List of Greek Phrases / Pi
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πάθει μάθος
- πάθει μάθος
- Pathei mathos
- "Learn through suffering."
The saying goes back to Aeschylus' Agamemnon (v. 177), where it is sung by the choir as a homage to Zeus. The underlying text passage was translated into German quite differently. a. "That teaching lives in misfortune" ( Johannes Minckwitz ), or also "lets us learn in suffering" ( Johann Gustav Droysen ), although the basic statement is always to be understood as the same:
Παθήματα μαθήματα.
- Παθήματα μαθήματα.
- Pathēmata mathēmata.
- "Sufferings are lessons."
In his histories, the historian Herodotus has the old Lydian king Kroisos, who has fallen into disaster, say about the young Persian king Cyrus :
- "My sufferings, as unpleasant as they were, have become lessons for me."
Obviously, this is followed by the “morality” of the Aesopian fable “The dog and the cook” : “... that in many cases people's sufferings become lessons” . In this fable, the house dog has invited a strange dog and leads his guest into the kitchen to show him the food. But since the cook does not know the strange dog and believes that he wants to steal, he beats him out of the house.
In the New Testament Letter to the Hebrews it says of the high priest who is taken from among men and is set against God for men, so that he might sacrifice for sin. Christ, on the other hand, though he was God's Son, learned obedience through his suffering:
- ἔμαθεν ἀφ᾿ ὧν ἔπαθε τὴν ὑπακοήν
- "He learned obedience from what he suffered"
Πᾶν ἐστι ἄνθρωπος συμφορή.
- Πᾶν ἐστι ἄνθρωπος συμφορή.
- Pân esti anthrōpos symphorē.
- "Man is entirely subject to chance."
Histories of Herodotus 1,32,4. This phrase is found in German as the “plaything of the gods” and describes Odysseus , who travels on long wanderings through the world and depends on the will of the gods whether he can ever see his wife and son again.
The writer Rudolf Hagelstange calls his book about the legends about Troy based on this phrase the plaything of the gods. Records of a Trojan Prince . In this novel, the Trojan War comes to an end and Prince Paris mockingly describes his life. Here he is not the wimp he is usually portrayed as.
Πάντα μὲν καθαρὰ τοῖς καθαροῖς
- Πάντα μὲν καθαρὰ τοῖς καθαροῖς
- Panta men kathara tois katharois;
- "Everything is pure to the pure."
In the letter to Titus , the apostle Paul wrote on the subject of exhortation to rebuke legal false teachers :
"For the sake of the matter, punish them sharply, that they may be healthy in faith. 14 and ignore the Jewish fables and commandments of people who turn away from the truth. 15 All things are pure to the pure; But for the unclean and unbelievers nothing is pure, but their minds as well as their consciences are unclean.
On Crete there was a strong Jewish community, the new Christians often confused. Here Paul quotes the well-known paradox in which a Cretan claims that all Cretans are liars (" Κρῆτες ἀεὶ ψεῦσται. "). Everything is pure to the pure; but nothing is pure for the unbelievers, for their disposition is also unclean. That is why Christians do not need food, washing or clothing regulations.
The philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche reinterpreted the sentence as follows:
“'Everything is pure to the pure' - so says the people. But I tell you: everything will be a pig for the pigs! "
Πάντα οὖν ὅσα ἐὰν θέλητε ἵνα ποιῶσιν ὑμῖν οἱ ἄνθρωποι, οὕτως καὶ ὑμεῖς ποιεῖτε αὐτοῖς.
- Πάντα οὖν ὅσα ἐὰν θέλητε ἵνα ποιῶσιν ὑμῖν οἱ ἄνθρωποι, οὕτως καὶ ὑμεῖς ποιεῖτε αὐτοῖς.
- Panta oun hosa ean thelēte hina poiōsin hymīn hoi anthrōpoi houtōs kai hymeis poieite autois.
- "Now whatever you want people to do to you, do it for them too!"
Formulation of the Golden Rule in the New Testament by Jesus in the Sermon on the Mount according to the Gospel of Matthew and - slightly modified - according to the Gospel of Luke. The Golden Rule was only known in Judaism in the negative version: "Do not do to anyone else what you dislike." Jesus describes his positive Version as the sum of the Old Testament .
The Golden Rule is anchored in most world religions and corresponds to the German proverb:
- "What you don't want people to do to you, don't do it to anyone else."
Their distribution is obviously worldwide. But academic ethics criticizes this rule because it does not take into account that people have different interests, which can lead to the fact that this very rule can lead to absurd consequences. In this way a masochist could feel justified in tormenting others.
The Austrian philosopher Helmut F. Kaplan takes up the answer to the question "Is there an ethical universal formula?" Hans-Ulrich Hoches version of the golden rule:
- "Treat everyone as you would like to be treated in their place."
Πάντα ῥεῖ καὶ οὐδὲν μένει.
- Πάντα ῥεῖ καὶ οὐδὲν μένει.
- Panta rhei kai ouden menei.
- "Everything flows and nothing stays."
Dictum of the philosopher Heraclitus , which is abbreviated by Plato as panta rhei . The original fragment reads:
- "To those who go into the same rivers, different and different waters flow into them."
The full fragment reads:
- "We descend and not descend into the same rivers, we are and are not, because one cannot step into the same stream twice."
In the form panta rhei it is only cited by the philosopher Simplikios . The connection to Heraclitus is made by Plato , who cites the sentence in a linguistically different form:
- Πάντα χωρεῖ καὶ οὐδὲν μένει.
- " Pánta chorei kaì oudèn ménei "
- "Everything moves and nothing stays."
Heraclitus compared being to a river by saying that no one can step into the same river twice. See also “ Ποταμῷ οὐκ ἔστιν ἐμβῆναι δὶς τῷ αὐτῷ. "
παρὰ δόξαν
- παρὰ δόξαν
- para doxan
- "Against the doctrine"
A paradox ( παράδοξον ) or a paradox ( παραδοξία paradoxia ) is an apparent or inextricable unexpected contradiction . Para doxan or paradoxical means something like 'against expectation' or 'against the familiar'. Statements that contradict the familiar are paradoxical. Paradoxes cause the individual to check assumptions about themselves and the world.
Well-known paradoxes are those of Zeno of Elea such as that of Achilles and the turtle or the arrow paradox . A special case is the paradox of Epimenides : A Cretan claims that all Cretans lie (" Κρῆτες ἀεὶ ψεῦσται ").
Παρὰ τούτοις εἶναι μᾶλλον πρῶτος ἢ παρὰ Ῥωμαίοις δεύτερος.
- Παρὰ τούτοις εἶναι μᾶλλον πρῶτος ἢ παρὰ Ῥωμαίοις δεύτερος.
- Para toutois einai mallon prōtos ē para Rhōmaiois deuteros.
- "Better to be the first here than the second in Rome!"
- Latin “ Mallem hic primus esse quam Romae secundus. "
In 61 BC Chr. There was Julius Caesar on his way to Spain where to begin his governorship. On the journey he passed a small, wretched mountain village. When one of his companions jokingly remarked that there were power struggles here too, Caesar sighed:
- "And I would rather be the first among these than the second in Rome."
