Rhine Prussia mine

Rhine Prussia mine
	General information about the mine
	; Headframe of the former Rheinpreußen IV mine in Moers
Funding / year	Max. 4,736,519 t
	Information about the mining company
Employees	up to 11,051
Start of operation	1876
End of operation	1971
Successor use	Rhineland composite mine
	Funded raw materials
Degradation of	Hard coal
	Geographical location
Coordinates	51 ° 26 '50.7 " N , 6 ° 42' 13.6" E Coordinates: 51 ° 26 '50.7 " N , 6 ° 42' 13.6" E
	Location Rheinpreußen colliery
Location	Homberg
local community	Duisburg
Independent city ( NUTS3 )	Duisburg
country	State of North Rhine-Westphalia
Country	Germany
District	Ruhr area

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The Rheinpreußen colliery is a former hard coal mine in Duisburg-Homberg and Moers-Rheinkamp . The bill Rhine Prussia was the first mine, whose shafts on the left side of the Rhine sunk were. The mine was one of the large collieries in the Ruhr area . The mine was founded by the industrial entrepreneur Kommerzienrat Franz Haniel.

history

The beginnings

In 1851, the entrepreneur Franz Haniel applied for a concession to dig for coal in a field . In 1851 he made several Mutungsbohrungen on the site at Homberg and put in the same year the presumption one. The first wells were initially unsuccessful. On May 17 of that year, the sixth borehole was drilled into a coal seam at a depth of 175 meters . Shortly thereafter, Haniel applied to the Düren Mining Authority for a mine field with a size of 167.5 km². The mine field was thus many times larger than the mine field of the other mines on the right bank of the Rhine. Haniel justified the size with the difficulties he expected with the sinking work and with the lower expected deposits on the left bank of the Rhine. However, the mining authority only approved a significantly smaller mine field than requested. The field approved by the mining authority had a size of 93.5 km². According to Prussian mining law, a field of this enormous size could not have been awarded . The Mining Authority based its justification on the Code Napoléon when awarding the very large mining area . In 1857 the Rheinpreussen field was awarded to Franz Haniel. This laid the foundation for mining on the left bank of the Rhine. Immediately after the award, Franz Haniel commissioned his eldest son Hugo Haniel to plan and carry out the work. Even in 1857 that began Abteufarbeiten for shaft 1. The shaft was, on an estate that belonged to the family Haniel owned by the family near the Rhine stated . The devil's framework was made of wood. The shaft received a twin steam winder that had a bobbin as a cable carrier . The local mountain conditions with top layers of floating sand and alternating layers of sand, gravel and clay with large water inflows created considerable difficulties for the sinking work.

The sinking work was started using the sump method . Hugo Haniel applied for the construction of the daytime facilities in November of the same year. The first daytime systems were built in 1858. So initially a workshop wing with a foundry and a boiler house for eight boilers were created . The chimney for the boiler house was built the following year and replaced the makeshift chimney made of sheet steel. After just four years, in 1861, at a depth of 94 meters, floating sand collapsed on the bottom of the shaft, crushing the tubbing column. The floating sand rose over 17 meters in the shaft. In order to be able to cope better with the difficulties involved in the sinking work, the head climber Heinrich Hochstrate was appointed technical director of the company in 1863 . In 1866, the sinking work for shaft 2 began. The shaft was placed next to shaft 1. The founder of the mine, Franz Haniel, died in 1868. After his death, the family's mining property was separated from the main business in Ruhrort. In the same year the Rhine Prussia union was founded. The union was exclusively owned by the Haniel family and consisted of a thousand kuxes . The trade union assembly elected Hugo Haniel as chairman of the first mining committee of the Rhine Prussia union. Hugo Haniel was supported on the board by his brothers Friedrich Wilhelm and Julius. In 1870 there was a break in shaft 1 . In 1871, shaft 1 was in the water, in shaft 2 there were problems with floating sand. The following year, the shaft 2 reached at a depth of 128 meters carbon . In 1875, the first level was set in shaft 2 at a depth of 246 meters and the second level at a depth of 310 meters. In 1876 a forge was built. In December of the same year, a Malakow tower was built over shaft 2 and the associated machine houses were completed. The first dewatering machine was then put into operation. In the same month, mining began in shaft 2.

