Klemm Kl 35: Difference between revisions
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{|{{Infobox Aircraft Begin |
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|name=Kl 35 |
|name=Kl 35 |
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|image= File:Klemm |
|image= File:Klemm 35d 2008.jpg |
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|caption=Klemm Kl |
|caption=Klemm Kl 35D |
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}}{{Infobox |
}}{{Infobox aircraft type |
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|type=Two-seat sports and [[training aircraft]] |
|type=Two-seat sports and [[training aircraft]] |
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|manufacturer=Klemm Leightflugzeugbau Gmbh |
|manufacturer=Klemm Leightflugzeugbau Gmbh |
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|retired= |
|retired= |
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|status=out of service |
|status=out of service |
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|primary user=[[Luftwaffe]] |
|primary user= ''[[Luftwaffe]]'' |
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|more users= |
|more users=[[Czechoslovakian Air Force]] <br/>[[Royal Hungarian Air Force]] <br/>[[Royal Romanian Air Force]] |
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|produced=1937-1944 |
|produced=1937-1944 |
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|number built=c.2,000? |
|number built=c.2,000? |
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|unit cost=[[German Reichsmark|RM]]17,500 |
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|variants with their own articles= |
|variants with their own articles= |
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}} |
}} |
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The '''Klemm Kl 35''' is a German sporting and [[Training aircraft|training aeroplane]] developed |
The '''Klemm Kl 35''' is a German sporting and [[Training aircraft|training aeroplane]] developed as a successor to the [[Klemm Kl 25|Kl 25]]. A product of [[Klemm|Klemm Leichtflugzeugbau Gmbh]] it shared the same single-engine, cantilever low-wing configuration as the earlier machine, the major difference being the introduction of an [[inverted gull wing]]. |
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Probably Klemm's most important type,<ref name="Ketley and Rolfe">Ketley, Barry, and Rolfe, Mark. ''Luftwaffe Fledglings 1935-1945: Luftwaffe Training Units and their Aircraft'' (Aldershot, GB: Hikoki Publications, 1996), p.12.</ref> the fully aerobatic aeroplane was shown for the first time publicly in October 1935 at the international Air Show in [[Milan]] and |
Probably Klemm's most important type,<ref name="Ketley and Rolfe">Ketley, Barry, and Rolfe, Mark. ''Luftwaffe Fledglings 1935-1945: Luftwaffe Training Units and their Aircraft'' (Aldershot, GB: Hikoki Publications, 1996), p.12.</ref> the fully aerobatic aeroplane was shown for the first time publicly in October 1935 at the international Air Show in [[Milan]] and soon found many private buyers. Powered initially by an {{convert|80|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} [[Hirth]] [[Hirth HM60R|HM60R]] [[Straight engine|inline]],<ref name="Ketley and Rolfe"/> it had fixed undercarriage,<ref name="Ketley and Rolfe"/> mixed wood and fabric covering,<ref name="Ketley and Rolfe"/> and the choice of open or closed cockpit.<ref name="Ketley and Rolfe"/> Powered by the Hirth 60R, it became the Kl 35A (with floats, Kl 35AW),<ref name="Ketley and Rolfe"/> while with the {{convert|105|hp|kW|abbr=on}} Hirth, it was the Kl 35A (with floats, Kl 35AW).<ref name="Ketley and Rolfe"/> |
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An improved Kl 35D, designed as a ''[[Luftwaffe]]'' trainer, with {{convert|105|hp|kW|abbr=on}} [[Hirth HM 504|Hirth HM 504A-2]] engine and the option of ski or float landing gear, appeared in 1938.<ref name="Ketley and Rolfe"/> It was the most numerous, with over three thousand built.<ref name="Ketley and Rolfe"/> |
An improved Kl 35D, designed as a ''[[Luftwaffe]]'' trainer, with {{convert|105|hp|kW|abbr=on}} [[Hirth HM 504|Hirth HM 504A-2]] engine and the option of ski or float landing gear, appeared in 1938.<ref name="Ketley and Rolfe"/> It was the most numerous, with over three thousand built.<ref name="Ketley and Rolfe"/> |
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===Production=== |
===Production=== |
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The results of |
Klemm suffered a setback in 1935 when the prototype Kl 35 crashed during testing at Rechlin. The results of further trial must have been satisfactory, because in July 1936, 23 aircraft were ordered for delivery between July and September 1937, with production planned to increase to 3 per month. Klemm was at the time manufacturing the [[Focke-Wulf Fw 44|Fw 44]] under licence from [[Focke-Wulf]]. |
