List of Greek Phrases / My

Μαιευτικὴ τέχνη

The disputing Socrates (right) in Raphael's painting The School of Athens

Μαιευτικὴ τέχνη: Μaieutikē technē; "Midwifery"

As Maieutics called Socrates , alluding to the profession of his mother's art of conversation . Maeutics is based on the basic assumption that the truth lies ready in the innate reason of every human being and only needs to be brought to light (“released”).

The Socratic irony is that Socrates pretends to be the ignorant but asks questions where the answer is already hidden. The core of the Socratic conversation is to involve the participants in the dialogue through specific questions so that they can gain insights themselves.

Mäeutik proceeds in two steps:

In Elenkik (“art of transfer”), Socrates shakes the point of view of his interlocutor and transfers him to the aporia, whereby the willingness to search for knowledge is to be awakened.
In the Protreptik (“art of turning”), Socrates then leads the interlocutor to a correct opinion by asking further questions.

The aim of Maeutics is εὖ ζῆν (eu zēn) - “to live right / well / true”.

Μακάριοι οἱ μὴ ἰδόντες καὶ πιστεύσαντες.

Caravaggio : The incredulous Thomas

Μακάριοι οἱ μὴ ἰδόντες καὶ πιστεύσαντες.: Makarioi hoi mē idontes kai pisteusantes.; "Blessed are those who do not see and yet believe."

The concept of the unbelieving Thomas is derived from the Gospel according to John , where the apostle Thomas only wants to believe the resurrection of Jesus when he has touched his wounds. Thomas wasn't there when Jesus came. When the other disciples said to him, "We have seen the Lord," he replied skeptically:

"If I don't see the nail marks on his hands and if I don't put my finger in the nail marks and my hand in his side, I don't think so."

Eight days later Thomas was there when Jesus stepped into their midst despite the closed doors. Then he said to Thomas:

“Put your finger out - here are my hands! Reach out your hand and put it in my side and don't be unbeliever, but believe! "

Thomas did this and said, deeply impressed:

"My Lord and my God!"

But Jesus said to him:

"Because you have seen me, you believe. Blessed are those who do not see and yet believe."

Μακάριοι οἱ πτωχοὶ τῷ πνεύματι.

Μακάριοι οἱ πτωχοὶ τῷ πνεύματι, ὅτι αὐτῶν ἐστιν ἡ βασιλεία τῶν οὐρανῶν.: Makarioi hoi ptōchoi tō pneumati, hoti autōn estin hē basileia tōn ouranōn.; "Blessed are the poor in spirit , for theirs is the kingdom of heaven."

Beginning of the Beatitudes in Matthew's Gospel , the Beatitudes ( beatitudes of Μακάριοι ... ) are a sequence of 8 + 1 time "Blessed are ..." with which Jesus 's Sermon on the Mount initiates. Various groups of people who ostensibly belong to the disadvantaged are promised to participate in the rulership of God.

image	No.	German / Greek
	1	Blessed are the poor in spirit ; for theirs is the kingdom of heaven. Μακάριοι οἱ πτωχοὶ τῷ πνεύματι, ὅτι αὐτῶν ἐστιν ἡ βασιλεία τῶν οὐρανῶν. Gospel of Luke : Blessed are you poor; for the kingdom of God is yours. James : “ Listen, my beloved brethren, did God not choose the poor of this world to be rich in faith and to be lotholders of the kingdom that He promised to those who love Him? «
	2	Blessed are those who suffer; for they are to be comforted. Μακάριοι οἱ πενθοῦντες, ὅτι αὐτοὶ παρακληθήσονται. Isaiah : “ In the highest and in the holy I dwell and with him who is broken and humbled in spirit, to animate the spirit of the humiliated and to animate the heart of the broken. "
	3	Blessed are the meek; for they will own the earth. Μακάριοι οἱ πραεῖς, ὅτι αὐτοὶ κληρονομήσουσι τὴν γῆν. Psalm 37: “ But the afflicted will inherit the land and enjoy in great peace. "
	4th	Blessed are those who hunger and thirst for righteousness; because they should be full. Μακάριοι οἱ πεινῶντες καὶ διψῶντες τὴν δικαιοσύνην, ὅτι αὐτοὶ χορτασθήσονται. Gospel of Luke : “ Blessed are you who hunger here; for you should be full. " Revelation of John :" She will no longer hunger nor thirst; nor will the sun or any heat fall on them; "
	5	Blessed are the merciful; for they will receive mercy. Μακάριοι οἱ ἐλεήμονες, ὅτι αὐτοὶ ἐλεηθήσονται. James : “ But a merciless judgment will come upon him who has not shown mercy; and mercy boasted against judgment. "
	6th	Blessed are the pure in heart; for they will see God. Μακάριοι οἱ καθαροὶ τῇ καρδίᾳ, ὅτι αὐτοὶ τὸν Θεὸν ὄψονται. Psalm 51: “ Create in me, God, a pure heart and give me a new, certain spirit. "
	7th	Blessed are the peaceful; for they will be called children of God. Μακάριοι οἱ εἰρηνοποιοί, ὅτι αὐτοὶ υἱοὶ Θεοῦ κληθήσονται. Letter to the Hebrews : “ Seek peace against everyone and sanctification, without which no one will see the Lord. "
	8th	Blessed are those who are persecuted for righteousness; for the kingdom of heaven is hers. Μακάριοι οἱ δεδιωγμένοι ἕνεκεν δικαιοσύνης, ὅτι αὐτῶν ἐστιν ἡ βασιλεία τῶν οὐρανῶν. Letter to the Hebrews : “ And whether you suffer for righteousness, you are still blessed. But do not be afraid of defying them or be frightened; "
	9	You are blessed when people insult and persecute you for my sake and speak all kinds of evil against you if they lie about it. Μακάριοί ἐστε ὅταν ὀνειδίσωσιν ὑμᾶς καὶ διώξωσι καὶ εἴπωσι πᾶν πονηρὸν ῥῆμα καθ ὑμῶν ψευδόμενοι ἔνεκεν ἐμοῦ . Gospel of Luke : “ Blessed are you if men hate you and if you set yourself apart and scold yourselves and reject your name as evil for the sake of the Son of Man. "

The Beatitudes begin nine times with "Blessed (are / are) ..." ( Μακάριοι ). The first and eighth Beatitudes each close with the promise of the kingdom of heaven ( βασιλεία τῶν οὐρανῶν basileia tōn ouranōn ), a central term for the Gospel of Matthew.

