History of the newspaper
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The history of the newspaper as a periodical medium is closely interwoven with the early modern period . It reached its peak in the first half of the 20th century.
Development of the term newspaper
The term newspaper appeared as zidunge with the meaning of customer or message in the Cologne area as early as the beginning of the 14th century and was used for oral or written messages until the 19th century. The word tidinge from Middle Low German or Middle Dutch means something like message or message . Messages, originally only about trade affairs, were sent between trading partners in different places. Only later were reports of events of a general nature added.
Germany
After the invention of printing with movable letters by Johannes Gutenberg in the middle of the 15th century (1445), in addition to book production, press prints in the true sense of the word , the single-sheet prints - partly illustrated with graphics (woodcuts, copper engravings), illustrated on one side, event-related , i.e. leaves that do not appear periodically. Such flyers (as well as multi-page pamphlets of that time) occasionally bore the title Newe Zeitung von ... = "new message from ...". The meaning of the term newspaper shifted from news to the message carrier itself, the medium (the newspapers = news).
"The newspaper Singer compt / and the newspaper sings in the sound: Compt here to me speaks God's son"
Since then, a newspaper has been understood to be a multi-page printed work filled with news from all over the world, which is publicly distributed at least once a week. But there are two historical special cases:
In the 16th century, a letter form was common in Europe that consisted of two parts: the private part, which was in its own envelope within the larger envelope, and a semi-public part loosely placed in the envelope, which the addressee passed on to friends and like-minded people should. This part contained handwritten, subjective compilations of news and was called Avise, Beylage, Pagelle, Zeddel, Nova and finally just newspaper . “The form in which the writers of these 'newspapers' reported their news was almost always purely relational,” wrote the newspaper writer Ludwig Solomon in 1906.
The second special case concerns the first German newspaper, the Gazette de Cologne , which was distributed far beyond the German-speaking area . Its editor, Jean Ignace Roderique , published much more expensive “written newspapers” in addition to the printed edition, which he had handwritten by payroll clerks. They contained messages that Roderique wanted to send to special customers in confidence.
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In addition to the genus of the leaflet and the press genre of the 15th century there pamphlets . These were multi-faceted to multifaceted, unbound, non-periodical printed works in which events and objects of any kind were discussed. In the age of the Reformation , pamphlets played an extremely important role in the public controversy between denominational and political-social parties. Another non-periodical press genus of early modern period , the measurement or Semestralrelationen . The press history in the broader sense also includes the business letters that were verifiably sent since 1380.
Novellants sent messages on individual sheets collected for wealthy subscribers. The 16,000 Fugger newspapers archived in the Austrian National Library were created around 1589 and were published by historian Kathrin Keller et al. digitized and researched at the University of Vienna and provided with a place and name index.
The first printed periodical news paper all over the world, which is called a newspaper, is the relation of all names and memorable histories published in Germany (often also referred to as relation in research ). It was published in the second or third week of September 1605 by the printer and bookbinder Johann Carolus in Strasbourg in Alsace. Carolus initially handwritten the paper and moved to print in 1605 as the number of subscribers increased. The content arose from reports that Carolus received weekly from correspondents at the most important post offices in Germany. The newspaper was published weekly, as can be seen from the only surviving year 1609 that can be viewed online.
The second regularly appearing newspaper in Germany was the Aviso, Relation or Zeitung . This was a weekly newspaper , the first issue of which appeared on January 15, 1609 in Wolfenbüttel . The Frankfurter Postzeitung was created around 1615 and was distributed regularly by postilons for the next 250 years. It distributed curious news, later also official news, throughout the country and for the first time achieved national recognition comparable to today's newspapers.
In 1650, the Incoming Newspapers appeared in Leipzig for the first time, a daily newspaper with six issues per week. The oldest newspaper still published is Post-och Inrikes Tidningar , which has been published in Sweden since 1645 .
In the 18th century, magazines in particular experienced a boom. The daily initially remained an exception, its most interesting feature they won before the 19th century with the since 1702 the London-based Daily Courant , the sheet that the functions of the event calendar of the city took over (in smaller towns were local events quickly by the Minimum Bid reported).
The Göttingen historian August Ludwig von Schlözer , under the influence of the Enlightenment, founded modern newspaper research in Germany in his newspaper college and encouraged his student Joachim von Schwarzkopf - a diplomat - to publish numerous publications in this field, which continued well into the early 20th century the newspapers in Germany with certain.