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By this time the RLM was already looking for a sub-contractor to build the Kl 35A under licence, choosing [[Fieseler]] which was already undertaking licence production of the [[Heinkel He 72|He 72]] and [[Focke-Wulf Fw 58|Fw 58]] alongside [[Fieseler Fi 156|Storchs]] at its Kasseler plant. |
By this time the RLM was already looking for a sub-contractor to build the Kl 35A under licence, choosing [[Fieseler]] which was already undertaking licence production of the [[Heinkel He 72|He 72]] and [[Focke-Wulf Fw 58|Fw 58]] alongside [[Fieseler Fi 156|Storchs]] at its Kasseler plant. |
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Production ended in May 1943 with total production for the [[Luftwaffe]] having reached 1,302. The balance of production was for private and export customers, though since these would have to number nearly 700 to reach the oft-quoted total of around 2,000 this may be exaggerated. |
Production ended in May 1943 with total production for the [[Luftwaffe]] having reached 1,302. The balance of production was for private and export customers, though since these would have to number nearly 700 to reach the oft-quoted total of around 2,000 this may be exaggerated. |
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== Operational history == |
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{{Expand section|date=May 2017}} |
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==Variants== |
==Variants== |
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;Kl 35a:The first prototype, powered by a 60-kW (80-hp) [[Hirth HM60R]] piston engine. |
;Kl 35a: The first prototype, powered by a 60-kW (80-hp) [[Hirth HM60R]] piston engine. |
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;Kl |
;Kl 35b: Second prototype. |
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;Kl |
;Kl 35A: Initial production version, powered by a 60-kW (80-hp) [[Hirth HM60R]] piston engine |
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;Kl 35B: Version, powered by an 80-kW (105-hp) [[Hirth HM 504 A2]] piston engine. Covered single-strut landing gear |
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;Kl 35BW:Floatplane version. |
;Kl 35BW:Floatplane version. |
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;KL 35C: Version with wooden fuselage soon renamed as Kl 106, intended for production under licence in the United States, just one built |
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;Kl 35D:Improved version. |
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;Kl 35D: Improved version with triangle landing gear. |
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;Kl 106:version of the Kl 35D with [[Hirth HM 500]] engine intended for production under licence in the United States |
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;Kl 35E: Version powered by an improved 80-kW (105-hp) [[Hirth HM 500]] engine |
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;Sk 15: Swedish military designation for the Kl 35D. |
;Sk 15: Swedish military designation for the Kl 35D. |
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==Operators== |
==Operators== |
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;{{CZS}} |
;{{CZS}} |
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*[[ |
*[[Czechoslovak Air Force]] (Postwar) |
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;{{flagcountry|Nazi Germany}} |
;{{flagcountry|Nazi Germany}} |
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*''[[Luftwaffe]]'' |
*''[[Luftwaffe]]'' |
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;{{flag|Hungary| |
;{{flag|Hungary|1920}} |
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*[[Royal Hungarian Air Force]] |
*[[Royal Hungarian Air Force]] |
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;{{flag|Lithuania|1918}} |
;{{flag|Lithuania|1918}} |
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*[[Lithuanian |
*[[Lithuanian Riflemen's Union]]'s Aviation |
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;{{flag|Slovakia|1938}} |
;{{flag|Slovakia|1938}} |
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*[[Slovak Insurgent Air Force]] |
*[[Slovak Insurgent Air Force]] |
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*Klemm Kl 35D ''D-EFTY'', Werk-Nr. 1642, the only German survivor, [http://www.fliegendes-museum.de/wordpress/de/home/ Fliegendes Museum], Großenhain D |
*Klemm Kl 35D ''D-EFTY'', Werk-Nr. 1642, the only German survivor, [http://www.fliegendes-museum.de/wordpress/de/home/ Fliegendes Museum], Großenhain D |
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*Klemm Kl 35D, ''SE-AKN,'' Werk-Nr. 1783, closed cabin, Edeby S |
*Klemm Kl 35D, ''SE-AKN,'' Werk-Nr. 1783, closed cabin, Edeby S |
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*Klemm Kl 35D, ''Fv5010,'' Werk-Nr. 1806, [https:// |
*Klemm Kl 35D, ''Fv5010,'' Werk-Nr. 1806, [https://malmo.se/museer Malmö Museer], Malmö S |
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*Klemm Kl 35D, ''D-EFUB,'' Werk-Nr. 1810, Winzeln-Schramberg D |
*Klemm Kl 35D, ''D-EFUB,'' Werk-Nr. 1810, Winzeln-Schramberg D |
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*Klemm Kl 35D ''D-EMHN'', Werk-Nr. 1842, Bad Wörrishofen D |