The first years of operation

In 1877, shaft 1 reached the Carboniferous at a depth of 132 meters. Due to the difficulties involved in the sinking work, a total of seven nested tubbing sump shafts had become necessary up to this point. Even on days the expansion of other ground facilities went forward. In 1878 the construction of the coal washing plant and the coking plant began. The coking plant was initially built without ancillary extraction systems. In the same year, construction of the shaft tower in the form of a Malakow tower for shaft 1 and the associated machine houses began. In addition, the assembly of the second drainage machine began. This second machine was a rod dewatering machine | Woolf'sche dewatering machine, it had an output of 1000 HP . The following year the coking plant was put into operation. In the same year the construction of a brick viaduct up to the Rhine with the Rhine port began. In addition, the coal washing plant was completed and put into operation in the same year. In 1880 the machine tower and the machine houses were completed. The commissioning of the second dewatering machine also could now dewatering of the mine take their proper functioning. The surface loading and transport bridge was also completed in the same year. In addition, in the same year, a partial level was set in shaft 1 at a depth of 380 meters and the third level at a depth of 450 meters. In 1881 the viaduct to the Rhine was completed. In 1883, the fourth level was set in shaft 1 at a depth of 485 meters. In 1884, mining began in shaft 1. Four-level hoisting cages were used in the shaft . There was space for a trolley on each floor . The orientation of the fourth slab was made in 1886. In the same year Schacht received 1 a new carrier . The machine was a steam-powered twin winder, it had an output of 400 hp. The machine had a spiral drum with a diameter of six to eight meters as a cable carrier .

The mining of the Rheinpreußen colliery was quite good after the opening of shaft 1. In the years that followed, the effectiveness of a good single-shaft system was quickly achieved, but the mine was a double- shaft system . In 1889, the sinking work on shaft 2 was resumed and the shaft was sunk deeper. On September 26th there was a firedamp explosion at the mine , killing five miners . In terms of funding, too, it didn't go as expected. The mine could not come close to the conveying capacity of comparable shaft systems such as the Zeche Zollverein . A further expansion of the shaft system was urgently required. In order to be able to develop the large mine field better, it was necessary to sink further shafts. In 1891 the sinking work for shaft 3 began. The shaft was set up 1100 meters west of operating part 1/2 in the Homberg-Heide. The shaft was also planned to support the dewatering for construction site 1/2. In the following year, shaft 2 was penetrated with the third level . On December 15, 1893, the chairman of the mining board, Hugo Haniel, died. His son Franz Haniel the Younger was chosen to succeed him. In 1894, shaft 3 reached the Carboniferous at a depth of 103 meters. In 1897, the weather bed was set in shaft 3 at a depth of 220 meters (−186 m above sea level ) . In the same year, the first level was set at a depth of 300 meters (−266 m above sea level) and later a partial level was added at a depth of 375 meters (−341 m above sea level). In addition, a breakthrough was made with the 2nd level excavated from construction site 1/2 . In 1898, mining began in shaft 3. The coals conveyed in shaft 3 were transported over days over a transport bridge to the laundry of operating part 1/2 and processed there. In 1899, a partial bottom was set on the operating part 1/2 at a depth of 300 meters.

The further expansion of the shaft system

In 1900 the sinking work for shaft 4 began. The shaft was set up in Moers-Hochstrasse. In the same year, the sinking work for shaft 5 began. This shaft was set up in Moers-Utfort . The impact drill was used for the first time when sinking the shafts. The two shafts 4 and 5 were built as separate shaft systems. In 1902, the 525 meter bottom was set on the operating section of shaft 3 via a blind shaft at a depth of (−491 m above sea level). In the same year, shaft 4 reached the Carboniferous at a depth of 93 meters. In 1903 the mine field was divided. The separated field Rhineland had an area of 51.4 km². The remaining rights now covered an area of 42.4 km². The Rhineland union was founded in the same year. The Kuxe of this newly founded union remained in the possession of Rhine Prussia. In 1904, shaft 5 reached the Carboniferous at a depth of 155 meters. In the same year, the first level was set at a depth of 201 meters and a midsole at a depth of 235 meters. In addition, the 300 meter bottom was set in shaft 4 and mining began. The shaft had a production capacity of 2000 tons per day. In 1904 the Rhine Prussia union joined the Rheinisch-Westphalian coal syndicate . In 1905, shaft 2 was driven under with the 525 meter bottom (mS) and shaft 4 on the 450 meter bottom. In shaft 5, the 230 meter level and the 285 meter level were set. A breakthrough was made between shafts 4 and 5 on the 220 meter floor. In the same year, the shaft 5 was taken into production. This shaft also had a production capacity of 2000 tons per day. The first vibrating slide was also used underground in 1905 for extraction . The construction of its own port facility began in Homberg above ground. A coking plant was put into operation on Shaft 4. In 1906, a breakthrough was created between construction fields 1/2 and 3 on the 525 meter floor. On January 28, 1907, seven miners were killed in a mine accident at the mine . In the same year, the sinking work on shaft 3 was resumed and the shaft was sunk to a depth of 525 meters. In addition, shafts 3 and 4 were converted into weather shafts. A coking plant was put into operation on the operating part of shaft 5. In 1910, the Rhine Prussia trade union took part in the Rheinisch-Westfälische Elektrizitätswerk AG. In the same year, the rights covered an area of 42 km².