This anecdote may refer to Aups , a French commune in the Var department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region with around 1,900 inhabitants today.
παραχαράττειν τὸ νόμισμα
- παραχαράττειν τὸ νόμισμα
- paracharattein to nomisma
- "Changing the norm"
As a senior official of the Sinope Mint , the father of the philosopher Diogenes is said to have operated counterfeiting and was therefore expelled. Diogenes himself is said to have participated.
But this term, used by the historian of philosophy Diogenes Laertios , raises questions. Paracharattein to nomisma can also be interpreted as a transfer of the old values .
The Swiss classical philologist Kurt Steinmann writes under the heading Counterfeiters or Umpräger? Diogenes, the philosophical clown :
«In the expression ' paracharattein to nomisma' the lateral and alternative thinking of the philosopher finds a comprehensive and memorable formula in the bin. His philosophy declares the universally recognized norms and conventions that have emerged over time to be invalid and thus replaces them with the original, unadulterated rules of life. Inspired by his mother's occupation, Socrates described his work as 'midwifery', Diogenes, based on his father's field of work, referred to it as 'minting coins'. Both appealed to divine mandate. "
Παρελθάτω ἀπ 'ἐμοῦ τὸ ποτήριον τοῦτο
- Παρελθάτω ἀπ 'ἐμοῦ τὸ ποτήριον τοῦτο
- Parelthatō ap 'emou to potērion touto;
- "This cup will pass me by!"
According to the Gospel of Matthew , Jesus prayed on the Mount of Olives :
- "My father, if it is possible, this cup will pass me by."
Jesus was referring to the ancient custom of having a cup bypassed. When sour wine was passed around, people liked to let the goblet go by.
Dietrich Bonhoeffer wrote in his song " Von guten Mächten ", which he sent from prison to his fiancée Maria von Wedemeyer as a Christmas greeting in his letter of December 19, 1944 to his fiancée Maria von Wedemeyer, her and her parents and siblings:
And if you hand us the heavy goblet, the bitter one
of suffering, filled to the highest edge,
we will gratefully take it
from your good and beloved hand without trembling .
Πᾶς ἐρρίφθω κύβος.
- Πᾶς ἐρρίφθω κύβος.
- Pās erriphtō kybos.
- "Every die is thrown!"
A phrase from the Praise of Folly , one of the most famous works by the Dutch humanist Erasmus von Rotterdam , where the whole mixed-Latin-Greek sentence reads as follows:
- " Amat Fortuna parum cordatos, amat audaciores et quibus illud placet. Πᾶς ἐρρίφθω κύβος. "
- “Fortuna loves the less sensible, loves the more daring and those who like this word. Every die is thrown! "
The echo of Caesar's famous saying is unmistakable :
- Ἀνερρίφθω κύβος. (Latin: Alea iacta est .)
Πᾶσα γυνὴ χόλος ἐστίν
- Πᾶσα γυνὴ χόλος ἐστίν ἔχει δ᾿ ἀγαθὰς δύο ὥρας
τὴν μίαν ἐν θαλάμῳ, τὴν μίαν ἐν θανάτῳ. - Pāsa gynē cholos estin; echei d 'agathas dyo hōras:
tēn mian en thalamō, tēn mian en thanatō. - "Every woman is like gall, but she has two good hours:
one in the wedding bed, the other in death."
Misogynist statement by the Greek epigrammatist Palladas of Alexandria, with which Prosper Mérimée introduces his novella about the young gypsy Carmen as a definition of femme fatale .
The framework story tells of Mérimée's journey through Andalusia , where he meets a man who is a wanted murderer. The Basque José Lizarrabengoa killed his opponent in a game in a dispute and had to flee his home country. He comes to Andalusia, and working as a sergeant in the watch command at the tobacco factory in Seville, he meets the young gypsy Carmen for the first time, who is supposed to tragically change his life.
Πάτερ, ἥμαρτον.
- Πάτερ, ἥμαρτον εἰς τὸν οὐρανὸν καὶ ἐνώπιόν σου.
- Father, hēmartōn eis ton ouranon kai enōpion sou.
- "Father, I have sinned against heaven and against you."
- Latin: "Pater, peccavi in caelum et coram te."
Words of the prodigal son on returning to his father. In more recent translations this parable of Jesus is also referred to as the parable of the two sons or of the love of the father .
A young man demands his inheritance from his father. Once he gets his money, he goes away and wastes it. Descended to be a beggar, he is so hungry that he remorsefully wants to return to his father to ask him for a job as a day laborer. However, the father is so happy about the return of the prodigal son that he dresses him festively and organizes a big party for him. When the older son complains about his father's behavior, the latter replies:
- “You have always been with me, what is mine is yours. Rejoice in the return of your brother, who was dead and has come back to life. "
In many families, the problem child receives more open or secret affection, which is usually not understood by the siblings.
Πάτερ ἡμῶν
- Πάτερ ἡμῶν
- Father hēmōn
- "Our Father"
Beginning of the Our Father in the Greek original from the Sermon on the Mount in the Gospel of Matthew . There it says of correct prayer:
“ 7 And when you pray, do not babble much like the Gentiles; because they think they will be heard if they say a lot. 8 Therefore you are not to be assimilated with them. Your father knows what you need before you ask him. 9 Therefore you should pray: "
| Image (*) | You're welcome | Remarks |
|---|---|---|
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Salutation |
Our Father in Heaven, |
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1. Please |
Blessed be your name. (Opening request: request for spiritual goods) |
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2. Please |
Your kingdom come. (Central |
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3. Please |
Thy will be done on earth, as it is in heaven. |
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4. Please |
Our daily bread Give us today. |
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5. Please |
And forgive us our debts as we forgive our debtors. |
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6./7. You're welcome |
And do not lead us into temptation, but deliver us from evil. |
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Enough |
For yours is the kingdom and the power and the glory forever. (Praise) |
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The Lord's Prayer has been handed down twice:
Today's text is essentially the text from the Gospel of Matthew with small parts from the Gospel of Luke.
πατὴρ τῆς ἱστορίας
- πατὴρ τῆς ἱστορίας
- patēr tēs historias
- "Father of History"
According to Marcus Tullius Cicero , Herodotus was the father of historiography (" pater historiae "):
- " Apud Herodotum patrem historiae " (from Herodotus, the father of historiography)
Historiography in the narrower sense begins with the Greek historians such as Herodotus, Thucydides , Xenophon , Diodorus and Polybios . While in Herodotus the historical is still strongly interwoven with the mythological, although Herodotus also emphasizes that the actions of people determine the course of history, most of the following are mainly a description of the factual.
Herodotus called his historical work ἱστορίαι historíai ("explorations", "representations") - the origin of " history ". In it he repeatedly mentioned his oral research and questions. He emphasized that he only reported connections that he had researched himself. Thucydides proceeded even more systematically, whereby this was apparently also directed against Herodotus. Herodotus' main theme is the Persian Wars , in connection with which large parts of the population of ancient Greece developed a kind of "community feeling". The histories of Herodotus contain valuable information, especially from an ethnographic and geographical point of view, but Herodotus also reported in part without reflection. Due to some errors, Herodotus' value is also not undisputed in modern research; Some researchers even deny that he has ever seen the countries he claims to have visited.
