List of heads of state 1885

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Africa

Egypt (part of the Ottoman Empire)
- Khedive : Tawfiq (1879-1892)

Ethiopia
- Emperor : Yohannes IV. (1871-1889)

Buganda
- Kabaka : Mwanga II. (1884-1888, 1889-1897 )

Bunyoro
- Omukama : Kabalega (1869–1898)

Burundi
- King : Mwezi IV. Gisabo (1852–1908)

Dahomey
- King : Glélé (1856–1889)

Liberia
- President : Hilary RW Johnson (1884-1892)

Morocco
- Sultan : Mulai al-Hassan I (1873-1894)

Rwanda
- King : Kigeri IV. (1853–1895)

Sokoto Caliphate
- Caliph : Umaru bin Ali (1881-1891)

Sudan
- Caliph : Abdallahi ibn Muhammad (1846–1899)

Zulu
- King : Dinizulu ka Cetshwayo (1884–1913)

America

North America

Canada
- Head of State: Queen : Victoria (1867–1901)
- Governor General : Henry Petty-FitzMaurice, 5th Marquess of Lansdowne (1883–1888)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister : John A. Macdonald ( 1867–1873 , 1878–1891)

Mexico
- Head of State and Government: President : Porfirio Díaz ( 1876, 1877–180 , 1884–1911)

United States of America
- Head of State and Government :
  - President : Chester A. Arthur (1881– March 4, 1885)
  - President: Grover Cleveland (March 4, 1885–1889, 1893–1897 )

Central America

Costa Rica
- Head of State and Government:
  - President Próspero Fernández Oreamuno (1882–12 March 1885)
  - President Bernardo Soto Alfaro (March 12, 1885–1890)

Dominican Republic
- Head of State and Government:
  - President : Francesco Gregorio Billini (1884– May 16, 1885)
  - President: Alejandro Woss y Gil (May 16, 1885–1887, 1903 )

El Salvador
- Head of State and Government:
  - President Rafael Zaldívar (1884– May 14, 1885)
  - President Fernando Figueroa (May 14-June 18, 1885)
  - President José Rosales (June 18-June 22, 1885)
  - President Francisco Menéndez (June 22, 1885–1890)

Guatemala
- Head of State and Government:
  - President Justo Rufino Barrios (1873– April 2, 1885)
  - President Alejandro M. Sinibaldi (April 2 – April 15, 1885)
  - President Manuel Lisandro Barillas (April 15, 1885-1892)

Haiti
- Head of State and Government: President Lysius Salomon (1879–1888)

Honduras
- Head of State and Government: President : Luis Bográn Barahona (1883-1891)

Nicaragua
- Head of State and Government: President Adán Cárdenas (1883–1887)

South America

Argentina
- Head of State and Government: President : Julio Argentino Roca (1880–1886, 1898–1904 )

Bolivia
- Head of State and Government : Gregorio Pacheco (1884–1888)

Brazil
- Ruler: Emperor : Peter II (1831–1889)

Chile
- Head of State or Government: President : Domingo Santa María (1881–1886)

Ecuador
- Head of State and Government: President José Plácido Caamaño (1883–1888)

Colombia
- Head of State and Government: President Rafael Núñez ( 1880–1882 , 1884–1886, 1892–1894 )

Paraguay
- Head of State and Government: President Bernardino Caballero (1881–1886)

Peru
- Head of State and Government:
  - President Andrés A. Cáceres Dorregaray (1883–3 August 1885, 1886–1890 )
  - President Miguel Iglesias (August 31-December 3, 1885)
  - (provisional) Antonio Arenas (December 3, 1885–1886)

Uruguay
- Head of State and Government: President Máximo Santos (1882–1886)

Venezuela
- Head of State and Government: President Joaquín Crespo (1884–1886, 1892–1898 )

Asia

Abu Dhabi
- Emir: Zayed I (1855-1909)

Ajman
- Sheikh: Raschid II. (1872-1891)

Afghanistan
- Emir: Abdur Rahman Khan (1880–1901)

Bahrain
- Emir: Isa I. (1869-1932)

China ( Qing Dynasty ):
- Emperor: Guangxu (1875-1908)

British India
- Empress : Victoria (1877–1901)
- Viceroy : Frederick Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood (1884–1888)

Japan
- Emperor : Mutsuhito (1867–1912)

Korea
- King: Gojong (1864-1897)

Kuwait
- Emir: Abdullah II. (1866-1892)

Nepal

Head of State: King Prithvi (1881–1911)

Head of Government: Prime Minister Bir Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana (1885–1901)

Oman
- Sultan: Turki ibn Said (1871–1888)

Persia ( Qajar dynasty)
- Shah : Naser od-Din Shah (1848–1896)

Thailand
- King: Chulalongkorn , King of Thailand (1868–1910)

Australia and Oceania

Hawaii
- King : David Kalākaua (1874-1891)

Europe

Andorra
- Co-princes :
  - President of France : Jules Grévy (1879–1887)
  - Bishop of Urgell : Salvador Casañas i Pagès (1879–1901)

Belgium
- Head of State: King Leopold II (1865–1909)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Auguste Beernaert (1884–1894)

Bulgaria
- Prince : Alexander I (1879–1886)

Denmark
- Head of State: King : Christian IX. (1863–1906)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Jacob Brønnum Scavenius Estrup (1875–1894)