*Klemm Kl 35D ''D-EMHN'', Werk-Nr. 1842, Bad Wörrishofen D |
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*Klemm Kl 35D ''F-AZTK'' |
*Klemm Kl 35D ''F-AZTK'', Werk-Nr. 1854, ''ex D-EHKO'' F |
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*Klemm Kl 35D, ''Fv5010,'' Werk-Nr. 1899, 5-155, [http://www.svedinos.se/en/ Svedinos Museum], Halmstad S |
*Klemm Kl 35D, ''Fv5010,'' Werk-Nr. 1899, 5-155, [http://www.svedinos.se/en/ Svedinos Museum], Halmstad S |
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*Klemm Kl 35D, ''D-EDOD,'' Werk-Nr. 1917, ''ex D-ELLY'', flown by Liesel Bach, Deutsches [http://sdtb.de/ Technikmuseum] Berlin D |
*Klemm Kl 35D, ''D-EDOD,'' Werk-Nr. 1917, ''ex D-ELLY'', flown by Liesel Bach, Deutsches [http://sdtb.de/ Technikmuseum] Berlin D |
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*Klemm Kl 35D, ''D-EQXD,'' Werk-Nr. 1979, ''ex G-KLEM'' was owned and operated by Peter Holloway at Old Warden, Bedfordshire, UK. Sold to Germany, [http://www.quax-flieger.de/index.php/flugzeuge/189-klemm-35-d-d-eqxd.html Paderborn] |
*Klemm Kl 35D, ''D-EQXD,'' Werk-Nr. 1979, ''ex G-KLEM'' was owned and operated by Peter Holloway at Old Warden, Bedfordshire, UK. Sold to Germany, [http://www.quax-flieger.de/index.php/flugzeuge/189-klemm-35-d-d-eqxd.html Paderborn]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.quax-flieger.de/galerie/klemm-35-d-d-eqxd |title=Klemm 35 D "D-EQXD" | QUAX-Flieger |access-date=2013-08-16 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021213846/http://quax-flieger.de/galerie/klemm-35-d-d-eqxd |archive-date=2013-10-21 }}</ref><ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZhPI8iHOzXc Klemm Kl 35 start up]</ref> |
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*Klemm Kl 35D '' |
*Klemm Kl 35D ''D-EBUX,'' Werk-Nr. 1981, 5-182, ''Fv 5052,''''ex SE-BHT'' major overhaul since [http://www.klemm-flieger-forum.de/category/klemm-kl-35-buxi-blog/ 2011], Eutingen D, 1st flight after overhaul 2019-08-01 |
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*Klemm Kl 35D ''SE-BGA,'' Werk-Nr. 1983, flew again after nearly 50 years on 19 December 2009. It is based at [[ |
*Klemm Kl 35D ''SE-BGA,'' Werk-Nr. 1983, 5-184, flew again after nearly 50 years on 19 December 2009. It is based at [[:de:Flughafen Siegerland|Siegerland-Airport EDGS]], .<ref>''[https://www.sterntakt.de/fotos-klemm-se-bga Sterntakt]''</ref> |
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==Specifications (Klemm Kl 35D)== |
==Specifications (Klemm Kl 35D)== |
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{{aircraft specifications |
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{{Aircraft specs |
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|ref=The Concise Guide to Axis Aircraft of World War II<ref name="mondey axisp149-150">Mondey1996, p.149-150</ref> |
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|prime units?=met |
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|plane or copter?=<!-- options: plane/copter -->plane |
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<!-- |
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|jet or prop?=<!-- options: jet/prop/both/neither -->prop |
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General characteristics |
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If an item doesn't apply, like capacity, leave it blank. For instructions on using |more general=, |more performance=, |power original=, and |thrust original= see [[Template talk:Aircraft specifications]]. To add a new line, end the old one with a right parenthesis ")" and start a new, fully formatted line beginning with * --> |
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|ref=The Concise Guide to Axis Aircraft of World War II <ref name="mondey axisp149-150">Mondey1996, p.149-150</ref> |
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|crew=2 |
|crew=2 |
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|length m=7.5 |
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|capacity= |
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|length |
|length note= |
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|span m=10.4 |
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|length alt= 24 ft 7¼ in |
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|span |
|span note= |
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|height m=2.05 |
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|span alt= 34 ft 1¼ in |
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|height |
|height note= |
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|wing area sqm=15.2 |
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|height alt= 6 ft 8¾ in |
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|area |
|wing area note= |
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|aspect ratio=<!-- sailplanes --> |
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|area alt= 163.62 ft² |
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|airfoil= |
|airfoil= |