In 1911, the bucket at shaft 2 was expanded. In the same year, work began on expanding the workshop and converting the coking plant. The sinking work was resumed in shaft 2 and the shaft was sunk deeper from the 3rd level. In the years 1911–1912, a strut frame was drawn into the Malakow tower of the Rheinpreußen 2 colliery . In 1912, shaft 2 was sunk to a depth of 525 meters. In the same year, the production in shaft 1 was stopped. In 1913, the production in shaft 3 was severely restricted; initially only lean coal was produced in this shaft. In the following year, shaft 3 was closed. The construction field of shaft 3 was added to construction field 1/2. The shaft was used as a weather shaft by the Rheinpreußen 4 operating division. In 1919, preparatory work for shafts 6 and 7 began in the Rhineland field. In the same year, shaft 2 was penetrated with the fourth level. The Rheinpreußen colliery was the largest colliery in the Ruhr area at that time. In 1920, a midsole was placed in shaft 4 at a depth of 220 meters and a depth of 285 meters. In the same year, a midsole was added in shaft 5 at a depth of 360 meters. In the following year, the sinking work was resumed in shaft 4 and the shaft was sunk deeper from the 300 meter bottom. In 1922, the Rhine Prussia trade union began sinking shaft 6 in the northern Rhineland fields. The shaft was set up in Moers-Repelen . In 1923, a midsole was added in the construction site of shaft 4 via a blind shaft at a depth of 360 meters, at a depth of 400 meters and at a depth of 450 meters. In the same year, the sinking work on shaft 6 was temporarily stopped. In 1924, the 450 meter level in the construction site of shaft 5 became the main extraction level. In 1925, funding was stopped on Rhine Prussia 1/2 for reasons of rationality. The shafts were left open and were used as grounds for the ventilation of Rheinpreußen 4 continue to operate. The sinking work on shaft 6 was resumed in the same year. In addition, this year the rights of ownership were divided and the fields Rhineland, Rhineland I and Rhineland II were formed. On July 1, 1926, the fields Rhineland, Rhineland I and Rhineland II were separated with shaft 6. A thousand-part union was founded for each of the fields, the kuxe of which remained in the possession of the Haniel family. The separated fields became the Zeche Rheinland with further authorized persons. In the same year, the Rhine Prussia trade union took part in Ruhrgas AG.

The other years

Shaft 8 shaft tower (“Gerdt”) in Duisburg-Homberg

In 1927 a breakthrough was made between shaft 5 and Rhineland I. The two shafts 6 and 7 were called Pattberg shafts from this year on. From the same year, the Rheinpreußen union took part in Ruhrchemie AG. On November 1, 1928, the coking plant on Rhine Prussia 1/2 was shut down. Between 1930 and 1935, an average of 50 party shifts were carried out each year . In 1931, belt straps were used for the promotion in the struts . These were also combined with shaking slides. This year, the alignment of the eastern field began over the 450 meter level of shaft 4 . On October 15 of the same year, the coking plant at shaft 4 was shut down. In 1933 the board of the Rhine Prussia union also took over management of the Neumühl union . In the same year, the first blower was put into operation in the Ruhr area on Rhine Prussia . In the summer of 1935, the Rhine Prussia union decided to use the Fischer Tropsch process to produce fuel from coal . The site at the Pattberg shafts was initially planned as the location for the system. This plan was not carried out and instead the system was built on the site of shaft 5. In the following year, fuel production using the Fischer Tropsch process began. The plant not only produced fuel, but also intermediate products which, combined with the by-products of the coking plant, were used to produce lubricating oil. In 1937, mining began in the eastern field. In the following year, the alignment of the 550 meter bottom was started at shaft 5 via a blind shaft. In 1939, one was on the bill Rheinpreußen first drum shearing machine for coal mining used. The machine was a joint development between the mine and the Eickhoff company . From this prototype, the so-called iron miner was developed and later used. In 1943 the sinking work for shaft 8 ("Gerdt") began. The shaft was set up directly next to the Haus-Knipp railway bridge . The shaft was planned as a weather shaft for the mine. In 1944, a tank conveyor was used for the first time at the mine .