πατὴρ τῆς πατρίδος
- πατὴρ τῆς πατρίδος
- patēr tēs patridos
- "Father of the Fatherland"
Pater patriae was a Roman honorary title conferred by the Senate and subsequently translated into Greek. It can also be found in this form on coins, e.g. B. the emperor Hadrian .
The first to receive this title was the speaker Marcus Tullius Cicero for his part in suppressing the Catiline conspiracy during his consulate in 63 BC. Chr.
The Senate bestowed the title on many Roman emperors, often only after many years of rule. The award was tied to the approval of the person to be honored, who could also refuse the title. For example, the historian Suetonius mentions that Nero turned down the first offer in the first year of his reign because of his youth.
Παχεῖα γαστὴρ λεπτὸν οὐ τίκτει νόον.
- Παχεῖα γαστὴρ λεπτὸν οὐ τίκτει νόον.
- Pacheia gastēr lepton ou tiktei noon.
- "A big belly does not produce subtle thoughts."
This sentence is quoted in the writings of the doctor Galenus . A Latin version of this Greek proverb can be found in the church father Jerome :
- " Pinguis venter non gignit sensum tenuem ."
- "A fat belly does not produce any subtle sense."
The medieval saying is derived from this:
- " Plenus venter non studies libenter. "
- "A full stomach doesn't like studying."
Πειρᾶσθαι τὸ ἐν ἡμῖν θεῖον ἀνάγειν πρὸς τὸ ἐν τῷ παντὶ θεῖον.
- Πειρᾶσθαι τὸ ἐν ἡμῖν θεῖον ἀνάγειν πρὸς τὸ ἐν τῷ παντὶ θεῖον.
- Peirasthai to en hēmin theion anagein pros to en tō panti theion.
- "Strive to return the divine in us to the divine in everything."
Last words of the philosopher Plotinus to his doctor and student Eustochius. Plotinus spent his last days in seclusion on an estate in Campania . The writer Frank Schweizer writes about it in his book How Philosophers Die :
“Plotinus almost achieved the goal of 'greatest possible spiritualization' towards the end of his earthly existence. But then the much maligned body catches up with him again. As if to seek revenge for all these years of oblivion, his body carried the philosopher in a terrible way into the next life. Plotinus died of leprosy , namely of the subform ' elephantiasis graecorum '. "
Plotin's pupil Porphyry reports on the last days of his teacher:
“While I was still with him, there was no symptom of illness. But when I went on a sea voyage, his illness got worse and more vicious (as reported to us by our friend Eustochius, who stayed with him until his death). Then his voice lost clarity and sound and his throat got worse and worse and he began to go almost blind, his hands and feet were sore. His friends began. not to visit him again, as he had a habit of greeting her with a warm kiss on the mouth. […] When he was on the verge of death (tells us Eustochius, who arrived at the deathbed a little later), Plotinus said: 'I have waited a long time for you'. Then he gave the advice: 'Try to lead the God in us back to the divine in space!' When he had said this, a snake crawled under the bed he was lying on and disappeared into a hole in the wall. Then he breathed his last breath. "
πεντηκοστὴ ἡμέρα
- πεντηκοστὴ ἡμέρα
- pentekostē hēmera
- "The fiftieth day"
The fiftieth day after Easter is Pentecost Sunday , a Christian holiday that commemorates the sending of the Holy Spirit to the apostles as described in Acts | is described in the New Testament , is celebrated and is considered the foundation of the Church :
- When the day of Pentecost came, there was a roar from heaven and they were filled with the Holy Spirit:
“Καὶ ἐν τῷ συμπληροῦσθαι τὴν ἡμέραν τῆς πεντηκοστῆς ἦσαν ἅπαντες ὁμοθυμαδὸν ἐπὶ τὸ αὐτό. 2 καὶ ἐγένετο ἄφνω ἐκ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ ἦχος ὥσπερ φερομένης πνοῆς βιαίας , καὶ ἐπλήρωσεν ὅλον τὸν οἶκον οὗ ἦσαν καθήμενοι · 3 καὶ ὤφθησαν αὐτοῖς διαμεριζόμεναι γλῶσσαι ὡσεὶ πυρός, ἐκάθισέ τε ἐφ ἕνα ἕκαστον αὐτῶν, 4 καὶ ἐπλήσθησαν ἅπαντες Πνεύματος Αγίου, καὶ ἤρξαντο λαλεῖν ἑτέραις γλώσσαις καθὼς τὸ Πνεῦμα ἐδίδου αὐτοῖς ἀποφθέγγεσθαι. ”
“And when the day of Pentecost came, they were all in one place. And suddenly there was a roar from heaven like a mighty wind and filled the whole house in which they were sitting. And tongues appeared to them, as if from fire; and he sat on each one of them, and they were all filled with the Holy Spirit and began to preach in other languages, as the Spirit gave them to speak. "
Περὶ μὲν θεῶν οὐκ ἔχω εἰδέναι, οὔθ 'ὡς εἰσὶν οὔθ' ὡς οὐκ εἰσὶν.
- Περὶ μὲν θεῶν οὐκ ἔχω εἰδέναι, οὔθ 'ὡς εἰσὶν οὔθ' ὡς οὐκ εἰσὶν.
- Peri men theōn ouk echo eidenai, outh 'hōs eisin outh' hōs ouk eisin.
- "I have no knowledge of the gods, neither that they are nor that they are not."
Skeptical statement of the sophists Protagoras from Abdera about the gods, who further states:
- "The forces that prevent me from knowing are numerous, and also the question is confused and human life is short."
Due to his confession that he cannot know anything about the gods, Protagoras is not able to give measurements or evaluations of divine origin. He was thus the first victim of a asebeia -Klage, a charge of impiety. He was advised to leave Athens before going to trial.
Περὶ τοῦ τῆς ἐλαίας στεφάνου.
- Περὶ τοῦ τῆς ἐλαίας στεφάνου.
- Peri tou tes elaias stephanou.
- "Around the wreath from the olive tree."
After the battle of Thermopylae , some defectors came to the Persian camp and asked what they were doing after the defeat. They stated that they would now hold the Olympic Games competitions . When asked which prize it was about, the men from Arcadia answered: "For the wreath from the olive tree."
When King Xerxes learned that the price was not made of gold or silver, he said to his general Mardonios in astonishment :
- " Παπαί, ὦ Μαρδόνιε", ἔφη, "ἐπὶ ποίους πολεμίους ἐβούλου ἐπάγειν τοὺς Πέρσας; ᾠόμην γὰρ στρατεύεσθαι ἐπὶ κακούς τε καὶ δειλούς, νῦν δ 'ἀγωνίζονται οὐ περὶ ἀργυρίου, ἀλλὰ περῆς ἀρελλὰ περῆς. "
- “Woe, Mardonios, against which enemies did you want to lead the Persians? Because I thought I was going against the weak and the cowards, but now they are fighting not for silver, but for bravery! "
περικαθάρματα τοῦ κόσμου
- περικαθάρματα τοῦ κόσμου
- perikatharmata tou kosmou
- "Scum of the World"
This idiom is the translation from the 1st letter to the Corinthians of the Apostle Paul . It refers to the apostles who are despised by the world. The “ dregs of humanity” derived from it today mean contemptuously criminal and anti-social members of society.