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|empty weight |
|empty weight kg=460 |
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|empty weight |
|empty weight note= |
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|gross weight kg= |
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|gross weight note= |
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|max takeoff weight kg=750 |
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|useful load main= |
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|max takeoff weight note= |
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|useful load alt= |
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|fuel capacity= |
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|max takeoff weight main= 750 kg |
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|max takeoff weight alt= 1,654 lb |
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|more general= |
|more general= |
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<!-- |
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|engine (prop)=[[Hirth HM 60]]R |
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Powerplant |
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|type of prop=4-cylinder inverted inline engine |
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--> |
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|number of props=1 |
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|eng1 number=1 |
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|power main= 60 kW |
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|eng1 name=[[Hirth HM 60R]] |
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|power alt= 80 hp |
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|eng1 type=4-cylinder inverted air-cooled in-line piston engine |
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|power original= |
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|eng1 kw=60 |
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|max speed main= 212 km/h |
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|eng1 note= |
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|max speed alt= 132 mph |
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|cruise speed main= 190 km/h |
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|prop blade number=2 |
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|cruise speed alt= 118 mph |
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|prop name=fixed-pitch propeller |
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|stall speed main= |
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|prop dia m=<!-- propeller aircraft --> |
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|stall speed alt= |
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|prop dia note= |
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|never exceed speed main= |
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<!-- |
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|never exceed speed alt= |
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Performance |
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|range main= 665 km |
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--> |
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|range alt= 413 mi |
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|max speed kmh=212 |
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|ceiling main= 4,350 m |
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|max speed note= |
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|ceiling alt= 14,270 ft |
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|cruise speed kmh=190 |
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|climb rate main= |
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|cruise speed note= |
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|climb rate alt= |
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|stall speed kmh= |
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|loading main= |
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|stall speed note= |
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|loading alt= |
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|never exceed speed kmh= |
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|never exceed speed note= |
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|range km=665 |
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|range note= |
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|combat range km= |
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|combat range note= |
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|ferry range km= |
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|ferry range note= |
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|endurance=<!-- if range unknown --> |
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|ceiling m=4350 |
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|ceiling note= |
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|g limits=<!-- aerobatic --> |