It is also striking that the first four beatitudes π - Alliteration formulated:

Arms: πτωχοί ptochoi

Mourners: πενθοῦντες penthountes

Meek ones : πραεῖς praeis
Starving: πεινῶντες peinontes

Μακάρων νῆσοι

World map of Hecataeus

Μακάρων νῆσοι: Μakárōn nēsoi; "Islands of the Blessed"

The "Islands of the Blessed" are in the far west of the globe, are the Okeanos bathed and are the place to be caught on the heroes who were loved by the gods. One of the islands is the Elysion ( Ἠλύσιον Πεδίον ), but according to a later view this was part of Hades . In Meyers Konversations-Lexikon it says:

“Elysĭum (Greek Elysion), with Homer a field on the western edge of the earth near the Ocean, where there is eternal spring and a cooling zephyr always blows; there Zeus' darlings, like his son Rhadamanthys and his Eidam Menelaus , without seeing death, are raptured in order to lead the happiest existence. Hesiod and others speak of the islands of the blessed, where Zeus selected heroes of the fourth human family to live on under Kronos ' rule. [...] Later, like Virgil , relocated the E. [lysium] to the underworld as the residence of those found worthy by the judges of the dead. "

In Pierer's Universal Lexicon it says in more detail:

“A continuation together with the earthly body was only a chosen few u. Granted to friends of the gods, [...]; they were taken alive from the earth and lived in the Elysian Fields (Elysium), where there was an eternal spring. The last time they looked for these areas [...] was on an island in the ocean. The belief in a retribution of earthly life only emerges more clearly in Hesiodos, so that all good, etc. Noble ones after life come to the blessed isles ( Μακάρων νῆσοι , islands of the blessed); […] The blessed islands are a place where the golden age is lived again under the rule of Kronos , where one lives in blissful carelessness on the waves of the ocean, where the fertile soil offers the most beautiful fruits three times a year. It was not until later that the underworld a. Realm of the dead ( Hades , Erebos ), which was placed in the middle of the earth, etc. differentiated between place of reward (Elysium) u. Punishment ( Tartaros ) […] Those who had proven their life to Minos through good deeds came to the Elysium, the description of which represented all sensual joys combined. The Lethestrom flowed around it in silver clarity , [...] flowery meadows with shady groves stretched out there, cheerful and bright . pure air surrounded the cloudless u. eternally bright sky. What had preoccupied one pleasantly in life, he drove away here too. Here it was eternal spring, three times a year the earth brought its gifts for the maintenance of the blessed, old age, pain, and the like without being ordered. There was no illness here, just joy and the like. Air. [...] After the life in the underworld, after a certain time the souls returned to the upper world; the pious returning from the Elysium drank again from Lethe to forget the joys they had enjoyed. If they had lived on earth three times without blame, they were forever transferred to the Isles of the Blessed, where even greater joys awaited them than in the Elysium. "

The Roman poet Horace calls in one epode to emigrate to the islands called Divites Insulae ( arva divites et insulas ) in Latin , which he praises with the following words:

vos, quibus est virtus, muliebrem tollite luctum,
    Etrusca praeter et volate litora.
nos manet Oceanus circumvagus: arva beata
    petamus, arva divites et Insulas,
reddit ubi cererem tellus inarata quotannis
    et inputata floret usque vinea,
germinat et numquam fallentis termes olivae
    suamque pulla ficus ornat arborem,
Mella cava manant ex ilice, montibus altis
    levis crepante lymphamat desilit pede.
illic iniussae veniunt ad mulctra capellae
    refertque tenta grex amicus ubera,
nec vespertinus circumgemit ursus ovile
    nec intumescit alta viperis humus;
nulla nocent pecori contagia, nullius astri
    gregem aestuosa torret inpotentia.

You, whose masculine courage is still green, banishes womanish mourning
    and sails past the Tyrrhenian shores,
Where the Oceanus flows around the blessed, our
    awaiting islands, rich, comes, we are looking for them,
lands without a plow, since Ceres is basically covered every year ,
    and untrimmed continually the vine flowers,
country, since the olive rice sprosset infallible and bears fruit,
    black fig adorns on own root their tree.
Honey flows from the hollow hips of the oak tree, from the mountains
    the bright flood of chatty eaves leaps down.
There a shepherd never calls the goat to milk,
    so the pious sheep willingly carries his udder bulging.
The bear does not grope around the pens of the lambs at first,
    nor do poisonous adder brood rears on the ground.
The cattle are not affected by any disease. No glowing star plagues
    the herd drift with anger, more rampant .

The Canary Islands became known under the name Insulae Fortunatorum , the Latin equivalent of μακάρων νῆσοι - a term that Pliny mentioned in the sixth book of his natural history . The region of the archipelagos of volcanic origin in the eastern central Atlantic (including the Canary Islands) is now referred to in biogeography as Macaronesia .

Μᾶτερ ὦ χρυσοστεφάνων ἀέθλων, Οὐλυμπία

Μᾶτερ ὦ χρυσοστεφάνων ἀέθλων, Οὐλυμπία: Mater ō chrysostephanōn aethlōn, Oulympia; "O mother of gold-crowned fighting games, Olympia!"

Beginning of a praise for the Olympics and the Olympic Games by the poet Pindar , who wrote odes for the winners of the Olympic, Pythian , Nemean and Isthmian Games .

.Omega. χρυσοστεφάνων Μᾶτερ
ἀέθλων, Οὐλυμπία,
δέσποιν 'ἀλαθείας, μάντιες ἄνδρες ἵνα
ἐμπύροις τεκμαιρόμενοι παραπειρῶν-
ται Διὸς ἀργικεραύνου,
εἴ τιν' λόγον ἀνθρώπων πέρι ἔχει
μαιομένων μεγάλαν
ἀρετὰν θυμῷ λαβεῖν,
τῶν δὲ μόχθων ἀμπνοάν.

O mother of the gold-crowned
fighting games, Olympia,
mistress of truth, where fortune-telling men
lay out burning victims, ask
Zeus, the brightly flashing one,
whether he has any regard for the people who
strive in their hearts
to achieve great heroism
and a sigh of relief from them Toil.

The beginning of this ode was engraved in Greek script on the reverse of the Olympic medals at the 2004 Olympic Games in Athens.

Μέγα βιβλίον, μέγα κακόν.

Μέγα βιβλίον, μέγα κακόν.: Mega biblion, mega kakon.; "Big book - big evil."

Quotation of the Alexandrian poet Callimachus , who was Ptolemy II's court poet and who worked at the Alexandria library .

He wrote the library catalog, the first written catalog in library history to be placed on blackboards on the walls. As the author's lexicon of all Greek authors, it comprised 120 scrolls and was not intended for users, but focused on a selection of Greek writers. Each roll was provided with a label with the author and title so that it did not have to be unrolled to identify it.

As a counterweight to his extensive work as a librarian, Callimachus cultivated the little poem. He rejected extensive poems such as epics in the Homeric tradition.