The oldest German-language newspapers still published:
- Wiener Zeitung (1703)
- Hildesheim General Newspaper (1705)
- Palatine Mercury (1713)
- Hanauer indicator (1725)
- Bremen News (1743)
- Saarbrücker Zeitung (1761)
- Schaumburger Newspaper (1762)
- Hersfelder Zeitung (1763)
- Neue Zürcher Zeitung (1780)
International newspapers
In Amsterdam in 1618 the printer Caspar Van Hilten published the first Dutch weekly newspaper, Courante uyt Italien, Dytsland & c. published. The weekly newspaper can also be called the first broadsheet newspaper ; earlier news publications were usually printed in quart format (today defined: 225 × 285 millimeters). The only surviving copy of the first edition (it contained four different reports, including from Venice and Prague ) is kept in the Royal Library in Stockholm . Later editions from 1628 to 1664 are in the Koninklijke Bibliotheek in The Hague. The first printed newspaper advertisement appeared in the Dutch newspaper Jansz 'Tydinghen uyt Verscheyde Quartieren in 1626 .
From 1620 the Belgian printer Abraham Verhoeven published the news papers Nieuwe Tijdingen in Antwerp . It was the first newspaper to be regularly illustrated (with woodcuts ). The imperial postmaster Johann von der Birghden (1582–1645) used the term postal newspaper for the first time in 1621 in his newspaper Unvergreiffliche Postzeitungen , published in Frankfurt am Main . This paper appeared, later under the title Frankfurter Ober-Postamts-Zeitung , until 1866. When the newspapers were first published , the postmasters often had the best access to current news material.
The first newspapers in France are the news paper La Gazette and the weekly Nouvelles ordinaires de divers en-droits , the latter published by booksellers L. Vendosme and J. Martin from January to December 1631. La Gazette , published by Théophraste Renaudot , was first published once a week on Saturdays with eight to twelve pages, for the first time on May 30, 1631, divided into the main issue and the Nouvelles Ordinaires as a supplement. By Cardinal Richelieu privilege she won the character of the official state newspaper in France, a status that should they hold almost continuously until the 1789th The Maître de la Librairie (literally: library master ) censorship commission ensured, particularly with regard to reports on international affairs and events, that nothing was published which ran counter to the views and interests of the government in Paris. From 1762 the newspaper was called Gazette de France .
Gazeta , the first newspaper in Portugal , appeared in Lisbon from 1641 to 1642 .
In 1645 the first newspaper was published in Swedish . The Orinari Post Tijender The Postmaster Johan Beijer was Ignatius Meurer, a German, in Stockholm printed.
In 1656 the first Dutch newspaper still in existence today appeared in Haarlem as the Weeckelycke Courante van Europa . Today the leaf is called Haarlems Dagblad .
The first Polish newspaper, Merkuriusz Polski (Polish Mercury) , appeared weekly in Krakow from January 3, 1661 , and from May 14, 1661 also in Warsaw .
The London Gazette , launched in 1665, was the only officially licensed newspaper in England during the Second Anglo-Dutch War . The sheet was published twice a week on Mondays and Thursdays in single-sheet folio format ; The front and back of each sheet were printed in two columns. The London Gazette had up to 105 issues with around 210 pages. Thomas Newcomb was the publisher in the 1670s. The paper, which is considered to be the first regular English-language newspaper, was originally founded as the Oxford Gazette because the English royal court had fled London because of the plague . The Continuation of Our Weekly News , a quarter-size newsbook with eight to 24 pages, had been published in London since 1623.
The history of the Danish press began with the monthly newspaper Den Danske Mercurius , which appeared in Copenhagen from 1666 to 1677.
1690 appeared on September 25, the first American newspaper under the title Publick Occurrences, Both Foreign and Domestick (about: "Public incidents from abroad and inland") in Boston , edited by Richard Pierce and Benjamin Harris. The British governor of Massachusetts immediately banned the newspaper because he wanted to maintain the news monopoly on official information from London. On April 24, 1704, the second newspaper was founded in the British colonies of North America with the Boston News Letter printed by Bartholomew Green in Boston (published until 1776). The first newspaper of the later Canada was John Bushell's Halifax Gazette , which appeared from 1752. The oldest newspaper still in existence today is the Montreal Gazette , which has been published since 1785. The Cherokee Phoenix is considered to be the first newspaper published by Indians (1828–1834).
The first “ weather forecasts ” appeared on May 14, 1692 in the weekly newspaper A collection for improvement of husbandry and trade published by John Houghton (1640–1705 ).
The Ladies's Mercury , the world's first women's magazine, was published in London on June 27, 1693.