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|roll rate=<!-- aerobatic --> |
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|climb rate ms=3.0 |
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|climb rate note=<ref name="skp461">Smith and Kay 1990, p. 461.</ref> |
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|time to altitude= |
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|wing loading kg/m2= |
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|wing loading note= |
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|fuel consumption kg/km= |
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|power/mass= |
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|thrust/weight= |
|thrust/weight= |
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|power/mass main= |
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|power/mass alt= |
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|more performance= |
|more performance= |
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|armament= |
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|avionics= |
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}} |
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==References== |
==References== |
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{{commons category|Klemm Kl 35}} |
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;Notes |
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{{reflist}} |
{{reflist}} |
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;Bibliography |
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{{refbegin}} |
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* Mondey, David. ''The Concise Guide to Axis Aircraft of World War II''. London: Chancellor, 1996. ISBN 1-85152-966-7. |
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{{refend}} |
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* Translated from de.wikipedia.org |
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==Bibliography== |
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{{Commons category|Klemm Kl 35}} |
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* Bohill-Smith, Steve. "On the Wings of a Klemm: Flying America's Unique Klemm Kl 35". ''Air Enthusiast'', No. 55, Autumn 1994, pp. 28–31. {{ISSN|0143-5450}} |
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* Mondey, David. ''The Concise Guide to Axis Aircraft of World War II''. London: Chancellor, 1996. {{ISBN|1-85152-966-7}}. |
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* Smith, J. R. and Kay, Antony L. ''German Aircraft of the Second World War''. London: Putnam, 1990. {{ISBN|0-85177-836-4}}. |
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* {{cite book |last = Sinnhuber |first = Karl |title = Salzburg To Stalingrad |location = UK |publisher = Milton Keynes |year = 2012 |isbn = 9781471702228}} |
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{{Klemm aircraft}} |
{{Klemm aircraft}} |
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{{RLM aircraft designations}} |
{{RLM aircraft designations}} |
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{{Swedish |
{{Swedish military aircraft designations}} |
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{{Czech trainer aircraft}} |
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{{Aerobatics}} |
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[[Category:Inverted gull-wing aircraft]] |
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[[Category:German sport aircraft 1930–1939|Kl 35, Klemm]] |
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[[Category:Klemm aircraft]] |
[[Category:Klemm aircraft]] |
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[[Category:Inverted gull-wing aircraft]] |
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[[Category:1930s German sport aircraft|Kl 35, Klemm]] |
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[[Category:Aerobatic aircraft]] |
[[Category:Aerobatic aircraft]] |
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[[Category:Single-engined tractor aircraft]] |
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[[Category:Low-wing aircraft]] |
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[[Category:Aircraft first flown in 1935]] |
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Latest revision as of 00:39, 27 February 2024
| Kl 35 | |
|---|---|
| |
| Klemm Kl 35D | |
| Role | Two-seat sports and training aircraft |
| Manufacturer | Klemm Leightflugzeugbau Gmbh |
| Designer | Friedrich Fecher |
| First flight | 1935 |
| Introduction | 1935 |
| Status | out of service |
| Primary users | Luftwaffe Czechoslovakian Air Force Royal Hungarian Air Force Royal Romanian Air Force |
| Produced | 1937-1944 |
| Number built | c.2,000? |
The Klemm Kl 35 is a German sporting and training aeroplane developed as a successor to the Kl 25. A product of Klemm Leichtflugzeugbau Gmbh it shared the same single-engine, cantilever low-wing configuration as the earlier machine, the major difference being the introduction of an inverted gull wing.