Μεγάλη Ἑλλάς

Magna Graecia
Μεγάλη Ἑλλάς

Μεγάλη Ἑλλάς: Megalē Hellas; "Greater Greece"

Latin as Magna Graecia are the regions in ancient southern Italy and Sicily , which were established by Greek settlers from the 8th century BC. Were colonized. The colonies were named Magna Graecia , presumably to emphasize their size compared to the Greek motherland.

The departure of the colonists from Greece proceeded in a peaceful manner, if the population in a city became too large or if fights between groups of different city dwellers resulted in the victory of one group, the defeated were sentenced to exile.

Even today there is a small minority in Calabria and Apulia who speak Griko - a language with elements of ancient Greek and Italian. In Greek, the language is often called Katoitaliótika ( Κατωιταλιώτικα , "Lower / Lower Italian" ).

The Lord's Prayer in Griko:

Patrimò pu stei stin ajèra,
pu n'ajasti o Nomà-su,
pu n'arti i Vasilìa-su,
Pu na jettì to telimà-su, pos stin ajèra, jùs stin ghì.
Dòstu es emà to fsomì simmerinò.
Fsexorisò-mma tes amartìe-mma,
pos emì efsexorùme us addù,
ce na mi mas fèri es ton àscimo,
ce vlèfse-ma es pa 'kkakò.

Μεγάλη Θάλασσα

Μεγάλη Θάλασσα: Megalē Thalassa; "Big Sea"

This is the first traditional Greek name for the Mediterranean Sea , which in Modern Greek is now Μεσόγειος Θάλασσα Mesojios Thalassa ( Mediterranean Sea ). With the discovery of the Atlantic in the 4th century BC The name Ἐντός Θάλασσα Entos Thalassa ( Inner Sea ) came up.

The Black Sea was euphemistically called Πόντος Εὔξεινος Pontos Euxeinos ("hospitable sea"). Before the 8th century BC It was also known as Πόντος Ἄξεινος Pontos Axeinos ("inhospitable sea"). The original Scythian name was Aksaena ("the black"). In Latin, the word Pontus (from Πόντος "sea") for the Black Sea appeared later . Today it is called in Greek Μαύρη Θάλασσα Mavre Thalassa .

The Red Sea was considered part of the Erythraic Sea ( Erythra Thalatta ). Herodotus called it Arabios kolpos , Gulf of Arabia . The name is derived from the reddish coral banks ( ἐρυθρός erythros , German 'red' ) and from the sight of the Arabian desert landscape.

The Persian Gulf was unknown to the Greeks before the conquests of Alexander and his admiral Nearchus assumed that it was the Erythra Thalatta .

Μεγάλη Ιδέα

Greek territorial claims

Μεγάλη Ιδέα: Megali Idea; "Big idea"

The Greater Greek Idea was the basis of Greek foreign policy from the late 19th to the early 20th centuries and appeared to be realized for a short time in 1920 before the then predominantly Greek-speaking regions of western Asia Minor were finally ceded to Turkey.

The Greek revolutionaries after 1821 longed for the Byzantine Empire back and wanted to found a Hellenistic Empire with the capital Constantinople .

The first to propagate this idea was the revolutionary Rigas Ferreos or Velestinlis . He drew the first map over it in 1791 and later distributed it in the Greek-speaking areas of the Ottoman Empire . On this map, most of the Balkan countries , Crete , Rhodes , Thessaloniki , Cyprus , the Aegean Islands , Thrace and Constantinople were marked as areas to be liberated.

The defeat of Greece in the Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922) finally shattered this idea. In the course of a "population exchange" , the Greeks who had lived there for almost three millennia disappeared from Asia Minor.

Werner van Gent and Paul L. Walser write in their Greek book Cinnamon in the Soup :

“With a fatal overestimation of themselves and a completely wrong assessment of both the enemy and the intentions of the great powers, the Greeks believed that they could still realize their 'great idea' and eradicate the 'shame of 1453': They landed on the Anatolian coast in May 1919 and set up a base in Smyrna ( İzmir ), from which they 'recaptured' the coast, which until then was mostly inhabited by Greeks, and the former imperial city of Constantinople, which they still tend to refer to as 'the city' (i Pólis). wanted to."

But the invaders had done their math without Mustafa Kemal (Ataturk). Eleftherios Venizelos changed all officers of the army fighting in Anatolia, but the disaster could no longer be averted. It was followed by the Μικρασιατική καταστροφή , the Asia Minor catastrophe . The crazy Asia Minor adventure ended in August 1922 with a total catastrophe. Smyrna was reduced to rubble and ashes; what was left of the Greek army fled through the Anatolian steppe. Constantinople was now finally called Istanbul, and ethnic coexistence had been wiped out by nationalism and three senseless years of war.

Μεγαλύνει ἡ ψυχή μου τὸν Κύριον.

Magnificat anima mea Dominum

Μεγαλύνει ἡ ψυχή μου τὸν Κύριον.: Megalynei hē psychē mou ton Kyrion.; "My soul praises the Lord."

Original Greek text of the Magnificat .

With the Latin words " Magnificat anima mea Dominum " the psalm-like song of praise of Mary, with whom, after the announcement of the birth of Jesus by the archangel starts Gabriel ( Visitation ) visiting her cousin Elizabeth responds to its prophetic greeting.

Mary praises God as the one who turns to her and all the low, the powerless and the hungry in order to raise them up, while throwing the mighty, rich and haughty from their thrones. The Magnificat is only contained in the Gospel of Luke , which is most interested in the marginalized, and propagates the importance of this concern right from the start.

The Latin Vulgate translation is used in the Western liturgy and gave the Magnificat its usual name in the West.

Magnificat anima mea Dominum,
et exsultavit spiritus meus in Deo salutari meo.

In the German standard translation it says:

My soul praises the greatness of the Lord
and my spirit exults in God my Savior.

μεθ 'ἡμῶν ὁ Θεός

God with us (First World War)

μεθ 'ἡμῶν ὁ Θεός: meth 'hēmōn ho theos; " God with us "

God with us was the motto of the Prussian royal family and the German emperors and part of the Prussian military emblems, which were also used by the Reichswehr and Wehrmacht after the end of the monarchy in Germany.

God with us is the German translation of Immanu'el ( עמנואל). The name Immanuel only appears four times in the Bible. Jesus gets this name when his birth is announced, but otherwise he is never called Immanuel. The Gospel of Matthew says:

" Ἰδοὺ ἡ παρθένος ἐν γαστρὶ ἕξει καὶ τέξεται υἱόν , καὶ καλέσουσι τὸ ὄνομα αὐτοῦ Εμμανουήλ, ὅ ἐστι μεθερμηνευόμενον μεθ ἡμῶν ὁ Θεός. "

"Behold, a virgin will be with child and give birth to a son, and they will give him the name Immanuel, which means in translation: God with us."