The oldest Russian newspaper still in existence (or again since 1991) , the Sankt-Peterburgskie Vedomosti , appeared for the first time in 1703. Their publication was ordered by Peter I on December 16, 1702 by ukase . It followed the tradition of the handwritten kuranty of the 17th century (first edition: 1621) and contained little more than reports on diplomatic relations and Peter's military victories - either written by him personally or translated from Dutch newspapers of his choice. The second oldest newspaper in Russia is the German-language St. Petersburgische Zeitung , founded in 1729 , which has also appeared again since 1991.
The first edition of Denmark's oldest still-published newspaper, Berlingske Tidende , dates from 1749.
In 1763 the Norske Intellektiven-Sedler , Norway's first newspaper , was published for the first time.
In 1785 John Walter founded the British newspaper The Daily Universal Register . From January 1, 1788, the paper was called The Times . The later highly respected newspaper was initially essentially a scandal sheet; Walter earned part of his income for a few years from news that he did not publish. As was quite common at the time, celebrities paid him money to have certain reports suppressed or withheld.
With El Mercurio , the first Spanish-language newspaper in South America was published in the port city of Valparaíso in 1827 . Today's leading paper in Chile is the oldest Spanish-language newspaper still in the world. Probably the first Spanish newspaper appeared in 1677 under the title Gaceta de Madrid (discontinued in 1680, re-founded in 1697, official gazette since 1808 , expired in 1936).
Theory and criticism
The first book publication with a criticism of the newspaper system is the writing Discursus de novellarum, quas vocant Newe newspapers, hodierno usu et abusu (German: "Discourse on the use and abuse of news called Newe newspapers") , published in Jena in 1676 , Legal scholar and court chancellor Ashaver Fritsch. In this pamphlet, Fritsch polemicized against “newspaper addiction” and “vain, unnecessary, untimely and therefore work-disruptive newspaper reading driven with insatiable desire”.
The school man and poet Christian Weise provided the earliest justification for the newspaper (and newspaper reading). He published his apologetics of the then still young medium in the book Schediasma curiosum de lectione novellarum (Eng. "Interesting outline about reading newspapers"), Frankfurt / M., Leipzig 1676. In 1706, Weise published his work Curieuse Gedancken von den Nouvellen or Newspapers . The first German dissertation on newspaper studies , De relationibus novellis (Eng. "About newspaper reports"), was prepared at the University of Leipzig by Tobias Peucer from Görlitz and published in 1690. In it, Peucer examined above all the scientific usefulness of newspaper reading for the historian.
The first comprehensive overall presentation of the newspaper business written by the baroque -Schriftsteller and -Sprachforscher Caspar (Kaspar) Stieler with the 1695 appeared in Hamburg treatise Newspaper pleasure and profit, Or those novellas called or newspapers, wirckende Ergetzlichkeit, Grace, necessity and pious ... . Among other things, it says: “The newspapers are the reason / the instruction and. Guideline for all prudence. "Stieler already gave detailed instructions for good and appropriate newspaper style:
“By means of the stylus / or spelling must remain historical / that is / it must be simple-minded / but also lively; equally flowing / yet also be quick and ingenious. Everything that is artificial and forced does not take place in it. Word changes and flowers do not belong in the newspapers / any more than poetic crickets and newly invented words. "
19th century
The development of the mass press in the 19th century is to be seen in the context of general, overarching developments: industrialization, urbanization and social liberalization, also with regard to freedom of information and the press. With increasing mechanization, technical innovations were also developed in newspaper typesetting and printing: the high-speed press was invented in 1812, the rotary press in 1845 and the Linotype typesetting machine in 1886 . Especially with the use of typesetting machines, the text volume of the newspapers could be expanded significantly, because the lead type texts required for printing could now be produced in almost unlimited numbers. In addition, the population's interest in information from politics and society increased; more and more citizens could read .
In 1835 the world's first news agency was founded, Agence Havas in Paris; on August 20, 1944, the day Paris was liberated, it was initially renamed Agence française de Presse , and a month later Agence France-Presse (AFP). The Associated Press (AP), now the world's leading agency , was founded in New York City in May of the European revolution year 1848 as the Harbor News Association .
In the course of the 19th century the state advertising monopoly was lifted; this created the second source of income for the newspaper industry, advertising sales. As a result, the newspaper itself could be sold more cheaply, which led to a much greater distribution. At the end of the 19th century there were around 3,500 newspapers in Germany.
Penny Press and Subscription Press
The New York Sun , founded in 1833, was the first so-called penny press newspaper. Most of the papers these days cost six US cents, often too expensive for low income groups, and were sold by subscription. The Sun also addressed a broader audience in terms of content and concept and published human interest stories. The paratactic and elliptical style with often deliberately exaggerated, often sensational formulations is characteristic of large parts of the tabloid press to this day .