In the Luther Bible it says:
“We are fools for Christ's sake, but you are wise in Christ; we are weak, but you are strong; you are glorious, but we are despised. Until this hour we suffer from hunger and thirst and nakedness and are beaten and have no permanent place to stay and struggle to work with our hands. We are insulted, we bless; we are persecuted, we tolerate it, we are blasphemed, we speak in a friendly way. We have become like the dregs of mankind, everyone's garbage, until today. "
πίθηκος ἐν πορφύρᾳ
- πίθηκος ἐν πορφύρᾳ
- pithēkos en porphyra
- "Monkey in purple", a monkey in purple robe.
- The humanist Erasmus von Rotterdam writes in his collection of proverbs Adagia :
“This proverb can be used in a variety of ways, and it is said either by people whose features and demeanor, despite their glamorous appearance, show what kind of spirit they are, or by those who bear the mark of dignity it is not up to them, or even when something that is in itself contemptible is adorned in a tasteless manner with grafted and alien jewelry. Because what is so ridiculous as a monkey dressed in purple clothes? "
In Latin he gives the expression with " simia purpurata " .
Πιθήκων ὁ κάλλιστος αἰσχρὸς ἀνθρώπων γένει συμβάλλειν.
- Πιθήκων ὁ κάλλιστος αἰσχρὸς ἀνθρώπων γένει συμβάλλειν.
- Pithēkōn ho kallistos aischros anthrōpōn genei symbols alone.
- "The most beautiful monkey is ugly when compared to humans."
Quote from the dialogue Hippias Maior , ascribed to Plato , a conversation between Socrates and the sophist Hippias von Elis . Both talk about the beautiful . The dialogue ends without an agreement on the matter and the realization of Socrates that everything beautiful is difficult. (" Χαλεπὰ τὰ καλά. ")
Similarly, it is said in Heraclitus :
- "The most beautiful person is heaped up meat at random."
and
- "The wisest man is held against God as a monkey appear in wisdom, beauty and everything else."
πίθος τῶν Δαναΐδων
- πίθος τῶν Δαναΐδων
- pithos tōn Danaidōn
- "Barrel of the Danaids"
The Danaids ( Δαναΐδες ) were the 50 daughters of the ancestor of the Greeks (= Danaer ), the king Danaos . Danaos received the rule of Libya, but fell apart with his brother Aigyptus and fled to Argos with his daughters . The 50 sons of Aegyptus followed him and demanded his daughters to marry. Danaos granted her request, but gave each daughter a dagger to murder the groom on the bridal night. All but the eldest daughter, Hypermnestra , carried out this murder assignment. After the night of the murder, Danaos organized a race for suitors who were allowed to choose among his daughters in the order of their arrival.
Although Athena and Hermes the Danaids with the consent of Zeus cleaned of their murder, they were sentenced by the judges of Hades to the Tartarus to draw forever with jugs of water in a perforated barrel, which was never to be filled. Hence the proverbial barrel of the Danaids , which is used to describe useless, endless work.
Another idiom that is derived from it is the proverbial bottomless pit , a thing that costs money again and again and for which the expenditure is too expensive in the long run.
Les Danaïdes is a tragedy lyrique by Antonio Salieri from 1784. The opera closes with a tableau vivant showing the sisters tormented by demons in Tartarus .
Πιστεύομεν εἰς ἕνα Θεόν ...
- Πιστεύομεν εἰς ἕνα Θεόν ...
- Pisteuomen eis hena theon ...
- "We believe in the one God ..."
Beginning of the Christian creed according to the Nicano-Constantinopolitanum , which the Christian Church has called authoritative since 451 and has remained so ever since. The text was first handed down from the Council of Chalcedon , where it was read publicly and referred to as the Creed of Constantinople ("Confession of the 150 Holy Fathers").
The first sentence in the languages Greek, Latin and German is:
- " Πιστεύομεν εἰς ἕνα Θεόν, Πατέρα, Παντοκράτορα, ποιητὴν οὐρανοῦ καὶ γῆς, ὁρατῶν τε πάντων καὶ ἀ. "
- “ Credo in unum Deum, Patrem omnipotentem, factorem cæli et terræ, visibilium omnium et invisibilium. "
- "We believe in the one God, the Father, the Almighty, who created everything, heaven and earth, the visible and the invisible world."
πίστις, ἐλπίς, ἀγάπη
Faith = Cross
Love = Heart
Hope = Anchor
- πίστις, ἐλπίς, ἀγάπη
- pistis, elpis, agapē
- " Faith, Hope and Love "
Faith, hope and love are the Christian virtues listed in 1 Corinthians of the Apostle Paul :
- " Νυνὶ δὲ μένει πίστις, ἐλπίς, ἀγάπη, τὰ τρία ταῦτα · μείζων δὲ τούτων ἡ ἀγάπη. "
- "But now there remain faith, hope, love, these three, but the greatest of them is love."
These three cardinal virtues are symbolized as follows
- Faith (Greek πίστις pistis , Latin fides ): Symbolized by the cross as a symbol of Jesus' death on the cross.
- Love (Greek ἀγάπη agape , Latin. Caritas ): love of neighbor and enemy as well as love for oneself and for God, represented by a heart.
- Hope (Greek ἐλπίς elpis , Latin. Spes ): Hope for heavenly bliss, symbolized by an anchor.
These three divine virtues are supplemented by the four cardinal virtues :
- Prudence (wisdom) (Greek σοφία sophia , Latin prudentia, sapientia )
- Justice (Greek δικαιοσύνη dikaiosyne Latin. Iustitia )
- Bravery (Greek ανδρεία andreia, Latin fortitudo )
- Moderation (Greek σωφροσύνη sophrosyne, Latin temperantia )
The Austro-Hungarian writer Ödön von Horváth deals with this topic in his play Faith, Love, Hope - A Little Dance of Death in five pictures . The title varies from the biblical text of the above-mentioned Pauline letter.
πλάνητες ἀστέρες
- πλάνητες ἀστέρες
- planētēs asteres
- "Wandering stars"
The word planet goes back to πλάνης (planes) and πλανήτης (planētēs) , which in German mean "wandering around, wandering around" . That is why planets used to be referred to in German as "walking stars" . Up until the early modern era, the difference between planets and other celestial bodies was not clearly recognized, and the sun and moon, as well as comets, were counted among the wandering stars.
Originally, all celestial phenomena that are regularly visible to the naked eye and move against the background of the fixed star sky were called planets and each was assigned to a day of the week.