Probably Klemm's most important type,[1] the fully aerobatic aeroplane was shown for the first time publicly in October 1935 at the international Air Show in Milan and soon found many private buyers. Powered initially by an 80 hp (60 kW) Hirth HM60R inline,[1] it had fixed undercarriage,[1] mixed wood and fabric covering,[1] and the choice of open or closed cockpit.[1] Powered by the Hirth 60R, it became the Kl 35A (with floats, Kl 35AW),[1] while with the 105 hp (78 kW) Hirth, it was the Kl 35A (with floats, Kl 35AW).[1]
An improved Kl 35D, designed as a Luftwaffe trainer, with 105 hp (78 kW) Hirth HM 504A-2 engine and the option of ski or float landing gear, appeared in 1938.[1] It was the most numerous, with over three thousand built.[1]
A number of air forces purchased copies, including the Romanian, Hungarian, and Slovak.[1] The Swedish Air Force bought several,[1] designated Sk 15, for training use (at least five of those were seaplanes) and in 1941 began licence production, building about 74 more,[1] with some remaining in service until 1951.[1] The Lithuanian air force flew three.[1]
Development[edit]
The Kl 35 was designed in 1934 under the auspices of the Reichsluftfahrtministerium (RLM). Dipl. Ing. Friedrich Fecher had overall responsibility for the construction. The so-called Gemischtbauweise construction was used: steel for fuselage, wood for wings and tail units and only small quantities of light alloy for linings were used. This became a preferred building method with the RLM around this time, because from considerations of strategic material availability.
Production[edit]
Klemm suffered a setback in 1935 when the prototype Kl 35 crashed during testing at Rechlin. The results of further trial must have been satisfactory, because in July 1936, 23 aircraft were ordered for delivery between July and September 1937, with production planned to increase to 3 per month. Klemm was at the time manufacturing the Fw 44 under licence from Focke-Wulf.
By this time the RLM was already looking for a sub-contractor to build the Kl 35A under licence, choosing Fieseler which was already undertaking licence production of the He 72 and Fw 58 alongside Storchs at its Kasseler plant.
Further orders, to a total of 1,386, followed and new variants came on line, beginning with the Kl 35B with a new engine.
Manufacture at Fieseler ceased in November 1939, after 365 aircraft, when the RLM transferred licence production to Zlin in occupied Czechoslovakia.
Production ended in May 1943 with total production for the Luftwaffe having reached 1,302. The balance of production was for private and export customers, though since these would have to number nearly 700 to reach the oft-quoted total of around 2,000 this may be exaggerated.
Operational history[edit]
![[icon]](/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg){kind=small} | This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (May 2017) |
Variants[edit]
- Kl 35a
- The first prototype, powered by a 60-kW (80-hp) Hirth HM60R piston engine.
- Kl 35b
- Second prototype.
- Kl 35A
- Initial production version, powered by a 60-kW (80-hp) Hirth HM60R piston engine
- Kl 35B
- Version, powered by an 80-kW (105-hp) Hirth HM 504 A2 piston engine. Covered single-strut landing gear
- Kl 35BW
- Floatplane version.
- KL 35C
- Version with wooden fuselage soon renamed as Kl 106, intended for production under licence in the United States, just one built
- Kl 35D
- Improved version with triangle landing gear.
- Kl 35E
- Version powered by an improved 80-kW (105-hp) Hirth HM 500 engine
- Sk 15
- Swedish military designation for the Kl 35D.
Operators[edit]
- Czechoslovak Air Force (Postwar)
- Lithuanian Riflemen's Union's Aviation
Surviving aircraft[edit]
No Luftwaffe machine is known to survive, but a number of ex-Flygvapnet machines have been preserved.