Rhine Prussia IV colliery (1959)

In 1945 the coking plant at shaft 5 was badly damaged by the effects of the war. At shaft 4, the coking plant was shut down until the end of the Second World War. At the end of the same year, the excavation work on shaft 8 was finished. Shaft 8 was put into operation in the same year. After the end of the Second World War, the coking plant at the Pattberg shafts was expanded. At the end of 1946, the coking plant at shaft 4 was put back into operation. In 1951, the Rheinpreußen union was transformed into the Rheinpreußen AG for mining and chemistry. In 1952, shaft 4 was sunk to a depth of 600 meters. The 600 meter bottom was aligned with shaft 5. Construction of a high-pressure power plant began at shaft 5. In December of the same year, the miners threatened their union leadership with a strike. The background to this was the reduction in daily and weekly working hours with full wages. This unrest in the mines preoccupied the leading politicians in the Adenauer government. After the Federal Minister of Labor, Anton Storch, arrived at the Rheinpreußen colliery, the industrial action was initially suspended until Christmas. In the following year, shaft 2 was abandoned and the coking plant at shaft 5 was shut down. Part of the field was leased to the Diergardt colliery. In the same year, the high-pressure power plant at shaft 5 was put into operation. A long-distance steam line was laid from shaft 5 to shaft 4. In 1955, the 650 meter bottom was set in shaft 5. In the same year, the first fully automatic hoisting machine was installed on the Pattberg shafts . Shaft 8 was expanded into a cable car shaft. In 1956, shaft 8 was connected to the 450 meter level and the 550 meter level. In the same year, the construction of another coal mine power plant began. The power plant was intended for an output of 100 megawatts . In addition, the Pattberg colliery was taken over this year and the Pattberg 2 weather shaft was sunk deeper. In addition, this year the company decided to sink a central shaft on the operating part of shaft 5. This central shaft should take over the entire conveyance from the fields of shafts 4 and 5. In addition, the Rhineland II field was to be developed via the central shaft. From 1957, shaft 8 was used for material transport and the cable car. In the same year, the third level was set in the Pattberg 2 shaft at a depth of 650 meters. In 1958 the sinking work for the central shaft 9 began. The shaft was placed next to shaft 5. At that time, the rights covered an area of 90 km². In 1959, shaft 9 was penetrated with the first level and a penetration with shaft 5 was created. In the same year the Haniel family sold their shares in Deutsche Erdöl-AG.

The last few years

In 1960, the 650 meter bottom was set in the central shaft. In the same year, shaft 1 was dropped and filled . The mine was taken over by Deutsche Erdöl AG this year. In the following year, the Pattberg 2 shaft was taken into production up to the 650 meter level. On January 1, 1962, the central shaft was started up from the 650 meter level. The shaft had a winding tower with a height of 82 meters. The hoisting machine was installed in the tower and had an output of 8.16 megawatts. When the central conveyor shaft went into operation, the production in shafts 4 and 6 was stopped. In the same year, the Binsheimer Feld was opened up via shaft 8 on the 450 meter level and the 650 meter level. In addition, a breakthrough was made between construction site 5/9 and construction site Pattberg on the 650 meter level. In 1963, shaft 4 was converted into a weather shaft. In the same year, the production at shaft 5 was stopped. In addition, the daytime facilities that were still in operation on the Rheinpreußen 1/2 and Rheinpreußen 3 operating parts were shut down. The Pattberg 1 shaft was sunk deeper. In 1964, shaft 3 was dropped and filled. Pattberg 1 shaft was put into operation up to the 650 meter level. In the same year, the construction fields of shaft 4 and shaft 5 were closed. The right now covered an area of 89.8 km². In the following year, a breakthrough was made on the 450 meter floor between the Rheinpreußen 5/9 construction site and the Pattberg construction site. The 650 meter bottom became the main lift bottom this year. In 1966, mining began on the Pattberg construction site from the 650 meter level. The mine was taken over by Texaco that year . In the following year, the rope journey in shaft 8 was stopped. The shaft was still used for material transport and the cable car. In 1968 Ruhrkohle AG was founded and the Rheinpreußen colliery was incorporated into the newly founded Ruhrkohle AG. The mine was affiliated to "Bergbau AG Niederrhein". In the same year, several blind shafts were sunk in construction site 5/9 from the 650 meter bottom. On January 1, 1970, the Pattberg construction site was separated to form the Pattberg / Rossenray mine with the Rhineland field, which had already been separated. What remained were the operating parts and plants 4, 8 and 5/9. In 1971 the Rheinpreußen colliery was merged into the Rhineland composite mine .