The New York Herald published by James Gordon Bennett , also an affordable mass newspaper, was the first to practice common forms of news gathering : the newspaper not only used official documents and indirectly (mostly in retrospect) researched reports as sources of information , but also the observational ( On-site) report and the interview . In addition to numerous local journalists who, for example, also reported regularly from Wall Street , the New York Herald employed a staff of six permanent correspondents in Europe and more in important cities in the United States from 1838 onwards. This included the first reporter in Washington, DC to report regularly from the US Congress . Bennett's Herald can thus be regarded as the first modern newspaper as we understand it today.
From 1841 to the 1870s, the New York Tribune, edited by Horace Greeley , was one of the leading and most influential newspapers in the United States. Greeley wanted to provide the public with a straightforward and trustworthy source of news at a time when papers like the New York Sun and the New York Herald were thriving through sensationalism. The paper enjoyed rapid success, gaining tens of thousands of subscribers across the country, also because it was considered the leading paper of the Whig Party in New York . Originally a founding member of the Republican Party (1854), Greeley stuck to his core belief that all Americans should be politically and economically free. He spoke - like Thomas Jefferson - vehemently against monopolies and supported the newly formed trade unions (labor unions) . His rejection of slavery was uncompromising , which led to the break with Abraham Lincoln , whom he repeatedly addressed in journalism because of what he saw as hesitant approach to the slave question.
Due to the increasing number of immigrant, originally European readers in the states after the revolutionary year 1848, Greeley sought journalistic contacts across the Atlantic - for example, Lincoln's Duz friend Karl Marx was hired as a London correspondent for the New York Tribune ; and Friedrich Engels wrote newspaper for the US.
After the Jewish Chronicle , the oldest Jewish newspaper in the world still to be published, was founded in London in November 1841 , the Illustrated London News appeared in the British capital on May 14, 1842 , the first fully illustrated weekly newspaper in the United Kingdom (32 woodcuts on 16 pages). The paper was published until 1971, then monthly. From 1989 it was first published every two months, then quarterly, in order to finally be discontinued. Founders were Herbert Ingram and his friend Mark Lemon, co-editors of Punch .
On September 2, 1843, the business newspaper Economist was launched, with the aim of promoting and promoting free trade . Although the paper, which appears every Friday today, calls itself a newspaper , it is widely perceived as a magazine . The Financial News , forerunner of the Financial Times , one of the most influential business papers worldwide, which has been published since 1888, did not follow until 1884. Also in 1843, the News of the World , published by John Browne Bell, was the first cheap newspaper for three shillings in England . From January 21, 1846, Charles Dickens published the Daily News .
Germany from Vormärz to the founding of the Empire
The Allgemeine Zeitung , founded by Johann Friedrich Cotta in Tübingen on January 1, 1798, initially under the title Latest Weltkunde (first editor-in-chief was to be Friedrich Schiller at Cotta's request , but he refused), was the most renowned German daily newspaper and the first until the March Revolution in 1848 German newspaper of world renown. Your most famous employees were u. a. Heinrich Heine (from 1832 correspondent for the newspaper in Paris).
On August 5, 1873, the newspaper, already trading as Augsburger Allgemeine , landed a scoop of the century , as one would say today: Heinrich Schliemann , who wrote exclusively for the newspaper and the London Times , reported that he had found Priam's treasure:
"It seems that Divine Providence has tried to compensate me in a brilliant way for the superhuman efforts during my three years of excavation in Ilion ..."
The Berliner National-Zeitung , founded in the wake of the March Revolution by the publisher Bernhard Wolff together with the journalist Theodor Mügge on April 1, 1848, is one of the earliest examples of the party-related opinion press (without being a genuine party newspaper ) in Germany; in the 1860s it developed into the house paper of the National Liberal Party in Prussia. "We want progress in every respect," proclaimed the leading article in the first edition. Before the March events there were only four daily newspapers in Berlin: besides the Vossische Zeitung and the Spenerschen Zeitung (incorporated in the National-Zeitung in 1874 ), both of which came from the first half of the 18th century, the Allgemeine Preussische Staats-Zeitung , which had existed since 1819 as the official government paper and as its opponent since 1846 the newspaper hall .
Bernhard Wolff also founded Wolffs Telegraphisches Bureau (WTB) in 1849 , initially under the name Telegraphisches Correspondenz-Bureau (B. Wolff) . Initially, the WTB only distributed commercial stock market news, but soon also political news. Since 1868 it has also published the official news of the Prussian government, and later also that of the Reich government. The reports of the WTB were therefore largely at least officious, official announcements gave the official position of the Prussian or German government in any case completely unedited and without comment, which often resulted in court reports .