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Helios ( Ήλιος ) was the sun god. His job was to steer the sun chariot across the sky. |
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Selene ( Σελήνη , Luna among the Romans ) was the goddess of the moon. Later she is identified with the ancient moon goddess Artemis or with Persephone . |
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Ares ( Ἄρης ) was the god of war and massacre. He was later equated by the Romans with Mars, god of war. |
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Hermes ( Ἑρμής ) the patron god of traffic, travelers, merchants and shepherds, on the other hand also the god of thieves, art dealers and oratory. |
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Zeus ( Ζεύς ) was considered the supreme Olympic god. After the conquest of Greece, Jupiter was identified by the Romans with the Greek Zeus. |
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Aphrodite ( Ἀφροδίτη ) is the goddess of love, beauty and sensual desire. The Roman counterpart is Venus. |
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Kronos ( Κρόνος ) is the youngest son of Gaia (earth) and Uranos (heaven) and one of the titans. It corresponds to the Roman Saturnus. |
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With the introduction of the heliocentric view of the world , the term “planet” was transferred to the heavenly bodies that revolve around the sun. So the sun and moon fell out and the earth came in for it.
Πλεῖν ἀνάγκη, ζῆν οὐκ ἀνάγκη.
- Πλεῖν ἀνάγκη, ζῆν οὐκ ἀνάγκη.
- Plein anangkē, zēn ouk anangkē.
- "Seafaring is necessary, life is not necessary."
Saying of Pompey to Plutarch , who died in 56 BC. In Sicily, Sardinia and North Africa personally tried to supply Rome with grain. When the sailors warned him of an impending storm that would endanger his and her life, Pompey went on board first, gave the order to set sail and shouted:
- "It is necessary that we sail, that we live is not necessary."
This saying is mainly known in its Latin form:
- “ Navigare necesse est, vivere non est necesse. "
This exclamation by Pompeius only assumed its current significance in modern times.
There is also a kitchen-Latin reinterpretation.
πλεύσειεν εἰς Ἀντικύρας
- πλεύσειεν εἰς Ἀντικύρας
- pleuseien ice Antikyras
- "He sail to Antikyra", translated from Horace into Latin as naviget Anticyram . Because there were several cities with this name, the plural is used in the Greek proverb. The proverb comes across in the Adagia of Erasmus of Rotterdam
The former city of Antikyra in the Gulf of Corinth was famous for its black hellebore ( Helleborus niger = snow rose ), an herb that was said to be used to cure madness. This phrase was often used as an allusion to someone's state of mind: "„ ντικύρας σε δεῖ " - "You need (meant: a cure in) Antikyra" .
Horace also mentions this remedy in the Ars poetica (poetry) : tribus Anticyris caput insanabile (the head, which is incurable even through triple use of hellebore) .
The doctor Menecrates of Syracuse , out of vanity, imitated Empedocles and took no payment for his cures, but demanded that his patients call themselves his slaves. Two of his patients had to follow him everywhere; he called one Hercules , the other Apollo , but himself Jupiter . He wrote a presumptuous letter to King Philip of Macedon :
“Greetings from Menecrates Jupiter to Philip. You rule Macedonia, but I rule medicine. You can let those who are comfortable die, and I can make the unwell feel well until they age if they obey me. Your bodyguards are the Macedonians and mine, when I have healed. Because I gave Jupiter their life back. "
He received the following answer:
“Consulo, ut Anticyram te conferas.”
"I advise you to take a trip to Anticyra."
Πλέων ἐπὶ οἴνοπα πόντον ἐπ ἀλλοθρόους ἀνθρώπους.
- Πλέων ἐπὶ οἴνοπα πόντον ἐπ ἀλλοθρόους ἀνθρώπους.
- Pleōn epi oinopa ponton ep 'allothrοous anthrōpous
- "Sailing on the wine-colored sea to people of another language"
This quote from the Odyssey adorns the Eiserner Steg over the Main in Frankfurt in capital letters ΠΛΕΩΝ ΕΠΙ ΟΙΝΟΠΑ ΠΟΝΤΟΝ ΕΠ ΑΛΛΟΘΡΟΟΥΣ ΑΝΘΡΩΠΟΥΣ and is the remnant of a museum bank festival .
The word οἶνοψ oinops , "wine-colored, purple, dark" that occurs in this quote is the general epithet for the sea in Homer , which is also alluded to in James Joyce's novel Ulysses . The quote symbolizes the widespread desire among the Frankfurt population for a connection between Sachsenhausen and the city center. The discussion about the construction of a pedestrian bridge dragged on for over 50 years. Since the city council rejected the citizens' wish, private individuals finally took the initiative by founding the Society for the Construction of an Iron Bridge in 1867 .
Ποῖόν σε ἔπος φύγεν ἕρκος ὀδόντων.
- Ποῖόν σε ἔπος φύγεν ἕρκος ὀδόντων.
- Poion se epos phygen herkos odontōn.
- "What word escaped the enclosure of your teeth!"
A phrase that occurs several times in Homer and literally actually means “fence of your teeth” with the connotation of amazed indignation. For example, at the beginning of the Odyssey, Zeus said to Athena at the assembly of the gods , who asks him why he was so angry with Odysseus and had not yet allowed him to return to Ithaca :
- "My child, what word escaped from the enclosure of your teeth!"
With Kurt Tucholsky , this winged word becomes the title of a poem in which a court hearing with two nagging women is described:
The enclosure of the teeth
Before the judge stand two parties
who speak at the same time.
You can hear Frau Schnufke scream: "Well, something!"
"I'll take that on my oath -!"
Then the judge says: "Tell me:
How was that on Sunday with your scandal?"
And Frau Schnufke tells with the whimper of tears;
and from everything she complains about
, the whole courtroom only
ever hears : "And there I said ... and there she said ...
and there I said ..."
This scene only serves as an introduction to the treatment of current problems in the year of publication 1924: dispute between the parties in the parliament of the Weimar Republic and hostility towards Jews .
Πόλεμος πάντων μὲν πατήρ ἐστι.
- Πόλεμος πάντων μὲν πατήρ ἐστι.
- Polemos pantōn men patēr esti.
- "War is the father of all things."
According to Heraclitus , the principle of the world consists in the fact that there is something that is constant and that is constantly changing by turning from one pole to the other.
- " Πόλεμος πάντων μὲν πατήρ ἐστι, πάντων δὲ βασιλεύς, καὶ τοὺς μὲν θεοὺς ἔδειξε τοὺς δὲ δ ἀνλλὲς δς νθος ροηος δὲ ἀνθώπος ροηοης δὲ ἀνθρώπος ροηοης δὲ ἀνλἐος. "-
- "Quarrel is on the one hand the father of all things, on the other hand all things are king, and some he proved to be gods, others as people, some he made slaves, others free."
The publicist Udo Marquardt writes about this dictum :
“'Strife is the father of all things.' The sentence comes from Heraclitus. He wrote it down over two and a half millennia ago. And Heraclitus knew what he was talking about. He was convinced that most people are no good. "
Marquardt further explains:
“Heraclitus is not entirely wrong. Quarrel is the father of all things - at least that applies to philosophy. Having different opinions and arguing about them is the real business of philosophers. The philosophical dispute is never one among like-minded people, as the poet Eugen Roth knows:
A person defends with a lot of cunning:
The world seems different than it is!
But his opponent strictly denies:
The world is different from what it seems.
And so there is a dispute when philosophers meet. ""
Πολλὰ τὰ δεινὰ κ 'οὐδὲν ἀνθρώπου δεινότερον πέλει.