German Empire
- Kaiser : Wilhelm I (January 18, 1871–1888)
  - Imperial Chancellor : Otto von Bismarck (1871–1890)
- Stop
  - Duke : Friedrich I (1871–1904)
    - Minister of State : Anton von Krosigk (1875-1892)
- to bathe
  - Grand Duke : Friedrich I (1856–1907)
    - Minister of State: Ludwig Turban the Elder (1876-1893)
- Bavaria :
  - King : Ludwig II. (1864-1886)
    - Chairman of the Council of Ministers : Johann Freiherr von Lutz (1880–1890)
- Braunschweig
  - Chairman of the Regency Council : Hermann Graf von Görtz-Wrisberg (1884–1885)
  - Regent: Prince Albrecht of Prussia (1885–1906)
- Bremen
  - Mayor : Carl Friedrich Christian Buff (1883) (1885) (1888) (1890)
- Reichsland Alsace-Lorraine
  - Imperial governor: Edwin von Manteuffel (1879–1885)
  - Imperial governor: Prince Chlodwig zu Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst (1885-1894)
  - State Secretary of the Ministry for Alsace-Lorraine : Karl von Hofmann (1880–1887)
- Hamburg
  - First Mayor : Hermann Anthony Cornelius Weber (1879) (1882) (1885)
- Hessen-Darmstadt
  - Grand Duke : Ludwig IV. (1877-1892)
    - President of the entire ministry : Jakob Finger (1884–1898)
- lip
  - Prince : Woldemar (1875–1895)
- Lübeck
  - Mayor : Arthur Gustav Kulenkamp (1881–1882) (1885–1886) (1889–1890) (1893–1894)
- Mecklenburg-Schwerin
  - Grand Duke : Friedrich Franz III. (1883-1897)
- Mecklenburg-Strelitz
  - Grand Duke : Friedrich Wilhelm (1860–1904)
- Oldenburg
  - Grand Duke : Nikolaus Friedrich Peter (1853–1900)
    - Minister of State : Friedrich Andreas Ruhstrat (1876–1890)
- Prussia :
  - King : Wilhelm I (1861–1888)
    - Prime Minister : Otto von Bismarck (1862–1873) (1873–1890)
- Reuss older line
  - Prince : Heinrich XXII. (1859–1902)
- Reuss younger line
  - Prince : Heinrich XIV. (1867–1913)
- Saxony :
  - King : Albert (1873–1902)
    - Chairman of the entire ministry : Georg Friedrich Alfred Graf von Fabrice (1876–1891)
- Saxony-Altenburg
  - Duke : Ernst I (1853–1908)
- Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
  - Duke : Ernst II (1844-1893)
- Saxony-Meiningen
  - Duke : George II (1866–1914)
- Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach
  - Grand Duke : Carl Alexander (1853–1901)
- Schaumburg-Lippe
  - Prince : Adolf I. Georg (1860-1893)
- Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt
  - Prince : Georg Albert (1869–1890)
- Schwarzburg-Sondershausen
  - Prince : Karl Günther (1880–1909)
- Waldeck and Pyrmont (administered by Prussia since January 1, 1868)
  - Prince : Georg Victor (1845-1893)
- Württemberg :
  - King : Charles I (1864-1891)
    - President of the State Ministry : Hermann von Mittnacht (1876–1900)

France
- Presidents : Jules Grévy (1879–1887)

Greece
- King : George I (1863–1913)

Italy
- King : Umberto I (1878–1900)

Luxembourg (1815–1890 personal union with the Netherlands)
- Grand Duke : Wilhelm III. (1849-1890)

Monaco
- Prince Charles III (1856-1889)

Montenegro
- Prince : Nikola I. Petrović Njegoš (1860–1918) (from 1910 king )

Neutral Moresnet
- King of Belgium : Leopold II (1865–1909)
- King of Prussia : Wilhelm I (1861–1888)

Netherlands (1815–1890 personal union with Luxembourg)
- King : Wilhelm III. (1849-1890)

Norway (1814–1905 personal union with Sweden)
- King : Oskar II (1872–1905)

Ottoman Empire :
- Sultan : Abdülhamid II. (1876-1909)

Austria-Hungary
- Emperor : Franz Joseph I (1848–1916)

Portugal
- King : Ludwig I (1861–1889)

Romania
- Head of State: King Charles I (1866–1914) (until 1881 Prince)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Ion C. Brătianu ( 1868, 1876–1881 , 1881–1888)

Russia
- Emperor : Alexander III. (1881-1894)

Sweden
- King : Oskar II. (1872–1907) (1872–1905 King of Norway)

Serbia
- King : Milan Obrenović I (1868–1889) (prince until 1882)

Spain
- King : Alfonso XII. (1874– November 25, 1885)
- Regent: Maria Christina (November 25, 1885–1902)

Hungary
- King : Franz Joseph I (1848–1916) (1848–1916 King of Bohemia, 1848–1916 Emperor of Austria)

United Kingdom
- Head of State: Queen Victoria (1837–1901) (1877–1901 Empress of India)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister William Ewart Gladstone ( 1868–1874 , 1880–23 June 1885, 1886, 1892–1894 )
  - Prime Minister Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury (June 23, 1885–1886, 1886–1892, 1895–1902 )