosphere ).

In its annual report published in the middle of COP 23, the international research association Global Carbon Project predicted that in 2017 an increase in global CO 2 emissions from fossil fuels and industry by around two percent was to be expected; The efforts to reduce these are far too small (with some statistical uncertainties) to achieve a trend reversal and to compensate for the corresponding increase in other regions of the world. Although emissions in the coal sector are falling and the share of renewable energies in energy generation has increased by 14% per year worldwide since 2012, emissions from the combustion of oil and gas are increasing significantly.

Germany

According to an assessment by the Federal Environment Ministry published in mid-October 2017, Germany will probably not achieve its 2014 climate protection target of 40 percent less greenhouse gas emissions by 2020 compared to 1990 with an actual reduction of between 31.7 and 32.5%; Environmental associations consider this to be a very bad signal, also internationally. B. had to take massive countermeasures with a resolution to accelerate the coal phase-out.

According to its director Christoph Unger to the German Press Agency (DPA), the Federal Office for Civil Protection and Disaster Aid (BBK) expects more storms for Germany , e.g. B. Flash floods also in previously unaffected locations. Unger referred to the severe weather warning app NINA from the BBK.

In a radio interview, the deputy chief executive of the Federation of German Industries (BDI), Holger Lösch, called for the climate targets agreed for 2020 to be relaxed and for a more progressive way forward; The German FDP politician Alexander Graf Lambsdorff called for a move away from the German climate targets for 2020 out of concern about the massive industrial shutdowns that would become necessary; it makes much more sense to modernize power plants.

In her weekly “video message” on November 11, Chancellor Angela Merkel spoke out in favor of an “economically compatible” climate protection policy ; In her speech to the conference on November 15, she referred to the crucial importance of a successful reduction in CO 2 emissions for the future well-being of humanity , but also spoke of difficulties in implementation.

European Union

In mid-October, the environment ministers of the 28 EU member states agreed in Luxembourg the climate targets they should achieve by 2030 .

Fiji

(slight) storm damage in Lautoka in February 2016

Although Fiji, with its high volcanic islands, is not as badly affected by rising sea levels as the small atolls of the nearby island state of Kiribati with simultaneous overpopulation on the main islands, drought periods increase in Fiji during rainy seasons - for example in connection with El Niño - and fall in dry seasons sometimes extreme rainfall; The year before the climate conference, Category 5 cyclone Cyclone Winston hit islanders and nature. On flat, remote islands such as Ono with the village of Narikoso (northeast of Kadavu ), due to the higher spring tides with salinisation of arable land and drinking water, only an internal move to higher areas remains; Dikes are difficult because of the lack of material and heavy equipment. In climate adaptation programs, it is often better not only to consider resettlement, but also to try new cultivation methods for food production and plant varieties, to plant mangroves or to create artificial coral reefs for the fish; in Fiji alone this affects around 35 to two hundred villages, but many Pacific island states are represented by Fiji.

At the World Climate Conference, at the initiative of the Fischiian presidency, a decision-making process towards a consensus oriented towards the common good was used for the first time in the form of Talanoa discussion rounds .

U.N.

In the run-up to the conference, the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) pointed out in a report published in Geneva at the beginning of November that even if all the climate protection targets set in the 2015 Paris Agreement were met, the earth's temperature would increase by at least three degrees by the end of the century could: The climate has no chance unless the signatories of the agreement implement short-term projects to protect the climate more quickly and pursue the long-term goals more consistently and more ambitiously. The period between 2013 and 2017 is expected to be the warmest since the weather records began; 2016 was the warmest year ever due to the strong El Niño climate phenomenon , and many of these weather events are due to the high anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions.

United States

The expert report Climate Science Special Report (Fourth National Climate Assessment (NCA4), Volume I) on climate change prepared on behalf of the US government every four years as part of the Global Change Research Act of 1990 and published at the beginning of November faces statements by the US President Donald Trump against; In June of that year, he announced that the USA would withdraw from the global climate agreement reached at the COP 21 in Paris in 2015 within three years: global warming is a reality and most likely anthropogenic . The main cause is the emission of greenhouse gases , there is no other convincing explanation. A White House spokesman said "the climate has always changed and will continue to do so". According to former US Vice Minister Al Gore, the announced withdrawal of the USA from the Paris Agreement can take place on November 20, 2020 at the earliest, one day after the next presidential election there .