μέλαν ἱμάτιον περιβάλλεσθαι

Pericles

μέλαν ἱμάτιον περιβάλλεσθαι: melan himation periballesthai; "Put on a black robe"

In ancient Athens, black robes were put on at deaths and other sad events. The historian Plutarch uses this phrase in his account of the death of the Athenian statesman Pericles .

When he was dying, his friends gathered around his bed and talked about his achievements, believing that Pericles would no longer notice. But then Pericles spoke up and reminded everyone that they had forgotten the most important thing:

“'For none of the living Athenians,' he said, 'has put on a black robe for my sake.'"

Μελέτη τὸ πᾶν.

Bust of Periander with his motto

Μελέτη τὸ πᾶν.: Meletē to pān.; "Prudence can do anything."

This was the motto of the Periander of Corinth , who was considered the prototype of the tyrant : tough but farsighted.

This saying was quoted in the prologue of the Ludus Septem Sapientum ( The Game of the Seven Wise Men ) by the Roman poet Ausonius by a Ludius (a "funny person") who enumerated the famous sayings of the Seven Wise Men :

Latin: " μελέτη τὸ πᾶν , Periandri id est Corinthii, meditationem posse totum qui putat. "

English: "And μελέτη τὸ πᾶν <the saying> of the Periander from Corinth, who thinks that prudence can do everything."

More of his sayings are:

The lusts are ephemeral, the virtues immortal.
Scold so that you can quickly become friends again.
Stick to old laws, but to fresh food.

Μεταβολὴ πάντων γλυκύ.

Μεταβολὴ πάντων γλυκύ.: Metabolē pantōn glyky.; "Change of everything is pleasant."

This quote from Euripides , Orestes , 234 became a popular saying that Aristotle also quotes several times.

The proverbial phrase begins in Latin in the rhetoric to Herennius by an unknown author, with reference to the raising and lowering of the voice when speaking:

“ Auditorem varietas maxime delectat. "

"The listener likes the variety most."

Usually this sentence is quoted with " Variatio delectat " .

Μετανοεῖτε.

Μετανοεῖτε.: Metanoide.; "Think around!"

This request of Jesus in the Gospel according to Matthew is incorrectly translated as “Repent !” Or “Repent!” . It is composed of the preposition μετά ( meta , "um, nach") νοεῖν ( noein "think"). Of penance is therefore out of the question. In context, it says that when Jesus heard that John the Baptist had been captured, he withdrew to Galilee :

" ᾿Απὸ τότε ἤρξατο ὁ ᾿Ιησοῦς κηρύσσειν καὶ λέγειν · μετανοεῖτε · ἤγγικε γὰρ ἡ βασιλεία τῶν οὐρανῶν. "

"Since that time Jesus began to preach: Repent, for the kingdom of heaven is at hand!"

With the information on Jesus' first public appearance, Matthew delimits the pericope from the previous baptism and temptation . So Jesus only appears in public when John's work is forcibly ended. However, it is not explained whether the capture of the Baptist is not only the point in time but also the occasion for Jesus' change of location. It is unusual for Jesus to begin his work in Galilee, because it is far from Jerusalem , the cultural and religious center of Israel. In addition, Galilee and Jesus' hometown Nazareth did not have a good reputation. In the Gospel of John , Nathaniel asks himself :

"What good can come from Nazareth?"

The Hebrew term schuv , which is translated in the Septuagint as μετάνοια (metanoia) , includes a return to God. In Latin, metanoia was translated as poenitentia ("repentance"; from poena , "punishment"). In German the word penance was used, which denoted the satisfaction of the sinner towards God. Martin Luther again emphasized the "horror and believing repentance" .

Μετάφραση των Εβδομήκοντα

Μετάφραση των Εβδομήκοντα: Metáfrasi ton Evdomíkonda; "Translation of the Seventy"

Modern Greek name for the Septuagint , the ancient Greek translation of the Hebrew scriptures. It is the oldest continuous translation of the Bible ever and was made by Jewish scribes from Alexandria in the context of Hellenistic Judaism .

The Latin name Septuagint (= 70) is derived from the Aristeas legend, according to which 72 Jewish scholars translated the Five Books of Moses from Hebrew into Greek in 72 days. The number 72 was rounded down to 70 and is often written in abbreviated form as LXX (LXX = 70 as a Roman number ).

The legend about the origin goes back to the so-called Aristeas letter , which indicates the reign of Ptolemy II (285–246 BC) as the time of origin . After the head of the library of Alexandria wanted to include the Jewish Torah in his library, the Jewish high priest Eleazar sent 72 scholars (6 each from the 12 tribes of Israel) to Alexandria at the request of the Ptolemaic king. They completed the translation on the island of Pharos within 72 days. Before the translation was presented to the king, it was presented to and accepted by the Jewish community. Philo of Alexandria expanded the legend to the effect that all 72 scholars worked independently on an identical translation.

Μέτρον ἄριστον.

Μέτρον ἄριστον.: Metron ariston.; "Measure (is) the best."

The saying “moderation is the best” is attributed to Cleobulus , the tyrant of Lindos on the island of Rhodes , one of the seven wise men .

The Latin equivalent is “ Optimus cunctis modus. "

According to Plato , moderation is one of the four cardinal virtues :

Wisdom ( σοφία sophia )
Bravery ( ανδρεία andreia )
Moderation or prudence ( σωφροσύνη sōphrosynē )
Justice ( δικαιοσύνη dikaiosynē )

Plato then also includes piety ( ὁσιότης hosiotēs ).

Μὴ βλάπτειν

Μὴ βλάπτειν: Μē blaptein; "not hurt"

Principle that the Hippocratic tradition places at the center of morally required medical action. The whole sentence is in Greek:

" Άσκει̑ν περὶ τὰ νοσήματα δύο, ὠφελει̑ν ἢ μὴ βλάπτειν. "

"Two things apply to the treatment of diseases: use or not harm."

This wisdom got into Latin in the form primum non nocere ( “first of all do not harm” ) or nihil nocere (in no way harm ) around the year 50 by the doctor Scribonius Largus at the court of Emperor Tiberius . Harro Albrecht writes in the weekly newspaper Die Zeit :

“The Roman damage prevention rule is understandable. Doctors have always had a reputation for knowledge of all kinds of toxic substances, so they were suspected of mysterious or celebrity deaths - and yet were never prosecuted for them. ... But the reputation as a contract killer was devastating. In order to polish up the image of the Roman mediciners, Largus recommended his colleagues with the ' Primum nil nocere ' a confidence-building slogan. "

Μὴ γένοιτο.

Μὴ γένοιτο.: Mē genoito.; "That will never happen!"