In Wolff's "National-Zeitung" telegraphic dispatches were initially printed on the last page; the very first read: "Nothing politically important." It was cumbersome and, for a long time, very expensive to send messages by telegraph. For example, a 20-word telegram from Berlin to Aachen in 1849 cost 5 thalers and 6 silver groschen in accordance with the Prussian regulation on the use of the electro-magnetic state telegraph by the public .
The Berliner Börsen-Courier - an independent supplement to the Berliner Börsen-Zeitung , which had been published since 1855 , hired the first sports editor in Germany in 1885. The first German daily newspaper to introduce a regular sports section was Die Neuesten Nachrichten in 1886 (Munich, April 9, 1848 to June 1887; then under the title Münchner Neue Nachrichten from June 14, 1887 to April 28, 1945) Süddeutsche Zeitung continued its tradition after the Second World War).
The era of the great Berlin daily newspapers began in 1872 after the constitution of the German Reich with the founding of the Berliner Tageblatt by Rudolf Mosse . In 1867 he founded the Rudolf Mosse advertising expedition , and in 1872 his first newspaper, the Berliner Tageblatt . Mosse finally went over to leasing the advertisement parts of other newspapers and magazines as a whole in order to be able to fill them exclusively with advertisements brokered by his company. During the newspaper war at the end of the 19th century, the Jewish publisher and Emil Cohn founded the Berliner Morgen-Zeitung in 1889 , a rival paper to the Berliner Abendpost published by Leopold Ullstein - which Ullstein countered in turn with the Berliner Morgenpost from September 20, 1898 . The paper used an advertising expedition operated by Ullstein. In 1904 Mosse took over the Berliner Volkszeitung .
Newspapers of the General-Anzeiger type were produced mainly between 1870 and 1900. These papers were aimed at a mass audience with large print runs. Serial novels and other entertaining sections - aided by the concept of the General-Anzeiger - have increasingly become an integral part of the content of daily newspapers, as has Sunday supplements.
The Aachen publisher Joseph La Ruelle , who founded the Aachener Anzeiger in 1871, the first General-Anzeiger, is considered to be the real creator of the General Anzeiger in Germany. The paper was published from May 28, 1871 to September 12, 1944.
The freedom of the press in Germany was for the first time legally regulated by the Reich Press Act of 1874. However, it had no constitutional status, so it could be restricted or repealed by a simple majority in the Reichstag .
The rise of newspapers in Japan from 1871
Overview: List of Japanese newspapers
Japan's first genuinely indigenous daily newspaper , Yokohama Mainichi Shinbun (Yokohama Daily News) , was printed from 1871.
It is unclear in research when the first newspaper (Japanese shinbun ) appeared in Japan. Named are the newspaper Nagasaki Shipping List and Advertiser , published in English by the Englishman AW Hansard , the Kampan Batabiya Shinbun ( 官 板 バ タ ビ ヤ 新聞 , dt. About "the official Batavia newspaper") , which contains mainly Japanese translations of Dutch articles and published by the Tokugawa Shogunate in 1862 or the Kaigai Shinbun ( 海外 新聞 , dt. about: "foreign newspaper "), which also primarily published translations of foreign articles. Flyer-like kawaraban ( Japanese 瓦 版 ; in German literally "roof tile print"), which can be identified from 1615, are considered to be the forerunners of Japanese newspapers. In the Meiji period (1868-1912) newspapers were divided into ōshinbun (large newspaper) and koshinbun (small newspaper). Although the government encouraged the establishment of newspaper publishers, it also restricted the freedom of the press: criticism of the government, administration, legislation and other things was prohibited and was punished with fines or imprisonment.
During this time the three largest national newspapers of today's Japan were founded: Yomiuri Shinbun (the newspaper with the highest circulation in the world; 26 million readers in Japan, i.e. around a fifth of the population) in Tokyo (1874), Asahi Shinbun (1879; today the second largest newspaper in Japan and the world) and Mainichi Shinbun (1888) in Osaka . All of the major Japanese daily newspapers cooperate with or own television broadcasters.
Hearst, Pulitzer, and the Yellow Press
The occupation of the Philippines by the United States of America in 1898 is seen as a crucial turning point in US foreign policy. The USA became a colonial power on a large scale for the first time and, as such, gained a foothold far beyond its hemisphere. Above all, the newspaper barons William Randolph Hearst (his most important paper was the New York Journal , along with his flagship San Francisco Examiner ) and Joseph Pulitzer (among others editor of New York World ) heated the mood against Spain , with allusions to the battle cry of the Hearst press on the US warship Maine , which sank in the port of Havana on February 15, 1898 due to an explosion, the cause of which is still controversial, said : “Think of Maine - To hell with Spain!” (“Remember the Maine, to hell with Spain! ”). Hearst's instruction to his correspondent Frederick Remington, who was sent to Cuba in 1897, to stay in Havana and send pictures is still legendary today:
“You furnish the pictures. I'll furnish the war. "
“You provide the pictures. I deliver the war. "
This was the prompt response to Remington's objection that there was no trouble and there would be no war: "There is no trouble here, there will be no war."