The United States will be represented at COP 23 by different delegations: on the one hand the official government delegation, on the other hand a civil society alliance with a center in California called America’s or The Pledge ("America's / The Promise") from 20 US states such as California, Maryland , 450 US municipalities, over 1,700 US companies such as Microsoft, as well as US entrepreneurs, investors, universities and churches; With the motto "We are still in" ("We are still in", which means the Paris World Climate Agreement ccon 2015), the alliance of the denial of man-made global warming z. E.g. through the incumbent US President Donald Trump to counteract something and make and clarify intensified efforts in the USA to achieve the 2-degree target. It claims more than half of the US economy. The US President does not speak for the US states, which are very aggressive and dramatic in the implementation of the US targets decided under President Barack Obama to reduce their CO 2 emissions by 26–28% by 2025 compared to 2005 Coal-fired power plants and relied much more heavily on solar and wind power to generate electricity . Compliance with the promise should be checked by an independent party for the accountability of the USA, which Donald Trump actually wanted to prevent. According to the former governor of California Arnold Schwarzenegger , climate protection must have absolute priority, and one must not be confused by doubters: "If I had paid any attention to those who said no and doubters, I would still be sitting and yodelling in the Austrian Alps today . ”However, the coalition cannot itself take part in the intergovernmental multilateral negotiations.

The official, governmental US delegation was neutral to the surprise of other participants to constructively on the award of the negative price Fossil of the Day ( " Fossil of the Day") on it to start of the conference has been omitted.

aims

According to the German Environment Minister Barbara Hendricks , the climate summit should above all take the turn “from negotiating to action” and promote the common dissemination of ideas for a future climate-friendly life. On the weekend before the meeting, she pleaded for more cooperation on climate protection at the regional level: Almost half of global greenhouse gas emissions are generated in cities, so these must also be part of the solution.

Overall, the first part of a “rule book” for the implementation of the Paris Agreement is intended for B. be created with a resolution to continue the climate follow-up fund established in the Kyoto Protocol , which is to be adopted at the next climate conference COP 24 in Katowice (Poland) in autumn 2018 . It is intended to clarify what the individual states have to list in the future climate protection reports they will submit: The industrialized countries want to focus these on listing progress made in reducing CO 2 emissions; many developing countries also require details on the richer ones aid payments made to poorer countries; these are expected to rise to $ 100 billion annually from 2020. One detail is e.g. B. also the uniform measurement of a ton of CO 2 .

execution

COP 23, Bula zone on the UN campus (in the background the Bonn zone with the white halls in the park above the Rhine, aerial photo October 2017)

To expand the conference and exhibition area were on the meeting places of the World Conference Center Bonn (WCCB) and UN campus also temporary in the vicinity of WCCB extensions ( "Bula Zone") and in the leisure park a tent city and hangars ( "Bonn Zone "). This created an additional 55,000 m² of event space. The costs were initially estimated at EUR 117 million.

Participants from the German capital Berlin , including Environment Minister Barbara Hendricks , were able to travel to the newly built Bonn UN Campus stop on 4 November in a specially equipped and designed ICE Train to Bonn provided by Deutsche Bahn .

course

As usual, the conference is divided into two parts: During the first half, experts and e. B. Association representatives etc. the texts and agreements to be drawn up, in the second half ministers, heads of government etc. take over the decisive phase.

On the eve of the conference, the activist group The Yes Men organized a performance called Refugreenergy (“ Refugee Energy ”) at the invitation of the Theater Bonn to illustrate the close connection between “ refugee ” and “environmental crisis”: a fictional start-up company Your Future is in their legs ("Your future lies in your legs") lets refugees generate energy with bicycles.

To strengthen the community spirit of the conference, the meeting opened with a traditional preparation ceremony of the Fijian national drink kava , which is supposed to calm down and reduce anxiety; The leading Fijian Prime Minister Bainimarama wanted to conduct the negotiations during the first half of the Congress primarily in the cooperative Talanoa format that is customary in his country .

The German Environment Minister Barbara Hendricks announced that Germany would each contribute 50 million additional euros to two global climate protection funds.

On November 7th, Syria became the last country in the world to join the world climate treaty concluded at COP 21 2015 in Paris .

The office of French President Emmanuel Macron in the Élysée Palace announced that on the second anniversary of the conclusion of the world climate treaty on December 12th, another major environmental conference would take place in Paris, a One Planet Summit (" One Planet Summit ") . Representatives from 100 countries with 2,000 participants have already been invited. US President Trump was not among those addressed at this point.

In the middle of the conference, from which the specialist ministers and government leaders arrive and take decisions, an alliance of eighteen German and French environmental associations wrote a letter to their governments asking them to jointly take a leading role in climate protection in the European Union (EU).