In Paul's letter to the Romans , 6.2, it says:

„ Μὴ ἄδικος ὁ Θεὸς ὁ ἐπιφέρων τὴν ὀργήν; κατὰ ἄνθρωπον λέγω. μὴ γένοιτο · "

“Is God unjust who imposes anger? (I speak humanly.) Far be it! "

“What do we want to say about this? Are we then to persevere in sin so that grace may be all the more powerful? But is it that our injustice praises God's righteousness, what shall we say? Is God also unjust if he is angry about it? (So I speak in a human way.) Far be it! "

And already in Romans 3:

“ ¹ What advantage do the Jews have, or what use is circumcision ? ² Very much indeed. First, they are familiar with what God has said. ³ But what does it mean that some do not believe in it? Should their unbelief cancel out God's faith? ⁴ Far be it! "

Μὴ γνώτω ἡ ἀριστερά σου τί ποιεῖ ἡ δεξιά σου.

Μὴ γνώτω ἡ ἀριστερά σου τί ποιεῖ ἡ δεξιά σου.: Mē gnōtō hē aristera sou ti poiei hē dexia sou.; "Don't let your left hand know what your right hand is doing!"

Place from the Gospel according to Matthew , where Jesus speaks of giving alms:

“ ¹ Be careful not to show your righteousness before men; ... ³ But when you give alms, do not let your left hand know what your right hand is doing, ⁴ so that your gift may be hidden; and your father, who sees into what is hidden, will reward you. "

Μὴ κινεῖν τὰ ἀκίνητα

Μὴ κινεῖν τὰ ἀκίνητα: Μē kinein ta akinēta; "Do not move something at rest"

This proverbial admonition is quoted in the scholias of Plato , Theognis and Sophocles . The warning is also encountered in the variant “Do not move the immovable” in Plato.

This old saying was quoted in its Latin form " quieta non movere " (translated: "don't wake sleeping dogs" ) by the German Chancellor Otto von Bismarck in April 1891 in Friedrichsruh in a letter to the board of the Conservative Party , of which he was a member :

"There is an old, good political proverb: Quieta non movere ..."

"Do not move an evil that lies well"

Μὴ κρίνετε, ἵνα μὴ κριθῆτε

Μὴ κρίνετε, ἵνα μὴ κριθῆτε: Mē krinete hina mē krithēte.; "Do not judge so that you will not be judged!"

In the Gospel according to Matthew , Jesus exhorts in the Sermon on the Mount not to judge one's neighbor unjustly. He continues:

“For by whatever law you judge, you will be judged; and with what measure you measure will be measured to you. "

The wrong judgment happens

out of hypocrisy
out of mercilessness
according to appearances
in presumption
as an expression of lack of love
for wrong motives

See also: Ὁ ἀναμάρτητος ὑμῶν πρῶτος ἐπ 'αὐτὴν βαλέτω λίθον. ( "Whoever of you is without sin, throw the first stone on them." )

Μή μου ἅπτου.

Jesus to Mary Magdalene on Easter morning :
“ Μή μου ἅπτου. "" Noli me tangere ".
(by Fra Angelico )

Μή μου ἅπτου.: Mē mou haptou.; "Do not touch me!"

The phrase noli me tangere is the saying of Jesus, translated into Latin, about the seeking Mary Magdalene after his resurrection on Easter morning in the Gospel according to John (20:17):

“ ¹⁵ Jesus said to her, Woman, why are you crying? Who are you looking for? She, thinking it was the gardener, said to him, Lord, if you carried him away, tell me where you put him and I will take him away. ¹⁶ Jesus said to her, Mary! She turns around and says to him in Hebrew: Rabbuni! that is, teacher. ¹⁷ Jesus said to her, Do not touch me, for I have not yet ascended to [my] father. But go to my brothers and say to them: I rise to my father and your father, and to my God and your God. "

Jesus only says the name, in the Aramaic form "Mariám". When she now recognizes him, she replies with the Aramaic address "Rabbuní", and the Evangelist John translates this into Greek: ῥαββουνί, ὃ λέγεται, διδάσκαλε - "Rabbuní, that means master".

In the Neue Zürcher Zeitung , Hans-Martin Gauger writes :

«After that there was probably a movement of Magdalena rushing towards Jesus. Because now comes the strange ‹Don't touch me!›. Or, this is how it can be translated (and this is how the 'uniform translation' cited here translates it): 'Don't hold on to me!' The reason given by Jesus is puzzling: 'Because I have not yet gone up to the Father.' »

The popular name "Touch-me-not-an" is derived from this Bible passage for the great balsam , whose striking feature is that the fruit capsules are under so much pressure that they burst open when touched and the seeds they contain are thrown out.

Μή μου παρέλθῃς τοῦπίγραμμ ', ὁδοιπόρε.

Gustave Doré : Charon

Μή μου παρέλθῃς τοῦπίγραμμ ', ὁδοιπόρε.: Mē mou parelthēs toupigramm ', hodoipore.; "Don't go past my epitaph, hiker!"

Epitaph of an unbelieving Epicurean whose tombstone further reads:

Don't walk past my epitaph, hiker,
but stop and listen, and you will go away instructed.
There is no ship in Hades, no Charon ferryman.
No Aiakos key holder, no Kerberos.
We are all the dead below,
we are bones and ashes, nothing else.
I have spoken. Now lift you straight away, wanderer,
So that I don't appear dead as a babbler to you.

According to Greek mythology, the ferryman Charon takes the souls of the dead across the Acheron River to Hades . Aiakos , the son of Zeus , was appointed one of the judges in the underworld because of his justice after death, while the hellhound Kerberos guarded the entrance to the underworld.

Μή μου τοὺς κύκλους τάραττε.

Archimedes drawing circles in the sand

Μή μου τοὺς κύκλους τάραττε.: Mē mou tous kyklous taratte.; "Do not disturb my circles!"

According to Roman tradition, Archimedes' last words to a Roman soldier who, during the conquest of Syracuse during the Second Punic War, trampled in the garden over his geometric figures that he had drawn in the sand. The Romans had the order from their general Marcellus to arrest Archimedes, but not to harm him. Archimedes, however, was so absorbed in his task that he reacted harshly with this sentence. This reportedly made one of the soldiers so angry that he slew the old man.

Even today, this saying is still occasionally quoted when someone wants to say that he does not want to be disturbed.

According to Valerius Maximus , Memorable Deeds and Words , Archimedes' last word to the Roman legionnaire is said to have been:

" ... protecto manibus pulvere: Noli, inquit, obsecro, istum disturbare "

"... while he held his hands protectively over the sand, he shouted: I swear to you: don't smear the (sand) there!"

These last words of Archimedes are mostly quoted in the Latin form “ Noli turbare circulos meos. " . They portray Archimedes as an unworldly scholar, who even the noise of war could not distract from his geometrical problem, which, however, is probably not true, because Archimedes also constructed machines of war. These last words are probably made up, because Plutarch does not quote this exclamation in his biography of Marcellus.