It was the height of the yellow press . In 1905, Hearst ordered its editors to write headlines that " bite the public like a bulldog ". In Orson Welles ' film Citizen Kane , often seen as a veiled portrait of William Randolph Hearst's life and career, Charles Foster Kane says to his second wife, Susan Alexander, "The bulldog just went to the press," to which Susan sarcastically replies, " Nice - a hurray for the bulldog. ” Yellow Journalism can be seen as a degenerate form of the New Journalism that emerged after the American Civil War , which was not fundamentally unfair or even corrupt in all facets and which the US press landscape in the Period from 1865 to 1919 dominated.
President William McKinley described the acquisition of the Philippines as a "gift from God" and Senator Albert Beveridge saw it as a "stepping stone to China," whose gigantic markets are now open to Americans.
Magazines, caricatures, comics
With the Daily Graphic , the first European illustrated daily newspaper was founded in London on January 4, 1890. From January 3, 1953, it was called Daily Sketch and Daily Graphic . She has become through her current drawings a . a. known from parliament. The week. Modern illustrated magazine , published from 1899 to 1944 by the Scherl-Verlag, founded by August Hugo Friedrich Scherl in Berlin in 1883, was the first German magazine to introduce multi-color printing and current photo reporting. The world's first color illustration in a daily newspaper appeared in the Dutch Algemeen Handelsblad in 1877 . The first ever color-illustrated newspaper, Colored News , first appeared in the United Kingdom on August 4, 1855; however, it had already been discontinued on September 29 of the same year.
The 19th century also saw the first high points of caricature early on ; Cartoons and comics gradually became an integral part of primarily Anglo-Saxon press products. That, too, was an important part of the “ visualization push” of the era that should by no means be underestimated .
The first daily newspaper comic strip was A. Piker Clerk , drawn by Clare Briggs for the Chicago American in 1904 . However, the strip was discontinued after just 14 days.
20th century
The 1920s
The 1920s were a high point in newspaper history: because radio was still in its infancy and television was still a long way from being ready for the market, newspapers enjoyed a kind of monopoly as mass media . The heyday of newspapers, before the introduction and spread of radio , appeared as publishing items from the Berlin Mosse , Scherl and Ullstein publishers, sometimes four times a day: morning edition, lunchtime edition, evening edition, night edition. The world's fastest newspaper rotary presses were then on the Spree .
The Vossische Zeitung , the newspaper of the liberal educated bourgeoisie , assumed roughly the same position in the first German democracy that the Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung had in the FRG .
Hugenberg and Hussong
In the 1920s, Alfred Hugenberg had built up his empire.
The German national journalist Friedrich Hussong , an early supporter of Alfred Hugenberg and his Pan-German Association , who started working for the Scherl-Verlag, which Hugenberg had bought up from January 1, 1919 (and whose editor-in-chief was from October 1922), initially wrote as an editorial for the day and the day Berliner Lokal-Anzeiger (Berlin's highest-circulation daily newspaper at the time). As with other right-wing journalists and politicians, Hussong's demagogic repertoire included catchphrases such as “November treason”, “contract of shame” and “ stab in the back ”. The emergency ordinance of Reich Chancellor Heinrich Brüning from the summer of 1930, which effectively suspended the Weimar Constitution, was annoyingly commented by Hussong under the heading Dying Pig :
“This parliamentarianism is no longer even capable of catastrophe. He lacks everything for a retirement and a downfall with any aplomb . He slips and sinks softly, like the children's toy, the dying pig, when the blown air flows out with a funny sigh and ridiculously cobs. "
Kurt Tucholsky replied to Hussong ("More important than any vivisection of intellectualism is the growth of a national myth; a myth that does not sweat from the nerves, but blossoms from the blood.") In the world stage (under the alter ego "Ignaz Wrobel") :
"Incidentally, Hussong says the right thing about the myth without wanting to say it: 'He is in the process of being educated.' - What is it that is playing up today as the theoretical founder of German nationalism -? Carl von Ossietzky allow me to quote him: Germanisches Café. "
The counterpart to the German national Hugenberg group in the Weimar Republic was the media conglomerate of the communist Willi Munzenberg , who in his Neue Deutsche Verlag u. a. published the newspapers Welt am Abend , Berlin am Morgen and above all the Arbeiter Illustrierte Zeitung (AIZ), which is not only revolutionary in political terms . The AIZ and its authors (including the inventor of the political photo montage , John Heartfield ) set standards in the development of modern photojournalism and indirectly beyond that, with lasting effects up to the field of advertising photography - similar to the US magazine Time (from 1923) and before the then leading Life magazine in the USA from the mid-1930s.