The chairman of the conference and session for November 15, Fiji's President Prime Minister Frank Bainimarama , reiterated the demand for his country to comply with the ideal target set out in the Paris Climate Agreement of limiting global mean temperature warming as a result of anthropogenic climate change to a maximum of 1.5 ° Celsius.

Before the meeting, Chancellor Angela Merkel confirmed the global importance of successful CO 2 emission reductions as a "question of fate" for mankind, but made no specific announcements, while French President Macron announced his country's exit from coal-fired power generation by 2021. Europe should compensate for the announced withdrawal of the USA from the world climate treaty. B. achieve a CO 2 price of at least 30 euros per emitted ton and think about protective tariffs against eco-dumping. France will give the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change additional financial support.

Protests

Kick-off rally for Pedal the Highway in Cologne
Demonstration on November 4th in Bonn
Activists from the end of the terrain outside (front) and inside the premises of RWE Power AG (back)

During the conference, registered protests were mainly directed against the non-binding nature of Paris in 2015 adopted climate agreement . In addition, the lack of political willingness to phase out coal was criticized.

  • From November 3rd to 7th, a “People's Climate Summit” took place in Bonn. According to the organizers, an alliance of non-governmental organizations , this alternative summit “for global climate justice ” had several thousand participants. In the panel discussions and workshops, the focus was more on practice than on theory. Among other things, an end to the “ imperial way of life” in rich societies and a cultural change in everyday life were called for . A “good life” ( Buen vivir ) is a contemporary concept, provided it is designed to be valid worldwide. The structural change from the fossil to the solar economy must take place quickly but socially just (“Just Transition”). Climate protection with new large-scale technologies such as geoengineering is far too risky and only leads to new problems.
  • At the beginning of the Rhenish carnival session on November 11th (at 11:11 am), a demonstration with carnival elements took place under the motto “No Climate Change” - No more lazy magic ” ; about 2,000 people gathered for a train from the city center to the World Conference Center Bonn (WCCB) in the federal district ; the organizers had expected around 5,000 participants. At the same time, around 3,000 people gathered on Münsterplatz for a "World Climate Day".

Results

The compromise found and agreed on for the instruments to be used to implement the Paris Agreement is 200 pages long. The subject of "mitigation", the reduction of the causes of climate change in the form of e.g. B. of national obligations to reduce the emission of climate-damaging gases; also the deadlines for pledging financial aid from the industrialized countries to the “ developing countries ”. The relationship between these two groups and the reaction to the demands of the developing and emerging countries continues to play a central role in the negotiations, with China taking their side and putting the industrialized nations under pressure. Efforts by Turkey , after having been classified as an industrial nation for many years, to be managed as a developing country in order to obtain additional funding have failed, but the goal is still being pursued.

According to the New Climate Institute , the sum of national commitments to reduce greenhouse gas emissions around the world is currently increasing global temperatures by an average of 3.4 ° Celsius.

Alliance to phase out coal

On the initiative of Great Britain and Canada, another 17 countries committed to phase out coal-fired power generation, including Pacific island states, where this type of energy generation does not play a role. Together the participating states etc. represented approx. 3% of the coal-fired power plants worldwide. Even states such as California and Hawaii and states like Berlin and cities and metropolitan areas such as New Delhi , New York City or Beijing wished to confess to the coal phase-out.

Climate impact insurance

Germany supports the insurance ( InsuResilience , " Resilience Insurance ") launched two years ago in Paris against the consequences of global climate change and initiated its expansion into a global partnership with the promise of 125 million euros to reduce the premiums of the other countries 550 million equipped instruments: Here both individuals and states can oppose z. B. insure the risk of emergency as a result of a weather disaster z. B. Selling cattle or seeds and thus having to destroy their livelihood. The insurance should be available to around 400 million people in the medium term and subject to tight conditions. Participating states should draw up plans for the distribution of money as quickly as possible in the event of a crisis; the insurance benefits should be geared towards the needs of the target groups. B. Ethiopian nomads in the event of damage do not receive cash, but food.

Rights for women and indigenous people

Two resolutions are intended to strengthen the rights of women and indigenous peoples in the climate negotiations.

The declaration of intent in the Paris Agreement to give more space to women's rights was given concrete form in an action plan. By 2019, among other things, an increase in the proportion of women in the bodies of the Framework Convention on Climate Change and workshops for politicians and negotiators are planned. Climate policy measures should be designed to be gender-sensitive .

A resolution strengthens the role of indigenous peoples. A “Local Communities and Indigenous Peoples Platform” is intended to facilitate the exchange of indigenous knowledge on climate protection, but also to act as a joint representative in the climate negotiations.