Μηδὲ δίκην δικάσῃς, πρὶν ἄμφω μῦθον ἀκούσῃς.

Μηδὲ δίκην δικάσῃς, πρὶν ἄμφω μῦθον ἀκούσῃς.: Mēde dikēn dikasēs, prin ampho mython akousēs.; "Do not judge before you have heard talk from both parties!"

The current Latin version of this legal formula “ Audiatur et altera pars ” does not seem to be of ancient origin. The closest you come to Seneca the Elder :

" Qui statuit aliquid parte inaudita altera, haud aequus fuit. "

"Anyone who made a decision without hearing the other party ... was not fair."

The legal principle derived from this stands for the right to be heard, which is a central procedural right in all modern legal systems. It means that the judge has to hear everyone involved in the process before giving his judgment.

Μηδὲν ἄγαν.

Μηδὲν ἄγαν.: Mēden agān.; "Nothing in excess!"

This is one of the three Apollonian wisdoms from Delphi , next to Εἶ. ( “You are” ) and Γνῶθι σεαυτόν ( “know yourself!” ). It is attributed by some historians to the Athenian statesman Solon , by others to the constitutional reformer Chilon of Sparta . Both are included in the Seven Wise Men .

The Latin version " Ne quid nimis " comes from the Roman comedy poet Publius Terentius Afer :

Gaudebam. [Sosia Libertus] Non iniuria; nam id arbitror
adprime in vita esse utile, ut nequid nimis.

I was pleased. [Sosia Libertus] And it seems to me rightly: because in life, it
seems to me, nothing is more useful than: never a little too much!

μῆλον τῆς Ἔριδος

Jean Regnault: The Judgment of Paris

μῆλον τῆς Ἔριδος: mēlon tēs Eridos; "Apple of the Eris" - apple of contention

According to legend, the apple of contention is the golden apple of discord . At the wedding of Peleus and Thetis (the later parents of Achilles ), the goddess Eris is said to have thrown a golden apple with the inscription "For the most beautiful" ( καλλίστῃ , kallistē ) between the goddesses, out of anger that she did not was invited. Zeus refused to settle the quarrel that had immediately arisen between Hera , Pallas Athene and Aphrodite, to whom the apple was due. On his instructions, Paris had to decide this. The judgment of Paris in turn sparked the Trojan War .

The term can first be proven in the late antique writer Junianus Justinus , who speaks of a malum Discordiae , the apple of discord; Discordia is the Latin equivalent of Eris .

Μῆνιν ἄειδε θεὰ Πηληιάδεω Ἀχιλῆος

Giovanni Battista Tiepolo : “ The Wrath of Achilles ”

Μῆνιν ἄειδε θεὰ Πηληιάδεω Ἀχιλῆος: Mẹ̄nin aeịde, theạ, Pēlẹ̄iadeọ̄ Achilẹ̄os; "Sing the wrath, oh goddess, Achilles of Peleiad"

Beginning of the Iliad , which speaks of the wrath of Achilles , the strongest hero of the Greeks before Troy , who gets into an argument with Agamemnon over the slave Briseis and no longer takes part in the fight because of anger. The Trojans under their pioneer Hector seize this opportunity and press the Greeks hard. The death of Hector seals the fate of Troy; But the epic ends thematically with the end of Grimms and the beginning pity of Achilles, who gives Hector's father Priam back the body of his son for burial.

Original Greek text:

Μῆνιν ἄειδε θεὰ Πηληιάδεω Ἀχιλῆος
οὐλομένην, ἥ μυρί 'Ἀχαιοῖς ἄλγε' ἔθηκεν,

Translation according to Johann Heinrich Voß :

Sing the wrath, O goddess, of the Peleiad Achilles,
Him, who inflamed the Achaeans aroused ineffable misery,

Achilles is a son of Peleus (hence the nickname Peleiade). The Achaians were a Greek tribe in the Achaia region in the northwest of the Peloponnese . In Homer's epics the name stands for the Greeks as a whole, alongside Danaer and Argeier .

Achilles performed numerous heroic deeds before Troy , but withdrew from the fight after a dispute over the beautiful slave Briseis . This was the "wrath of Achilles" . The general Agamemnon took the Briseis away from Achilles when he had to return his own slave, Chryseis , to her father because of an oracle and to avert further arrows of Apollo .

Achilles intervened again to avenge his cousin Patroclus ; in the process he killed his conqueror, Prince Hector, and was only persuaded by a visit from his father Priam to pity to return the body for an honorable burial.

Μία χελιδὼν ἔαρ οὐ ποιεῖ.

single swallow

Woodcut from Samuel Croxall's The Fables of Aesop , 1814

Μία χελιδὼν ἔαρ οὐ ποιεῖ.: Mia chelidōn ear ou poiei.; "A swallow doesn't make spring."

This phrase comes from Aesop's fable The Prodigal Youth and the Swallow ( Νέος ἄσωτος καὶ χελιδών ). A lavish young man there even sells his coat when he saw the first swallow return home in spring. But when it got so cold again that the swallow froze to death and he soon threatened to freeze to death, he scolded the swallow:

" Ὦ αὕτη, σὺ κἀμὲ καὶ σὲ ἀπώλεσας. "

O hautē, sy kāme kai se apōlesas.

“Oh you there! You killed us both! "

This sentence is also quoted by Aristotle in his Nicomachean Ethics :

" Μία γὰρ χελιδὼν ἔαρ οὐ ποιεῖ, οὐδὲ μία ἡμέρα · οὕτω δὲ οὐδὲ μακάριον καὶ εὐδαίμονα μία ἡμέρα οὐδ ὀλίγος χρόνος · "

“Because a swallow doesn't make spring and not even a single day; likewise, even a single day or a short time makes no one blessed or happy. "

In German, this became the phrase "A swallow doesn't make a summer" , which has also entered the language of other European peoples:

Latin: " Una hirundo non facit ver. " ( Ver : "Spring")
English: " swallow does not make a summer. "
French: “ Une hirondelle ne fait pas le printemps. " ( Printemps .: " Spring ")
Modern Greek: " Ένας κούκος δε φέρνει την Άνοιξη. "( " A cuckoo doesn't bring spring yet. " )

μίαν, ἁγίαν, καθολικὴν καὶ ἀποστολικὴν Ἐκκλησίαν

First Council of Nicaea (325): Emperor Constantine unrolls the text of the Nicano-Constantinople , as it was reformulated at the First Council of Constantinople (381), with the exception of the first word: change from πιστεύομεν to πιστεύω , as in the liturgy.