Towards the end of the Weimar Republic there were more newspapers in Germany than ever before and not even later. In 1932 there were 4703 daily and weekly newspapers with a total circulation of 25 million (including side editions); half were directionally determined . However, many sheets had to be economically subsidized.
“In 1932 the so-called newspaper war broke out between Hugenberg and Goebbels [...] Hugenberg and Goebbels argued publicly over who had the only true national claim. The new nationalists, i.e. the National Socialists, accused the old nationalists of “legacy stealth”, although in Hugenberg's view it was the other way around. The National Socialists had started to harvest the fields that Hugenberg had cultivated. They drove the subscribers and readers away from his newspaper by calling for a public boycott against Scherl-Verlag. Hugenberg obtained an injunction against Goebbels and the boycott call. When Hugenberg called himself the 'spokesman and administrator of the national movement', Goebbels made it clear that Hugenberg was a dwarf in the national movement and from then on referred to him as 'Hugenzwerg'. "
According to Peter de Mendelssohn, "in the mid-twenties, around 1,000, more than a third of all newspapers published in the Reich at that time, were supplied with matern from Berlin," that is, with a coat . According to this, around 1928 "in all of Germany there were only about 35 to 40 newspapers that could afford time and money to use several news and correspondence services next to each other". By far the most successful news agency in Germany in those years was Hugenberg's Telegraphen-Union .
time of the nationalsocialism
See main article: Press under National Socialism
Newspaper and New Media
The Schweriner Volkszeitung had the first internet appearance of a daily newspaper in Germany on May 5, 1995. The access rates to news websites are increasing. At the same time, the printed editions of most newspapers in the leading industrial countries are continuously losing circulation.
From March 2007 to March 2008, the predominantly German online offers recorded by the information community for the determination of the spread of advertising media (IVW) recorded an increase in page views of 118 percent and thus a new record.
-> See also newspaper crisis
literature
- Christoph Bauer: Daily newspapers in the context of the Internet . 1st edition. Deutscher Universitätsverlag, 2005, ISBN 3-8350-0130-2 .
- Volker Bauer, Holger Böning (Ed.): The emergence of the newspaper system in the 17th century. A new medium and its consequences for the communication system of the early modern era . edition lumière, Bremen 2011, ISBN 978-3-934686-82-3 .
- Werner Greiling : "Intelligence sheets" and social change in Thuringia. Advertising, communication, reasoning and social disciplining (= writings of the Historical College . Lectures 46) . Munich 1995; Digitized version (PDF).
- Stefan Hartwig: German-language media abroad. Foreign language media in Germany . 2003, ISBN 3-8258-5419-1 .
- Jürgen Heinrich: media system, newspaper, magazine, advertising paper . In: Media Economics . tape 1 , 2001, ISBN 3-531-32636-8 .
- Kurt Koszyk: German press in the 19th century (history of the German press, volume 2). Berlin: Colloquium 1966
- Kurt Koszyk: German Press 1914-1945 (History of the German Press, Volume 3). Berlin: Colloquium 1972, ISBN 3-7678-0310-0
- Arnulf Kutsch & Johannes Weber: 350 years of daily newspaper, research and documents . Paperback, Bremen 2002, ISBN 3-934686-06-0 .
- Michael Meissner: Newspaper design. Typography, typesetting and printing, layout and make-up . 3. Edition. Paperback, Berlin 2007, ISBN 3-430-20032-6 .
- Walter J. Schütz : Newspapers in Germany. Publishers and their journalistic offer 1949–2004 . 2005, ISBN 3-89158-421-0 .
- Volker Schulze: The newspaper. A media studies guide . 3. Edition. Hahner Verlagsgesellschaft, ISBN 3-89294-311-7 .
- Rudolf Stöber: German press history . UVK Verlagsgesellschaft, Konstanz 2005, ISBN 3-8252-2716-2 .
- Johannes Weber: Unterthenige Supplication Johann Caroli / Buchtruckers. The beginning of printed weekly political newspapers in 1605 . In: Archives for the history of the book industry . tape 38 . Frankfurt am Main 1992, p. 257-265 .