Promotion and workforce

Operating data examples
year	Funding in 1000 t	Workforce
1876	5	223
1880	135	735
1900	717	2,724
1910	2,450	9,067
1920	1.910	9,872
1930	2,437	7,803

The first workforce at the mine dates back to 1857, in that year 81 people were employed at the mine. The first production figures of the mine come from the year 1875, in that year 85 tons of hard coal were extracted with 183 employees . In 1880, 711 employees produced 135,685 tons of hard coal. In 1890 the production rose to around 300,000 tons of hard coal. In 1895 the workforce was 1545, the production amounted to 344,359 tons of hard coal. In 1900 the production rose to 717,117 tons of hard coal, the workforce was 2786 employees. In 1905, the production exceeded the one million tons mark for the first time. This year, 6370 employees produced 1,541,566 tons of hard coal. In 1910, production rose to around 2.5 million tons of hard coal, and the workforce was 9067. In 1915 the production sank to 1,855,000 tons of hard coal, the workforce amounted to 7079 employees. In 1920, 10,260 employees produced 1,910,466 tons of hard coal. In 1925, around two million tons of hard coal were extracted and the workforce was 5550.

In 1930 the production was 1,985,633 tons, the workforce was 6659 employees. In 1940 the production rose to around 2.45 million tons of hard coal, the workforce was 5550 employees. In 1945 the production sank to less than one million tons. This year, 530,108 tons of hard coal were extracted and the workforce was 4127. In 1950, around 1.97 million tons of hard coal were extracted and the workforce was 8,171. In 1955 the workforce was 7,207, the production amounted to 2,365,618 tons of hard coal. In 1960, production exceeded the three million tonnes mark for the first time. This year, with 11,051 employees, 3,746,684 tons of hard coal were extracted. In 1965, around 4.1 million tons of hard coal were extracted and the workforce was 9796. The maximum production of the mine was achieved in 1966. This year, 4,736,519 tons of hard coal were produced with 9363 employees. In 1970, 3,085 people were still employed at the mine; 1,526,923 tons of hard coal were extracted. These are the last known sponsorship and workforce figures.

Reuse and current condition

In 1990 the Binsheimer Feld with the weather shaft Rheinpreußen 8 ("Gerdt") was given to the Walsum mine , which used the shaft as an extending weather shaft and for energy and material supply. Above the shaft there is a winding tower made of steel frame construction based on a design by the architects Fritz Schupp and Martin Kremmer . After the final backfilling of shafts 1 and 2 in the 1950s and 1960s and the dismantling of a large part of the daytime facilities in 2006, the Malakow tower above shaft 1 has been preserved as an industrial monument . It has recently been restored.

literature

Wilhelm Cleff: Rheinpreussen mine. A German hard coal mine. Wider-Verlag, Berlin 1932.
Wilhelm Hermann, Gertrude Hermann: The old mines on the Ruhr. Past and future of a key technology. With a catalog of the "life stories" of 477 mines (series Die Blauen Bücher ). Verlag Langewiesche Nachhaben, Königstein im Taunus, 6th, expanded and updated edition. 2008, ISBN 978-3-7845-6994-9 , pp. 190–191.
Contemporary witness exchange Duisburg: Duisburg collieries in historical photographs . Sutton Verlag, Erfurt 2017, ISBN 978-3-95400-747-9 .