μίαν, ἁγίαν, καθολικὴν καὶ ἀποστολικὴν Ἐκκλησίαν: mian, hagian, katholicēn kai apostolikēn Ekklesian; "The one, holy, catholic and apostolic church"

The Creed of Nicaea and Constantinople names the four classical characteristics ( Notae ecclesiae ) of the Christian church:

“We believe in the Holy Spirit, who is Lord and gives life, who proceeds from the Father and the Son, who is adored and glorified with the Father and the Son, who spoke through the prophets and the one, holy, Catholic and apostolic church. "

Unity: The Roman Catholic Church, both of the Latin and the Eastern rites, claims for itself to be the one, holy, apostolic and Catholic Church. The 16 autocephalous Orthodox churches claim the same.
Holiness: It says that the church is God's sign in the world. What all denominations have in common is the problem of how the shortcomings and shortcomings of Christians can be reconciled with believed holiness.
Universality: Etymologically, the word catholic is derived from the adjective καθολικός. The best description is therefore wholeness. The Protestant churches and free churches understand Catholic in the sense of a universal church.
Apostolicity: The Roman Catholic Church and the Orthodox Churches as well as some Anglican churches focus on ecclesiastical tradition based on apostolic succession, which the Church only allows in the full sense where there is uninterrupted continuity through episcopal consecration.

Μίδας ὄνου ὦτα.

Melchior Meier : Apollon, Marsias, Midas and Pan

Μίδας ὄνου ὦτα.: Midas onou ota.; "Midas (has) dog ears."

In a contest between the ugly Pan and the well-formed Apollon , the representatives of the Syrinx and the Kithara , King Midas awarded the Pan the prize, for which Apollo pulled his ears to two donkey ears . Midas hid this disgrace under a Phrygian cap . Only his barber saw them. Although he did not dare to reveal the secret to anyone, he could not resist the urge to tell others, dug a hole on the river bank and called into it three times:

"King Midas has donkey ears!"

Then he tossed it again. But the reeds had overheard and whispered it on to other rushes when the wind rustled, so that in the end everyone knew.

Johann Sebastian Bach composed his cantata Geschwinde, you swirling winds , based on this motif . In the autograph it is entitled The Dispute Between Phoebus and Pan . For the rehearsal aria of Phoebus, Bach offers all of his artistry to your tender cheeks with desire and proves that a perfect contrapuntal network (soloist, strings, flute, oboe, basso continuo - no “lyre”) can express the deepest feeling. But also to the "popular" tone of Pan ( to dance, to jump, the heart shakes - with strings, without flute!) He applies the greatest skill and care besides humor - and when Midas gives his judgment: Pan is master , to vote the violins gave off an unmistakable donkey scream. In the Tadelarie des Mercurius ( inflated heat ) the bell cap is depicted vocal and instrumental. And before the rousing final hymn of the choir on (true) music is the harmonious turn of the recitative to Bach's self-encouragement ( Seize, Phoebus, now the lyre again ... ).

Μικρασιατική καταστροφή

Turks and Greeks in dispute

Μικρασιατική καταστροφή: Mikrasiatiki katastrophi; "Asia Minor Catastrophe"

Greek name for the population exchange between Greece and Turkey in 1923.

According to the Treaty of Lausanne , the Turkish citizens of the Greek Orthodox faith residing in Asia Minor (around 1.25 million) were expelled to Greece, while the Greek citizens of the Muslim faith (around 0.5 million) living in the Greek part of Macedonia had to emigrate to Turkey . The aim of the population exchange measure was to reduce the tensions caused by national minorities.

Werner van Gent and Paul L. Walser write in their Greek book Cinnamon in the Soup :

“Around one and a half million Greeks had to leave Asia Minor, which had been a settlement and cultural area of the Hellenes since early antiquity, and seek refuge in a poor little country called Elláda, which most of them were unknown and, above all, completely unfamiliar. In return, around 400,000 Turks had to emigrate from Greece to the new Turkey. Greece, which had around five million inhabitants before the refugee avalanche, was barely able to integrate the new inhabitants. The new Greeks from the old countries did not feel at home for a long time. What experts in international law called the first peaceful people's exchange was in reality brutal ethnic cleansing. "

British Foreign Secretary George Curzon described this treaty as a thoroughly bad and evil solution "for which the world will have to pay a heavy fine over the next hundred years."

The so-called Asia Minor Catastrophe is an unresolved trauma in recent Greek history. Ekkehard Kraft describes the absurd forms this agreement takes in the Neue Zürcher Zeitung of October 6, 2001:

«Several years ago the writer made two similar observations on two trips. In the village of Krinides near ancient Philippi in northern Greece, he had been invited to coffee by a peasant family; the grandfather, his grandchild on his lap, spoke to him in Turkish. A few years later, while changing money at a bank in Ayvalik on the west coast of Turkey, a young bank clerk could be heard talking to a girl in Greek. In both cases it was a question of people who had been expelled from their original homeland or their descendants. The older man in Krinides was born in the middle of Anatolia at the beginning of the century, his mother tongue was Turkish, but as an Orthodox Christian he was considered Greek and as such had to leave his homeland after 1922. The Greek-speaking family of the bank employees in Ayvalik came from Crete; as Muslims they also had to leave their homeland. In their new home they continue to speak the language of those in whose place they were settled. "

Μικρὸν ἀπὸ τοῦ ἡλίου μετάστηθι.

Diogenes and Alexander ; Μικρὸν ἀπὸ τοῦ ἡλίου μετάστηθι. : " Ἀποσκότησον μου "

Mikron apo tou hēliou metastēthi.

"Get out of the sun a bit."

Alleged saying of Diogenes to Alexander the Great , who had just been elected supreme general of the Greeks and who received congratulations from all sides. Actually he had expected Diogenes too. But when he did not appear, Alexander looked for him, accompanied by some officers.

According to other sources he said: Ἀποσκότησον μου - "Take your shadow from me!"

The historian Plutarch relates that Diogenes was lying in the sun when Alexander appeared and asked if he had a request for him. Then Diogenes spoke the above words. Alexander is said to have been so impressed by it that he said:

Εἰ μὴ Ἀλέξανδρος ἤμην, Διογένης ἂν ἤμην.

"If I were not Alexander, then I would like to be Diogenes ."

(It is said, by the way, that Alexander and Diogenes died on the same day, June 10 or 11, 323 BC.)

Μολὼν λαβέ

Μολὼν λαβέ: Molon labé; "Come and take!"

Answer of King Leonidas I of Sparta to the offer of the Persian King Xerxes I , who appeared with 800,000 men in front of Thermopylae , to spare him and his few men if they lay down their arms. Leonidas replied laconically : “ Molon labe! ", Which means something like:" Come and get them! "Then his soldiers fought to the last man.

Only the betrayal by a certain Ἐφιάλτης Ephialtēs ("nightmare") allowed the Persians to defeat the Greek troops. A total of about 1,000 Greeks remained to cover the retreat, all of whom died, but not without inflicting heavy losses on the Persians. This defeat, which was not decisive for the war, established Sparta's later glory .