- Johannes Weber: Strasbourg, 1605. The Origins of the Newspaper in Europe . In: German History . No. 24 , 2006, pp. 3–26 (German: Strasbourg 1605. The birth of the newspaper .).
- Siegfried Weischenberg : Journalism . Volume 1: Theory and Practice of Current Media Communication . 3. Edition. Wiesbaden 2004
- Jürgen Wilke : The newspaper . In: Ernst Fischer / Wilhelm Haefs / York-Gothart Mix (eds.): From Almanach to Newspaper. A handbook of the media in Germany 1700–1800 . CH Beck, Munich 1999, ISBN 3-406-45476-3 , p. 388-402 .
- Martin Welke and Jürgen Wilke (eds.): 400 years of the newspaper. The development of the daily press in an international context . Edition lumière, Bremen 2008, ISBN 978-3-934686-37-3 .
- Martin Welke: Johann Carolus and the beginning of the periodical daily press . In: Welke, Martin, and Jürgen Wilke (eds.): 400 years of the newspaper. The development of the daily press in an international context . Edition lumière, Bremen 2008, ISBN 978-3-934686-37-3 , pages 9–115.
- Andreas Würgler: National and transnational news communication 1400–1800 , in: European History Online , ed. from the Institute for European History (Mainz) , 2012 Accessed on: December 17, 2012.
See also
- History of journalism
- Press history in Germany
- Newspaper museum , newspaper antiquarian
- Media convergence
Web links
- Link catalog on the history of the newspaper at curlie.org (formerly DMOZ )
- Institute for Newspaper Research
- Digital newspapers of the 17th century in the State and University Library Bremen
Individual evidence
- ↑ Basic literature for the entire article: Rudolf Stöber: Deutsche Pressegeschichte . Constance 2005.
- ^ Ludwig Solomon: History of the German newspaper system. First volume. P. 3 f., Oldenburg, Leipzig 1906
- ↑ News older than assumed orf.at, October 31, 2016, accessed October 31, 2016.
- ↑ Martin Welke: Johann Carolus and the beginning of the periodical daily press . In: Welke, Martin, and Jürgen Wilke (eds.): 400 years of the newspaper. The development of the daily press in an international context . Edition lumière, Bremen 2008, ISBN 978-3-934686-37-3 , p. 93
- ↑ Martin Welke: Can I print something like that? Hardly invented, already censored: the story of the world's first newspaper . In: Die Zeit , No. 1/2013, p. 17
- ↑ Relation of all Fuernemmen and memorable histories (repro photographs, Heidelberg University Library)
- ^ Margot Lindemann: German press to 1815 ( history of the German press , volume 1). Berlin 1969
- ^ Ernst Probst: Superfrauen 14 - Medien und Astrologie , Munich 2015, ISBN 978-3-668-02242-3 , page 78 digitized
- ^ Siegfried Weischenberg: Journalism . Volume 1: Theory and Practice of Current Media Communication . 3. Edition. Wiesbaden 2004, pp. 124/125
- ^ The News Cooperative Takes Shape. (No longer available online.) In: The Associated Press. Archived from the original on July 29, 2011 ; Retrieved October 24, 2008 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Horst Wagner: When Mr. Rellstab sneaked to his king . In: Berlin monthly magazine ( Luisenstädtischer Bildungsverein ) . Issue 3, 1998, ISSN 0944-5560 , p. 23–31 ( luise-berlin.de ).
- ↑ Marc Löhr: General daily newspapers in Japan . Yamaguchi 2007 ( PDF (PDF) [accessed October 25, 2008]).
- ^ Steven Schoenherr: The New Journalism 1865-1919 . On the homepage of the South bay historical society. Accessed November 14, 2019
- ↑ Werner Faulstich: History of image culture up to the visualization surge in the 19th century. In: Federal Center for Political Education. December 13, 2005, accessed October 24, 2008 .
- ↑ Friedrich mitn myth . In: The world stage . No. 7, February 16, 1932, p. 262.
- ^ Katja Riefler: Newspaper Online. New ways to readers and advertisers . ZV Zeitungs-Verlag Service GmbH, Bonn 1995, ISBN 3-639-00508-2
- ↑ US newspapers are losing circulation dramatically. In: Spiegel Online . October 31, 2006, accessed March 14, 2009 .
- ↑ Development of newspapers / magazines (circulation in millions) 1997–2007. (No longer available online.) In: IVW. Archived from the original on September 13, 2008 ; Retrieved October 24, 2008 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Development of total usage. (No longer available online.) In: IVW. Archived from the original on September 16, 2008 ; Retrieved October 24, 2008 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
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