See also

Portal: Climate Change  - An overview of the topic can be found in the Wikipedia portal Climate Change

literature

  • Steffen Bauer: COP23: Not satisfactory, but sufficient In: The current column of November 23, 2017, German Development Institute (DIE)
  • Clara Brandi, Hannah Janetschek, Adis Dzebo: Together we are strong: Paris Agreement and the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development! In: The current column of November 6, 2017, German Development Institute (DIE)

Web links

Commons : 2017 United Nations Climate Change Conference  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ newsroom.unfccc.int, February 10, 2017: To Bonn and Beyond. Message from the Incoming COP 23 President Prime Minister Frank Bainimarama of Fiji ( Memento of the original from April 9, 2017 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. ("To Bonn and beyond. News from the coming COP 23 President Prime Minister Frank Bainimarama of Fiji", April 8, 2017) @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / newsroom.unfccc.int
  2. ↑ greenpeace-magazin.de: “We have to talk and listen more” . In: Greenpeace magazine . November 1, 2017 ( greenpeace-magazin.de [accessed November 3, 2017]).
  3. ↑ a b Palina Milling: UN climate summit in Bonn - a look behind the scenes . October 14, 2017 ( wdr.de [accessed November 7, 2017]).
  4. ↑ Georg Ehring: Summit in Marrakech: States want to implement the Paris climate agreement. deutschlandfunk.de, November 19, 2016, accessed on November 19, 2016 .
  5. ↑ World Climate Conference in Bonn, BMUB press release of November 18, 2017. Accessed on November 20, 2017.
  6. ^ A b Axel Bojanowski : World Climate Summit in Bonn: Syria is the last country to join the climate treaty - only the USA outside . In: Spiegel Online . November 7, 2017 ( spiegel.de [accessed November 7, 2017]).
  7. ↑ a b COP 23 - instructions for use (PDF; 333 KB) information brochure of the BMUB , page 3, from November 1, 2017, accessed on November 3, 2017.
  8. ↑ a b Half-time balance of the UN climate conference - hope for concrete results . In: Deutschlandfunk . ( deutschlandfunk.de [accessed on November 13, 2017]).
  9. ↑ a b Climate Risk Index underlines the vulnerability of the small island states | Germanwatch eV Accessed on November 13, 2017 .
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  11. ↑ tagesschau.de: Report on climate change: The displacement of the poor. Retrieved November 3, 2017 .
  12. ↑ Climate change - extreme weather hits poorer countries harder . In: Deutschlandfunk . ( deutschlandfunk.de [accessed on November 3, 2017]).
  13. ↑ Climate protection index - global climate protection on shaky feet . In: Deutschlandfunk . ( deutschlandfunk.de [accessed November 15, 2017]).
  14. ↑ Dominik Hutter: Should Munich shut down its coal power plant? In: sueddeutsche.de . 2017, ISSN  0174-4917 ( sueddeutsche.de [accessed on November 13, 2017]).
  15. ^ A b c Badische Zeitung: Germany stays away from the anti-coal alliance - Economy - Badische Zeitung . ( badische-zeitung.de [accessed on November 13, 2017]).
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  17. ↑ Climate protection - von Weizsäcker: "The global environment is doing very, very badly" . In: Deutschlandfunk . ( deutschlandfunk.de [accessed on November 5, 2017]).
  18. ↑ mp3 link for listening ( memento of the original dated November 7, 2017 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (November 5, 2017) @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / ondemand-mp3.dradio.de
  19. ↑ faz.net: Only America does not want to enter into a climate protection agreement. Retrieved November 7, 2017 .
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  21. ↑ tagesschau.de: Climate change: The CO2 budget is almost used up. Retrieved November 5, 2017 .
  22. ↑ Climate policy - CO2 consumption is increasing again worldwide . In: Deutschlandfunk . ( deutschlandfunk.de [accessed on November 13, 2017]).
  23. ^ Badische Zeitung: Climate protection is barely making progress - Economy - Badische Zeitung . ( badische-zeitung.de [accessed on November 5, 2017]).
  24. ↑ Climate protection - 2020 is already the day after tomorrow . In: Deutschlandfunk . ( deutschlandfunk.de [accessed on November 5, 2017]).
  25. ↑ Climate change - Federal Office expects an increase in extreme weather events . In: Deutschlandfunk . ( deutschlandfunk.de [accessed on November 5, 2017]).
  26. ↑ name = "deutschlandfunk.de Nachrichten deepened 6-11-017" deutschlandfunk.de , November 6, 2017: Wrestling about climate protection (December 10, 2017)
  27. ↑ Alexander Graf Lambsdorff - "That would be equivalent to an industrial suicide" . In: Deutschlandfunk . ( deutschlandfunk.de [accessed on November 13, 2017]).
  28. ^ A b c Badische Zeitung: Climate protectors protest in Bonn against Trump and Merkel - hot spots - Badische Zeitung . ( badische-zeitung.de [accessed on November 15, 2017]). Climate protection activists protest against Trump and Merkel in Bonn - Brennpunkte - Badische Zeitung ( Memento of the original from November 16, 2017 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.badische-zeitung.de
  29. ↑ Merkel at the World Climate Conference - "There is still a long way to go" . In: Deutschlandfunk . ( deutschlandfunk.de [accessed November 15, 2017]).
  30. ^ Badische Zeitung: EU sets climate targets by 2030 - Economy - Badische Zeitung . ( badische-zeitung.de [accessed on November 3, 2017]).
  31. ↑ When the water is in the hut in the morning (D-Federal Government). Pia Rolfs: GIZ project manager Wulf Killmann explains how Fiji is arming itself against the consequences of global warming. In: Frankfurter Neue Presse , 8 November 2017. Stefan Bücheler: “And suddenly everything is gray” Interview with forest manager and GIZ project manager for climate change in Fiji Wulf Killmann on hr-info , duration 24 minutes, 8 November 2017. Federal Ministry for the Environment , Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety (BMU), December 11, 2018, bmu.de: COP-TOP 2: The Talanoa Dialog