"Molon labe" is the motto of the First Greek Army Corps and the United States Special Operations Command Central Command (SOCCENT) today .

“Molon labe” is also the motto of American groups defending the right to own guns, and it has appeared on gun activist websites since the late 1990s and early 2000s.

See also: Ὑπὸ σκιῇ. ( "Then we'll fight in the shadows." )

Μουσάων Ἑλικωνιάδων ἀρχώμεθ 'ἀείδειν

Helikon Mountains

Μουσάων Ἑλικωνιάδων ἀρχώμεθ 'ἀείδειν: Mousaōn Helikōniadōn archōmeth 'aeidein; "Consecrated to the Heliconical Muses, raise our singing"

Opening words of the theogony of the poet Hesiod , which deals with the origin of the gods:

Μουσάων Ἑλικωνιάδων ἀρχώμεθ ἀείδειν,
αἵ .theta Ἑλικῶνος ἔχουσιν ὄρος μέγα τε ζάθεόν τε
καί τε περὶ κρήνην ἰοειδέα πόσσ ἁπαλοῖσιν
ὀρχεῦνται καὶ βωμὸν ἐρισθενέος Κρονίωνος ·

In the German translation by Johann Heinrich Voss it sounds like this:

Consecrated to the Heliconic muses, begin our singing,
who rule on the Heliconberg, the great and holy one:
where they dance in a row
around the dark spring with supple feet and hover around the altar of the almighty Kronion.

The Helikon is a mountain range in the Boeotia region , which was considered the seat of the Muses until they were brought to Delphi by Apollo . Kronion is another name for Zeus , son of the titan Kronos .

μουσικὴ τέχνη

μουσικὴ τέχνη: musikē technē; "Artistic occupation"

That means dealing with an area for which one of the nine muses was responsible. Only later did the term narrow down from the Latin ars musica to "Tonkunst" .

In his theogony, the poet Hesiod sets the number of muses at nine, and the names he mentions also become canonical and can be easily remembered using the following auxiliary verse: "KlioMeTerThal EuEr UrPoKal".

The nine muses
image	Surname	Remarks
	Klio Κλειώ ( the boasting )	Muse of historiography. She brought the Phoenician alphabet to Greece. ( Attributes: scroll and write pipe or spring , cornettoartiges instrument , Lorbeerkranz )
	Melpomene Μελπομένη ( the singing one )	Muse of tragic poetry and funeral song. She is in charge of the tragedy. ( Attributes: tragic mask and club, as well as a wreath with vine leaves, Kothurne ; sometimes knife or similar in one hand and mask in the other)
	Terpsichore Τερψιχόρα ( the dancefreak )	Muse of choral poetry and dance. Together with the river god Achelos, she is the ancestor of the Sirens. ( Attributes: lyre and plectrum )
	Thalia Θάλια ( the blooming one )	Muse of comic poetry and entertainment. Thalia is also one of the three graces . ( Attributes: funny mask, ivy wreath and crook of the shepherd)
	Euterpe Εὐτέρπη ( the rejoicing )	Muse of music and lyric poetry. She is considered the inventor of the flute . ( Attributes: flute or aulos , laurel wreath)
	Erato Έρατώ ( the loving one )	Muse of poetry (especially love and erotic poetry), song, dance and imitation. ( Attribute: Kithara )
	Urania Οὐρανία ( the heavenly )	Muse of astronomy. She dressed in a cloak embroidered with stars and mostly looked up at the sky. ( Attributes: celestial globe and pointer)
	Polyhymnia Πολυμνία ( the kingdom of hymns )	Muse of hymn poetry, dance, pantomime, and geometry. She is often propped up with her elbow on a pillar and a finger is shown against her mouth. (no specific attribute, sometimes the lyre; often depicted with a puffy cloak, shawl or veil)
	Kalliope Καλλιόπη ( the beautiful voice )	Muse of epic poetry, science, philosophy and string playing as well as the epic and elegy. Mother of the singer Orpheus. Mediated a dispute between Persephone and Aphrodite. ( Attributes: writing board and stylus or scroll and pen, lyre)

Μυκονίων δίκην

Μυκονίων δίκην: Mykoniōn dikēn; "Like the Mykonians"; Latin " Myconiorum more "

The humanist Erasmus von Rotterdam writes in his collection of proverbs Adagia :

“Like the Mykonians, they yell for a feast: that's what they said of those who came uninvited, of their own free will. Mykonos is a Cycladic island; the people there were so poor that hardship forced them to parasitize on societies; hence the joking phrase. "

The German equivalent for this idiom is Nassauer or nassauer . Since the Duchy of Nassau did not have its own university, Duke Wilhelm von Nassau-Weilburg concluded a state treaty with the Kingdom of Hanover in 1817 . The Royal Hannoversche Georg-August-Universität zu Göttingen thus became the Nassau State University. In order to offer the students an incentive to start studying in Göttingen, which is more than 300 kilometers away, the Duke granted grants in the form of free meals. The scholarship holders could therefore eat for free at a Göttingen contract economist. If a Nassau student did not take advantage of this offer, a stranger, unauthorized person, who posed as Nassauer, often took his seat and the free meal. This is said to have resulted in the student expressions "nassauer" and "Nassauer".

μυστήριον τῆς πίστεως

μυστήριον τῆς πίστεως: mystērion tēs písteōs; "Secret of Faith"

The secret of faith (Latin: mysterium fidei ) is the priest's exclamation during the Catholic Mass immediately after the words of change . The assembled congregation responds with the acclamation:

"We proclaim your death, O Lord, and we praise your resurrection until you come in glory."

Individual evidence

↑ Gospel according to John , 20: 24-29 EU

^ Gospel according to Matthew , 5.3–11 EU

↑ http://www.bibel-online.net/buch/40.matthaeus/5.html#5,3

^ Gospel of Luke , 6.20 EU

↑ ^a ^b Dieter Landersheim: Comments on the report of Matthew ( Memento of October 14, 2007 in the Internet Archive )

↑ Psalm 37 : 9, 11

^ Gospel of Luke , 6.21 EU

↑ Revelation of John , 7.16 EU

↑ James Letter , Jak 2,13 EU

↑ Psalm 51:12

↑ ^a ^b Letter to the Hebrews , 12.14 EU

^ Gospel of Luke , 6.22 EU

↑ Elysĭum . In: Meyers Großes Konversations-Lexikon . 6th edition. Volume 5, Bibliographisches Institut, Leipzig / Vienna 1906, p. 741 .

^ Greek mythology . In: Heinrich August Pierer , Julius Löbe (Hrsg.): Universal Lexicon of the Present and the Past . 4th edition. tape 7 . Altenburg 1859, p. 638–643 ( zeno.org - see Section IV, State after Death ).