- Klemm Kl 35B, Fv5081, Werk-Nr. 1596, 5-116, Swedish Airforce museum, Linköping S
- Klemm Kl 35D D-EFTY, Werk-Nr. 1642, the only German survivor, Fliegendes Museum, Großenhain D
- Klemm Kl 35D, SE-AKN, Werk-Nr. 1783, closed cabin, Edeby S
- Klemm Kl 35D, Fv5010, Werk-Nr. 1806, Malmö Museer, Malmö S
- Klemm Kl 35D, D-EFUB, Werk-Nr. 1810, Winzeln-Schramberg D
- Klemm Kl 35D D-EMHN, Werk-Nr. 1842, Bad Wörrishofen D
- Klemm Kl 35D F-AZTK, Werk-Nr. 1854, ex D-EHKO F
- Klemm Kl 35D, Fv5010, Werk-Nr. 1899, 5-155, Svedinos Museum, Halmstad S
- Klemm Kl 35D, D-EDOD, Werk-Nr. 1917, ex D-ELLY, flown by Liesel Bach, Deutsches Technikmuseum Berlin D
- Klemm Kl 35D, D-EQXD, Werk-Nr. 1979, ex G-KLEM was owned and operated by Peter Holloway at Old Warden, Bedfordshire, UK. Sold to Germany, Paderborn[2][3]
- Klemm Kl 35D D-EBUX, Werk-Nr. 1981, 5-182, Fv 5052,'ex SE-BHT major overhaul since 2011, Eutingen D, 1st flight after overhaul 2019-08-01
- Klemm Kl 35D SE-BGA, Werk-Nr. 1983, 5-184, flew again after nearly 50 years on 19 December 2009. It is based at Siegerland-Airport EDGS, .[4]
Specifications (Klemm Kl 35D)[edit]
Data from The Concise Guide to Axis Aircraft of World War II[5]
General characteristics
- Crew: 2
- Length: 7.5 m (24 ft 7 in)
- Wingspan: 10.4 m (34 ft 1 in)
- Height: 2.05 m (6 ft 9 in)
- Wing area: 15.2 m2 (164 sq ft)
- Empty weight: 460 kg (1,014 lb)
- Max takeoff weight: 750 kg (1,653 lb)
- Powerplant: 1 × Hirth HM 60R 4-cylinder inverted air-cooled in-line piston engine, 60 kW (80 hp)
- Propellers: 2-bladed fixed-pitch propeller
Performance
- Maximum speed: 212 km/h (132 mph, 114 kn)
- Cruise speed: 190 km/h (120 mph, 100 kn)
- Range: 665 km (413 mi, 359 nmi)
- Service ceiling: 4,350 m (14,270 ft)
- Rate of climb: 3.0 m/s (590 ft/min) [6]
See also[edit]
Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era
Related lists
References[edit]
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Ketley, Barry, and Rolfe, Mark. Luftwaffe Fledglings 1935-1945: Luftwaffe Training Units and their Aircraft (Aldershot, GB: Hikoki Publications, 1996), p.12.
- ^ "Klemm 35 D "D-EQXD" | QUAX-Flieger". Archived from the original on 2013-10-21. Retrieved 2013-08-16.
- ^ Klemm Kl 35 start up
- ^ Sterntakt
- ^ Mondey1996, p.149-150
- ^ Smith and Kay 1990, p. 461.
Bibliography[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Klemm Kl 35.
- Bohill-Smith, Steve. "On the Wings of a Klemm: Flying America's Unique Klemm Kl 35". Air Enthusiast, No. 55, Autumn 1994, pp. 28–31. ISSN 0143-5450
- Mondey, David. The Concise Guide to Axis Aircraft of World War II. London: Chancellor, 1996. ISBN 1-85152-966-7.
- Smith, J. R. and Kay, Antony L. German Aircraft of the Second World War. London: Putnam, 1990. ISBN 0-85177-836-4.
- Sinnhuber, Karl (2012). Salzburg To Stalingrad. UK: Milton Keynes. ISBN 9781471702228.