  32. ↑ World Meteorological Organization : The State of Greenhouse Gases in the Atmosphere Based on Global Observations through 2016. (PDF) In: GREENHOUSE GAS BULLETIN No. 13 |. WMO, October 30, 2017, accessed November 3, 2017 .
  33. ^ Badische Zeitung: Record increase in greenhouse gas concentration - hot spots - Badische Zeitung . ( badische-zeitung.de [accessed on November 3, 2017]).
  34. ↑ a b deutschlandfunk.de , November 6, 2017: Struggle for climate protection (December 10, 2017)
  35. ↑ USGCRP: Climate Science Special Report . ( globalchange.gov [accessed November 4, 2017]).
  36. ↑ US Climate Report - Experts consider global warming to be real and man-made . In: Deutschlandfunk . ( deutschlandfunk.de [accessed on November 3, 2017]).
  37. ↑ Chris Mooney, Juliet Eilperin, Brady Dennis: Trump administration releases report finding 'no convincing alternative explanation' for climate change . In: Washington Post . November 3, 2017, ISSN  0190-8286 ( washingtonpost.com [accessed November 4, 2017]).
  38. ↑ Report on climate change - US experts duped Trump . In: Deutschlandfunk . ( deutschlandfunk.de [accessed on November 4, 2017]).
  39. ↑ America's Pledge on Climate Change. Retrieved November 13, 2017 (American English).
  40. ↑ World Climate Conference - America's Promise . In: Deutschlandfunk . ( deutschlandfunk.de [accessed on November 13, 2017]).
  41. ^ Bonn - Schwarzenegger: Do not listen to climate doubters . In: Deutschlandfunk . ( deutschlandfunk.de [accessed on November 13, 2017]).
  42. ↑ a b Despite Trump - US civil society wants to adhere to promised climate protection . In: Deutschlandfunk . ( deutschlandfunk.de [accessed on November 13, 2017]).
  43. ↑ a b c d Axel Bojanowski: UN World Climate Conference in Bonn: Germany despondent, USA surprise, Turkey embarrassed . In: Spiegel Online . November 18, 2017 ( spiegel.de [accessed November 20, 2017]).
  44. ↑ Hendricks: World Climate Conference in Bonn to combine negotiation and action - BMUB press release . In: bmub.bund.de . October 19, 2017 ( bund.de [accessed November 3, 2017]).
  45. ↑ a b c Bonn - thousands are calling for coal to be phased out . In: Deutschlandfunk . ( deutschlandfunk.de [accessed on November 4, 2017]).
  46. ↑ Details on the construction work in the Rheinaue , city of Bonn
  47. ↑ General-Anzeiger , page 24 of 30./31. October 2017
  48. ^ Website of the Federal Environment Ministry - BMUB: Details. (No longer available online.) Archived from the original on November 7, 2017 ; Retrieved November 5, 2017 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.bmub.bund.de
  49. ^ "Train to Bonn" | marsDB. Retrieved November 5, 2017 .
  50. ^ "Train to Bonn" - "Bonn UN Campus" train stop is in operation . In: General-Anzeiger Bonn . November 4, 2017 ( general-anzeiger-bonn.de [accessed November 5, 2017]).
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