- Πολλὰ τὰ δεινὰ κ 'οὐδὲν ἀνθρώπου δεινότερον πέλει.
- Polla ta deina k 'ouden anthrōpou deinoteron pelei.
- "There is a lot that is uncanny and yet nothing is more uncanny than humans."
Choral song in the drama Antigone by the tragedy poet Sophocles , which the poet Friedrich Hölderlin translated in 1799 as follows:
There are many mighty things, but nothing
is mightier than humans ...
In 1803 Hölderlin wrote:
A lot is monster, but nothing is more
monstrous than man ...
Ungeheuer is not to be seen here as a synonym for enormous , but as eerie or dismaying . In context it says:
A lot is monstrous. But nothing more
enormous than man.
Because that, over the night of
the sea, when
the south wind blows towards winter , it drives out
in winged, roaring houses.
And the exalted earth of
heaven, the incorruptible, untiring he
rubs up; with the striving plow,
from year to year he
breaks them down with the horse race.
He
knits light- dreaming birds in the world , and hunts them,
and wild animals train,
and the sea's salty nature
with spun nets,
the knowledgeable man.
And with arts he catches the game that
sleeps and roams on the mountains.
And he throws
the yoke around the neck of the rough-maned horse , and of the mountain-
walking untamed bull.
Πολλὰ ψεύδονται ἀοιδοί.
- Πολλὰ ψεύδονται ἀοιδοί.
- Polla pseudontai aoidoi.
- "The poets lie a lot."
The sentence directed against Homeric epic and classical tragedy is already quoted as an old proverb by Aristotle and pseudo-Plato and belongs to the criticism of the image of gods and man in ancient myths and early poetry, such as Xenophanes and later continued by Plato it was conveyed through the Iliad and the Odyssey and through the theogony (origin of the gods) of the poet Hesiod .
The poets' opinion that the gods are jealous of one another is also criticized.
πολὺν ἄρτον καὶ θέαν ἵππων
- πολὺν ἄρτον καὶ θέαν ἵππων
- polyn arton kei thean hippon
- "Lots of bread and the spectacle of chariot races"
This combination of cereals and horse shows was originally used by the speaker and writer Dion Chrysostom to refer to the situation in the Egyptian metropolis of Alexandria :
- "But what can anyone say about the great mass of Alexandrians, to whom one must only throw a lot of bread."
His Roman contemporary Juvenal complains in similar words about the Roman people who gave power to generals and elected officials during the time of the republic and who now anxiously only want these two things:
- " Panem et circenses "
- "Bread and circus games."
Πομφόλυξ ὁ ἄνθρωπος.
- Πομφόλυξ ὁ ἄνθρωπος.
- Pompholyx ho anthrōpos.
- "Man is a bubble."
That is, it is also ephemeral. Quote from the collection of proverbs Adagia by Erasmus of Rotterdam .
With Marcus Terentius Varro ( De re rustica 1,1,1) the Latin equivalent " homo est bulla " is quoted as a proverb: " ut dicitur, si est homo bulla " ("when, as it is said, the person is a bubble" ) .
In art, at least since the baroque era, the soap bubble has been used as a vanita symbol and reflects both the beauty and the volatility of human life.
Πόνος πόνῳ πόνον φέρει.
- Πόνος πόνῳ πόνον φέρει.
- Ponos ponō ponon pherei.
- "Need brings need through need."
In this choral song from the drama Aias des Sophocles , nominative , dative and accusative of the same word stand side by side. The sentence is spoken in an iambic rhythm in which the scheme is repeated short-long : ponós, ponó, ponón, feréi .
At this point in the drama Odysseus looks for clues to confirm the rumor that Ajax the Great slaughtered the herd cattle. Aiax realizes that he is dishonored and hates the gods. He wishes to kill the military leaders and then to die himself:
- "The noble lives in honor or goes out in honor."
His wife Tekmessa begs pity for her and their son Eurysakes , because after his death she and the child would be destined to be slaveless. Determined to die, Aiax says goodbye to his son:
- “Child, become happier than your father, by the way like him!” → Ὦ παῖ γένοιο πατρὸς εὐτυχέστερος τὰ δ 'ἄλλ' ὁμοῖος.
Πορευθέντες εἰς τὸν κόσμον ἅπαντα.
- Πορευθέντες εἰς τὸν κόσμον ἅπαντα.
- Poreuthentic ice clay kosmon hapanta.
- "Go out into the whole world!"
These are the opening words of the command that Jesus gave to the disciples in Matthew after his resurrection :
- "Go out into all the world and teach all peoples, and baptize them ..."
The missionary order was quoted by the Church Fathers to emphasize lawful baptism compared to sects. From the fourth century onwards, the text of the baptismal formula was often cited as evidence of the Trinitarian teaching.
During the time of Lutheran Orthodoxy , some Protestant theologians assumed that this missionary order was addressed to the apostles who had fulfilled this mandate, and that there was therefore no longer any missionary mandate for the church.
Another point of view was later represented by the Pietists in Halle, the Moravian Church , the Methodists and the American Baptists , who viewed the missionary order as a personal mandate for internal and external mission.
The order of baptism immediately follows the order of mission:
- " Βαπτίζοντες αὐτοὺς εἰς τὸ ὄνομα τοῦ Πατρὸς καὶ τοῦ Υἱοῦ καὶ τοῦ ῾Αγίου Πνεύματος. "
- "Baptize them in the name of the Father and the Son and the Holy Spirit."
Ποταμῷ οὐκ ἔστιν ἐμβῆναι δὶς τῷ αὐτῷ.
- Ποταμῷ οὐκ ἔστιν ἐμβῆναι δὶς τῷ αὐτῷ.
- Potamō ouk estin embēnai dis tō autō.
- "You can't step into the same river twice."
Quote from the fragments of the philosopher Heraclitus , which reads completely as follows:
- Ποταμοῖσι τοῖσιν αὐτοῖσιν ἐμβαίνουσιν ἕτερα καὶ ἕτερα ὕδατα ἐπιρρεῖ · καὶ ψυχαὶ δὲ ἀπὸ τθν ὑνγτιυ ἀνγιυ.
- “You can't go into the same river twice because other waters flow in. The souls also rise, as it were, out of the waters. "
Goethe referred to this quote in his poem duration alternating :
With every downpour
your lovely valley changes,
oh, and in the same river,
you don't swim a second time.
The cultural historian Oswald Spengler writes about this sentence:
“This thought, as it corresponds to a general inclination towards Heraclitus, has experienced a moralizing interpretation that completely nullifies the simple meaning. Schuster explains it in such a way that "no thing in the world escapes final destruction" (pp. 201 f.) And Lassalle quotes the verse as a side passage: "Everything that arises is worth perishing" (I p. 374). "
In addition, Spengler notes:
"The transformation itself does not escape anyone, only its law is hidden."
See also: Πάντα ῥεῖ καὶ οὐδὲν μένει. ( Panta rhei )
Ποῦ κεῖται;
- Ποῦ κεῖται;
- Pou keitai?
- "Where is it?"
Typical question from the followers of Epicurus , who were said to have a certain fearful dogmatism . Newly gained knowledge, for example in physics, was not incorporated into the teaching. In the case of alleged “miracles”, Epicurus contented himself with offering several “natural” explanations without deciding on the “correct” one.