Web links

Commons : Zeche Rheinpreußen - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah ^ai ^aj ^ak ^al ^am ^an ^ao ^ap ^aq ^ar ^as ^at ^au ^av ^aw ^ax ^ay ^az ^ba ^bb ^bc ^bd ^be ^bf ^bg ^bh ^bi ^bj ^bk Joachim Huske : The coal ^mines in the Ruhr area. Data and facts from the beginning to 2005 (= publications from the German Mining Museum Bochum 144). 3rd revised and expanded edition. Self-published by the German Mining Museum, Bochum 2006, ISBN 3-937203-24-9 .
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z Wilhelm and Gertrude Hermann: The old collieries on the Ruhr . 6. Edition 2008, 5th edition, expanded to include a digression according to p. 216 and updated in energy policy parts. Langewiesche publishing house, Königstein im Taunus 2008, ISBN 978-3-7845-6994-9 , pp. 190–191.
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z Walter Buschmann : Collieries and coking plants in the Rhenish coal industry, Aachen district and the western Ruhr area. Gebr. Mann Verlag, Berlin 1998, ISBN 3-7861-1963-5 .
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af Gerhard Gebhardt: Ruhrbergbau. History, structure and interdependence of its societies and organizations. Verlag Glückauf GmbH, Essen 1957
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Manfred Rasch, Gerald D. Feldman (eds.): August Thyssen and Hugo Stinnes. An exchange of letters 1898-1922, Verlag CH Beck oHG, Munich 2003, ISBN 3-406-49637-7 .
^ FW Wedding: Services and costs of the mining operation in the Ruhr coal mining. In: Glückauf, Berg- und Hüttenmännische magazine. Association for Mining Interests in the Upper Mining District Dortmund (Ed.), No. 43, Volume 67, October 24, 1931, pp. 1322–1323
↑ Work less . In: Der Spiegel. Springer Verlag (Ed.), December 24, 1952, pp. 6-9
^ Joachim Huske: The coal mining in the Ruhr area from its beginnings to the year 2000. 2nd edition. Regio-Verlag Peter Voß, Werne 2001, ISBN 3-929158-12-4

[Quelle_1-1] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah ^ai ^aj ^ak ^al ^am ^an ^ao ^ap ^aq ^ar ^as ^at ^au ^av ^aw ^ax ^ay ^az ^ba ^bb ^bc ^bd ^be ^bf ^bg ^bh ^bi ^bj ^bk Joachim Huske : The coal ^mines in the Ruhr area. Data and facts from the beginning to 2005 (= publications from the German Mining Museum Bochum 144). 3rd revised and expanded edition. Self-published by the German Mining Museum, Bochum 2006, ISBN 3-937203-24-9 .

[Quelle_2-2] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z Wilhelm and Gertrude Hermann: The old collieries on the Ruhr . 6. Edition 2008, 5th edition, expanded to include a digression according to p. 216 and updated in energy policy parts. Langewiesche publishing house, Königstein im Taunus 2008, ISBN 978-3-7845-6994-9 , pp. 190–191.

[Quelle_4-3] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z Walter Buschmann : Collieries and coking plants in the Rhenish coal industry, Aachen district and the western Ruhr area. Gebr. Mann Verlag, Berlin 1998, ISBN 3-7861-1963-5 .

[Quelle_3-4] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af Gerhard Gebhardt: Ruhrbergbau. History, structure and interdependence of its societies and organizations. Verlag Glückauf GmbH, Essen 1957

[Quelle_5-5] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Manfred Rasch, Gerald D. Feldman (eds.): August Thyssen and Hugo Stinnes. An exchange of letters 1898-1922, Verlag CH Beck oHG, Munich 2003, ISBN 3-406-49637-7 .

[Quelle_7-6] FW Wedding: Services and costs of the mining operation in the Ruhr coal mining. In: Glückauf, Berg- und Hüttenmännische magazine. Association for Mining Interests in the Upper Mining District Dortmund (Ed.), No. 43, Volume 67, October 24, 1931, pp. 1322–1323

[Quelle_8-7] Work less . In: Der Spiegel. Springer Verlag (Ed.), December 24, 1952, pp. 6-9

[Quelle_6-8] Joachim Huske: The coal mining in the Ruhr area from its beginnings to the year 2000. 2nd edition. Regio-Verlag Peter Voß, Werne 2001, ISBN 3-929158-12-4