The Epicurean was - next to the Stoa , the Academy and the Peripatetic school - one of the four major schools of philosophy that have shaped the spiritual life of post-classical antiquity prevail.
In the Hellenistic literary scene, the question of evidence of good language usage was important. Because of his constant question “ Κεῖται ἢ οὐ κεῖται; "(" Is it occupies or is it not used? ") Received a ULPIANUS the nickname Keitúkeitos (about: Busy or Not ).
Martin Luther uses a similar question (“Where is it written?”) In his Small Catechism and answers it with a reference to the relevant Bible passage.
Προδοσίαν φιλῶ, προδότας δ 'οὐκ ἐπαινῶ.
- Ἐγὼ προδοσίαν φιλῶ, προδότας δ 'οὐκ ἐπαινῶ.
- Ego prodosian philo, prodotas d 'ouk epaino.
- "I love treason, but I don't praise traitors."
According to Plutarch , Ἠθικά Ethika ( Moralia ) , Βασιλέων ἀποφθέγματα καὶ στρατηγών ( Regum et imperatorem apophthegmata ) , this is what Augustus said to King Rhoimetalkes of Thrace , who boasted that he had run over to Marcus Antonius .
Προκρούστειος κλίνη
- Προκρούστειος κλίνη
- Prokroustios klinē
- "Procrustean bed"
Procrustes was the nickname of the robber damask as a limb straightener. He was a giant, of whom the historian Diodorus reports in his world history. The monster and highwayman offered travelers a bed. If the wanderer was tall, he would give him a small bed and chop off his feet to fit in. If he was rather small, he gave him a large bed, stretched him out and stretched his limbs apart by stretching them on an anvil. In the end, his craft was abandoned by the hero Theseus .
The name Prokrustes means the "Strecker". As a Procrustean bed is literally refers to a non or only forcibly detachable predicament.
Προμήκη δὲ τῇ κεφαλῇ καὶ ἀσύμμετρον.
- Προμήκη δὲ τῇ κεφαλῇ καὶ ἀσύμμετρον.
- Promēkē de tē kephalē kai asymmetron.
- "His head (was) long and uneven."
Description of the Athenian statesman Pericles as the historian Plutarch narrates:
“Agariste once dreamed that she had given birth to a lion. A few days later she gave birth to Pericles. His body was found to be perfectly formed, only his head was disproportionately long. Hence it is that his statues guest all wear a helmet ... "
Along with Kleisthenes, Pericles is considered to be the founder of (Attic) democracy, but led Athens to the catastrophe of the Peloponnesian War .
The image of Pericles with a Corinthian helmet is a bust that has been preserved in four marble copies from the Roman Empire. Pericles is depicted as a mature man wearing a Corinthian helmet. The helmet symbolizes his military function as a strategist and can also be found on other similar portraits.
The hair near the holes lying high above is interpreted as an indication of the long head shape, which was also mockingly targeted in the Attic comedy. His nickname was σχινοκέφαλος schinokephalos ("sea onion head") .
This anomaly is said to have been the reason why Pericles was always shown wearing a Corinthian helmet , as it was supposed to conceal the high head.
Πρώην Γιουγκοσλαβική Δημοκρατία της Μακεδονίας
- Πρώην Γιουγκοσλαβική Δημοκρατία της Μακεδονίας
- Proin Jugoslaviki Dimokratia tis Makedonias
- "Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia"
The southernmost republic of Yugoslavia was called the Socialist Republic of Macedonia from 1944 to 1991 . Greece, which claims the cultural heritage of the historical region of Macedonia , never objected to this designation - according to its own account, first because of the Greek civil war (1945 to 1949), and later because of geopolitical constraints resulting from Yugoslavia's role in the Cold War .
However, when the Yugoslav republic declared itself independent in 1991 under the name Republic of Macedonia ( Macedonian Република Македонија Republika Makedonija ) and also used the historical symbol of the star of Vergina for the national flag (see also Ήλιας της Βερ , the name Macedonia . Greece feared territorial claims and referred to its region of Macedonia ( Μακεδονία Makedonía ). The Athens government blocked, among other things, Macedonia's accession to NATO and the European Union, which the government in Skopje wanted, and temporarily imposed an embargo .
As a result, the status quo for many years was that the Republic of Macedonia mostly used the name Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYROM) in international traffic (German Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia ; the corresponding abbreviation FYROM was rather uncommon). It was also recognized by the United Nations under this name .
There were repeated attempts to resolve the conflict. It was only successful when the heads of government of the two states reached an agreement in 2018, according to which the Republic of Macedonia should rename itself Република Северна Македонија Republika Severna Makedonija (German Republic of North Macedonia and Republic of North Macedonia ). After the corresponding formal resolutions by both parliaments, this name change officially came into force on February 12, 2019.
Πρῶτον μὲν γὰρ τρία ἦν τὰ γένη τὰ τῶν ἀνθρώπων.
- Πρῶτον μὲν γὰρ τρία ἦν τὰ γένη τὰ τῶν ἀνθρώπων.
- Prōton men gar tria ēn ta genē ta tōn antrōpōn.
- "Because first there were three genders of people."
With these words the playwright directs Aristophanes in the Symposium of Plato , the history of the globe people one. In the past there were three genders:
- Man-men (solar gender)
- Woman women (earth sex)
- Women-men (lunar gender)
These spherical people each had four hands and feet and two faces. They were strong and quick and dangerous to the gods. So Zeus cut it in half. Since then, the two parts have longed to reunite with the other. This urge to unite is known as eros . With this myth, Plato explains the sexual attraction between two people; the homosexual between two men and between two women, and the heterosexual between man and woman.
πρῶτον ψεῦδος
- πρῶτον ψεῦδος
- prōton pseudos
- "First mistake"
The term comes from Aristotle and denotes a false premise . The first error in the sense of fundamental error is included in all conclusions drawn from it. Hans-Jürgen Westphal uses this expression in Una salus victis nullam sperare salutem , where he deals with the mysteries of the Catholic Church:
“Johannes was talking more excitedly to himself: 'First error, in the sense of: fundamental error.' Aristotle said that. First Analytics 2, 18. 66 a 16: 'The erroneous conclusion arises according to a' first error '(in one of the two assumptions)'. The 'first error' is included in all conclusions drawn directly or indirectly from it; In this way, if the final procedure is flawless, it can lead to numerous other corresponding errors. "
πρῶτος μεταξὺ ἴσων
- πρῶτος μεταξὺ ἴσων
- prōtos metaxy isōn
- "First among equals"
- Latin: primus inter pares
The term was introduced under Emperor Augustus to describe his position in the Roman state structure. He wanted to underline his subordination to the republican institutions ; in fact, however, he was the absolute ruler.
πύξ, λάξ, δάξ
- πύξ, λάξ, δάξ
- pyx, lax, dax
- "With the fist, with kicks and with biting"
Principle of the priests in the Eleusinian mysteries , according to which those who did not understand anything about these mysteries should be brutally expelled from the temple of the goddess Demeter :
- Πύξ to πυγμή "fist"
- Λάξ to λάκτισμα " kick "
- Δάξ to δαγκωματιά "bite"
The participants in the mystery celebrations had to keep the events under threat of the death penalty secret and were thereby united in an exclusive circle. The mysteries are based on the legend of Demeter and her daughter Persephone , who was kidnapped by Hades . While Demeter looked for her, she neglected her duties and the earth froze. In the end she managed to get Persephone back and it was spring.
The words πύξ καὶ λάξ ( with fist and foot , i.e. up to ko ) are an expression often used in the battle reports of the poet Homer and Πυξ Λαξ (Pyx Lax) is the name of a Greek band today.
Πύρρειος νίκη
- Πύρρειος νίκη
- Pyrrheios nikē
- "Pyrrhic Victory"
The term goes back to Pyrrhus , king of Epirus , who after his victory over the Romans at the Battle of Asculum in 279 BC. Chr. Is said to have said to a confidante:
- "Another victory like that and we are lost!"
Pyrrhus turned to Italy because of a request for help from the Greek city of Taranto and crossed over with an army of about 30,000 men, which included 20 war elephants. There he won several victories in the Pyrrhic War against Rome , but these were associated with high losses - so difficult that he finally had to ask the vanquished for peace. This request was rejected by the Roman Senate.
Hence the expression Pyrrhic victory for a battle in which the initially defeated one nevertheless wins.
Another term related to it is Asculanic Battle (Latin: Asculana pugna ) because the Battle of Asculum , today's Ascoli Satriano , took place.
Individual evidence
- ↑ Histories of Herodotus , 1, 207.
- ↑ Letter to the Hebrews , 5.8.
- ^ Letter from Paul to Titus , 1.15.
- ^ Titus 1 (Luther 1912). In: bibel-online.net. Retrieved February 20, 2015 .
- ↑ Thus spoke Zarathustra 3rd part, chap. 4th
- ↑ Gospel according to Matthew , 7:12.
- ↑ Gospel according to Luke , 6:31.
- ↑ Helmut F. Kaplan: Is there an ethical world formula? In: kellmann-stiftung.de. 2004, accessed February 20, 2015 .
- ↑ Heraclitus : B 12.
- ^ Hermann Diels : Simplicius, In Aristotelis physicorum libros quattuor posteriores commentaria . Reimer, Berlin 1895 (repr. De Gruyter 1954), ( Commentaria in Aristotelem Graeca 10) p. 1313.
- ↑ Plato : Kratylos 402A = A6.
- ↑ Plutarch : Caesar , 11.
- ^ Kurt Steinmann: Counterfeiter or remaster? Diogenes, the philosophical clown. Neue Zürcher Zeitung , March 27, 1999, accessed on November 21, 2019 (source is SwissEduc - Old Languages ).
- ↑ Gospel according to Matthew , 26.39 EU
- ↑ Bridal letters, cell 92: Dietrich Bonhoeffer, Maria von Wedemeyer 1943–1945 , p. 209 ( limited preview in Google book search)
- ↑ Erasmus of Rotterdam : Encomium Moriae , 61.
- ↑ Anthologia Palatina 11,381
- ^ Carmen - Prosper Mérimée - I. In: opera.stanford.edu. Richard S. Bogart, December 8, 2003, accessed February 20, 2015 (French).
- ↑ Luke 15.18 EU and 15.21 EU
- ↑ Gospel according to Luke , 15 : 31–32 EU .
- ↑ Matthew 6 : 9-13 EU
- ↑ James 1 (Luther 1912). In: bibel-online.net. Retrieved February 20, 2015 .
- ↑ Marcus Tullius Cicero: De legibus (Of the Laws) 1.5.
- ↑ Historien des Herodotus , Proemium I. 15; II. 19, 118.
- ↑ Thucydides I. 22.2 f.
- ^ Greek Imperial, Hadrian (117-138 AD), billon tetradrachm of Alexandria (Egypt), 10.89g. In: rudnik.com. Retrieved February 20, 2015 .
- ↑ Jerome : Letters 52, 11.
- ↑ Porphyrios : Vita Plotini 2.23-29.
- ↑ a b Frank Schweizer: How Philosophers Die. Publishing house Dr. Bachmaier; 2003. ISBN 3-931680428 .
- ↑ Acts 2 : 1-4 EU
- ↑ 1st Epistle of Paul to the Corinthians , 4,9-16 EU
- ↑ Erasmus of Rotterdam : Selected Writings . Volume 7. Scientific Book Society. 1972.
- ↑ Heraclitus : Fragment On Nature , 82.
- ^ 1 Corinthians 13:13.
- ↑ Plutarch : Pompeius 50 el.wikisource ; see. Lives of the most famous Greeks and Romans with their comparisons translated from the Greek and annotated by M. Johann Christoph Kind. Fifth part. P. 196 f. : "It is necessary that I sail, but not that I live."
- ↑ Satires 2,3,166
- ↑ A 752
- ↑ Verse 300
- ^ Ferdinand Gregorovius: Years of Wandering in Italy in the Gutenberg-DE project
- ↑ Homer : Odyssey , α183.
- ↑ Odyssey , 1.64.
- ↑ The enclosure of the teeth. In: Kurt Tucholsky, all works . Retrieved January 4, 2019 (first published by Tucholsky in 1924 under the pseudonym Theobald Tiger ).
- ^ Udo Marquardt: Walks with Socrates. Munich: CH Beck, 2000. ISBN 3-406-42163-6 .
- ^ Sophocles : Antigone , 332 / choir
- ^ Gerhard Fink : The Greek language
- ↑ Quoted from Claudia Sperlich: Nothing new under the sun. In: kalliopevorleserin.wordpress.com. September 18, 2008, accessed February 20, 2015 .
- ↑ Aristotle : Metaphysics 1, 2. 983 a 3.
- ↑ 3. Klaus Bartels: Veni, vidi, vici. Winged words from Greek and Latin (dtv 20167). dtv, Munich 8th, edition October 2005, p. 130 f.
- ↑ Dion Chrysostom : Speech to the Alexandrines , 31.
- ↑ Juvenal : Satires 10, 81.
- ^ Sophocles : Aias , line 877.
- ↑ Gospel according to Matthew , 28.19 EU
- ↑ Rekha Kamath: The representation of India in the letters and reports of Bartholomäus Ziegenbalgs
- ↑ Heraklit : Fragments , B 12.
- ↑ Johann Wolfgang von Goethe : Complete Works in 18 Volumes , Volume 1: Complete Poems . Zurich 1950, p. 512 f.
- ↑ Spengler, Oswald, speeches and essays, Heraklit, Πάντα ῥεῖ as a formal principle of organic nature. In: Zeno.org . Retrieved February 20, 2015 .
- ↑ Βασιλέων αποφθέγματα και στρατηγών (Wikisource)
- ↑ Plutarch : Parallel Biographies , Perikles , 3.
- ↑ Plato : Symposium , 189c-191d
- ↑ Aristotle : First Analytics 2,18,66 a 16.
- ↑ Hans-Jürgen Westphal: Una salus victis nullam sperare salutem ( Memento from October 26, 2004 in the Internet Archive )